MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

Open AccessArticle

Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Reduces Campylobacter jejuni Colonization in Young Broiler Chickens Challenged by Oral Gavage but Not by Seeder Birds

by

,

,

,

and

Antibiotics 2023, 12(10), 1503; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12101503 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Campylobacter spp., particularly C. jejuni and C. coli, are major food safety concerns, transmitted to humans mainly via contaminated poultry meat. In a previous study, we found that some commercial broiler farms consistently produced Campylobacter-free flocks while others consistently reared Campylobacter [...] Read more.

Campylobacter spp., particularly C. jejuni and C. coli, are major food safety concerns, transmitted to humans mainly via contaminated poultry meat. In a previous study, we found that some commercial broiler farms consistently produced Campylobacter-free flocks while others consistently reared Campylobacter-colonized flocks, and significant differences in the gut microbiota compositions between the two types of farm categories were revealed. Therefore, we hypothesized that gut microbiota influences Campylobacter colonization in poultry and that the microbiota from Campylobacter-free flocks may confer colonization resistance to Campylobacter in the chicken intestine. In this study, two fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) trials were performed to test the hypothesis. Newly hatched chicks were given FMT via oral gavage of the cecal content of Campylobacter-free adult chickens (treatment groups) or PBS (control groups) before the feed consumption. Approximately two weeks after the FMT, the birds were challenged with C. jejuni either by oral gavage (trial 1) or by co-mingling with Campylobacter-colonized seeder birds (trial 2) to evaluate the potential protective effect of the FMT. Cecal contents were collected (3 times, 5 days apart) to determine the Campylobacter colonization levels via culture and microbiota compositions via 16S rRNA gene sequencing. FMT reduced cecal Campylobacter colonization significantly (log₁₀ 1.2–2.54 CFU/g) in trial 1 but not in trial 2, although FMT significantly impacted the diversity and compositions of the gut microbiota in both trials. Several genera, such as Butyricimonas, Parabacteroides, Parasutterella, Bilophila, Fournierella, Phascolarctobacterium, and Helicobacter, had increased abundance in the FMT-treated groups in both trials. Furthermore, Campylobacter abundance was found to be negatively correlated with the Escherichia and Ruminococcus_torques_group genera. These findings indicate that even though FMT with adult cecal microbiota can positively affect the subsequent development of the gut microbiota in young broilers, its inhibitory effect on Campylobacter colonization varies and appears to be influenced by the challenge models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Control of Gut Microbiota: Antibiotics Alternatives and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

A Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity on the Brink: Mo So Cave and the Hon Chong Karst of Vietnam

by

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

Tran Quoc Trung Nguyen

,

Quang Tam Truong

and

Jaap Vermeulen

Diversity 2023, 15(10), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101058 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

The southern part of the Mekong Delta Limestones of Vietnam (MDL-HC or Hon Chong karst) comprises numerous small limestone hills. It is a hotspot of biodiversity for soil and cave invertebrates. Here, we synthesize the results of biological surveys carried out in Hang [...] Read more.

The southern part of the Mekong Delta Limestones of Vietnam (MDL-HC or Hon Chong karst) comprises numerous small limestone hills. It is a hotspot of biodiversity for soil and cave invertebrates. Here, we synthesize the results of biological surveys carried out in Hang Mo So, the richest MDL-HC cave for troglobionts, and in surrounding karsts. Methodologies for the ecological characterization of species are discussed, with emphasis on parallel sampling (external soil plus cave). Hang Mo So has 27 troglobionts, including many still undescribed. An additional 40 cave-obligate species are known from other caves of MDL-HC. Among them, several are expected to be found in Hang Mo So. Most troglobionts of MDL-HC are endemic. Several relictual taxa without close relatives in Southeast Asia occur in Hang Mo So and in MDL-HC, reflecting an ancient origin of the fauna. The reasons for this richness are uncertain, but the cause of its current destruction—quarrying—is all too evident. Most of the original 4 km² of the MDL-HC karst has been destroyed or soon will be, ultimately leaving only 1.6 km² unquarried. Endemic species linked to karst habitats are, therefore, under clear threat of extinction. The Hon Chong karst (MDL-HC) was listed among the ten most endangered karsts on the planet 25 years ago. Today it would probably top the list. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hotspots of Subterranean Biodiversity II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy by TGF-β Is Connected with Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation

by

,

,

,

,

,

and

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(19), 14826; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914826 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main contributors to the development and progression of liver fibrosis. Parkin is an E3 ligase involved in mitophagy mediated by lysosomes that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis. Unfortunately, there is little information regarding the regulation of parkin by transforming [...] Read more.

