MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

17 pages, 554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

12-Month Trajectories of Health-Related Quality of Life Following Hospitalization in German Cancer Centers—A Secondary Data Analysis

by Martin Eichler, Klaus Hönig, Corinna Bergelt, Hermann Faller, Imad Maatouk, Beate Hornemann, Barbara Stein, Martin Teufel, Ute Goerling, Yesim Erim, Franziska Geiser, Alexander Niecke, Bianca Senf and Joachim Weis

Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31(5), 2376-2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31050177 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) offer a diverse array of potential applications within medical research and clinical practice. In comparative research, they can serve as tools for delineating the trajectories of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) across various cancer types. We undertook a secondary data [...] Read more.

Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) offer a diverse array of potential applications within medical research and clinical practice. In comparative research, they can serve as tools for delineating the trajectories of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) across various cancer types. We undertook a secondary data analysis of a cohort of 1498 hospitalized cancer patients from 13 German cancer centers. We assessed the Physical and Mental Component Scores (PCS and MCS) of the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey at baseline (t0), 6 (t1), and 12 months (t2), using multivariable generalized linear regression models. At baseline, the mean PCS and MCS values for all cancer patients were 37.1 and 44.3 points, respectively. We observed a significant improvement in PCS at t2 and in MCS at t1. The most substantial and significant improvements were noted among patients with gynecological cancers. We found a number of significant differences between cancer types at baseline, t1, and t2, with skin cancer patients performing best across all time points and lung cancer patients performing the worst. MCS trajectories showed less pronounced changes and differences between cancer types. Comparative analyses of HRQoL scores across different cancer types may serve as a valuable tool for enhancing health literacy, both among the general public and among cancer patients themselves. Full article

11 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Mentorship Using Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Reduce Burnout and Turnover among Nurses: Intervention Impact on Mentees

by Takashi Ohue and Masaru Menta

Nurs. Rep. 2024, 14(2), 1026-1036; https://doi.org/10.3390/nursrep14020077 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Objective: Mentoring programs can improve nurses’ mental health. This study examined the effects of a staff training program based on cognitive behavior therapy for burnout in which mentors provided intervention to their mentees. Methods: The principal investigator served as a facilitator and conducted [...] Read more.

Objective: Mentoring programs can improve nurses’ mental health. This study examined the effects of a staff training program based on cognitive behavior therapy for burnout in which mentors provided intervention to their mentees. Methods: The principal investigator served as a facilitator and conducted staff training in cognitive behavior therapy. An original cognitive behavior therapy manual was presented to trained nurses (mentors), and lectures were provided on using the manual, ways of implementing cognitive behavior therapy, and other important points. The study participants included 35 mid-career nurses (mentors) and 34 young nurses in their first to third year (mentees) working in acute care hospitals. Groups of five mentees were formed in which two mentors provided cognitive behavior therapy based on the manual. Changes in mentees’ stress, burnout, and turnover intention at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up (3 months after the intervention) were objectively evaluated using an evaluation index. Results: The intervention significantly reduced the following evaluation indicators: total strain, conflict with other nursing staff, nursing role conflict, qualitative workload, quantitative workload, conflict with patients, problem avoidance due to irrational beliefs, escape-avoidance, emotional exhaustion of burnout, desire to change hospitals or departments, and turnover intention. Conclusion: Implementation of cognitive behavior therapy by mentors effectively reduced mentees’ stress, burnout, and turnover. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Burnout and Nursing Care)

15 pages, 1519 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Contribution of Genetic Testing in Optimizing Therapy for Patients with Recurrent Depressive Disorder

by Rita Ioana Platona, Florica Voiță-Mekeres, Cristina Tudoran, Mariana Tudoran and Virgil Radu Enătescu

Clin. Pract. 2024, 14(3), 703-717; https://doi.org/10.3390/clinpract14030056 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of pharmacogenetic-guided antidepressant therapy on the 12-month evolution of the intensity of depressive symptoms in patients with recurrent depressive disorder (RDD) in comparison to a control group of depressive subjects who [...] Read more.

(1) Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of pharmacogenetic-guided antidepressant therapy on the 12-month evolution of the intensity of depressive symptoms in patients with recurrent depressive disorder (RDD) in comparison to a control group of depressive subjects who were treated conventionally. (2) Methods: This prospective longitudinal study was conducted between 2019 and 2022, and the patients were evaluated by employing the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and the Clinical Global Impressions Scale: Severity and Improvement. We followed them up at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. (3) Results: Of the 76 patients with RDD, 37 were tested genetically (Group A) and 39 were not (Group B). Although the patients from Group A had statistically significantly more severe MDD at baseline than those from Group B (p < 0.001), by adjusting their therapy according to the genetic testing, they had a progressive and more substantial reduction in the severity of RDD symptoms [F = 74.334; η² = 0.674; p < 0.001], indicating a substantial association with the results provided by the genetic testing (67.4%). (4) Conclusions: In patients with RDD and a poor response to antidepressant therapy, pharmacogenetic testing allows for treatment adjustment, resulting in a constant and superior reduction in the intensity of depression and anxiety symptoms. Full article

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17 pages, 387 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Key Challenges of Cloud Computing Resource Allocation in Small and Medium Enterprises

by Abdulghafour Mohammad and Yasir Abbas

Digital 2024, 4(2), 372-388; https://doi.org/10.3390/digital4020018 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Although cloud computing offers many benefits, such as flexibility, scalability, and profitability, some small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are still unable to fully utilize cloud resources, such as memory, computing power, storage, and network bandwidth. This reduces their productivity and increases their expenses. [...] Read more.

