Entropy

9 pages, 196 KiB

Open AccessOpinion

Friston, Free Energy, and Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy

by Jeremy Holmes

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040343 - 18 Apr 2024

This paper outlines the ways in which Karl Friston’s work illuminates the everyday practice of psychotherapists. These include (a) how the strategic ambiguity of the therapist’s stance brings, via ‘transference’, clients’ priors to light; (b) how the unstructured and negative capability of the [...] Read more.

This paper outlines the ways in which Karl Friston’s work illuminates the everyday practice of psychotherapists. These include (a) how the strategic ambiguity of the therapist’s stance brings, via ‘transference’, clients’ priors to light; (b) how the unstructured and negative capability of the therapy session reduces the salience of priors, enabling new top-down models to be forged; (c) how fostering self-reflection provides an additional step in the free energy minimization hierarchy; and (d) how Friston and Frith’s ‘duets for one’ can be conceptualized as a relational zone in which collaborative free energy minimization takes place without sacrificing complexity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Functional Imaging to Free Energy—Dedicated to Professor Karl Friston on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday)

13 pages, 19897 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time-Varying GPS Displacement Network Modeling by Sequential Monte Carlo

by Suchanun Piriyasatit, Ercan Engin Kuruoglu and Mehmet Sinan Ozeren

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040342 - 18 Apr 2024

Abstract

Geodetic observations through high-rate GPS time-series data allow the precise modeling of slow ground deformation at the millimeter level. However, significant attention has been devoted to utilizing these data for various earth science applications, including to determine crustal velocity fields and to detect [...] Read more.

Geodetic observations through high-rate GPS time-series data allow the precise modeling of slow ground deformation at the millimeter level. However, significant attention has been devoted to utilizing these data for various earth science applications, including to determine crustal velocity fields and to detect significant displacement from earthquakes. The relationships inherent in these GPS displacement observations have not been fully explored. This study employs the sequential Monte Carlo method, specifically particle filtering (PF), to develop a time-varying analysis of the relationships among GPS displacement time-series within a network, with the aim of uncovering network dynamics. Additionally, we introduce a proposed graph representation to enhance the understanding of these relationships. Using the 1-Hz GEONET GNSS network data of the Tohoku-Oki Mw9.0 2011 as a demonstration, the results demonstrate successful parameter tracking that clarifies the observations’ underlying dynamics. These findings have potential applications in detecting anomalous displacements in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Statistical Methods for Earthquake Hazard Assessment and Risk Analysis)

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21 pages, 11315 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Distinction of Chaos from Randomness Is Not Possible from the Degree Distribution of the Visibility and Phase Space Reconstruction Graphs

by Alexandros K. Angelidis, Konstantinos Goulas, Charalampos Bratsas, Georgios C. Makris, Michael P. Hanias, Stavros G. Stavrinides and Ioannis E. Antoniou

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040341 - 17 Apr 2024

Abstract

We investigate whether it is possible to distinguish chaotic time series from random time series using network theory. In this perspective, we selected four methods to generate graphs from time series: the natural, the horizontal, the limited penetrable horizontal visibility graph, and the [...] Read more.

We investigate whether it is possible to distinguish chaotic time series from random time series using network theory. In this perspective, we selected four methods to generate graphs from time series: the natural, the horizontal, the limited penetrable horizontal visibility graph, and the phase space reconstruction method. These methods claim that the distinction of chaos from randomness is possible by studying the degree distribution of the generated graphs. We evaluated these methods by computing the results for chaotic time series from the 2D Torus Automorphisms, the chaotic Lorenz system, and a random sequence derived from the normal distribution. Although the results confirm previous studies, we found that the distinction of chaos from randomness is not generally possible in the context of the above methodologies. Full article

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14 pages, 4741 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Irradiation-Hardening Model of TiZrHfNbMo_0.1 Refractory High-Entropy Alloys

by Yujun Fan, Xuejiao Wang, Yangyang Li, Aidong Lan and Junwei Qiao

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040340 - 17 Apr 2024

Abstract

In order to find more excellent structural materials resistant to radiation damage, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been developed due to their characteristics of limited point defect diffusion such as lattice distortion and slow diffusion. Specially, refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) that can adapt to [...] Read more.