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main contributors to the development and progression of liver fibrosis. Parkin is an E3 ligase involved in mitophagy mediated by lysosomes that maintains mitochondrial homeostasis. Unfortunately, there is little information regarding the regulation of parkin by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its association with HSC trans-differentiation. This study showed that parkin is upregulated in fibrotic conditions and elucidated the underlying mechanism. Parkin was observed in the cirrhotic region of the patient liver tissues and visualized using immunostaining and immunoblotting of mouse fibrotic liver samples and primary HSCs. The role of parkin-mediated mitophagy in hepatic fibrogenesis was examined using TGF-β-treated LX-2 cells with mitophagy inhibitor, mitochondrial division inhibitor 1. Parkin overexpression and its colocalization with desmin in human tissues were found. Increased parkin in fibrotic liver homogenates of mice was observed. Parkin was expressed more abundantly in HSCs than in hepatocytes and was upregulated under TGF-β. TGF-β-induced parkin was due to Smad3. TGF-β facilitated mitochondrial translocation, leading to mitophagy activation, reversed by mitophagy inhibitor. However, TGF-β did not change mitochondrial function. Mitophagy inhibitor suppressed profibrotic genes and HSC migration mediated by TGF-β. Collectively, parkin-involved mitophagy by TGF-β facilitates HSC activation, suggesting mitophagy may utilize targets for liver fibrosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mitochondria-Mediated Oxidative Stress in Diseases: Cell Death and Treatment)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Non-Contrast MR Lymphography and Intranodal Dynamic Contrast MR Lymphangiography in Children with Congenital Heart Disease—Imaging Findings as well as Impact on Patient Management and Outcome

by

,

,

,

and

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(19), 14827; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914827 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Lymphatic flow disorders are rare but devastating complications in children with congenital heart disease. T2-weighted magnetic resonance lymphography and intranodal dynamic contrast magnetic resonance lymphangiography are imaging modalities that can depict central lymphatic anatomy and flow pattern. Our objective was to describe the [...] Read more.

Lymphatic flow disorders are rare but devastating complications in children with congenital heart disease. T2-weighted magnetic resonance lymphography and intranodal dynamic contrast magnetic resonance lymphangiography are imaging modalities that can depict central lymphatic anatomy and flow pattern. Our objective was to describe the technical aspects and our imaging findings of central lymphatic abnormalities and their impact on patient management and outcomes: We conducted a retrospective review of 26 children with congenital heart disease who presented for lymphatic imaging between 2015 and 2020 at our institution. Eleven had postoperative chylothorax, six had plastic bronchitis, seven had protein-losing enteropathy and three had Noonan syndrome. Our lymphatic imaging demonstrated severely abnormal lymphatic flow in all of the children, but only minor abnormalities in protein-losing enteropathy. No major procedure-related complication occurred. Lymphatic interventions were performed in six patients, thoracic duct decompression in two patients and chylothorax revision in three patients. This led to symptomatic improvements in all of the patients: Lymphatic imaging is safe and essential for the diagnosis of lymphatic flow disorders and therapy planning. Our intranodal lymphangiography depicts an abnormal lymphatic flow pattern from the central lymphatics but failed to demonstrate an abnormal lymphatic flow in protein-losing enteropathy. These imaging techniques are the basis for selective lymphatic interventions, which are promising to treat lymphatic flow disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Diagnostics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Characterization of Lyssaviruses Originating from Domestic and Wild Cats Provides an Insight on the Diversity of Lyssaviruses and a Risk of Rabies Transmission to Other Susceptible Mammals and Humans in South Africa

by

,

,

,

and

Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101212 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Rabies is one of the most significant public and veterinary health problems, causing approximately 59 000 human deaths annually in the developing countries of Asia and Africa. The aetiologic agent, a viral species of the Lyssavirus genus, is highly neurotropic and has a [...] Read more.

Rabies is one of the most significant public and veterinary health problems, causing approximately 59 000 human deaths annually in the developing countries of Asia and Africa. The aetiologic agent, a viral species of the Lyssavirus genus, is highly neurotropic and has a wide host range, including terrestrial mammals and several Chiropteran species. The Lyssavirus mokola (MOKV) was first isolated in the late 1960s from organ pools of shrews (Crocidura flavescens manni) in the Mokola forest (Nigeria). To date, at least 30 MOKV isolations have been confirmed, all exclusively from Africa, with 73% from southern Africa. There is limited knowledge about the epidemiology of MOKV, and the reservoir host species is unknown. Here, we report on the molecular characterization of rabies viruses originating from both domestic and African wild cats. A partial region of the lyssavirus genome, encoding the nucleoprotein, was amplified and sequenced. Nucleotide sequence analysis demonstrated that 98% of cats were infected with both the canid and mongoose rabies virus variants, as well as a rare lyssavirus, Lyssavirus mokola, from a domestic cat from Eswatini. Furthermore, the nucleotide sequence divergence between the recently identified MOKV isolate and the historical Lyssavirus mokola isolates ranged from 6.8% to 8.3%. This study further highlights the association between the potential host species of Lyssavirus mokola and the domestic cat as an incidental host, and the important role cats may play in rabies transmission dynamics in the country. Therefore, continuous vaccination of domestic cats against rabies is crucial, even after the elimination of dog-mediated rabies, as spillover related to sylvatic rabies cycles is likely to occur. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Infectious Diseases of Domestic Animals in a One Health Perspective—Volume II)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessEditorial

Novel Antiviral Agents: Synthesis, Molecular Modelling Studies and Biological Investigation

by

Simone Brogi

Viruses 2023, 15(10), 2042; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15102042 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Representing more than 20% of all deaths occurring worldwide, infectious diseases remain one of the main factors in both human and animal morbidity and mortality [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Antiviral Agents: Synthesis, Molecular Modelling Studies and Biological Investigation)

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning for Fully Automatic Tumor Segmentation on Serially Acquired Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI Images of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Cancers 2023, 15(19), 4829; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194829 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Accurate tumor segmentation is required for quantitative image analyses, which are increasingly used for evaluation of tumors. We developed a fully automated and high-performance segmentation model of triple-negative breast cancer using a self-configurable deep learning framework and a large set of dynamic contrast-enhanced [...] Read more.

Accurate tumor segmentation is required for quantitative image analyses, which are increasingly used for evaluation of tumors. We developed a fully automated and high-performance segmentation model of triple-negative breast cancer using a self-configurable deep learning framework and a large set of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI images acquired serially over the patients’ treatment course. Among all models, the top-performing one that was trained with the images across different time points of a treatment course yielded a Dice similarity coefficient of 93% and a sensitivity of 96% on baseline images. The top-performing model also produced accurate tumor size measurements, which is valuable for practical clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning and Radiomics Applications of MRI-Guided Treatments in Cancers)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Debunking Divine Command Theory

by

Hans Van Eyghen

Religions 2023, 14(10), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14101252 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

The divine command theory holds that morality finds its origin in God or that God is somehow closely connected to morality. Many people across the world hold a related, though different belief that Religious belief is required for proper moral behavior. In this [...] Read more.

The divine command theory holds that morality finds its origin in God or that God is somehow closely connected to morality. Many people across the world hold a related, though different belief that Religious belief is required for proper moral behavior. In this paper, I look at a number of evolutionary and cognitive explanations (supernatural punishment theory, big gods theory, moral dyad, and costly signaling) that purport to explain why people hold beliefs concerning a close connection between God and morality. I assess whether any of these theories provide a reason for epistemic concern. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Morality without God: Reality or Illusion?)

Open AccessArticle

Time Spent Jogging/Running and Biological Aging in 4458 U.S. Adults: An NHANES Investigation

by

Christina M. Blackmon

,

Larry A. Tucker

,

Bruce W. Bailey

and

Lance E. Davidson

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(19), 6872; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20196872 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Telomere length is a good index of cellular aging. Longer telomeres are predictive of longer life, and healthy lifestyles are associated with longer telomeres. This study explored the relationship between time spent jogging or running each week and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in [...] Read more.

Telomere length is a good index of cellular aging. Longer telomeres are predictive of longer life, and healthy lifestyles are associated with longer telomeres. This study explored the relationship between time spent jogging or running each week and leukocyte telomere length (LTL) in 4458 randomly selected U.S. adults. The association was studied using data collected by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), and a cross-sectional design. Total weekly jog/run time was calculated from survey responses. From the minute totals, three categories were formed: <10 min/week, 10–74 min/week, and ≥75 min/week. Adults in the third category met the U.S. guidelines. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Partial correlation was used to adjust for differences in potential mediating factors, including demographic and lifestyle/medical factors. In the total sample, after adjusting for all the potential covariates, mean LTL significantly differed across the three jog/run categories (F = 4.1, p = 0.0272). Specifically, adults who met the guidelines via jogging and/or running had significantly longer telomeres than adults who performed no jogging/running. Adults in the middle category did not differ from the other two categories. A minimum of 75 min of jogging/running weekly is predictive of longer telomeres when compared to adults who do not jog or run regularly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Activity and Health-Related Quality of Life)

Open AccessReview

CAR T-Cells in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Current Status and Future Prospects

by

Abdulrahman H. Almaeen

and

Mohamed Abouelkheir

Biomedicines 2023, 11(10), 2693; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102693 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

The currently available treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is mainly dependent on the combination of chemotherapy, steroids, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, refractoriness and relapse (R/R) after initial complete remission may reach up to 20% in pediatrics. This percentage may even [...] Read more.

