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Recent Articles  

17 pages, 938 KiB  
Article
Effect of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) Induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the Pulmonary Pharmacokinetics of an Antibody
by Shweta Jogi and Dhaval K. Shah
Antibodies 2025, 14(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/antib14020033 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) on the pulmonary pharmacokinetics (PK) of a systemically administered antibody in mice. Method: The PK of a non-target-binding antibody was evaluated in healthy mice and mice with intratracheal instillation of 5 [...] Read more.
Objective: To investigate the effect of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) on the pulmonary pharmacokinetics (PK) of a systemically administered antibody in mice. Method: The PK of a non-target-binding antibody was evaluated in healthy mice and mice with intratracheal instillation of 5 mg/kg LPS. The plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), trachea, bronchi, and lung homogenate PK of the antibody were measured following intravenous administration of 5 mg/kg antibody dose. Noncompartmental analysis was performed to determine AUC values. Antibody concentrations in all biological matrices were quantified using qualified ELISA. The effect of ALI on BAL albumin and total protein concentrations was also determined. BAL protein concentrations were corrected for dilution using plasma urea concentrations. Results: Intratracheal instillation of LPS and the resultant ALI led to ~2–4-fold higher concentrations of albumin and proteins in the BAL. LPS-induced ALI also notably altered the pulmonary PK of the antibody. The effect of ALI on the antibody PK was time and tissue dependent. The trachea and bronchi showed ~1.7-fold and ~1.4-fold lower antibody exposure compared with the control group, but the BAL fluid exhibited ~4-fold increase in antibody exposure following LPS treatment. Most noticeable changes in antibody PK occurred 24 h after LPS administration, and the effect was temporary for the bronchi and trachea. However, the changes in lung homogenate and, more notably, in BAL persisted until the end of the experiment. Thus, our investigation suggests that due to the acute nature of ALI-induced pathophysiology and the changing severity of the disease, the dose and timing of antibody administration following ALI may need to be optimized based on the target site of action (e.g., bronchi, trachea, BAL, lung parenchyma, etc.) to maximize the therapeutic effect of the antibody. Conclusions: ALI may significantly affect pulmonary PK of systemically administered antibodies. Changes caused by ALI are time and tissue dependent, and hence, the timing and dose of antibody following ALI may need to be optimized to maximize the therapeutic effect of the antibody at the site of action. Full article
22 pages, 2826 KiB  
Article
Research on Target Detection Algorithm for Complex Traffic Scenes Based on ADVI-CFAR
by Feng Tian, Tianyu Wei, Weibo Fu and Siyuan Wang
Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1474; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071474 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
To address the issue of reduced target detection accuracy due to interfering targets and clutter reference cells in complex traffic scenarios, we propose the ADVI-CFAR (Adaptive Discriminant Variation Index Constant False Alarm Rate) detection algorithm. Considering that the non-uniformity of the background environment [...] Read more.
To address the issue of reduced target detection accuracy due to interfering targets and clutter reference cells in complex traffic scenarios, we propose the ADVI-CFAR (Adaptive Discriminant Variation Index Constant False Alarm Rate) detection algorithm. Considering that the non-uniformity of the background environment leads to significant variations in signal power magnitude, we introduce a background power transition point to evaluate the uniformity of the background environment within the reference window. Moreover, in complex background environments, clutter distributions often exhibit skewness rather than a Gaussian distribution. We incorporate the higher-order statistical skewness of the clutter to calculate the background power threshold index, thereby improving the accuracy of background power estimation. Then, based on the transition points and clutter power index, the background environment is classified, and an appropriate detection threshold calculation method is chosen for target detection. We conduct a simulation analysis in uniform, non-uniform, and clutter edge environments, and the results show that the identification accuracy exceeds 95% for all three background environments. At a detection probability of 50%, the performance loss is 0.08 dB in uniform environments and 0.36 dB in multi-target environments. When the false alarm probability is set to 10−4, the ADVI-CFAR algorithm significantly suppresses false alarms, with the false alarm peak occurring at 10−3.52. Real data from urban traffic scenarios validate the method, showing that it achieves a high detection accuracy for target detection in real traffic scenarios and effectively meets the radar target detection requirements in practical traffic environments. Full article
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35 pages, 3308 KiB  
Review
Pr3+ Visible to Ultraviolet Upconversion for Antimicrobial Applications
by Miroslav D. Dramićanin, Mikhail G. Brik, Željka Antić, Radu Bănică, Cristina Mosoarca, Tatjana Dramićanin, Zoran Ristić, George Daniel Dima, Tom Förster and Markus Suta
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(7), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15070562 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
This paper addresses the upconversion of blue light to ultraviolet-C (UVC) with Pr3+-activated materials for antibacterial applications of UVC. It discusses the processes through which UV radiation provides biocidal effects on microorganisms, along with the most popular UVC sources employed in [...] Read more.