In order to find more excellent structural materials resistant to radiation damage, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been developed due to their characteristics of limited point defect diffusion such as lattice distortion and slow diffusion. Specially, refractory high-entropy alloys (RHEAs) that can adapt to a high-temperature environment are badly needed. In this study,

{T i Z r H f N b M o}_{0.1}

RHEAs are selected for irradiation and nanoindentation experiments. We combined the mechanistic model for the depth-dependent hardness of ion-irradiated metals and the introduction of the scale factor

f

to modify the irradiation-hardening model in order to better describe the nanoindentation indentation process in the irradiated layer. Finally, it can be found that, with the increase in irradiation dose, a more serious lattice distortion caused by a higher defect density limits the expansion of the plastic zone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Refractory High Entropy Alloys)

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29 pages, 7069 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Adjoint Functions of Connection Number in Water Resources Complex Systems: A Systematic Review

by Liangguang Zhou, Juliang Jin, Rongxing Zhou, Yi Cui, Chengguo Wu, Yuliang Zhou, Shibao Dai and Yuliang Zhang

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040339 - 16 Apr 2024

Abstract

The adjoint function of connection number has unique advantages in solving uncertainty problems of water resource complex systems, and has become an important frontier and research hotspot in the uncertainty research of water resource complex problems. However, in the rapid evolution of the [...] Read more.

The adjoint function of connection number has unique advantages in solving uncertainty problems of water resource complex systems, and has become an important frontier and research hotspot in the uncertainty research of water resource complex problems. However, in the rapid evolution of the adjoint function, some problems greatly limit the application of the adjoint function in the research of water resources. Therefore, based on bibliometric analysis, development, practical application issues, and prospects of the hot directions are analyzed. It is found that the development of the connection number of water resource set pair analysis can be divided into three stages: (1) relatively sluggish development before 2005, (2) a period of rapid advancement in adjoint function research spanning from 2005 to 2017, and (3) a subsequent surge post-2018. The introduction of the adjoint function of connection number promotes the continuous development of set pair analysis of water resources. Set pair potential and partial connection number are the crucial research directions of the adjoint function. Subtractive set pair potential has rapidly developed into a relatively independent and important trajectory. The research on connection entropy is comparatively less, which needs to be further strengthened, while that on adjacent connection number is even less. The adjoint function of set pair potential can be divided into three major categories: division set pair potential, exponential set pair potential, and subtraction set pair potential. The subtraction set pair potential, which retains the original dimension and quantity variation range of the connection number, is widely used in water resources and other fields. Coupled with the partial connection number, a series of new connection number adjoint functions have been developed. The partial connection number can be mainly divided into two categories: total partial connection number, and semi-partial connection number. Among these, the calculation expression and connotation of total partial connection numbers have not yet reached a consensus, accompanied by the slow development of high-order partial connection numbers. Semi-partial connection number can describe the mutual migration movement between different components of the connection number, which develops rapidly. With the limitations and current situation described above, promoting the exploration and application of the adjoint function of connection number in the field of water resources and other fields of complex systems has become the focus of future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Complex Systems and Artificial Intelligence)

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18 pages, 928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Side Information Design in Zero-Error Coding for Computing

by Nicolas Charpenay, Maël Le Treust and Aline Roumy

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040338 - 16 Apr 2024

Abstract

We investigate the zero-error coding for computing problems with encoder side information. An encoder provides access to a source X and is furnished with side information

g (Y)

. It communicates with a decoder that possesses side information Y and aims [...] Read more.

We investigate the zero-error coding for computing problems with encoder side information. An encoder provides access to a source X and is furnished with side information

g (Y)

. It communicates with a decoder that possesses side information Y and aims to retrieve

f (X, Y)

with zero probability of error, where f and g are assumed to be deterministic functions. In previous work, we determined a condition that yields an analytic expression for the optimal rate

R^{*} (g)

; in particular, it covers the case where

P_{X, Y}

is full support. In this article, we review this result and study the side information design problem, which consists of finding the best trade-offs between the quality of the encoder’s side information

g (Y)

and

R^{*} (g)

. We construct two greedy algorithms that give an achievable set of points in the side information design problem, based on partition refining and coarsening. One of them runs in polynomial time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extremal and Additive Combinatorial Aspects in Information Theory)

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14 pages, 736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Supposed Mass of Entropy and That of Information

by Didier Lairez

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040337 - 15 Apr 2024

Abstract

In the theory of special relativity, energy can be found in two forms: kinetic energy and rest mass. The potential energy of a body is actually stored in the form of rest mass, the interaction energy too, but temperature is not. Information acquired [...] Read more.