The currently available treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is mainly dependent on the combination of chemotherapy, steroids, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation. However, refractoriness and relapse (R/R) after initial complete remission may reach up to 20% in pediatrics. This percentage may even reach 60% in adults. To overcome R/R, a new therapeutic approach was developed using what is called chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T-cell therapy. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States has so far approved four CAR T-cells for the treatment of ALL. Using this new therapeutic strategy has shown a remarkable success in treating R/R ALL. However, the use of CAR T-cells is expensive, has many imitations, and is associated with some adverse effects. Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) are two common examples of these adverse effects. Moreover, R/R to CAR T-cell therapy can take place during treatment. Continuous development of this therapeutic strategy is ongoing to overcome these limitations and adverse effects. The present article overviews the use of CAR T-cell in the treatment of ALL, summarizing the results of relevant clinical trials and discussing future prospects intended to improve the efficacy of this therapeutic strategy and overcome its limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pathogenesis and Novel Therapies of Acute Leukemias)

Open AccessArticle

Inpatient Treatment Outcome in a Large Sample of Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa

by

,

,

,

and

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4247; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194247 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Anorexia nervosa is an illness affecting primarily adolescent girls and young women. Clinical guidelines recommend early intervention, with inpatient treatment for more severe cases. We present an evaluation of a multi-modal cognitive–behavioral inpatient treatment (CBT-E) involving carers in specialized units for adolescents. Routine [...] Read more.

Anorexia nervosa is an illness affecting primarily adolescent girls and young women. Clinical guidelines recommend early intervention, with inpatient treatment for more severe cases. We present an evaluation of a multi-modal cognitive–behavioral inpatient treatment (CBT-E) involving carers in specialized units for adolescents. Routine data of 962 adolescent inpatients (26 boys) (mean age 15.48 [1.26]; range 12–17 years) were analyzed. Predictors of good body weight outcome (achieving a discharge BMI of at least 18.5 kg/m²) were identified by logistic regression analysis. Mean inpatient treatment lasted 96.69 (45.96) days. The BMI increased significantly from 14.93 (1.38) kg/m² at admission to 17.53 (1.58) kg/m² at discharge (z = 26.41; p < 0.001; d = 1.708). Drive for thinness decreased from 29.08 (9.87) to 22.63 (9.77; z = 18.41; p < 0.001; d = 0.787). All other subscores of the Eating Disorder Inventory also decreased significantly, with small to medium effect sizes. General psychopathology also showed significant decreases. The Beck Depression Inventory-II score decreased from 26.06 (11.74) to 16.35 (12.51; z = 18.41; p < 0.001; d = 0.883). A good body weight outcome was predicted by a higher BMI at admission (OR = 1.828), age at onset at 15 years or higher (OR = 1.722), and higher Somatization (OR = 1.436), Anxiety (OR = 1.320), and Bulimia (OR = 1.029) scores. CBT-E involving carers is an efficient intervention for adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Intake Disorders: Updates, Trends, and Challenges)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

A Model Predicting the Maximum Face Slab Deflection of Concrete-Face Rockfill Dams: Combining Improved Support Vector Machine and Threshold Regression

by

,

,

and

Water 2023, 15(19), 3474; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193474 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

The deformation of concrete-face rockfill dams (CFRDs) is a key parameter for the safety control of reservoir and dam systems. Rapid and accurate estimation of the deformation characteristics of CFRDs is a top priority. To realize this, we proposed a new model for [...] Read more.

The deformation of concrete-face rockfill dams (CFRDs) is a key parameter for the safety control of reservoir and dam systems. Rapid and accurate estimation of the deformation characteristics of CFRDs is a top priority. To realize this, we proposed a new model for predicting the maximum face slab deflection (FD) of CFRDs, combining the threshold regression (TR) and the improved support vector machine (SVM). In this paper, based on the collected 71 real measurement data from engineering examples, we constructed an adaptive hybrid kernel function with high precision and generalization ability. We optimized the selection of the main parameters of the SVM by a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. Meanwhile, we clustered the deformation parameters according to the dam height by the TR. It significantly contributes to the accuracy and generalization of the model. Finally, a prediction model for the FD characteristics of CFRDs combining TR and improved SVM was developed. The new prediction model can overcome the nonlinear abrupt feature of the sample data and achieve high precision with R² greater than 0.8 in the final testing set. Our model is more accurate with faster convergence compared to the previous model. This study provides a more accurate model for predicting maximum face slab deflection and lays the foundation for safety control and evaluation of dams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applied in Civil Engineering, 2nd Volume)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Alleviative Effect of Iodine Pretreatment on the Stress of Saccharina japonica (Phaeophyceae, Laminariales) Caused by Cadmium and Its Molecular Basis Revealed by Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis

by

Xuemei Wang

,

Tifeng Shan

and

Shaojun Pang

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(19), 14825; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241914825 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Iodide is accumulated by the brown alga Saccharina japonica at a high concentration and has been proven to be an inorganic antioxidant that plays an important role in oxidative metabolism. Vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases (vBPOs) and iodoperoxidases (vIPOs), which catalyze the oxidation of iodide, are [...] Read more.