This paper addresses the upconversion of blue light to ultraviolet-C (UVC) with Pr3+-activated materials for antibacterial applications of UVC. It discusses the processes through which UV radiation provides biocidal effects on microorganisms, along with the most popular UVC sources employed in these processes. We describe the electronic and optical properties of the Pr3+ ion, emphasizing the conditions the host material must meet to obtain broad and intense emission in the UVC from parity-allowed transitions from the 4f5d levels and provide a list of materials that fulfill these conditions. This paper also delineates lanthanide-based upconversion, focusing on Pr3+ blue to UVC upconversion via the 3P0 and 1D2 intermediate states, and suggests routes for improving the quantum efficiency of the process. We review literature related to the use of upconversion materials in antimicrobial photodynamic treatments and for the blue to UVC upconversion germicidal effects. Further, we propose the spectral overlap between the UVC emission of Pr3+ materials and the germicidal effectiveness curve as a criterion for assessing the potential of these materials in antimicrobial applications. Finally, this paper briefly assesses the toxicity of materials commonly used in the preparation of upconversion materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanophotonics Materials and Devices)
16 pages, 3665 KiB  
Article
Nutrient Additions Regulate Height Growth Rate But Not Biomass Growth Rate of Alpine Plants Through the Contrasting Effect of Total and Available Nitrogen
by Runfang Feng, Shu Wang, Jikui Ma, Nannan Wang, Xiaoli Wang, Fei Ren, Honglin Li, Defei Liang, Jing Hu, Xilai Li and Lanping Li
Plants 2025, 14(7), 1143; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071143 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Plant growth, a fundamental biological process that underpins terrestrial ecosystem function, is susceptible to nutrient availability. Despite extensive research on lowland ecosystems, the responses of alpine plant growth to nutrient addition remain poorly understood, particularly given the heightened sensitivity of alpine ecosystems to [...] Read more.
Plant growth, a fundamental biological process that underpins terrestrial ecosystem function, is susceptible to nutrient availability. Despite extensive research on lowland ecosystems, the responses of alpine plant growth to nutrient addition remain poorly understood, particularly given the heightened sensitivity of alpine ecosystems to global change. To investigate the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) additions on the growth rates of alpine plants and the underlying mechanisms of how these nutrient additions influence plant growth rates, we conducted an experiment in an alpine grassland on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, targeting 14 common plant species. Growth rates were measured using biomass and height, with plant height and soil physicochemical properties recorded biweekly during the growing season. We assessed the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus additions on growth rates, their seasonal dynamics, and their relationships with soil physicochemical properties. Results showed that phosphorus addition and combined nitrogen-phosphorus additions significantly increased the relative growth rate based on height (RGRH). In contrast, nutrient additions had no significant effect on the relative growth rate based on biomass (RGRB). RGRH decreased from June and early July to August, exhibiting species-specific responses to nutrient additions. Additionally, RGRH was significantly influenced by the interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus additions, species, and seasonal dynamics (p < 0.05). Soil available N, available P, and moisture were significantly positively correlated with RGRH (p < 0.05), while soil temperature (ST), total nitrogen (TN), and soil organic carbon (SOC) exhibited significant negative correlations (p < 0.05). Nutrient additions altered the hierarchy, as well as the direct and indirect factors that influence RGRH, revealing the opposing regulatory effects of total and available nitrogen. These findings highlight the critical roles of nitrogen and phosphorus, suggesting phosphorus is a potential limiting factor for plant growth in this alpine region. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of how nitrogen and phosphorus additions affect alpine plant growth rates and clarifies the underlying mechanisms in these sensitive ecosystems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nitrogen in Plant Growth and Production)
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19 pages, 2885 KiB  
Article
Quantitative and Spatially Explicit Clustering of Urban Grocery Shoppers in Montreal: Integrating Loyalty Data with Synthetic Population
by Duo Zhang, Laurette Dubé, Antonia Gieschen, Catherine Paquet and Raja Sengupta
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(4), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14040159 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study integrates customer loyalty program data with a synthetic population to analyze grocery shopping behaviours in Montreal. Using clustering algorithms, we classify 295,631 loyalty program members into seven distinct consumer segments based on behavioural and sociodemographic attributes. The findings reveal significant heterogeneity [...] Read more.
This study integrates customer loyalty program data with a synthetic population to analyze grocery shopping behaviours in Montreal. Using clustering algorithms, we classify 295,631 loyalty program members into seven distinct consumer segments based on behavioural and sociodemographic attributes. The findings reveal significant heterogeneity in consumer behaviour, emphasizing the impact of urban geography on shopping decisions. This segmentation also provides valuable insights for retailers optimizing store locations and marketing strategies and for policymakers aiming to enhance urban accessibility. Additionally, our approach strengthens agent-based model (ABM) simulations by incorporating demographic and behavioural diversity, leading to more realistic consumer representations. While integrating loyalty data with synthetic populations mitigates privacy concerns, challenges remain regarding data sparsity and demographic inconsistencies. Future research should explore multi-source data integration and advanced clustering methods. Overall, this study contributes to geographically explicit modelling, demonstrating the effectiveness of combining behavioural and synthetic demographic data in urban retail analysis. Full article
16 pages, 289 KiB  
Article
Classes of Harmonic Functions Defined by the Carlson–Shaffer Operator
by Jacek Dziok
Symmetry 2025, 17(4), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040558 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
The Carlson–Shaffer operator plays an important role in the geometric theory of analytic functions. It is associated with the hypergeometric function and the incomplete beta function. The Carlson–Shaffer operator generalizes various other linear operators, such as the Ruscheweyh derivative operator, the Bernardi–Libera–Livingston operator, [...] Read more.
The Carlson–Shaffer operator plays an important role in the geometric theory of analytic functions. It is associated with the hypergeometric function and the incomplete beta function. The Carlson–Shaffer operator generalizes various other linear operators, such as the Ruscheweyh derivative operator, the Bernardi–Libera–Livingston operator, and the Srivastava–Owa operator. Ideas in the theory of analytic functions are often symmetrically transferred to the theory of harmonic functions. By using the Carlson–Shaffer operator, we introduce a class of harmonic functions defined by weak subordination. Next, we give some necessary and sufficient coefficient conditions for the class of functions. Furthermore, we determine coefficient estimates, distortion bounds, extreme points, and radii of starlikeness and convexity for the defined class. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)
23 pages, 8162 KiB  
Article
Unveiling the Electrochemical Kinetics of an FeWO4-NiFeOOH Anode: Electrolyte Effects on Energy Conversion
by Itheereddi Neelakanta Reddy, Sarath Chandra Veerla, Bhargav Akkinepally, Moorthy Dhanasekar, Jaesool Shim and Cheolho Bai
Crystals 2025, 15(4), 345; https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst15040345 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
This study aims to determine the electrochemical performance of FeWO4 (Fe), NiFeOOH (Ni), and FeWO4/NiFeOOH (FeNi) electrodes in 0.1 M Na2SO4 and 0.1 M NaOH electrolytes, highlighting the impact of SO42− and OH− ions. [...] Read more.
This study aims to determine the electrochemical performance of FeWO4 (Fe), NiFeOOH (Ni), and FeWO4/NiFeOOH (FeNi) electrodes in 0.1 M Na2SO4 and 0.1 M NaOH electrolytes, highlighting the impact of SO42− and OH− ions. Nyquist analysis demonstrated that the FeWO4/NiFeOOH electrode had the lowest charge transfer resistance, indicating superior charge transport and capacitive performance over the individual electrodes. In Na2SO4, SO42− ions stabilized double-layer capacitance and enhance ionic mobility. Conversely, in NaOH, highly conductive and mobile OH− ions significantly improved charge transfer and diffusion, making NaOH more effective for electrochemical applications. Tafel analysis revealed better charge transfer kinetics and greater energy efficiency in NaOH, with the composite electrode excelling in both electrolytes. Linear voltammetry showed a synergistic interaction between FeWO4 and NiFeOOH, achieving a photocurrent density of 6.70 mA·cm⁻2 in NaOH under illumination, an 830.56% increase over Na2SO4. Additionally, the FeWO4/NiFeOOH composite electrode exhibited longer electron lifetimes in NaOH than in Na2SO4, attributed to the smaller ionic radius and higher diffusion coefficient of OH− ions. Pulsed photocurrent analysis revealed notable improvements in photocurrent generation and stability in NaOH. These findings indicate that the FeWO4/NiFeOOH composite is a highly efficient and stable material for advanced energy technologies, with NaOH providing optimal performance conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth and Properties of Photovoltaic Materials)
20 pages, 738 KiB  
Review
Research Progress on the Preparation and Application of Decellularized Tendons
by Jing Li, Mingxing Wen, Sujuan Zhang, Lingfei Du, Xin Fan, Hao Liang, Hong Wang, Jing Sun, Yuchun Ding, Liangpeng Ge, Jideng Ma and Jinwei Zhang
Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2025, 47(4), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb47040251 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Tendons connect animal skeletons to skeletal muscles, playing a crucial role in weight-bearing and maintaining motor functions. After decellularization, tendon extracellular matrix (tECM) retains the physicochemical characteristics similar to those of native tendons. This has made tECM a promising biomaterial in the fields [...] Read more.
Tendons connect animal skeletons to skeletal muscles, playing a crucial role in weight-bearing and maintaining motor functions. After decellularization, tendon extracellular matrix (tECM) retains the physicochemical characteristics similar to those of native tendons. This has made tECM a promising biomaterial in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in recent years. This paper summarizes the origin, structure, and ECM components of animal tendons, reviews decellularization methods, and discusses recent advancements in the research and applications of decellularized tendons. Furthermore, it explores future development trends of xenogeneic decellularized tendon materials, aiming to provide a reference for fundamental research and the development of biomaterials related to decellularized tendons. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Contribution and Application of Molecular Biology in the Applied Biosciences—Focusing on Medicine, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Fields, 2nd Edition)
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19 pages, 360 KiB  
Review
The Association Between Lifestyle Interventions and Trimethylamine N-Oxide: A Systematic-Narrative Hybrid Literature Review
by Xenophon Theodoridis, Androniki Papaemmanouil, Niki Papageorgiou, Christos Savopoulos, Michail Chourdakis and Areti Triantafyllou
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1280; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071280 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut- and food-derived molecule. Elevated TMAO concentrations have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality, highlighting its significance as a potential biomarker for adverse health outcomes. Given these associations, it is [...] Read more.
Background: Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut- and food-derived molecule. Elevated TMAO concentrations have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality, highlighting its significance as a potential biomarker for adverse health outcomes. Given these associations, it is hypothesized that lifestyle interventions, such as healthy dietary patterns and exercise, could reduce TMAO concentrations. The aim of this systematic–narrative hybrid literature review was to evaluate the relationship between various lifestyle interventions and TMAO. Methods: MEDLINE (via PubMed®), Scopus®, and grey literature were searched until July 2024 for eligible clinical trials. Case reports, case series, case studies and observational studies were excluded, as well as studies that investigated food products, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements or have been conducted in the pediatric population. Results: In total, 27 studies were included in this review. While some dietary interventions, such as plant-based, high-dairy, very low-calorie ketogenic diet or the Mediterranean diet, were associated with lower TMAO concentrations, others—including high-protein and high-fat diets—were linked to an increase in TMAO concentrations. Studies that incorporated a combination of nutrition and exercise-based intervention presented neutral results. Conclusions: The relationship between dietary interventions and TMAO concentration remains controversial. While certain interventions show promise in reducing TMAO levels, others yield mixed or contradictory outcomes. Further research, including well-structured RCTs, is needed to investigate the aforementioned associations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health)
25 pages, 487 KiB  
Article
A Testing and Evaluation Framework for Indoor Navigation and Positioning Systems
by Zhang Zhang, Qu Wang, Wenfeng Wang, Meijuan Feng and Liangliang Guo
Sensors 2025, 25(7), 2330; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072330 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
The lack of a testing framework for various indoor positioning technologies brings huge challenges to the systematic and fair evaluation of positioning systems, which greatly hinders the development and industrialization of indoor positioning technology. In order to solve this problem, this article refers [...] Read more.
The lack of a testing framework for various indoor positioning technologies brings huge challenges to the systematic and fair evaluation of positioning systems, which greatly hinders the development and industrialization of indoor positioning technology. In order to solve this problem, this article refers to international standards, such as ISO/IEC 18305, and uses the China Electronics Standardization Institute’s rich experience in indoor positioning technology research and testing to build a universal positioning performance testing and evaluation framework. First, this paper introduces the experimental environment in detail from the aspects of the coordinate system definition, test point selection, building type definition, motion mode definition, and motion trajectory setting. Then, this paper comprehensively measures performance evaluation indicators from dimensions such as the accuracy index, relative accuracy, startup time, fault tolerance, power consumption, size, and cost. Finally, this paper elaborates on the testing methods and processes of positioning precision, accuracy, relative accuracy, floor identification, indoor–outdoor distinction, latency, relative accuracy, success rate, and movement speed tests. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Navigation and Positioning)
15 pages, 3462 KiB  
Article
Ionic Liquid Electrolyte Technologies for High-Temperature Lithium Battery Systems
by Eleonora De Santis, Annalisa Aurora, Sara Bergamasco, Antonio Rinaldi, Rodolfo Araneo and Giovanni Battista Appetecchi
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(7), 3430; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26073430 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
The advent of the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has transformed the energy storage field, leading to significant advances in electronics and electric vehicles, which continuously demand more and more performant devices. However, commercial LIB systems are still far from satisfying applications operating in arduous [...] Read more.
The advent of the lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has transformed the energy storage field, leading to significant advances in electronics and electric vehicles, which continuously demand more and more performant devices. However, commercial LIB systems are still far from satisfying applications operating in arduous conditions, such as temperatures exceeding 100 °C. For instance, safety issues, materials degradation, and toxic stem development, related to volatile, flammable organic electrolytes, and thermally unstable salts (LiPF6), limit the operative temperature of conventional lithium-ion batteries, which only occasionally can exceed 50–60 °C. To overcome this highly challenging drawback, the present study proposes advanced electrolyte technologies based on innovative, safer fluids such as ionic liquids (ILs). Among the IL families, we have selected ionic liquids based on tetrabutylphosphonium and 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cations, coupled with per(fluoroalkylsulfonyl)imide anions, for standing out because of their remarkable thermal robustness. The thermal behaviour as well as the ion transport properties and electrochemical stability were investigated even in the presence of the lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide salt. Conductivity measurements revealed very interesting ion transport properties already at 50 °C, with ion conduction values ranging from 10−3 and 10−2 S cm−1 levelled at 100 °C. Thermal robustness exceeding 150 °C was detected, in combination with anodic stability above 4.5 V at 100 °C. Preliminary cycling tests run on Li/LiFePO4 cells at 100 °C revealed promising performance, i.e., more than 94% of the theoretical capacity was delivered at a current rate of 0.5C. The obtained results make these innovative electrolyte formulations very promising candidates for high-temperature LIB applications and advanced energy storage systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Research of Metal Compounds and Its Energy Storage Applications)
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29 pages, 1960 KiB  
Review
Lactoferrin as a Candidate Multifunctional Therapeutic in Synucleinopathies
by Caroline A. Barros and Tuane C. R. G. Vieira
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(4), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15040380 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with well-established antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and iron-binding properties. Emerging evidence suggests that Lf also plays a neuroprotective role, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders characterized by protein aggregation, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation is a pathological hallmark [...] Read more.
Lactoferrin (Lf) is a multifunctional glycoprotein with well-established antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and iron-binding properties. Emerging evidence suggests that Lf also plays a neuroprotective role, particularly in neurodegenerative disorders characterized by protein aggregation, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) aggregation is a pathological hallmark of PD and other synucleinopathies, contributing to neuronal dysfunction and disease progression. Recent studies indicate that Lf may interfere with aSyn aggregation, iron chelation, and modulation of oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. Additionally, Lf’s ability to cross the blood-brain barrier and its potential impact on the gut-brain axis highlight its promise as a therapeutic agent. This review explores Lf’s mechanisms of action in synucleinopathies, its potential as a disease-modifying therapy, and innovative delivery strategies that could enhance its clinical applicability. By addressing the pathological and therapeutic dimensions of aSyn aggregation, we propose Lf as a compelling candidate for future research and clinical development in neurodegenerative diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alpha-Synuclein in Neurodegenerative Disorders: From Pathogenesis to Potential Therapies)
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21 pages, 13198 KiB  
Article
Infrared Bionic Compound-Eye Camera: Long-Distance Measurement Simulation and Verification
by Xiaoyu Wang, Linhan Li, Jie Liu, Zhen Huang, Yuhan Li, Huicong Wang, Yimin Zhang, Yang Yu, Xiupeng Yuan, Liya Qiu and Sili Gao
Electronics 2025, 14(7), 1473; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14071473 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
To achieve rapid distance estimation and tracking of moving targets in a large field of view, this paper proposes an innovative simulation method. Using a low-cost approach, the imaging and distance measurement performance of the designed cooling-type mid-wave infrared compound-eye camera (CM-CECam) is [...] Read more.
To achieve rapid distance estimation and tracking of moving targets in a large field of view, this paper proposes an innovative simulation method. Using a low-cost approach, the imaging and distance measurement performance of the designed cooling-type mid-wave infrared compound-eye camera (CM-CECam) is experimentally evaluated. The compound-eye camera consists of a small-lens array with a spherical shell, a relay optical system, and a cooling-type mid-wave infrared detector. Based on the spatial arrangement of the small-lens array, a precise simulation imaging model for the compound-eye camera is developed, constructing a virtual imaging space. Distance estimation and error analysis for virtual targets are performed using the principle of stereo disparity. This universal simulation method provides a foundation for spatial design and image-plane adjustments for compound-eye cameras with specialized structures. Using the raw images captured by the compound-eye camera, a scene-specific piecewise linear mapping method is applied. This method significantly reduces the brightness contrast differences between sub-images during wide-field observations, enhancing image details. For the fast detection of moving targets, ommatidia clusters are defined as the minimal spatial constraint units. Local information at the centers of these constraint units is prioritized for processing. This approach replaces traditional global detection methods, improving the efficiency of subsequent processing. Finally, the simulated distance measurement results are validated using real-world scene data. Full article
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19 pages, 292 KiB  
Article
National Development Planning and Sustainability: The Case of Bhutan
by Mark Turner and Dawa Wangchuk
Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3261; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073261 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Bhutan is a developmental success story that since the 1960s has consistently used five-year national development plans to make substantial socio-economic progress and promote sustainability. Many other developing countries had abandoned medium-term national planning by the 1980s, but Bhutan continued using these instruments [...] Read more.
Bhutan is a developmental success story that since the 1960s has consistently used five-year national development plans to make substantial socio-economic progress and promote sustainability. Many other developing countries had abandoned medium-term national planning by the 1980s, but Bhutan continued using these instruments as the principal mechanisms for developing the country and making substantial welfare gains for its population while attending to the sustainability of its development path and environment. Poverty has been greatly reduced, incomes have grown in real terms, life expectancy has markedly increased, there has been enormous growth in the provision of education and the country has become a world leader in environmental protection with 71% of Bhutan still under forest, making it the first carbon negative country in the world. The reasons for Bhutan’s success include always working within the capabilities of government, economy, and society; a demonstrated capacity to reorient development strategies with new plans; a stable political environment; good governance; the gradual inclusion of multiple stakeholders into the development process; a strong supportive relationship with neighbouring India; and the wise use of income from hydropower to fund development. Though there have been disruptions, mistakes, and failures in planning in Bhutan, the general trajectory of solid progress and continued attention to sustainability has been maintained; however, there are considerable challenges ahead for the ambitious Thirteenth Five-Year Plan (2024–2029). To investigate the Bhutanese experience, this article adopts a qualitative case study approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)
27 pages, 11144 KiB  
Article
Adaptive Backstepping Control with Time-Delay Compensation for MR-Damper-Based Vehicle Seat Suspension
by Heting Feng, Yunhu Zhou, Shaoqi Li, Gongxun Cheng, Shang Ma and Yancheng Li
Actuators 2025, 14(4), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/act14040178 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Long-term vibrations endanger driver health and affect ride performance. Semi-active seat suspension systems equipped with magnetorheological (MR) dampers can effectively reduce vibrations transmitted to drivers, exhibiting excellent potential for widespread applications owing to their outstanding performance characteristics. In this paper, we propose an [...] Read more.
Long-term vibrations endanger driver health and affect ride performance. Semi-active seat suspension systems equipped with magnetorheological (MR) dampers can effectively reduce vibrations transmitted to drivers, exhibiting excellent potential for widespread applications owing to their outstanding performance characteristics. In this paper, we propose an adaptive backstepping control system with time-delay compensation (ABC-C) for an MR-damper-based semi-active seat suspension system to enhance ride comfort and stability in commercial vehicles. The control framework integrates a reference model, an adaptive backstepping controller, a time-delay compensator, and an MR damper inverse model. The reference model balances ride comfort and stability using high-pass and low-pass filters, while the adaptive controller ensures robustness against parameter uncertainties and disturbances. A time-delay compensator mitigates delays in the control loop, improving system stability and performance. Numerical simulations under harmonic, bump, and random excitations demonstrated the superior performance of the ABC-C controller. The experimental results show that under random road excitation conditions, the frequency-weighted root mean square (FW-RMS) of acceleration was reduced by 26.9%, the vibration dose value (VDV) decreased by 29.3%, and the root mean square of relative displacement (RMS_rd) was reduced by 58.46%. The results highlight the practical effectiveness of the ABC-C controller in improving ride comfort and safety for drivers of commercial vehicles, offering significant potential for real-world applications. Full article
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36 pages, 2920 KiB  
Review
Integrated Energy Storage Systems for Enhanced Grid Efficiency: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies and Applications
by Raphael I. Areola, Abayomi A. Adebiyi and Katleho Moloi
Energies 2025, 18(7), 1848; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071848 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
The rapid global shift toward renewable energy necessitates innovative solutions to address the intermittency and variability of solar and wind power. This study presents a comprehensive review and framework for deploying Integrated Energy Storage Systems (IESSs) to enhance grid efficiency and stability. By [...] Read more.
The rapid global shift toward renewable energy necessitates innovative solutions to address the intermittency and variability of solar and wind power. This study presents a comprehensive review and framework for deploying Integrated Energy Storage Systems (IESSs) to enhance grid efficiency and stability. By leveraging a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) framework, this study synthesizes techno-economic optimization, lifecycle emissions, and policy frameworks to evaluate storage technologies such as lithium-ion batteries, pumped hydro storage, and vanadium flow batteries. The framework prioritizes hybrid storage systems (e.g., battery–supercapacitor configurations), demonstrating 15% higher grid stability in high-renewable penetration scenarios, and validates findings through global case studies, including the Hornsdale Power Reserve (90–95% round-trip efficiency) and Kauai Island Utility Cooperative (15,000+ cycles for flow batteries). Regionally tailored strategies, such as Kenya’s fast-track licensing and Germany’s H2Global auctions, reduce deployment timelines by 30–40%, while equity-focused policies like India’s SAUBHAGYA scheme cut energy poverty by 25%. This study emphasizes circular economy principles, advocating for mandates like the EU’s 70% lithium recovery target to reduce raw material costs by 40%. Despite reliance on static cost projections and evolving regulatory landscapes, the MCDA framework’s dynamic adaptation mechanisms, including sensitivity analysis for carbon taxes (USD 100/ton CO2-eq boosts hydrogen viability by 25%), ensure scalability across diverse grids. This work bridges critical gaps in renewable energy integration, offering actionable insights for policymakers and grid operators to achieve resilient, low-carbon energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Smart Energy Systems, Energy Storage, and Renewables Integration)
22 pages, 524 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Non-Cereal Products Gluten Cross-Contamination Exposure Risk in a Polish Female Population of Patients Diagnosed with Coeliac Disease
by Dominika Skolmowska, Dominika Głąbska, Dominika Guzek and Frank Vriesekoop
Nutrients 2025, 17(7), 1281; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17071281 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Following gluten-free diet is challenging, due to risk of gluten cross-contamination. The study aimed to assess the non-cereal products gluten cross-contamination exposure risk in patients with coeliac disease. Methods: The study was conducted in a population of 699 Polish female members of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Following gluten-free diet is challenging, due to risk of gluten cross-contamination. The study aimed to assess the non-cereal products gluten cross-contamination exposure risk in patients with coeliac disease. Methods: The study was conducted in a population of 699 Polish female members of the Polish Coeliac Society purchasing gluten-free products on-line (445 patients, 254 relatives). Participants were asked about frequency of buying and availability of gluten-free alternatives of non-cereal products characterized by the gluten cross-contamination risk (‘hidden’ gluten sources). Results: The most frequently bought non-cereal gluten-free alternatives of the ‘hidden’ gluten sources were baking powders, spices, side dishes, ice cream, chocolate and chocolate products, snack bars and candies. The caregivers often declared buying ‘often’ gluten-free baking powder, snack bars, chocolate and chocolate products, candies, ice cream, as well as often declared problems with the availability of gluten-free spices, chocolate and chocolate products, while patients often declared buying ‘often’ gluten-free beer, as well as often declared problems with its availability. The older respondents often declared buying ‘often’ gluten-free baking powder, while younger respondents often declared buying ‘often’ gluten-free chocolate and chocolate products, as well as often declared problems with the availability of gluten-free instant soups, and beer. The respondents living in small towns/villages often declared problems with the availability of gluten-free powder sauces. The respondents not purchasing in hypermarkets often declared buying ‘often’ gluten-free baking powder, spices, candies. The respondents who most often purchased gluten-free products often declared problems with the availability of gluten-free side dishes, chocolate and chocolate products. Conclusions: The majority of patients diagnosed with coeliac disease do not buy a number of gluten-free alternatives of the ‘hidden’ gluten sources, so they may be prone to gluten exposure, due to non-cereal products’ gluten cross-contamination risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coeliac Disease: Addressing Nutritional Challenges and Dietary Practices)
23 pages, 7120 KiB  
Article
Photocatalytic Activity of Cu2O-Loaded TiO2 Heterojunction Composites for the Simultaneous Removal of Organic Pollutants and Bacteria in Indoor Air
by Mabrouk Abidi, Amine Aymen Assadi, Salma Aouida, Hichem Tahraoui, Lotfi Khezami, Jie Zhang, Abdeltif Amrane and Anouar Hajjaji
Catalysts 2025, 15(4), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15040360 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
This research investigates the enhanced photocatalytic activity of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles (NPs)-titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube (NT) composites for air purification, focusing on the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria under [...] Read more.
This research investigates the enhanced photocatalytic activity of cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles (NPs)-titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube (NT) composites for air purification, focusing on the removal of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria under simulated sunny light. Cu2O-NPs were successfully deposited onto TiO2-NTs via the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction method. The resulting p- and n-type semiconductor heterojunction nanocomposites were characterized using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet–visible-light spectroscopy, and chlorinated radicals. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated for different VOCs present in indoor air (butadione, chloroform, and butyraldehyde) in the presence of E. coli bacteria. The results showed that the Cu2O-NPs/TiO2-NTs composites exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity compared to pure TiO2-NTs. The Langmuir–Hinshelwood model was used to describe the degradation kinetics, revealing that Cu2O loading and the nature of the target pollutant influence the photocatalytic efficiency. This study has also highlighted the role of chlorinated radicals in the degradation process, especially for chloroform. The degradation process of chloroform generated chlorine radicals, which not only contributed to the degradation of other VOCs, but also enhanced the overall oxidative capacity of the system. This synergistic effect was observed to accelerate pollutant removal and improve the antibacterial efficacy against E. coli. The Cu2O-NPs/TiO2-NTs composites demonstrated significant reusability and antibacterial properties, highlighting their potential for sustainable indoor air purification applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Photocatalysis)
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23 pages, 2986 KiB  
Article
Microplastic Filtration by a Coastal Mangrove Wetland as a Novel Ecosystem Service
by Melinda Paduani, Michael Ross and Piero Gardinali
Microplastics 2025, 4(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4020015 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Biscayne Bay in southeastern Florida, USA, has experienced dramatic ecological declines due to pollution. The Biscayne Bay and Southeastern Everglades Ecosystem Restoration will deliver water from a canal adjacent to coastal mangroves, intercepting pollutants before they are deposited into the estuary. Given their [...] Read more.
Biscayne Bay in southeastern Florida, USA, has experienced dramatic ecological declines due to pollution. The Biscayne Bay and Southeastern Everglades Ecosystem Restoration will deliver water from a canal adjacent to coastal mangroves, intercepting pollutants before they are deposited into the estuary. Given their demonstrated capacity to filter nutrients and other contaminants from the water column, we hypothesized that mangrove wetlands also filter microplastics (“MPs”). Water and sediment samples were taken from 3 “zones”: the L-31E canal, a potential MP source; interior, dwarf mangroves; and coastal, tidal fringe mangroves. These three environments were replicated in coastal basins with and without canal culverts. MPs were expected to vary seasonally and be more abundant and larger in the dwarf zone and in low-bulk density sediments as particles settled into peat soils. In sediment, MPs were more abundant in the dry season (average 0.073 ± 0.102 (SD) MPs/g dw) before getting flushed by overland runoff resulting in greater concentrations in water during the wet season (average 0.179 ± 0.358 (SD) MPs/L). MPs were most abundant and larger in the low bulk density sediments of the dwarf zone, likely due to sheltering from fragmentation. Culvert presence had no effect, but MPs may increase as waterflows increase to planned volumes. Understanding MP dynamics enables managers to predict water quality impacts and leverage the potential ecosystem service of MP filtration by mangrove wetlands. Full article
15 pages, 1587 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Tools for Evaluating Embodied Energy Through Building Information Modeling Tools: A Case Study of a Single-Unit Shell Building
by Andrzej Szymon Borkowski, Urszula Hajdukiewicz, Julia Herbich, Kalina Kostana and Anna Kubala
Earth 2025, 6(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/earth6020025 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Today, the construction sector is largely responsible for climate change and global warming. The industry generates the largest carbon footprint and is also one of the least digitized industries in national economies. Faced with the challenge of reducing this carbon footprint, BIM is [...] Read more.
Today, the construction sector is largely responsible for climate change and global warming. The industry generates the largest carbon footprint and is also one of the least digitized industries in national economies. Faced with the challenge of reducing this carbon footprint, BIM is becoming an essential tool for building digital twins, which in turn makes it possible to calculate and track the carbon footprint over time for designed, constructed, and existing buildings. Semantically rich databases such as BIM make it possible to record the past, present, and future states of buildings and infrastructure facilities. To date, primary research using the free and popular UrbanBIM tool has been conducted on ready-made models, e.g., a previously prepared piece of space. In this secondary study, a specific pre-designed shell building in the BIM environment was examined, and the embedded carbon footprint was calculated for it. The calculated result of 76.35 tons of CO2 provides an overview of the solutions used and an analysis of the various elements in terms of their environmental impact. The results of the study indicate a growing need to automate the modeling of building information for analysis and simulation, and then to further manage the information. The paper also identifies limitations and presents future research directions for carbon footprint calculation and tracking. Full article
17 pages, 2176 KiB  
Article
Handgrip Strength in Children and Adolescents Aged 3 to 16 Years and Residing in Spain: New Reference Values
by F. Zárate-Osuna, A. G. Zapico and M. González-Gross
Children 2025, 12(4), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/children12040471 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Introduction: Handgrip strength, measured by dynamometry (HGD), is a key measure in assessing physical condition and nutritional status. Its correlation with anthropometric measures and body composition makes it an accessible method for the evaluation of cardiovascular health. This study aimed to develop a [...] Read more.
Introduction: Handgrip strength, measured by dynamometry (HGD), is a key measure in assessing physical condition and nutritional status. Its correlation with anthropometric measures and body composition makes it an accessible method for the evaluation of cardiovascular health. This study aimed to develop a new reference for right-hand dynamometry in the Spanish population and compare it with previous references. Material and Methods: A total of 3281 subjects aged 3 to 16 years (1608 females) from the PESCA, PASOS, and ASOMAD projects were included. Handgrip strength was measured using the same methodology in all cases. Data on age, weight, height, and BMI were collected, and the handgrip strength per kilogram of body weight was calculated. Sexual dimorphism in the temporal development of strength was analyzed, and multiple correlations were established between dynamometry and anthropometric variables. Results: Percentile curves and tables for dynamometry are presented for each sex, including data from as early as 3 years old, for the first time. Conclusions: Sexual dimorphism in strength development is confirmed, becoming more pronounced with puberty. In absolute terms, our study shows a decrease in handgrip strength among adolescents, occurring earlier and more markedly in females. When compared to the previous literature, the 16-year-old male adolescents in our study exhibited lower strength than those from 40 and 16 years ago. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lifestyle and Children's Health Development)
18 pages, 1207 KiB  
Article
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting System to Charge Batteries with the Use of a Portable Musical Organ
by Josué Esaú Vega-Ávila, Guillermo Adolfo Anaya-Ruiz, José Joel Román-Godínez, Gabriela Guadalupe Esquivel-Barajas, Jorge Ortiz-Marín, Rogelio Gudiño-Valdez and Hilda Aguilar-Rodríguez
Energies 2025, 18(7), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18071850 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
In recent years, the increase in energy demand has been an incentive to search for new ways to generate energy. An alternative is producing this energy from daily human activities. To do this, piezoelectric devices have been used in different human activities to [...] Read more.
In recent years, the increase in energy demand has been an incentive to search for new ways to generate energy. An alternative is producing this energy from daily human activities. To do this, piezoelectric devices have been used in different human activities to collect energy. Some of these potential activities are transportation, biomedicine, and electronic devices. Harvesting energy from the mechanical force applied by a pianist during their performance is one of these activities that can be used. The implementation of piezoelectric devices under the keys of an electric organ was carried out. A theoretical model was developed to estimate the amount of energy we could recover. The system was characterized by controlled forces. The volume generated by the forces was measured via a Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) using the open-source music production software “LMMS (Linux MultiMedia Studio) 1.2.2 version”. The electric potential difference was measured as a function of the volume generated by the pianist. The voltages generated for different frequencies of the pianist’s rhythm were studied. The efficiency calculated in the mathematical model agreed with that obtained in the implemented system. The study results indicate that the batteries were recharged, which resulted in 53 s of organ operation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section D2: Electrochem: Batteries, Fuel Cells, Capacitors)
22 pages, 2380 KiB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of MIP-1α and MIP-1β Chemokines in Malaria in Relation to Disease Severity
by Saruda Kuraeiad, Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui, Aongart Mahittikorn, Nsoh Godwin Anabire, Frederick Ramirez Masangkay, Polrat Wilairatana, Kinley Wangdi and Manas Kotepui
Medicina 2025, 61(4), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61040676 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and MIP-1β act as signaling molecules that recruit immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation. This study aimed to synthesize evidence on blood levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in Plasmodium-infected individuals and to [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α) and MIP-1β act as signaling molecules that recruit immune cells to sites of infection and inflammation. This study aimed to synthesize evidence on blood levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in Plasmodium-infected individuals and to determine whether these levels differ between severe and uncomplicated malaria cases. Materials and Methods: The study protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024595818). Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in six databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE, Ovid, Scopus, ProQuest, and PubMed) to identify studies reporting blood levels of MIP-1α and MIP-1β in Plasmodium infections and clinical malaria. A narrative synthesis was used to describe variations in MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels between malaria patients and controls and between severe and non-severe malaria cases. Meta-analysis was used to aggregate quantitative data utilizing a random-effects model. Results: A total of 1638 records were identified, with 20 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Most studies reported significantly higher MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels in malaria patients compared to non-malarial controls. The meta-analysis showed a significant elevation in MIP-1α levels in malaria patients (n = 352) compared to uninfected individuals (n = 274) (p = 0.0112, random effects model, standardized mean difference [SMD]: 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.38 to 3.00, I2: 96.0%, five studies, 626 individuals). The meta-analysis showed no difference in MIP-1α levels between severe malaria cases (n = 203) and uncomplicated cases (n = 106) (p = 0.51, SMD: −0.48, 95% CI: −1.93 to 0.96, I2: 97.3%, three studies, 309 individuals). Conclusions: This study suggests that while MIP-1α and MIP-1β levels are elevated in malaria patients compared to uninfected individuals, these chemokines show a limited ability to differentiate between severe and uncomplicated malaria or predict severe outcomes. Further research is needed to clarify their role in malaria pathogenesis and explore potential clinical applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Infectious and Tropical Diseases: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment)
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21 pages, 23238 KiB  
Article
Semantic and Geometric Fusion for Object-Based 3D Change Detection in LiDAR Point Clouds
by Abderrazzaq Kharroubi, Fabio Remondino, Zouhair Ballouch, Rafika Hajji and Roland Billen
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(7), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17071311 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Accurate three-dimensional change detection is essential for monitoring dynamic environments such as urban areas, infrastructure, and natural landscapes. Point-based methods are sensitive to noise and lack spatial coherence, while object-based approaches rely on clustering, which can miss fine-scale changes. To address these limitations, [...] Read more.
Accurate three-dimensional change detection is essential for monitoring dynamic environments such as urban areas, infrastructure, and natural landscapes. Point-based methods are sensitive to noise and lack spatial coherence, while object-based approaches rely on clustering, which can miss fine-scale changes. To address these limitations, we introduce an object-based change detection framework integrating semantic segmentation and geometric change indicators. The proposed method first classifies bi-temporal point clouds into ground, vegetation, buildings, and moving objects. A cut-pursuit clustering algorithm then segments the data into spatially coherent objects, which are matched across epochs using a nearest-neighbor search based on centroid distance. Changes are characterized by a combination of geometric features—including verticality, sphericity, omnivariance, and surface variation—and semantic information. These features are processed by a random forest classifier to assign change labels. The model is evaluated on the Urb3DCD-v2 dataset, with feature importance analysis to identify important features. Results show an 81.83% mean intersection over union. An additional ablation study without clustering reached 83.43% but was more noise-sensitive, leading to fragmented detections. The proposed method improves the efficiency, interpretability, and spatial coherence of change classification, making it well suited for large-scale monitoring applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geospatial Intelligence in Remote Sensing)
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28 pages, 9139 KiB  
Article
A Truncated Endogenous U6 Promoter Enables High-Efficiency CRISPR Editing in Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.)
by Feifei Li, Min Xue, Dongliang Guo, Leilei Zhu, Yuandong Li and Liqiong Xie
Plants 2025, 14(7), 1142; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14071142 (registering DOI) - 6 Apr 2025
Abstract
Functional U6 promoters are widely utilized in CRISPR gene editing systems for crops. The identification of endogenous U6 promoter activity and the establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems in various crops can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of gene editing in molecular breeding. [...] Read more.
Functional U6 promoters are widely utilized in CRISPR gene editing systems for crops. The identification of endogenous U6 promoter activity and the establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing systems in various crops can enhance the efficiency and accuracy of gene editing in molecular breeding. In this study, four U6 snRNAs were identified in the genome of the oil flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar Longya 10, which exhibit high homology with the promoter regions of Arabidopsis thaliana U6 snRNA. We cloned and constructed fusion expression vectors with U6 promoter-driven dual-luciferase reporter genes. Transient transformation of flax and Nicotiana benthamiana was performed to measure the relative activity of dual luciferase. The U6-4 on chromosome 14 showed the highest transcriptional activity. Truncations of varying lengths from the 5′ end of this promoter were tested, revealing that a 342 bp U6 promoter fragment possesses high transcriptional activity and an optimal length. Subsequently, we constructed a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing vector with LuU6-5P/AtU6-P driving LusPDS sgRNA. Agrobacterium-mediated infection of flax hypocotyls yielded transgenic albino flax shoots. DNA from these shoots was used as a template to amplify LusPDS fragments, which were then sequenced. Sequencing analysis revealed that CRISPR/Cas9 vectors using Lu14U6-4-5P achieved higher editing frequencies at LusPDS compared to AtU6-P-driven systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)
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