In the theory of special relativity, energy can be found in two forms: kinetic energy and rest mass. The potential energy of a body is actually stored in the form of rest mass, the interaction energy too, but temperature is not. Information acquired about a dynamical system can be potentially used to extract useful work from it. Hence, the “mass–energy–information equivalence principle” that has been recently proposed. In this paper, it is first recalled that for a thermodynamic system made of non-interacting entities at constant temperature, the internal energy is also constant. So, the energy involved in a variation in entropy (

T Δ S

) differs from a change in the potential energy stored or released and cannot be associated to a corresponding variation in mass of the system, even if it is expressed in terms of the quantity of information. This debate gives us the opportunity to deepen the notion of entropy seen as a quantity of information, to highlight the difference between logical irreversibility (a state-dependent property) and thermodynamical irreversibility (a path-dependent property), and to return to the nature of the link between energy and information that is dynamical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Foundations and Ubiquity of Classical Thermodynamics)

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28 pages, 604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dwell Times, Wavepacket Dynamics, and Quantum Trajectories for Particles with Spin 1/2

by Bill Poirier and Richard Lombardini

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040336 - 14 Apr 2024

Abstract

The theoretical connections between quantum trajectories and quantum dwell times, previously explored in the context of 1D time-independent stationary scattering applications, are here generalized for multidimensional time-dependent wavepacket applications for particles with spin 1/2. In addition to dwell times, trajectory-based dwell time distributions [...] Read more.

The theoretical connections between quantum trajectories and quantum dwell times, previously explored in the context of 1D time-independent stationary scattering applications, are here generalized for multidimensional time-dependent wavepacket applications for particles with spin 1/2. In addition to dwell times, trajectory-based dwell time distributions are also developed, and compared with previous distributions based on the dwell time operator and the flux–flux correlation function. Dwell time distributions are of interest, in part because they may be of experimental relevance. In addition to standard unipolar quantum trajectories, bipolar quantum trajectories are also considered, and found to relate more directly to the dwell time (and other quantum time) quantities of greatest relevance for scattering applications. Detailed calculations are performed for a benchmark 3D spin-1/2 particle application, considered previously in the context of computing quantum arrival times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quantum Mechanics and the Challenge of Time)

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19 pages, 2693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bayesian Non-Parametric Inference for Multivariate Peaks-over-Threshold Models

by Peter Trubey and Bruno Sansó

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040335 - 14 Apr 2024

Abstract

We consider a constructive definition of the multivariate Pareto that factorizes the random vector into a radial component and an independent angular component. The former follows a univariate Pareto distribution, and the latter is defined on the surface of the positive orthant of [...] Read more.

We consider a constructive definition of the multivariate Pareto that factorizes the random vector into a radial component and an independent angular component. The former follows a univariate Pareto distribution, and the latter is defined on the surface of the positive orthant of the infinity norm unit hypercube. We propose a method for inferring the distribution of the angular component by identifying its support as the limit of the positive orthant of the unit p-norm spheres and introduce a projected gamma family of distributions defined through the normalization of a vector of independent random gammas to the space. This serves to construct a flexible family of distributions obtained as a Dirichlet process mixture of projected gammas. For model assessment, we discuss scoring methods appropriate to distributions on the unit hypercube. In particular, working with the energy score criterion, we develop a kernel metric that produces a proper scoring rule and presents a simulation study to compare different modeling choices using the proposed metric. Using our approach, we describe the dependence structure of extreme values in the integrated vapor transport (IVT), data describing the flow of atmospheric moisture along the coast of California. We find clear but heterogeneous geographical dependence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bayesianism)

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25 pages, 3940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Z-Weighted Function Based on Fifth-Order Nonlinear Multi-Order Weighted Method for Shock Capturing of Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

by Jinwei Bai, Zhenguo Yan, Meiliang Mao, Yankai Ma and Dingwu Jiang

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040334 - 14 Apr 2024

Abstract

Based on a 5-point stencil and three 3-point stencils, a nonlinear multi-order weighted method adaptive to 5-3-3-3 stencils for shock capturing is presented in this paper. The form of the weighting function is the same as JS (Jiang–Shu) weighting; however, the smoothness indicator [...] Read more.