Iodide is accumulated by the brown alga Saccharina japonica at a high concentration and has been proven to be an inorganic antioxidant that plays an important role in oxidative metabolism. Vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidases (vBPOs) and iodoperoxidases (vIPOs), which catalyze the oxidation of iodide, are essential for iodine accumulation and metabolism. Heavy metal pollutant cadmium (Cd) from anthropogenic activities can cause damage to algae mainly by producing oxidative stress. Here, the effects of iodine pretreatment on the stress of S. japonica caused by cadmium were analyzed. The growth experiment showed that iodine pretreatment could reduce the damage of low concentration cadmium on S. japonica young thalli. At the transcriptomic level, gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis confirmed that cadmium stress could cause a peroxidation reaction in S. japonica. However, the most significant GO term was “photosystem I” in the series with iodine pretreatment. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) indicated that iodine pretreatment alleviated cadmium stress responses of S. japonica by affecting the photosynthesis process. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) showed that five enzymes from the vBPO family and 13 enzymes from the vIPO family might play crucial roles in this process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Study on the Resistance of Beta-Cypermethrin Nanoemulsion and Conventional Emulsion in Blattella germanica

by

,

,

,

,

,

,

and

Toxics 2023, 11(10), 834; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100834 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to compare the resistance rates of Blattella germanica to beta-cypermethrin nanoemulsion and conventional emulsion and establish reference values via biochemical detection for conventional emulsion. Methods: We conducted experiments using subcultured Blattella germanica and applied the micro-drop method for treatment. [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the resistance rates of Blattella germanica to beta-cypermethrin nanoemulsion and conventional emulsion and establish reference values via biochemical detection for conventional emulsion. Methods: We conducted experiments using subcultured Blattella germanica and applied the micro-drop method for treatment. Subsequently, the activity of metabolic enzymes was measured using spectrophotometry. Profile analysis was employed to study the resistance rates of beta-cypermethrin nanoemulsion and beta-cypermethrin emulsion. Results: The regression equation for the relationship between generation and resistance factor in Blattella germanica treated with beta-cypermethrin nanoemulsion was as follows: y₁ = 0.091x₁ + 0.991, with an r-value of 0.990 (F = 95.184, p = 0.01 < 0.05). Similarly, the regression equation for Blattella germanica treated with emulsion was y₂ = 0.376x₂ + 1.051, with an r-value of 0.993 (F = 141.094, p = 0.007 < 0.05). The comparison of slopes between these two regression equations yielded an F-value of 8.61, indicating a significant difference (p = 0.001 < 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the resistance factor in Blattella germanica treated with beta-cypermethrin nanoemulsion differs from that treated with beta-cypermethrin emulsion. Specifically, the resistance factor of beta-cypermethrin nanoemulsion increased at a slower rate compared to beta-cypermethrin emulsion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agrochemicals and Food Toxicology)

Open AccessArticle

Two-Step Performance Optimization of CsPbBr₃ Perovskite Nanocrystals for Wide Color Gamut Displays

by

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

and

Photonics 2023, 10(10), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10101113 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Owing to their composition-tunable and narrow emissions and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (IPQDs) are a promising option for wide color gamut displays. However, their practical applications have been limited by their lattice structure instability and surface defect [...] Read more.

Owing to their composition-tunable and narrow emissions and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), inorganic halide perovskite quantum dots (IPQDs) are a promising option for wide color gamut displays. However, their practical applications have been limited by their lattice structure instability and surface defect states. Herein, CsPbBr₃:KBF₄@SiO₂ with improved stability and optical properties is successfully synthesized with a two-step optimization of fluorine (F) anion doping and SiO₂ in situ coating. Compared with bromide (Br), higher electronegativity and a smaller radius of F lead to stronger binding energy with Pb²⁺. Also, F anions can occupy surface Br vacancies. Then, benefiting from the acidic environment provided by BF₄⁻ hydrolysis, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) can be more easily hydrolyzed on the CsPbBr₃:KBF₄ surface to generate SiO₂ coating, thus further passivating lattice defects and improving environmental stability. Importantly, the PLQY of CsPbBr₃:KBF₄@SiO₂ achieves 85%, and the stability has been greatly improved compared with pure CsPbBr₃. Finally, CsPbBr₃:KBF₄@SiO₂/PDMS, CsPbI₃/PDMS, and CsPbCl₃/PDMS composites with narrow emissions are applied to replace traditional phosphors as color converters for direct-view light-emitting diode (LED) displays or liquid crystal display (LCD) backlights. The color gamut reaches 118.22% under the NTSC standard. Concerning the display field, it suggests likely applications in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Liquid Crystals in Photonics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Blueprint Separable Subsampling and Aggregate Feature Conformer-Based End-to-End Neural Diarization

by

,

,

and

Electronics 2023, 12(19), 4118; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12194118 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

At present, a prevalent approach to speaker diarization is clustering based on speaker embeddings. However, this method encounters two primary issues. Firstly, it cannot directly minimize the diarization error during the training process; secondly, the majority of clustering-based methods struggle to handle speaker [...] Read more.