Although cloud computing offers many benefits, such as flexibility, scalability, and profitability, some small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are still unable to fully utilize cloud resources, such as memory, computing power, storage, and network bandwidth. This reduces their productivity and increases their expenses. Therefore, the central objective of this paper was to examine the key challenges related to the allocation of cloud computing resources in small and medium enterprises. The method used for this study is based upon qualitative research using 12 interviews with 12 owners, managers, and experts in cloud computing in four countries: the United States of America, the United Kingdom, India, and Pakistan. Our results, based on our empirical data, show 11 key barriers to resource allocation in cloud computing that are classified based on the technology, organization, and environment (TOE) framework. Theoretically, this research contributes to the body of knowledge concerning cloud computing technology and offers valuable understanding of the cloud computing resource allocation approaches employed by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). In practice, this research is useful to aid SMEs in implementing successful and sustainable strategies for allocating cloud computing resources. Full article

19 pages, 4730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exchangeable Quantities and Power Laws: Τhe Case of Pores in Solids

by Antigoni G. Margellou and Philippos J. Pomonis

Foundations 2024, 4(2), 156-174; https://doi.org/10.3390/foundations4020012 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

In this work we suggest that the common cause for the development of various power laws is the existence of a suitable exchangeable quantity between the agents of a set. Examples of such exchangeable quantities, leading to eponymous power laws, include money (Pareto’s [...] Read more.

In this work we suggest that the common cause for the development of various power laws is the existence of a suitable exchangeable quantity between the agents of a set. Examples of such exchangeable quantities, leading to eponymous power laws, include money (Pareto’s Law), scientific knowledge (Lotka’s Law), people (Auerbach’s Law), and written or verbal information (Zipf’s Law), as well as less common cases like bullets during deadly conflicts, recognition in social networks, heat between the atmosphere and sea-ice floes, and, finally, mass of water vapors between pores in solids. This last case is examined closely in the present article based on extensive experimental data. It is shown that the transferred mass between pores, which eventually grow towards a power law distribution, may be expressed using different parameters, either transferred surface area, or transferred volume, or transferred pore length or transferred pore anisotropy. These distinctions lead to different power laws of variable strength as reflected by the corresponding exponent. The exponents depend quantitatively on the spread of frequency distribution of the examined parameter and tend to zero as the spread of distribution tends to a single order of magnitude. A comparison between the energy and the entropy of different kinds of pore distributions reveals that these two statistical parameters are linearly related, implying that the system poise at a critical state and the exchangeable quantities are the most convenient operations helping to keep this balance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical Sciences)

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14 pages, 1059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Triple Attention Mechanism with YOLOv5s for Fish Detection

by Wei Long, Yawen Wang, Lingxi Hu, Jintao Zhang, Chen Zhang, Linhua Jiang and Lihong Xu

Fishes 2024, 9(5), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes9050151 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Traditional fish farming methods suffer from backward production, low efficiency, low yield, and environmental pollution. As a result of thorough research using deep learning technology, the industrial aquaculture model has experienced gradual maturation. A variety of complex factors makes it difficult to extract [...] Read more.

Traditional fish farming methods suffer from backward production, low efficiency, low yield, and environmental pollution. As a result of thorough research using deep learning technology, the industrial aquaculture model has experienced gradual maturation. A variety of complex factors makes it difficult to extract effective features, which results in less-than-good model performance. This paper proposes a fish detection method that combines a triple attention mechanism with a You Only Look Once (TAM-YOLO)model. In order to enhance the speed of model training, the process of data encapsulation incorporates positive sample matching. An exponential moving average (EMA) is incorporated into the training process to make the model more robust, and coordinate attention (CA) and a convolutional block attention module are integrated into the YOLOv5s backbone to enhance the feature extraction of channels and spatial locations. The extracted feature maps are input to the PANet path aggregation network, and the underlying information is stacked with the feature maps. The method improves the detection accuracy of underwater blurred and distorted fish images. Experimental results show that the proposed TAM-YOLO model outperforms YOLOv3, YOLOv4, YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, and SSD, with a mAP value of 95.88%, thus providing a new strategy for fish detection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction and Application of Big Data Platform and Model for the Detection and Warning of Aquatic Diseases)