Based on a 5-point stencil and three 3-point stencils, a nonlinear multi-order weighted method adaptive to 5-3-3-3 stencils for shock capturing is presented in this paper. The form of the weighting function is the same as JS (Jiang–Shu) weighting; however, the smoothness indicator of the 5-point stencil adopts a special design with a higher-order leading term similar to the

τ

in Z weighting. The design maintains that the nonlinear weights satisfy sufficient conditions for the scheme to avoid degradation even near extreme points. By adjusting the linear weights to a specific value and using the

τ

in Z weighting, the method can be degraded to Z weighting. Analysis of linear weights shows that they do not affect the accuracy in the smooth region, and they can also adjust the resolution and discontinuity-capturing capability. Numerical tests of different hyperbolic conservation laws are conducted to test the performance of the newly designed nonlinear weights based on the weighted compact nonlinear scheme. The numerical results show that there are no obvious oscillations near the discontinuity, and the resolution of both the discontinuity and smooth regions is better than that of Z weights. Full article

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21 pages, 13702 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dynamical Tunneling in More than Two Degrees of Freedom

by Srihari Keshavamurthy

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040333 - 14 Apr 2024

Abstract

Recent progress towards understanding the mechanism of dynamical tunneling in Hamiltonian systems with three or more degrees of freedom (DoF) is reviewed. In contrast to systems with two degrees of freedom, the three or more degrees of freedom case presents several challenges. Specifically, [...] Read more.

Recent progress towards understanding the mechanism of dynamical tunneling in Hamiltonian systems with three or more degrees of freedom (DoF) is reviewed. In contrast to systems with two degrees of freedom, the three or more degrees of freedom case presents several challenges. Specifically, in higher-dimensional phase spaces, multiple mechanisms for classical transport have significant implications for the evolution of initial quantum states. In this review, the importance of features on the Arnold web, a signature of systems with three or more DoF, to the mechanism of resonance-assisted tunneling is illustrated using select examples. These examples represent relevant models for phenomena such as intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution in isolated molecules and the dynamics of Bose–Einstein condensates trapped in optical lattices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tunneling in Complex Systems)

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26 pages, 2852 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Benefits of Zero-Phase or Linear Phase Filters to Design Multiscale Entropy: Theory and Application

by Eric Grivel, Bastien Berthelot, Gaetan Colin, Pierrick Legrand and Vincent Ibanez

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040332 - 14 Apr 2024

Abstract

In various applications, multiscale entropy (MSE) is often used as a feature to characterize the complexity of the signals in order to classify them. It consists of estimating the sample entropies (SEs) of the signal under study and its coarse-grained (CG) versions, where [...] Read more.

In various applications, multiscale entropy (MSE) is often used as a feature to characterize the complexity of the signals in order to classify them. It consists of estimating the sample entropies (SEs) of the signal under study and its coarse-grained (CG) versions, where the CG process amounts to (1) filtering the signal with an average filter whose order is the scale and (2) decimating the filter output by a factor equal to the scale. In this paper, we propose to derive a new variant of the MSE. Its novelty stands in the way to get the sequences at different scales by avoiding distortions during the decimation step. To this end, a linear-phase or null-phase low-pass filter whose cutoff frequency is well suited to the scale is used. Interpretations on how the MSE behaves and illustrations with a sum of sinusoids, as well as white and pink noises, are given. Then, an application to detect attentional tunneling is presented. It shows the benefit of the new approach in terms of p value when one aims at differentiating the set of MSEs obtained in the attentional tunneling state from the set of MSEs obtained in the nominal state. It should be noted that CG versions can be replaced not only for the MSE but also for other variants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ordinal Pattern-Based Entropies: New Ideas and Challenges)

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19 pages, 17411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Time-Scale Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Marine Renewable Energy Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning Algorithm

by Ren Xu, Fei Lin, Wenyi Shao, Haoran Wang, Fanping Meng and Jun Li

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040331 - 14 Apr 2024

Abstract

Surrounded by the Shandong Peninsula, the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea possess vast marine energy resources. An analysis of actual meteorological data from these regions indicates significant seasonality and intra-day uncertainty in wind and photovoltaic power generation. The challenge of scheduling to leverage [...] Read more.

Surrounded by the Shandong Peninsula, the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea possess vast marine energy resources. An analysis of actual meteorological data from these regions indicates significant seasonality and intra-day uncertainty in wind and photovoltaic power generation. The challenge of scheduling to leverage the complementary characteristics of various renewable energy sources for maintaining grid stability is substantial. In response, we have integrated wave energy with offshore photovoltaic and wind power generation and propose a day-ahead and intra-day multi-time-scale rolling optimization scheduling strategy for the complementary dispatch of these three energy sources. Using real meteorological data from this maritime area, we employed a CNN-LSTM neural network to predict the power generation and load demand of the area on both day-ahead 24 h and intra-day 1 h time scales, with the DDPG algorithm applied for refined electricity management through rolling optimization scheduling of the forecast data. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy effectively meets load demands through complementary scheduling of wave power, wind power, and photovoltaic power generation based on the climatic characteristics of the Bohai and Yellow Sea regions, reducing the negative impacts of the seasonality and intra-day uncertainty of these three energy sources on the grid. Additionally, compared to the day-ahead scheduling strategy alone, the day-ahead and intra-day rolling optimization scheduling strategy achieved a reduction in system costs by 16.1% and 22% for a typical winter day and a typical summer day, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic New Results on Mathematical Methods–Models and Their Applications to Energy Systems)

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25 pages, 363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Major Role of Multiscale Entropy Evolution in Complex Systems and Data Science

by Shahid Nawaz, Muhammad Saleem, Fedor V. Kusmartsev and Dalaver H. Anjum

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040330 - 12 Apr 2024

Abstract

Complex systems are prevalent in various disciplines encompassing the natural and social sciences, such as physics, biology, economics, and sociology. Leveraging data science techniques, particularly those rooted in artificial intelligence and machine learning, offers a promising avenue for comprehending the intricacies of complex [...] Read more.

Complex systems are prevalent in various disciplines encompassing the natural and social sciences, such as physics, biology, economics, and sociology. Leveraging data science techniques, particularly those rooted in artificial intelligence and machine learning, offers a promising avenue for comprehending the intricacies of complex systems without necessitating detailed knowledge of underlying dynamics. In this paper, we demonstrate that multiscale entropy (MSE) is pivotal in describing the steady state of complex systems. Introducing the multiscale entropy dynamics (MED) methodology, we provide a framework for dissecting system dynamics and uncovering the driving forces behind their evolution. Our investigation reveals that the MED methodology facilitates the expression of complex system dynamics through a Generalized Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation (GNSE) that thus demonstrates its potential applicability across diverse complex systems. By elucidating the entropic underpinnings of complexity, our study paves the way for a deeper understanding of dynamic phenomena. It offers insights into the behavior of complex systems across various domains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Dynamical Behaviors in Complex Systems)

49 pages, 542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Formulation of Quantum Theory of a Scalar Field in a Metric with Lorentzian and Euclidean Signatures

by Zbigniew Haba

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040329 - 12 Apr 2024

Abstract

We study the Schrödinger equation in quantum field theory (QFT) in its functional formulation. In this approach, quantum correlation functions can be expressed as classical expectation values over (complex) stochastic processes. We obtain a stochastic representation of the Schrödinger time evolution on Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin [...] Read more.

We study the Schrödinger equation in quantum field theory (QFT) in its functional formulation. In this approach, quantum correlation functions can be expressed as classical expectation values over (complex) stochastic processes. We obtain a stochastic representation of the Schrödinger time evolution on Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) states by means of the Wiener integral. We discuss QFT in a flat expanding metric and in de Sitter space-time. We calculate the evolution kernel in an expanding flat metric in the real-time formulation. We discuss a field interaction in pseudoRiemannian and Riemannian metrics showing that an inversion of the signature leads to some substantial simplifications of the singularity problems in QFT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Astrophysics, Cosmology, and Black Holes)

18 pages, 985 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CAC: Confidence-Aware Co-Training for Weakly Supervised Crack Segmentation

by Fengjiao Liang, Qingyong Li, Xiaobao Li, Yang Liu and Wen Wang

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040328 - 12 Apr 2024

Abstract

Automatic crack segmentation plays an essential role in maintaining the structural health of buildings and infrastructure. Despite the success in fully supervised crack segmentation, the costly pixel-level annotation restricts its application, leading to increased exploration in weakly supervised crack segmentation (WSCS). However, WSCS [...] Read more.

Automatic crack segmentation plays an essential role in maintaining the structural health of buildings and infrastructure. Despite the success in fully supervised crack segmentation, the costly pixel-level annotation restricts its application, leading to increased exploration in weakly supervised crack segmentation (WSCS). However, WSCS methods inevitably bring in noisy pseudo-labels, which results in large fluctuations. To address this problem, we propose a novel confidence-aware co-training (CAC) framework for WSCS. This framework aims to iteratively refine pseudo-labels, facilitating the learning of a more robust segmentation model. Specifically, a co-training mechanism is designed and constructs two collaborative networks to learn uncertain crack pixels, from easy to hard. Moreover, the dynamic division strategy is designed to divide the pseudo-labels based on the crack confidence score. Among them, the high-confidence pseudo-labels are utilized to optimize the initialization parameters for the collaborative network, while low-confidence pseudo-labels enrich the diversity of crack samples. Extensive experiments conducted on the Crack500, DeepCrack, and CFD datasets demonstrate that the proposed CAC significantly outperforms other WSCS methods. Full article

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11 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling Human Values: Analyzing Emotions behind Arguments

by Amir Reza Jafari, Praboda Rajapaksha, Reza Farahbakhsh, Guanlin Li and Noel Crespi

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040327 - 12 Apr 2024

Abstract

Detecting the underlying human values within arguments is essential across various domains, ranging from social sciences to recent computational approaches. Identifying these values remains a significant challenge due to their vast numbers and implicit usage in discourse. This study explores the potential of [...] Read more.

Detecting the underlying human values within arguments is essential across various domains, ranging from social sciences to recent computational approaches. Identifying these values remains a significant challenge due to their vast numbers and implicit usage in discourse. This study explores the potential of emotion analysis as a key feature in improving the detection of human values and information extraction from this field. It aims to gain insights into human behavior by applying intensive analyses of different levels of human values. Additionally, we conduct experiments that integrate extracted emotion features to improve human value detection tasks. This approach holds the potential to provide fresh insights into the complex interactions between emotions and values within discussions, offering a deeper understanding of human behavior and decision making. Uncovering these emotions is crucial for comprehending the characteristics that underlie various values through data-driven analyses. Our experiment results show improvement in the performance of human value detection tasks in many categories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Complex Networks and Their Applications, from COMPLEX NETWORKS 2023)

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13 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Corrections to the Bekenstein–Hawking Entropy of the HNUTKN Black Hole Due to Lorentz-Breaking Fermionic Einstein–Aether Theory

by Xia Tan, Cong Wang and Shu-Zheng Yang

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040326 - 11 Apr 2024

Abstract

A hot NUT–Kerr–Newman black hole is a general stationary axisymmetric black hole. In this black hole spacetime, the dynamical equations of fermions at the horizon are modified by considering Lorentz breaking. The corrections to the Hawking temperature and Bekenstein–Hawking entropy at the horizon [...] Read more.

A hot NUT–Kerr–Newman black hole is a general stationary axisymmetric black hole. In this black hole spacetime, the dynamical equations of fermions at the horizon are modified by considering Lorentz breaking. The corrections to the Hawking temperature and Bekenstein–Hawking entropy at the horizon of the black hole are studied in depth. Based on the semiclassical theory correction, the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of this black hole is quantum-corrected by considering the perturbation effect of the Planck constant ℏ. The latter part of this paper presents a detailed discussion of the obtained results and their physical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modified Gravity: From Black Holes Entropy to Current Cosmology IV)

14 pages, 595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Zero-Shot Stance Detection with Contrastive and Prompt Learning

by Zhenyin Yao, Wenzhong Yang and Fuyuan Wei

Entropy 2024, 26(4), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/e26040325 - 11 Apr 2024

Abstract

In social networks, the occurrence of unexpected events rapidly catalyzes the widespread dissemination and further evolution of network public opinion. The advent of zero-shot stance detection aligns more closely with the characteristics of stance detection in today’s digital age, where the absence of [...] Read more.

In social networks, the occurrence of unexpected events rapidly catalyzes the widespread dissemination and further evolution of network public opinion. The advent of zero-shot stance detection aligns more closely with the characteristics of stance detection in today’s digital age, where the absence of training examples for specific models poses significant challenges. This task necessitates models with robust generalization abilities to discern target-related, transferable stance features within training data. Recent advances in prompt-based learning have showcased notable efficacy in few-shot text classification. Such methods typically employ a uniform prompt pattern across all instances, yet they overlook the intricate relationship between prompts and instances, thereby failing to sufficiently direct the model towards learning task-relevant knowledge and information. This paper argues for the critical need to dynamically enhance the relevance between specific instances and prompts. Thus, we introduce a stance detection model underpinned by a gated multilayer perceptron (gMLP) and a prompt learning strategy, which is tailored for zero-shot stance detection scenarios. Specifically, the gMLP is utilized to capture semantic features of instances, coupled with a control gate mechanism to modulate the influence of the gate on prompt tokens based on the semantic context of each instance, thereby dynamically reinforcing the instance–prompt connection. Moreover, we integrate contrastive learning to empower the model with more discriminative feature representations. Experimental evaluations on the VAST and SEM16 benchmark datasets substantiate our method’s effectiveness, yielding a 1.3% improvement over the JointCL model on the VAST dataset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methods in Artificial Intelligence and Information Processing II)

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