At present, a prevalent approach to speaker diarization is clustering based on speaker embeddings. However, this method encounters two primary issues. Firstly, it cannot directly minimize the diarization error during the training process; secondly, the majority of clustering-based methods struggle to handle speaker overlap in audio. A viable approach for addressing these issues involves adopting end-to-end speaker diarization (EEND). Nevertheless, training this EEND system generally requires lengthy audio inputs, which must be downsampled to allow efficient model processing. In this study, we develop a novel downsampling layer using blueprint separable convolution (BSConv) instead of depthwise separable convolution (DSC) as the foundational convolutional unit, which effectively preserves information from the original audio. Furthermore, we incorporate multi-scale feature aggregation (MFA) into the encoder structure to combine the features extracted by each conformer block to the output layer, consequently enhancing the expressiveness of the model’s feature extraction. Lastly, we employ the conformer as the backbone network to incorporate the proposed enhancements, resulting in an EEND system named BSAC-EEND. We assess our suggested methodology on both simulated and real datasets. The experiment indicates that our proposed EEND system reduces diarization error rate (DER) by an average of 17.3% for two-speaker datasets and 12.8% for three-speaker datasets compared to the baseline. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Compensation Admittance Load Flow: A Computational Tool for the Sustainability of the Electrical Grid

by

Benedetto-Giuseppe Risi

,

Francesco Riganti-Fulginei

,

Antonino Laudani

and

Michele Quercio

Sustainability 2023, 15(19), 14427; https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914427 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Compensation Admittance Load Flow (CALF) is a power flow analysis method that was developed to enhance the sustainability of the power grid. This method has been widely used in power system planning and operation, as it provides an accurate representation of the power [...] Read more.

Compensation Admittance Load Flow (CALF) is a power flow analysis method that was developed to enhance the sustainability of the power grid. This method has been widely used in power system planning and operation, as it provides an accurate representation of the power system and its behavior under different operating conditions. By providing a more accurate representation of the power system, it can help identify potential problems and improve the overall performance of the grid. This paper proposes a new approach to the load flow (LF) problem by introducing a linear and iterative method of solving LF equations. The aim is to obtain fast results for calculating nodal voltages while maintaining high accuracy. The proposed CALF method is fast and accurate and is suitable for the iterative calculations required by large energy utilities to solve the problem of quantifying the maximum grid acceptance capacity of new energy from renewable sources and new loads, known as hosting capacity (HC) and load capacity (LC), respectively. Speed and accuracy are achieved through a properly designed linearization of the optimization problem, which introduces the concept of compensation admittance at the node. The proposed method was validated by comparing the results obtained with those coming from state-of-the-art methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancement of Reliability and Sustainability in Electric Power Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessReview

Unique Properties of Nutrient Channels on Plasmodium-Infected Erythrocytes

by

Sanjay Arvind Desai

Pathogens 2023, 12(10), 1211; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101211 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Intracellular malaria parasites activate an ion and organic solute channel on their host erythrocyte membrane to acquire a broad range of essential nutrients. This plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC) facilitates the uptake of sugars, amino acids, purines, some vitamins, and organic cations, but [...] Read more.

Intracellular malaria parasites activate an ion and organic solute channel on their host erythrocyte membrane to acquire a broad range of essential nutrients. This plasmodial surface anion channel (PSAC) facilitates the uptake of sugars, amino acids, purines, some vitamins, and organic cations, but remarkably, it must exclude the small Na⁺ ion to preserve infected erythrocyte osmotic stability in plasma. Although molecular, biochemical, and structural studies have provided fundamental mechanistic insights about PSAC and advanced potent inhibitors as exciting antimalarial leads, important questions remain about how nutrients and ions are transported. Here, I review PSAC’s unusual selectivity and conductance properties, which should guide future research into this important microbial ion channel. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Uptake and Trafficking in Plasmodium Species)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Addressing Volterra Partial Integro-Differential Equations through an Innovative Extended Cubic B-Spline Collocation Technique

by

Ishtiaq Ali

,

Muhammad Yaseen

and

Sana Khan

Symmetry 2023, 15(10), 1851; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15101851 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

This paper introduces a novel collocation scheme based on an extended cubic B-spline for approximating the solution of a second-order partial integro-differential equation. The proposed scheme employs new extended cubic B-splines to discretize the second-order derivatives in the spatial domain, while discretization of [...] Read more.

This paper introduces a novel collocation scheme based on an extended cubic B-spline for approximating the solution of a second-order partial integro-differential equation. The proposed scheme employs new extended cubic B-splines to discretize the second-order derivatives in the spatial domain, while discretization of spatial derivatives of lower orders is achieved using extended cubic B-spline functions. Temporal derivatives are discretized using the forward difference formula. The stability of the algorithm is assessed using the von Neumann stability method to ensure that error magnification is avoided. Furthermore, convergence analysis of the scheme is provided. Numerical experiments are conducted to validate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme. The free parameter is optimized using

L_{2}

and

L_{\infty}

norms. The computed results are compared with those obtained from various standard numerical schemes found in the literature. Mathematical 12 is used to obtain numerical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematics)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Mechanical Removal on the Regeneration and Colonization Abilities of the Alien Aquatic Macrophyte Egeria densa

by

Gabrielle Thiébaut

Life 2023, 13(10), 2004; https://doi.org/10.3390/life13102004 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

The development of aquatic plant beds can obstruct boat traffic, hinder the practice of water activities, and impact the functioning of freshwaters. In order to mitigate their effects, mechanical removal is often the preferred management solution. The objective of this study was to [...] Read more.