23 pages, 959 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Enhancing Chronic Non-Cancer Pain Management: A Systematic Review of Mindfulness Therapies and Guided Imagery Interventions

by Beatriz Manarte Pinto, Isaura Tavares and Daniel Humberto Pozza

Medicina 2024, 60(5), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60050686 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Background and Objectives: There has been an increasing interest in the use of non-pharmacological approaches for the multidimensional treatment of chronic pain. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapies and Guided Imagery (GI) interventions in [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: There has been an increasing interest in the use of non-pharmacological approaches for the multidimensional treatment of chronic pain. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the effectiveness of mindfulness-based therapies and Guided Imagery (GI) interventions in managing chronic non-cancer pain and related outcomes. Materials and Methods: Searching three electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) and following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was performed on Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and pilot RCTs investigating mindfulness or GI interventions in adult patients with chronic non-cancer pain. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool was utilized to assess the quality of the evidence, with outcomes encompassing pain intensity, opioid consumption, and non-sensorial dimensions of pain. Results: Twenty-six trials met the inclusion criteria, with most of them exhibiting a moderate to high risk of bias. A wide diversity of chronic pain types were under analysis. Amongst the mindfulness interventions, and besides the classical programs, Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE) emerges as an approach that improves interoception. Six trials demonstrated that mindfulness techniques resulted in a significant reduction in pain intensity, and three trials also reported significant outcomes with GI. Evidence supports a significant improvement in non-sensory dimensions of pain in ten trials using mindfulness and in two trials involving GI. Significant effects on opioid consumption were reported in four mindfulness-based trials, whereas one study involving GI found a small effect with that variable. Conclusions: This study supports the evidence of benefits of both mindfulness techniques and GI interventions in the management of chronic non-cancer pain. Regarding the various mindfulness interventions, a specific emphasis on the positive results of MORE should be highlighted. Future studies should focus on specific pain types, explore different durations of the mindfulness and GI interventions, and evaluate emotion-related outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatry)

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32 pages, 22322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Energy Absorption with Bioinspired Composite Triply Periodic Minimal Surface Gyroid Lattices Fabricated via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF)

by Dawit Bogale Alemayehu and Masahiro Todoh

J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2024, 8(3), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmmp8030086 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Bio-inspired gyroid triply periodic minimum surface (TPMS) lattice structures have been the focus of research in automotive engineering because they can absorb a lot of energy and have wider plateau ranges. The main challenge is determining the optimal energy absorption capacity and accurately [...] Read more.

Bio-inspired gyroid triply periodic minimum surface (TPMS) lattice structures have been the focus of research in automotive engineering because they can absorb a lot of energy and have wider plateau ranges. The main challenge is determining the optimal energy absorption capacity and accurately capturing plastic plateau areas using finite element analysis (FEA). Using nTop’s Boolean subtraction method, this study combined walled TPMS gyroid structures with a normal TPMS gyroid lattice. This made a composite TPMS gyroid lattice (CTG) with relative densities ranging from 14% to 54%. Using ideaMaker 4.2.3 (3DRaise Pro 2) software and the fused deposition modeling (FDM) Raise3D Pro 2 3D printer to print polylactic acid (PLA) bioplastics in 1.75 mm filament made it possible to slice computer-aided design (CAD) models and fabricate 36 lattice samples precisely using a layer-by-layer technique. Shimadzu 100 kN testing equipment was utilized for the mechanical compression experiments. The finite element approach validates the results of mechanical compression testing. Further, a composite CTG was examined using a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) before and after compression testing. The composite TPMS gyroid lattice showed potential as shock absorbers for vehicles with relative densities of 33%, 38%, and 54%. The Gibson–Ashby model showed that the composite TPMS gyroid lattice deformed mainly by bending, and the size effect was seen when the relative densities were less than 15%. The lattice’s relative density had a significant impact on its ability to absorb energy. The research also explored the use of these innovative foam-like composite TPMS gyroid lattices in high-speed crash box scenarios to potentially enhance vehicle safety and performance. The structures have tremendous potential to improve vehicle safety by acting as advanced shock absorbers, which are particularly effective at higher relative densities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lattice Structure and Metamaterial Design for Additive Manufacturing)

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12 pages, 3607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human versus Rat PRF on Collagen Membranes: A Pilot Study of Mineralization in Rat Calvaria Defect Model

by Karol Ali Apaza Alccayhuaman, Patrick Heimel, Stefan Tangl, Stefan Lettner, Carina Kampleitner, Layla Panahipour, Ulrike Kuchler and Reinhard Gruber

Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050414 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Platelet-rich fibrin, the coagulated plasma fraction of blood, is commonly used to support natural healing in clinical applications. The rat calvaria defect is a standardized model to study bone regeneration. It remains, however, unclear if the rat calvaria defect is appropriate to investigate [...] Read more.

Platelet-rich fibrin, the coagulated plasma fraction of blood, is commonly used to support natural healing in clinical applications. The rat calvaria defect is a standardized model to study bone regeneration. It remains, however, unclear if the rat calvaria defect is appropriate to investigate the impact of human PRF (Platelet-Rich Fibrin) on bone regeneration. To this end, we soaked Bio-Gide^® collagen membranes in human or rat liquid concentrated PRF before placing them onto 5 mm calvarial defects in Sprague Dawley rats. Three weeks later, histology and micro-computed tomography (μCT) were performed. We observed that the collagen membranes soaked with rat PRF show the characteristic features of new bone and areas of mineralized collagen matrix, indicated by a median mineralized volume of 1.5 mm³ (range: 0.9; 5.3 mm³). Histology revealed new bone growing underneath the membrane and hybrid bone where collagen fibers are embedded in the new bone. Moreover, areas of passive mineralization were observed. The collagen membranes soaked with human PRF, however, were devoid of histological features of new bone formation in the center of the defect; only occasionally, new bone formed at the defect margins. Human PRF (h-PRF) caused a median bone volume of 0.9 mm³ (range: 0.3–3.3 mm³), which was significantly lower than what was observed with rat PRF (r-PRF), with a BV median of 1.2 mm³ (range: 0.3–5.9 mm³). Our findings indicate that the rat calvaria defect model is suitable for assessing the effects of rat PRF on bone formation, but caution is warranted when extrapolating conclusions regarding the efficacy of human PRF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tissue Engineering for Regenerative Dentistry)

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14 pages, 722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Characterization of Biological Activities and Bioactive Phenolics from the Non-Volatile Fraction of the Edible and Medicinal Halophyte Sea Fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.)

by Clément Lemoine, Maria João Rodrigues, Xavier Dauvergne, Stéphane Cérantola, Luísa Custódio and Christian Magné

Foods 2024, 13(9), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091294 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Although the biochemical composition and biological properties of the volatile fraction of the halophyte sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) have been largely described, little is known about its polar constituents and bioactivities. Here, a hydromethanolic extract of Crithmum maritimum (L.) leaves was [...] Read more.

Although the biochemical composition and biological properties of the volatile fraction of the halophyte sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) have been largely described, little is known about its polar constituents and bioactivities. Here, a hydromethanolic extract of Crithmum maritimum (L.) leaves was fractionated, and the fractions were evaluated in vitro for antioxidant (using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP bioassays), anti-inflammatory (inhibition of NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages), antidiabetic (alpha-glucosidase inhibition), neuroprotective (inhibition of acetylcholinesterase), and skin-protective (tyrosinase and melanogenesis inhibitions) activities. Polar fractions of the extract were rich in phenolics and, correlatively, displayed a strong antioxidant power. Moreover, fractions eluted with MeOH₂₀ and MeOH₈₀exhibited a marked inhibition of alpha-glucosidase (IC₅₀ = 0.02 and 0.04 mg/mL, respectively), MeOH₆₀ fractions showed a strong capacity to reduce NO production in macrophages (IC₅₀ = 6.4 μg/mL), and MeOH₈₀ and MeOH₁₀₀ fractions had strong anti-tyrosinase activities (630 mgKAE/gDW). NMR analyses revealed the predominance of chlorogenic acid in MeOH₂₀ fractions, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid in MeOH₄₀ fractions, and 3-O-rutinoside, 3-O-glucoside, 3-O-galactoside, and 3-O-robinobioside derivatives of quercetin in MeOH₆₀ fractions. These compounds likely account for the strong antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of sea-fennel polar extract, respectively. Overall, our results make sea fennel a valuable source of medicinal or nutraceutical agents to prevent diabetes, inflammation processes, and oxidative damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds in Foods: New and Novel Sources, Characterization, Strategies, and Applications)

18 pages, 2155 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Influence of Lactobacillus rhamnosus Supplementation on the Glycaemic Index, Lipid Profile, and Microbiome of Healthy Elderly Subjects: A Preliminary Randomized Clinical Trial

by Chaiyavat Chaiyasut, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi, Subramanian Thangaleela, Natarajan Sisubalan, Muruganantham Bharathi, Suchanat Khongtan, Periyanaina Kesika, Sasithorn Sirilun, Thiwanya Choeisoongnern, Sartjin Peerajan, Pranom Fukngoen, Phakkharawat Sittiprapaporn and Wandee Rungseevijitprapa

Foods 2024, 13(9), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091293 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Aging is a time-dependent complex biological process of organisms with gradual deterioration of the anatomical and physiological functions. The role of gut microbiota is inevitable in the aging process. Probiotic interventions improve gut homeostasis and support healthy aging by enhancing beneficial species and [...] Read more.

Aging is a time-dependent complex biological process of organisms with gradual deterioration of the anatomical and physiological functions. The role of gut microbiota is inevitable in the aging process. Probiotic interventions improve gut homeostasis and support healthy aging by enhancing beneficial species and microbial biodiversity in older adults. The present preliminary clinical trial delves into the impact of an 8-week Lactobacillus rhamnosus intervention (10 × 10⁹ CFU per day) on the glycaemic index, lipid profile, and microbiome of elderly subjects. Body weight, body fat, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are assessed at baseline (Week 0) and after treatment (Week 8) in placebo and probiotic groups. Gaussian regression analysis highlights a significant improvement in LDL cholesterol in the probiotic group (p = 0.045). Microbiome analysis reveals numeric changes in taxonomic abundance at various levels. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria increases its relative frequency (RF) from 14.79 ± 5.58 at baseline to 23.46 ± 8.02 at 8 weeks, though statistically insignificant (p = 0.100). Compared to the placebo group, probiotic supplementations significantly increased the proteobacteria abundance. Genus-level analysis indicates changes in the abundance of several microbes, including Escherichia-Shigella, Akkermansia, and Bacteroides, but only Butyricimonas showed a statistically significant level of reduction in its abundance. Probiotic supplementations significantly altered the Escherichia-Shigella and Sutterella abundance compared to the placebo group. At the species level, Bacteroides vulgatus substantially increases after probiotic treatment (p = 0.021). Alpha and beta diversity assessments depict subtle shifts in microbial composition. The study has limitations, including a small sample size, short study duration, single-strain probiotic use, and lack of long-term follow-up. Despite these constraints, the study provides valuable preliminary insights into the multifaceted impact of L. rhamnosus on elderly subjects. Further detailed studies are required to define the beneficial effect of L. rhamnosus on the health status of elderly subjects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionality and Stability of Probiotics, Postbiotics, and Parabiotics in the Food System)

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9 pages, 428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Water Management Policies on Volatility Transmission in the Energy Sector

by Elif Gormus and Katharine Harrell

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(5), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17050175 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Purpose: This study evaluates the impact of the water management policies of energy companies on their volatility interactions with energy commodities. Design/methodology: We tested for volatility transmissions between 66 energy funds and fossil-fuel commodities. After identifying possible integrations, we investigated whether water management [...] Read more.

Purpose: This study evaluates the impact of the water management policies of energy companies on their volatility interactions with energy commodities. Design/methodology: We tested for volatility transmissions between 66 energy funds and fossil-fuel commodities. After identifying possible integrations, we investigated whether water management policies, after controlling for other fund characteristics, impact the probability of integration. Results: Our findings indicate strong volatility transmission from oil prices to energy funds. However, a reverse of this information flow was not observed. From the perspective of natural gas, we found strong bi-directional integration with energy funds. When we analyzed the influence of fund characteristics on the previously established integrations, water management policies do not impact the probability of the integration of oil. However, these policies are shown to have a significant influence on integration with the natural gas market. Originality/value: While there are multiple studies that show the integration between energy companies and corresponding commodities, according to our knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the significance of water management policies with respect to volatility integration. This study highlights the importance of water-related policies with respect to the susceptibility of energy firms to volatility contagion from the natural gas market. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantitative Finance in Energy)

14 pages, 4101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Understanding the Influence of the Buoyancy Sign on Buoyancy-Driven Particle Clouds

by Ali O. Alnahit, Nigel Berkeley Kaye and Abdul A. Khan

Fluids 2024, 9(5), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9050101 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

A numerical model was developed to investigate the behavior of round buoyancy-driven particle clouds in a quiescent ambient. The model was validated by comparing model simulations with prior experimental and numerical results and then applied the model to examine the difference between releases [...] Read more.

A numerical model was developed to investigate the behavior of round buoyancy-driven particle clouds in a quiescent ambient. The model was validated by comparing model simulations with prior experimental and numerical results and then applied the model to examine the difference between releases of positively and negatively buoyant particles. The particle cloud model used the entrainment assumption while approximating the flow field induced by the cloud as a Hill’s spherical vortex. The motion of individual particles was resolved using a particle tracking equation that considered the forces acting on them and the induced velocity field. The simulation results showed that clouds with the same initial buoyancy magnitude and particle Reynolds number behaved differently depending on whether the particles were more dense or less dense than the ambient fluid. This was found even for very low initial buoyancy releases, suggesting that the sign of the buoyancy is always important and that, therefore, the Boussinesq assumption is never fully appropriate for such flows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hydraulics, Turbulence and Sediment Transport, 2nd edition)

22 pages, 11578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shape Memory Alloys Patches to Mimic Rolling, Sliding, and Spinning Movements of the Knee

by Suyeon Seo, Minchae Kang and Min-Woo Han

Biomimetics 2024, 9(5), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics9050255 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Every year, almost 4 million patients received medical care for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis involves progressive deterioration or degenerative changes in the cartilage, leading to inflammation and pain as the bones and ligaments are affected. To enhance treatment and surgical outcomes, various studies analyzing [...] Read more.

Every year, almost 4 million patients received medical care for knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis involves progressive deterioration or degenerative changes in the cartilage, leading to inflammation and pain as the bones and ligaments are affected. To enhance treatment and surgical outcomes, various studies analyzing the biomechanics of the human skeletal system by fabricating simulated bones, particularly those reflecting the characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis, are underway. In this study, we fabricated replicated bones that mirror the bone characteristics of patients with knee osteoarthritis and developed a skeletal model that mimics the actual movement of the knee. To create patient-specific replicated bones, models were extracted from computerized tomography (CT) scans of knee osteoarthritis patients. Utilizing 3D printing technology, we replicated the femur and tibia, which bear the weight of the body and support movement, and manufactured cartilage capable of absorbing and dispersing the impact of knee joint loads using flexible polymers. Furthermore, to implement knee movement in the skeletal model, we developed artificial muscles based on shape memory alloys (SMAs) and used them to mimic the rolling, sliding, and spinning motions of knee flexion. The knee movement was investigated by changing the SMA spring’s position, the number of coils, and the applied voltage. Additionally, we developed a knee-joint-mimicking system to analyze the movement of the femur. The proposed artificial-skeletal-model-based knee-joint-mimicking system appears to be applicable for analyzing skeletal models of knee patients and developing surgical simulation equipment for artificial joint replacement surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioinspired Structures for Soft Actuators)

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14 pages, 252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driving Digital Transformation: Analyzing the Impact of Internet Banking on Profitability in the Saudi Arabian Banking Sector

by Sonia Sayari

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2024, 17(5), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm17050174 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

This study examines the impact of Internet Banking on banking profitability in Saudi Arabia in a sample of conventional and Islamic banks. The study uses Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) as key metrics to measure profitability in a sample [...] Read more.

This study examines the impact of Internet Banking on banking profitability in Saudi Arabia in a sample of conventional and Islamic banks. The study uses Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) as key metrics to measure profitability in a sample of 10 Saudi conventional and Islamic banks observed over the 2013–2022 period. The used regression analysis reveals a significant effect of Internet Banking on the profitability of both conventional and Islamic banks, as indicated by the ROA and ROE metrics. These findings have implications that underscore the strategic importance of adopting Internet Banking, emphasizing its substantial contribution to the financial performance of both conventional and Islamic banks in the Saudi Arabian banking landscape. This study offers critical insights into the strategic significance of Internet Banking for Saudi Arabian banks’ profitability and future planning, in line with the 2030 Vision goals. This research also supports informed decision making in the digital era, emphasizing the pivotal role of Internet Banking in shaping the future of the Saudi Arabian banking industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Banking and Finance)

24 pages, 5310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pathogenicity, Host Resistance, and Genetic Diversity of Fusarium Species under Controlled Conditions from Soybean in Canada

by Longfei Wu, Sheau-Fang Hwang, Stephen E. Strelkov, Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman, Sang-Heon Oh, Richard R. Bélanger, Owen Wally and Yong-Min Kim

J. Fungi 2024, 10(5), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/jof10050303 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Fusarium spp. are commonly associated with the root rot complex of soybean (Glycine max). Previous surveys identified six common Fusarium species from Manitoba, including F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. graminearum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, and F. [...] Read more.

Fusarium spp. are commonly associated with the root rot complex of soybean (Glycine max). Previous surveys identified six common Fusarium species from Manitoba, including F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. graminearum, F. solani, F. avenaceum, and F. acuminatum. This study aimed to determine their pathogenicity, assess host resistance, and evaluate the genetic diversity of Fusarium spp. isolated from Canada. The pathogenicity of these species was tested on two soybean cultivars, ‘Akras’ (moderately resistant) and ‘B150Y1′ (susceptible), under greenhouse conditions. The aggressiveness of the fungal isolates varied, with root rot severities ranging from 1.5 to 3.3 on a 0–4 scale. Subsequently, the six species were used to screen a panel of 20 Canadian soybean cultivars for resistance in a greenhouse. Cluster and principal component analyses were conducted based on the same traits used in the pathogenicity study. Two cultivars, ‘P15T46R2′ and ‘B150Y1′, were consistently found to be tolerant to F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. graminearum, and F. solani. To investigate the incidence and prevalence of Fusarium spp. in Canada, fungi were isolated from 106 soybean fields surveyed across Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, and Quebec. Eighty-three Fusarium isolates were evaluated based on morphology and with multiple PCR primers, and phylogenetic analyses indicated their diversity across the major soybean production regions of Canada. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into host resistance and the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Fusarium spp. in Canadian soybean fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fusarium spp.: A Trans-Kingdom Fungus)

21 pages, 839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Purification and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Fibrinolytic Enzyme from Culture Supernatant of Coprinus comatus

by Jinyu Wang, Xiaolan Liu, Yan Jing and Xiqun Zheng

Foods 2024, 13(9), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13091292 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

A novel fibrinolytic enzyme was produced by the liquid fermentation of Coprinus comatus. The enzyme was purified from the culture supernatant by hydrophobic interactions, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatographies. It was purified by 241.02-fold, with a specific activity of 3619 U/mg [...] Read more.

A novel fibrinolytic enzyme was produced by the liquid fermentation of Coprinus comatus. The enzyme was purified from the culture supernatant by hydrophobic interactions, gel filtration, and ion exchange chromatographies. It was purified by 241.02-fold, with a specific activity of 3619 U/mg and a final yield of 10.02%. SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the purity of the enzyme, showing a single band with a molecular weight of 19.5 kDa. The first nine amino acids of the N-terminal of the purified enzyme were A-T-Y-T-G-G-S-Q-T. The enzyme exhibited optimal activity at a temperature of 42 °C and pH 7.6. Its activity was significantly improved by Zn²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Mg²⁺ while being inhibited by Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Al²⁺, and Ba²⁺. The activity of the enzyme was completely inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and it was also dose-dependently inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) and soy trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). However, inhibitors such as N-α-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone (TPCK), aprotinin, and pepstatin did not significantly affect its activity, suggesting that the enzyme was a serine-like metalloproteinase. The enzyme acted as both a plasmin-like fibrinolytic enzyme and a plasminogen activator, and it also exhibited the capability to hydrolyze fibrinogen and fibrin. In vitro, it demonstrated the ability to dissolve blood clots and exhibit anticoagulant properties. Furthermore, it was found that the enzyme prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT), and thrombin time (TT), and reduced the levels of fibrinogen (FIB) and prothrombin activity (PA). Based on these studies, the enzyme has great potential to be developed as a natural agent for the prevention and treatment of thrombotic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Bioactive Compounds from Foods: Extraction Technologies, Physicochemical Properties and Health Benefits)

18 pages, 1174 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic, Amino Acid, Mineral, and Vitamin Contents during Berry Development in ‘Italia’ and ‘Bronx Seedless’ Grape Cultivars

by Harlene Hatterman-Valenti, Ozkan Kaya, Turhan Yilmaz, Fadime Ates and Metin Turan

Horticulturae 2024, 10(5), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050429 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Understanding the variations in amino acids, phenolic compounds, elements, and vitamins between grape varieties is essential for optimizing grape production, fine-tuning dietary recommendations, and harnessing the health potential of grapes. In this regard, this comprehensive study investigated the compositional diversity of two distinct [...] Read more.

Understanding the variations in amino acids, phenolic compounds, elements, and vitamins between grape varieties is essential for optimizing grape production, fine-tuning dietary recommendations, and harnessing the health potential of grapes. In this regard, this comprehensive study investigated the compositional diversity of two distinct table grape cultivars, ‘Bronx Seedless’ and ‘Italia’, at various critical phenological stages (BBCH-77, -79, -81, -83, -85, and -89). The research findings demonstrated remarkable differences in the concentrations of key nutritional components. Bronx Seedless consistently exhibited higher levels of several amino acids, including glutamate, phenylalanine, and aspartate with concentrations reaching 49.6, 52.7, and 24.8 pmol μL⁻¹, respectively, in contrast to Italia. Regarding phenolic compounds, Italia emerged as the richer source, with concentrations notably higher for compounds such as vanillic acid (18.2 µg g⁻¹ FW) and gallic acid (37.4 µg g⁻¹ FW). Mineral analysis revealed variable concentrations, with Italia grapes containing higher levels of Fe (91.0 mg/kg) compared to Bronx Seedless (87.1 mg/kg); however, Bronx Seedless had slightly elevated levels of K (31,089 mg/kg) compared to Italia (28,184 mg/kg). Concidering vitamins, Italia grapes showcased superior levels of Vitamin B1 (14.1 mg/100 g FW) and Vitamin A (11.0 mg/100 g FW), while Bronx Seedless had higher concentrations of Vitamin B6 (29.5 mg/kg), C (3.9 mg/100 g FW) and Vitamin B2 (36.9 mg/100 g FW). Principal component analysis (PCA) elucidated complex relationships within these components, offering insights into potential correlations and interactions. The heatmap visualization further indicated the concentration gradients across various samples, unveiling the intricate nutritional profiles of these grape cultivars. This research can aid grape growers and consumers in making informed decisions about grape cultivars and their corresponding health advantages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Physiology Studies in Fruit Development and Ripening)

17 pages, 1589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predictive Refined Computational Modeling of ACL Tear Injury Patterns

by Mirit Sharabi, Raz Agron, Amir Dolev, Rami Haj-Ali and Mustafa Yassin

Bioengineering 2024, 11(5), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11050413 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are prevalent knee injuries, with approximately 200,000 ruptures annually, and treatment costs exceed USD two billion in the United States alone. Typically, the initial detection of ACL tears and anterior tibial laxity (ATL) involves manual assessments like the [...] Read more.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are prevalent knee injuries, with approximately 200,000 ruptures annually, and treatment costs exceed USD two billion in the United States alone. Typically, the initial detection of ACL tears and anterior tibial laxity (ATL) involves manual assessments like the Lachman test, which examines anterior knee laxity. Partial ACL tears can go unnoticed if they minimally affect knee laxity; however, they will progress to a complete ACL tear requiring surgical treatment. In this study, a computational finite element model (FEM) of the knee joint was generated to investigate the effect of partial ACL tears under the Lachman test (GNRB^® testing system) boundary conditions. The ACL was modeled as a hyperelastic composite structure with a refined representation of collagen bundles. Five different tear types (I–V), classified by location and size, were modeled to predict the relationship between tear size, location, and anterior tibial translation (ATT). The results demonstrated different levels of ATT that could not be manually detected. Type I tears demonstrated an almost linear increase in ATT, with the growth in tear size ranging from 3.7 mm to 4.2 mm, from 25% to 85%, respectively. Type II partial tears showed a less linear incline in ATT (3.85, 4.1, and 4.75 mm for 25%, 55%, and 85% partial tears, respectively). Types III, IV, and V maintained a nonlinear trend, with ATTs of 3.85 mm, 4.2 mm, and 4.95 mm for Type III, 3.85 mm, 4.25 mm, and 5.1 mm for Type IV, and 3.6 mm, 4.25 mm, and 5.3 mm for Type V, for 25%, 55%, and 85% partial tears, respectively. Therefore, for small tears (25%), knee stability was most affected when the tears were located around the center of the ligament. For moderate tears (55%), the effect on knee stability was the greatest for tears at the proximal half of the ACL. However, severe tears (85%) demonstrated considerable growth in knee instability from the distal to the proximal ends of the tissue, with a substantial increase in knee instability around the insertion sites. The proposed model can enhance the characterization of partial ACL tears, leading to more accurate preliminary diagnoses. It can aid in developing new techniques for repairing partially torn ACLs, potentially preventing more severe injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Biomechanics, Volume II)

38 pages, 917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Survey of Vision-Based Methods for Surface Defects’ Detection and Classification in Steel Products

by Alaa Aldein M. S. Ibrahim and Jules-Raymond Tapamo

Informatics 2024, 11(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11020025 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

In the competitive landscape of steel-strip production, ensuring the high quality of steel surfaces is paramount. Traditionally, human visual inspection has been the primary method for detecting defects, but it suffers from limitations such as reliability, cost, processing time, and accuracy. Visual inspection [...] Read more.

In the competitive landscape of steel-strip production, ensuring the high quality of steel surfaces is paramount. Traditionally, human visual inspection has been the primary method for detecting defects, but it suffers from limitations such as reliability, cost, processing time, and accuracy. Visual inspection technologies, particularly automation techniques, have been introduced to address these shortcomings. This paper conducts a thorough survey examining vision-based methodologies related to detecting and classifying surface defects on steel products. These methodologies encompass statistical, spectral, texture segmentation based methods, and machine learning-driven approaches. Furthermore, various classification algorithms, categorized into supervised, semi-supervised, and unsupervised techniques, are discussed. Additionally, the paper outlines the future direction of research focus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Semantic Recognition and Analysis)

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13 pages, 727 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Double-Cycle Alternating-Flow Diode Pumped Potassium Vapor Laser

by Songyang Liu, Rongqing Tan, Wenning Xu, Fangjin Ning and Zhiyong Li

Photonics 2024, 11(5), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050391 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

A novel double-cycle alternating-flow diode-pumped potassium vapor laser is proposed, theoretically modeled and simulated. The results show that the optical-to-optical efficiency of the laser increases with increasing gas flow rates, although at high flow rates the rate of increase in efficiency decreases. The [...] Read more.

A novel double-cycle alternating-flow diode-pumped potassium vapor laser is proposed, theoretically modeled and simulated. The results show that the optical-to-optical efficiency of the laser increases with increasing gas flow rates, although at high flow rates the rate of increase in efficiency decreases. The optical-to-optical efficiency reaches 74.8% at a pump power density of 30 kW/cm² and a gas flow rate of 50 m/s. The optical-to-optical efficiency of the laser is greater with a narrow linewidth pump and high buffer gas pressure. The optical-to-optical efficiency of a flow gas cell is higher than that of a static gas cell. There is an optimal gas cell length that provides the highest optical-to-optical efficiency. At higher pump power densities, higher flow rates are required to obtain higher optical-to-optical efficiencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Power Infrared Laser Systems: Design, Characterization, and Applications)

16 pages, 1681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation Format Identification Based on Multi-Dimensional Amplitude Features for Elastic Optical Networks

by Ming Hao, Wei He, Xuedong Jiang, Shuai Liang, Wei Jin, Lin Chen and Jianming Tang

Photonics 2024, 11(5), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics11050390 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

A modulation format identification (MFI) scheme based on multi-dimensional amplitude features is proposed for elastic optical networks. According to the multi-dimensional amplitude features, incoming polarization division multiplexed (PDM) signals can be identified as QPSK, 8QAM, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM and 128QAM signals using the [...] Read more.

A modulation format identification (MFI) scheme based on multi-dimensional amplitude features is proposed for elastic optical networks. According to the multi-dimensional amplitude features, incoming polarization division multiplexed (PDM) signals can be identified as QPSK, 8QAM, 16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM and 128QAM signals using the k-nearest neighbors (KNNs) algorithm in the digital coherent receivers. The proposed scheme does not require any prior training or optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) information. The performance of the proposed MFI scheme is verified based on numerical simulations with 28GBaud PDM-QPSK/-8QAM/-16QAM/-32QAM/-64QAM/-128QAM signals. The results show that the proposed scheme can achieve 100% of the correct MFI rate for all six modulation formats when the OSNR values are greater than their thresholds corresponding to the 20% forward error correction (FEC) related to a BER of 2.4 × 10⁻². Meanwhile, the effects of residual chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion and fiber nonlinearities on the proposed scheme are also explored. Finally, the computational complexity of the proposed scheme is analyzed, which is compared with relevant MFI schemes. The work indicates that the proposed technique could be regarded as a good candidate for identifying modulation formats up to 128QAM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Performance Monitoring)

27 pages, 978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning and Deep Learning Sentiment Analysis Models: Case Study on the SENT-COVID Corpus of Tweets in Mexican Spanish

by Helena Gomez-Adorno, Gemma Bel-Enguix, Gerardo Sierra, Juan-Carlos Barajas and William Álvarez

Informatics 2024, 11(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11020024 (registering DOI) - 23 Apr 2024

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive evaluation of traditional machine learning and deep learning models in analyzing sentiment trends within the SENT-COVID Twitter corpus, curated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The corpus, filtered by COVID-19 related keywords and manually annotated for polarity, is a pivotal [...] Read more.

This article presents a comprehensive evaluation of traditional machine learning and deep learning models in analyzing sentiment trends within the SENT-COVID Twitter corpus, curated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The corpus, filtered by COVID-19 related keywords and manually annotated for polarity, is a pivotal resource for conducting sentiment analysis experiments. Our study investigates various approaches, including classic vector-based systems such as word2vec, doc2vec, and diverse phrase modeling techniques, alongside Spanish pre-trained BERT models. We assess the performance of readily available sentiment analysis libraries for Python users, including TextBlob, VADER, and Pysentimiento. Additionally, we implement and evaluate traditional classification algorithms such as Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Support Vector Machines, and simple neural networks like Multilayer Perceptron. Throughout the research, we explore different dimensionality reduction techniques. This methodology enables a precise comparison among classification methods, with BETO-uncased achieving the highest accuracy of 0.73 on the test set. Our findings underscore the efficacy and applicability of traditional machine learning and deep learning models in analyzing sentiment trends within the context of low-resource Spanish language scenarios and emerging topics like COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Machine Learning)

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