The development of aquatic plant beds can obstruct boat traffic, hinder the practice of water activities, and impact the functioning of freshwaters. In order to mitigate their effects, mechanical removal is often the preferred management solution. The objective of this study was to test, in mesocosms, the effect of frequency (none, one, and two cuts) and cutting dates (May and/or July) on the regeneration and colonization capabilities of the aquatic plant Egeria densa, an invasive alien species in France. The cutting date had no effect on the capabilities of E. densa, but the two cuts significantly reduced the plant’s biomass. Removal produced numerous fragments, which exhibited very high survival and anchoring rates. However, summer removal produced fragments with lower regeneration and colonization abilities compared to fragments from spring cutting. Mechanical removal only temporarily reduced the biomass of the aquatic plant beds and could promote the formation of new beds from the fragments generated by management and dispersed by water flow. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Diversity and Ecology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Trefoil Family Factor Peptide 1—A New Biomarker in Liquid Biopsies of Retinoblastoma under Therapy

by

,

,

,

,

and

Cancers 2023, 15(19), 4828; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15194828 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Effective management of retinoblastoma (RB), the most prevalent childhood eye cancer, depends on reliable monitoring and diagnosis. A promising candidate in this context is the secreted trefoil family factor peptide 1 (TFF1), recently discovered as a promising new biomarker in patients with a [...] Read more.

Effective management of retinoblastoma (RB), the most prevalent childhood eye cancer, depends on reliable monitoring and diagnosis. A promising candidate in this context is the secreted trefoil family factor peptide 1 (TFF1), recently discovered as a promising new biomarker in patients with a more advanced subtype of retinoblastoma. The present study investigated TFF1 expression within aqueous humor (AH) of enucleated eyes and compared TFF1 levels in AH and corresponding blood serum samples from RB patients undergoing intravitreal chemotherapy (IVC). TFF1 was consistently detectable in AH, confirming its potential as a biomarker. Crucially, our data confirmed that TFF1-secreting cells within the tumor mass originate from RB tumor cells, not from surrounding stromal cells. IVC-therapy-responsive patients exhibited remarkably reduced TFF1 levels post-therapy. By contrast, RB patients’ blood serum displayed low-to-undetectable levels of TFF1 even after sample concentration and no therapy-dependent changes were observed. Our findings suggest that compared with blood serum, AH represents the more reliable source of TFF1 if used for liquid biopsy RB marker analysis in RB patients. Thus, analysis of TFF1 in AH of RB patients potentially provides a minimally invasive tool for monitoring RB therapy efficacy, suggesting its importance for effective treatment regimens. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Progress and Research Trends in Ocular Oncology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Wireless Charging Performance Enhancement for Electric Vehicles: Mutual Inductance, Power Transfer Capability, and Efficiency

by

Kantipudi V. V. S. R. Chowdary

,

,

,

and

Vehicles 2023, 5(4), 1313-1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles5040072 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Electric vehicles are becoming more popular as an alternative to conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. In order to strengthen charging infrastructure, dynamic wireless charging (DWC) is a promising technology through which the vehicle battery can be continuously charged while the vehicle is in motion. The [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles are becoming more popular as an alternative to conventional gasoline-powered vehicles. In order to strengthen charging infrastructure, dynamic wireless charging (DWC) is a promising technology through which the vehicle battery can be continuously charged while the vehicle is in motion. The main challenge of the DWC system is to investigate the capability for power transfer with the variation in operating parameters in consideration of enhanced efficiency. This study proposes an innovative approach to improve the performance of dynamic wireless charging systems by investigating the magnetic coupler via finite element analysis, exploring power pulsation and mutual inductances with variations in longitudinal, lateral, and air gap distances as variable factors. In addition to this, efficiency analysis is also explored with respect to the mutual inductance and various compensation schemes. The simulation studies are carried out using computer-assisted software, i.e., COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 and MATLAB version 2022b. Finally, a comparative analysis of power transferred, mutual inductance, and efficiency is presented by the compensation schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessArticle

Plasma Fibronectin as a Novel Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease: A Retrospective Study

by

,

,

,

and

J. Cardiovasc. Dev. Dis. 2023, 10(10), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd10100415 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Although fibronectin has been associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, little is currently known about the relationship between plasma fibronectin and coronary heart disease (CHD). This retrospective study aimed to determine the predictive value of plasma fibronectin for CHD and its severity. A [...] Read more.

Although fibronectin has been associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, little is currently known about the relationship between plasma fibronectin and coronary heart disease (CHD). This retrospective study aimed to determine the predictive value of plasma fibronectin for CHD and its severity. A total of 1644 consecutive patients who underwent selective coronary angiography were recruited into the present study. The characteristics and results of the clinical examination of all patients were collected. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the predictive value of plasma fibronectin for the presence and severity of CHD. Compared with non-CHD patients, the CHD patients showed significantly higher plasma levels of troponin I and creatine kinase isoenzyme, along with lower plasma levels of fibronectin. However, no significant differences were detected in plasma fibronectin among patients with different grades of CHD. The logistic regression model showed that plasma fibronectin remained an independent predictor of CHD after adjustment with a 1.39-fold increased risk for every 1 SD decrease in plasma fibronectin. Nevertheless, plasma fibronectin could not predict the severity of CHD determined by the number of stenosed vessels and the modified Gensini score. This study demonstrated that lower plasma fibronectin might be an independent predictor of CHD, but it may be of no value in predicting the severity of CHD. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessReview

SARS-CoV-2 Variant-Specific Gastrointestinal Symptoms of COVID-19: 2023 Update

by

Yoanna Slabakova

,

Stavros Gerasoudis

,

Dimitrina Miteva

,

Monika Peshevska-Sekulovska

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

and

Gastroenterol. Insights 2023, 14(4), 431-445; https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent14040032 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be a significant entrance or interaction site for SARS-CoV-2; therefore, the gut mucosal immune system participates in virus interaction as a first-line physical and immunological defense, leading to GI involvement and symptoms. This review focuses on the GI [...] Read more.

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be a significant entrance or interaction site for SARS-CoV-2; therefore, the gut mucosal immune system participates in virus interaction as a first-line physical and immunological defense, leading to GI involvement and symptoms. This review focuses on the GI symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection while providing specific results on variant-specific signs and syndromes related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pattern of symptoms changed during the virus evolution, since the data provided a current and thorough picture of the symptoms experienced by SARS-CoV-2 infected people, and variations in symptom patterns occurred as the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants have spread. Since the beginning of the pandemic, GI symptoms have been linked to SARS-CoV-2 infections, even though most infected people do not report them. For example, diarrhea (28.2%) was the most frequently reported GI symptom in the early phase of the pandemic. The most observed GI tract symptoms during COVID-19 were anorexia (loss of appetite), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, usually in at least one-third of the patients. Mesenteric ischemia and GI bleeding were less observed but more severe. While GI symptoms are not associated with increased mortality, they complicate the disease, increase the duration of the illness, and result in worse outcomes. Nevertheless, it is accepted that symptoms between variants differ significantly, i.e., the Omicron variant causes milder COVID-19 than the Delta. Still, the rate of GI symptoms has declined in the following variant-dominated phases of the pandemic (Alpha: 19.4%, Delta: 17.9%, Omicron: 13.8%), which was also demonstrated for other GI signs associated with COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Gastrointestinal Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Open AccessCase Report

Multifocal Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis: Case Report and Review of the Literature

by

Niki Ntavari

,

Vasiliki Syrmou

,

Konstantinos Tourlakopoulos

,

Foteini Malli

,

Irini Gerogianni

,

Angeliki-Viktoria Roussaki

,

Efterpi Zafiriou

,

Maria Ioannou

,

Eirini Tziastoudi

,

Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis

and

Ioannis Pantazopoulos

Medicina 2023, 59(10), 1758; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59101758 (registering DOI) - 02 Oct 2023

Abstract

Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health problem worldwide. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TBVC) is a cutaneous form of exogenous TB caused by exogenous reinfection in previously sensitized individuals. TBVC typically presents as a unifocal condition. Multifocal cutaneous lesions without any other [...] Read more.

Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) is still a major public health problem worldwide. Tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (TBVC) is a cutaneous form of exogenous TB caused by exogenous reinfection in previously sensitized individuals. TBVC typically presents as a unifocal condition. Multifocal cutaneous lesions without any other tubercular foci are extremely rare in exogenous TB and few cases are reported in the literature. We describe the first case of multifocal TBVC in an 81-year-old Greek man. In total, 14 cases of multifocal TBVC have been reported in the literature (8 males and 6 females), with mean age 47.64 years (SD = 20.75) and mean time to diagnosis of 9.69 years (SD = 15.31). Most cases (11/12) responded rapidly to treatment, implying the accuracy of diagnosis, while no one was reported to be immunocompromised. Finally, in 10 cases (71.4%), history of skin microtrauma was reported (related either to daily life habits or to professional praxis), confirming it as the main risk factor. The tuberculin skin test was positive in 10 cases and tissue culture for mycobacteria was negative in all cases. TBVC can present with multiple lesions, even in countries where TB prevalence is not high, especially in patients with history of skin abrasions. Prompt specialist assessment can expedite the establishment of diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology during the COVID-19 Pandemic)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Recent Articles

Open Access Journals

Highly Accessed Articles

Latest Books

News

Blog Posts

Topics

Selected Special Issues

Selected Collections

Journals by Subject

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI