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Biosensors
Volume 13
Issue 6
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Biosensors, Volume 13, Issue 6 (June 2023) – 98 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Maximal safe resection of glioblastoma (GBM) remains a challenge due to its invasive capacity. In order to provide innovative approaches to this clinical problem, we have used a nanostructured gold biosensor that we previously developed to discriminate cancer from normal cells. We conducted a prospective study with 35 paired surgical samples, tumor and peritumoral tissue, from GBM patients undergoing surgical treatment. Tissue imprints were left on the biosensor and analyzed to obtain the difference in the refractive index (RI) at each position in the biosensor between both tissues in each case. The RI values were significantly higher (p = 0.0047) in the tumor compared with the peritumoral samples. We also propose a biosensor setup for the operating room that would enable real-time discrimination between tumor and peritumoral tissues. View this paper
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15 pages, 2973 KiB  
Article
Predictive Cell Culture Time Evolution Based on Electric Models
by Juan Alfonso Serrano, Pablo Pérez, Paula Daza, Gloria Huertas and Alberto Yúfera
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060668 - 20 Jun 2023
Viewed by 927
Abstract
Obtaining cell concentration measurements from a culture assay by using bioimpedance is a very useful method that can be used to translate impedances to cell concentration values. The purpose of this study was to find a method to obtain the cell concentration values [...] Read more.
Obtaining cell concentration measurements from a culture assay by using bioimpedance is a very useful method that can be used to translate impedances to cell concentration values. The purpose of this study was to find a method to obtain the cell concentration values of a given cell culture assay in real time by using an oscillator as the measurement circuit. From a basic cell–electrode model, enhanced models of a cell culture immersed in a saline solution (culture medium) were derived. These models were used as part of a fitting routine to estimate the cell concentration in a cell culture in real time by using the oscillation frequency and amplitude delivered by the measurement circuits proposed by previous authors. Using real experimental data (the frequency and amplitude of oscillations) that were obtained by connecting the cell culture to an oscillator as the load, the fitting routine was simulated, and real-time data of the cell concentration were obtained. These results were compared to concentration data that were obtained by using traditional optical methods for counting. In addition, the error that we obtained was divided and analyzed in two parts: the first part of the experiment (when the few cells were adapting to the culture medium) and the second part of the experiment (when the cells exponentially grew until they completely covered the well). Low error values were obtained during the growth phase of the cell culture (the relevant phase); therefore, the results obtained were considered promising and show that the fitting routine is valid and that the cell concentration can be measured in real time by using an oscillator. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell-Based Biosensors for Rapid Detection and Monitoring)
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13 pages, 1805 KiB  
Article
Development and In-House Validation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Dosage of Tenofovir in Human Saliva
by Simone Cavalera, Thea Serra, Antonio Abad-Fuentes, Josep V. Mercader, Antonio Abad-Somovilla, Fabio Di Nardo, Antonio D’Avolio, Amedeo De Nicolò, Valentina Testa, Matteo Chiarello, Claudio Baggiani and Laura Anfossi
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060667 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1710
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) includes very potent drugs that are often characterized by high toxicity. Tenofovir (TFV) is a widely used drug prescribed mainly for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) and the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The therapeutic range of TFV is [...] Read more.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) includes very potent drugs that are often characterized by high toxicity. Tenofovir (TFV) is a widely used drug prescribed mainly for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) and the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The therapeutic range of TFV is narrow, and adverse effects occur with both underdose and overdose. The main factor contributing to therapeutic failure is the improper management of TFV, which may be caused by low compliance or patient variability. An important tool to prevent inappropriate administration is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of compliance-relevant concentrations (ARCs) of TFV. TDM is performed routinely using time-consuming and expensive chromatographic methods coupled with mass spectrometry. Immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), are based on antibody–antigen specific recognition and represent key tools for real-time quantitative and qualitative screening for point-of-care testing (POCT). Since saliva is a non-invasive and non-infectious biological sample, it is well-suited for TDM. However, saliva is expected to have a very low ARC for TFV, so tests with high sensitivity are required. Here, we have developed and validated a highly sensitive ELISA (IC50 1.2 ng/mL, dynamic range 0.4–10 ng/mL) that allows the quantification of TFV in saliva at ARCs and an extremely sensitive LFIA (visual LOD 0.5 ng/mL) that is able to distinguish between optimal and suboptimal ARCs of TFV in untreated saliva. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds)
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36 pages, 2859 KiB  
Review
Newly Developed Electrochemiluminescence Based on Bipolar Electrochemistry for Multiplex Biosensing Applications: A Consolidated Review
by Christopher Mwanza and Shou-Nian Ding
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060666 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2509
Abstract
Recently, there has been an upsurge in the extent to which electrochemiluminescence (ECL) working in synergy with bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is being applied in simple biosensing devices, especially in a clinical setup. The key objective of this particular write-up is to present a [...] Read more.
Recently, there has been an upsurge in the extent to which electrochemiluminescence (ECL) working in synergy with bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is being applied in simple biosensing devices, especially in a clinical setup. The key objective of this particular write-up is to present a consolidated review of ECL-BPE, providing a three-dimensional perspective incorporating its strengths, weaknesses, limitations, and potential applications as a biosensing technique. The review encapsulates critical insights into the latest and novel developments in the field of ECL-BPE, including innovative electrode designs and newly developed, novel luminophores and co-reactants employed in ECL-BPE systems, along with challenges, such as optimization of the interelectrode distance, electrode miniaturization and electrode surface modification for enhancing sensitivity and selectivity. Moreover, this consolidated review will provide an overview of the latest, novel applications and advances made in this field with a bias toward multiplex biosensing based on the past five years of research. The studies reviewed herein, indicate that the technology is rapidly advancing at an outstanding purse and has an immense potential to revolutionize the general field of biosensing. This perspective aims to stimulate innovative ideas and inspire researchers alike to incorporate some elements of ECL-BPE into their studies, thereby steering this field into previously unexplored domains that may lead to unexpected, interesting discoveries. For instance, the application of ECL-BPE in other challenging and complex sample matrices such as hair for bioanalytical purposes is currently an unexplored area. Of great significance, a substantial fraction of the content in this review article is based on content from research articles published between the years 2018 and 2023. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Disease Detection)
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14 pages, 4752 KiB  
Article
Coordinating Etching Inspired Synthesis of Fe(OH)3 Nanocages as Mimetic Peroxidase for Fluorescent and Colorimetric Self-Tuning Detection of Ochratoxin A
by Hongshuai Zhu, Bingfeng Wang and Yingju Liu
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060665 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1251
Abstract
The development of multifunctional biomimetic nanozymes with high catalytic activity and sensitive response is rapidly advancing. The hollow nanostructures, including metal hydroxides, metal-organic frameworks, and metallic oxides, possess excellent loading capacity and a high surface area-to-mass ratio. This characteristic allows for the exposure [...] Read more.
The development of multifunctional biomimetic nanozymes with high catalytic activity and sensitive response is rapidly advancing. The hollow nanostructures, including metal hydroxides, metal-organic frameworks, and metallic oxides, possess excellent loading capacity and a high surface area-to-mass ratio. This characteristic allows for the exposure of more active sites and reaction channels, resulting in enhanced catalytic activity of nanozymes. In this work, based on the coordinating etching principle, a facile template-assisted strategy for synthesizing Fe(OH)3 nanocages by using Cu2O nanocubes as the precursors was proposed. The unique three-dimensional structure of Fe(OH)3 nanocages endows it with excellent catalytic activity. Herein, in the light of Fe(OH)3-induced biomimetic nanozyme catalyzed reactions, a self-tuning dual-mode fluorescence and colorimetric immunoassay was successfully constructed for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection. For the colorimetric signal, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) can be oxidized by Fe(OH)3 nanocages to form a color response that can be preliminarily identified by the human eye. For the fluorescence signal, the fluorescence intensity of 4-chloro-1-naphthol (4-CN) can be quantitatively quenched by the valence transition of Ferric ion in Fe(OH)3 nanocages. Due to the significant self-calibration, the performance of the self-tuning strategy for OTA detection was substantially enhanced. Under the optimized conditions, the developed dual-mode platform accomplishes a wide range of 1 ng/L to 5 μg/L with a detection limit of 0.68 ng/L (S/N = 3). This work not only develops a facile strategy for the synthesis of highly active peroxidase-like nanozyme but also achieves promising sensing platform for OTA detection in actual samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue NanoZymes: An Emerging Artificial Enzyme for Sensing, Biomedical Applications, Environmental Monitoring and Beyond)
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12 pages, 1041 KiB  
Article
BPA Endocrine Disruptor Detection at the Cutting Edge: FPIA and ELISA Immunoassays
by Anna Raysyan, Sandro D. Zwigart, Sergei A. Eremin and Rudolf J. Schneider
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060664 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1370
Abstract
BPA is a chemical commonly used in the production of polymer-based materials that can have detrimental effects on the thyroid gland and impact human reproductive health. Various expensive methods, such as liquid and gas chromatography, have been suggested for detecting BPA. The fluorescence [...] Read more.
BPA is a chemical commonly used in the production of polymer-based materials that can have detrimental effects on the thyroid gland and impact human reproductive health. Various expensive methods, such as liquid and gas chromatography, have been suggested for detecting BPA. The fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is an inexpensive and efficient homogeneous mix-and-read method that allows for high-throughput screening. FPIA offers high specificity and sensitivity and can be carried out in a single phase within a timeframe of 20–30 min. In this study, new tracer molecules were designed that linked the fluorescein fluorophore with and without a spacer to the bisphenol A moiety. To assess the influence of the C6 spacer on the sensitivity of an assay based on the respective antibody, hapten–protein conjugates were synthesized and assessed for performance in an ELISA setup, and this resulted in a highly sensitive assay with a detection limit of 0.05 μg/L. The lowest limit of detection was reached by employing the spacer derivate in the FPIA and was 1.0 μg/L, working range from 2 to 155 μg/L. The validation of the methods was conducted using actual samples compared to LC–MS/MS, which served as the reference method. The FPIA and ELISA both demonstrated satisfactory concordance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds)
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22 pages, 18035 KiB  
Review
Current Innovations in Intraocular Pressure Monitoring Biosensors for Diagnosis and Treatment of Glaucoma—Novel Strategies and Future Perspectives
by Rubiya Raveendran, Lokesh Prabakaran, Rethinam Senthil, Beryl Vedha Yesudhason, Sankari Dharmalingam, Weslen Vedakumari Sathyaraj and Raji Atchudan
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060663 - 18 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3214
Abstract
Biosensors are devices that quantify biologically significant information required for diverse applications, such as disease diagnosis, food safety, drug discovery and detection of environmental pollutants. Recent advancements in microfluidics, nanotechnology and electronics have led to the development of novel implantable and wearable biosensors [...] Read more.
Biosensors are devices that quantify biologically significant information required for diverse applications, such as disease diagnosis, food safety, drug discovery and detection of environmental pollutants. Recent advancements in microfluidics, nanotechnology and electronics have led to the development of novel implantable and wearable biosensors for the expedient monitoring of diseases such as diabetes, glaucoma and cancer. Glaucoma is an ocular disease which ranks as the second leading cause for loss of vision. It is characterized by the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) in human eyes, which results in irreversible blindness. Currently, the reduction of IOP is the only treatment used to manage glaucoma. However, the success rate of medicines used to treat glaucoma is quite minimal due to their curbed bioavailability and reduced therapeutic efficacy. The drugs must pass through various barriers to reach the intraocular space, which in turn serves as a major challenge in glaucoma treatment. Rapid progress has been observed in nano-drug delivery systems for the early diagnosis and prompt therapy of ocular diseases. This review gives a deep insight into the current advancements in the field of nanotechnology for detecting and treating glaucoma, as well as for the continuous monitoring of IOP. Various nanotechnology-based achievements, such as nanoparticle/nanofiber-based contact lenses and biosensors that can efficiently monitor IOP for the efficient detection of glaucoma, are also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical and Biochemical Sensors/Nanosensors for Medical, Environmental and Security Applications)
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12 pages, 10313 KiB  
Article
A Ratiometric Fluorescent Probe for Hypochlorite and Lipid Droplets to Monitor Oxidative Stress
by Mousumi Baruah, Anal Jana, Niharika Pareek, Shikha Singh and Animesh Samanta
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060662 - 17 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1893
Abstract
Mitochondria are valuable subcellular organelles and play crucial roles in redox signaling in living cells. Substantial evidence proved that mitochondria are one of the critical sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and overproduction of ROS accompanies redox imbalance and cell immunity. Among ROS, [...] Read more.
Mitochondria are valuable subcellular organelles and play crucial roles in redox signaling in living cells. Substantial evidence proved that mitochondria are one of the critical sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and overproduction of ROS accompanies redox imbalance and cell immunity. Among ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is the foremost redox regulator, which reacts with chloride ions in the presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) to generate another biogenic redox molecule, hypochlorous acid (HOCl). These highly reactive ROS are the primary cause of damage to DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), RNA (ribonucleic acid), and proteins, leading to various neuronal diseases and cell death. Cellular damage, related cell death, and oxidative stress are also associated with lysosomes which act as recycling units in the cytoplasm. Hence, simultaneous monitoring of multiple organelles using simple molecular probes is an exciting area of research that is yet to be explored. Significant evidence also suggests that oxidative stress induces the accumulation of lipid droplets in cells. Hence, monitoring redox biomolecules in mitochondria and lipid droplets in cells may give a new insight into cell damage, leading to cell death and related disease progressions. Herein, we developed simple hemicyanine-based small molecular probes with a boronic acid trigger. A fluorescent probe AB that could efficiently detect mitochondrial ROS, especially HOCl, and viscosity simultaneously. When the AB probe released phenylboronic acid after reacting with ROS, the product AB–OH exhibited ratiometric emissions depending on excitation. This AB–OH nicely translocates to lysosomes and efficiently monitors the lysosomal lipid droplets. Photoluminescence and confocal fluorescence imaging analysis suggest that AB and corresponding AB–OH molecules are potential chemical probes for studying oxidative stress. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Materials with Excellent Biocompatibility and Their Application in Bio-Sensing, Bio-Imaging)
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14 pages, 4693 KiB  
Article
Label-Free Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on the Vertically-Aligned Mesoporous Silica Films for Determination of Aflatoxin B1
by Tongtong Zhang, Shuai Xu, Xingyu Lin, Jiyang Liu and Kai Wang
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060661 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1379
Abstract
Herein we report a highly specific electrochemical aptasenseor for AFB1 determination based on AFB1-controlled diffusion of redox probe (Ru(NH3)63+) through nanochannels of AFB1-specific aptamer functionalized VMSF. A high density of silanol groups on the inner surface confers VMSF [...] Read more.
Herein we report a highly specific electrochemical aptasenseor for AFB1 determination based on AFB1-controlled diffusion of redox probe (Ru(NH3)63+) through nanochannels of AFB1-specific aptamer functionalized VMSF. A high density of silanol groups on the inner surface confers VMSF with cationic permselectivity, enabling electrostatic preconcentration of Ru(NH3)63+ and producing amplified electrochemical signals. Upon the addition of AFB1, the specific interaction between the aptamer and AFB1 occurs and generates steric hindrance effect on the access of Ru(NH3)63+, finally resulting in the reduced electrochemical responses and allowing the quantitative determination of AFB1. The proposed electrochemical aptasensor shows excellent detection performance in the range of 3 pg/mL to 3 μg/mL with a low detection limit of 2.3 pg/mL for AFB1 detection. Practical analysis of AFB1 in peanut and corn samples is also accomplished with satisfactory results by our fabricated electrochemical aptasensor. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Biosensors for Highly Sensitive Detection)
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14 pages, 3951 KiB  
Article
Rational Truncation of Aptamer for Ultrasensitive Aptasensing of Chloramphenicol: Studies Using Bio-Layer Interferometry
by Richa Sharma, Monali Mukherjee, Praveena Bhatt and K. S. M. S. Raghavarao
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060660 - 16 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1383
Abstract
Aptamers are an excellent choice for the selective detection of small molecules. However, the previously reported aptamer for chloramphenicol suffers from low affinity, probably as a result of steric hindrance due to its bulky nature (80 nucleotides) leading to lower sensitivity in analytical [...] Read more.
Aptamers are an excellent choice for the selective detection of small molecules. However, the previously reported aptamer for chloramphenicol suffers from low affinity, probably as a result of steric hindrance due to its bulky nature (80 nucleotides) leading to lower sensitivity in analytical assays. The present work was aimed at improving this binding affinity by truncating the aptamer without compromising its stability and three-dimensional folding. Shorter aptamer sequences were designed by systematically removing bases from each or both ends of the original aptamer. Thermodynamic factors were evaluated computationally to provide insight into the stability and folding patterns of the modified aptamers. Binding affinities were evaluated using bio-layer interferometry. Among the eleven sequences generated, one aptamer was selected based on its low dissociation constant, length, and regression of model fitting with association and dissociation curves. The dissociation constant could be lowered by 86.93% by truncating 30 bases from the 3′ end of the previously reported aptamer. The selected aptamer was used for the detection of chloramphenicol in honey samples, based on a visible color change upon the aggregation of gold nanospheres caused by aptamer desorption. The detection limit could be reduced 32.87 times (1.673 pg mL−1) using the modified length aptamer, indicating its improved affinity as well as its suitability in real-sample analysis for the ultrasensitive detection of chloramphenicol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical and Photonic Biosensors)
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12 pages, 1976 KiB  
Article
Ultrasensitive and Rapid Visual Detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Based on RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a System
by Lishan Zhu, Zhenda Liang, Yongtao Xu, Zhiquan Chen, Jiasi Wang and Li Zhou
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060659 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2030
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 is a major foodborne and waterborne pathogen that can threaten human health. Due to its high toxicity at low concentrations, it is crucial to establish a time-saving and highly sensitive in situ detection method. Herein, we [...] Read more.
Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 is a major foodborne and waterborne pathogen that can threaten human health. Due to its high toxicity at low concentrations, it is crucial to establish a time-saving and highly sensitive in situ detection method. Herein, we developed a rapid, ultrasensitive, and visualized method for detecting E. coli O157:H7 based on a combination of Recombinase-Aided Amplification (RAA) and CRISPR/Cas12a technology. The CRISPR/Cas12a-based system was pre-amplified using the RAA method, which showed high sensitivity and enabled detecting as low as ~1 CFU/mL (fluorescence method) and 1 × 102 CFU/mL (lateral flow assay) of E. coli O157:H7, which was much lower than the detection limit of the traditional real-time PCR technology (103 CFU/mL) and ELISA (104~107 CFU/mL). In addition, we demonstrated that this method still has good applicability in practical samples by simulating the detection in real milk and drinking water samples. Importantly, our RAA-CRISPR/Cas12a detection system could complete the overall process (including extraction, amplification, and detection) within 55 min under optimized conditions, which is faster than most other reported sensors, which take several hours to several days. The signal readout could also be visualized by fluorescence generated with a handheld UV lamp or a naked-eye-detected lateral flow assay depending on the DNA reporters used. Because of the advantages of being fast, having high sensitivity, and not requiring sophisticated equipment, this method has a promising application prospect for in situ detection of trace amounts of pathogens. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optical Sensing Technology for Point-of-Care Diagnostics)
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8 pages, 3210 KiB  
Communication
A Novel Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide
by Kangkang Wang, Tingting Yao, Jiayu Xue, Yanqiu Guo and Xiaowei Xu
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060658 - 16 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2029
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the important reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is closely related to many pathological and physiological processes in living organisms. Excessive H2O2 can lead to cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other [...] Read more.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the important reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is closely related to many pathological and physiological processes in living organisms. Excessive H2O2 can lead to cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other diseases, so it is necessary to detect H2O2 in living cells. Since this work designed a novel fluorescent probe to detect the concentration of H2O2, the H2O2 reaction group arylboric acid was attached to the fluorescein 3-Acetyl-7-hydroxycoumarin as a specific recognition group for the selective detection of hydrogen peroxide. The experimental results show that the probe can effectively detect H2O2 with high selectivity and measure cellular ROS levels. Therefore, this novel fluorescent probe provides a potential monitoring tool for a variety of diseases caused by H2O2 excess. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluorescent Materials with Excellent Biocompatibility and Their Application in Bio-Sensing, Bio-Imaging)
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12 pages, 2909 KiB  
Article
The Optimization of a Label-Free Electrochemical DNA Biosensor for Detection of Sus scrofa mtDNA as Food Adulterations
by Yeni Wahyuni Hartati, Irkham Irkham, Iis Sumiati, Santhy Wyantuti, Shabarni Gaffar, Salma Nur Zakiyyah, Muhammad Ihda H. L. Zein and Mehmet Ozsoz
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060657 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1647
Abstract
Fast, sensitive, and easy-to-use methods for detecting DNA related to food adulteration, health, religious, and commercial purposes are evolving. In this research, a label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor method was developed for the detection of pork in processed meat samples. Gold electrodeposited screen-printed carbon [...] Read more.
Fast, sensitive, and easy-to-use methods for detecting DNA related to food adulteration, health, religious, and commercial purposes are evolving. In this research, a label-free electrochemical DNA biosensor method was developed for the detection of pork in processed meat samples. Gold electrodeposited screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) were used and characterized using SEM and cyclic voltammetry. A biotinylated probe DNA sequence of the Cyt b S. scrofa gene mtDNA used as a sensing element containing guanine substituted by inosine bases. The detection of probe-target DNA hybridization on the streptavidin-modified gold SPCE surface was carried out by the peak guanine oxidation of the target using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The optimum experimental conditions of data processing using the Box–Behnken design were obtained after 90 min of streptavidin incubation time, at the DNA probe concentration of 1.0 µg/mL, and after 5 min of probe-target DNA hybridization. The detection limit was 0.135 µg/mL, with a linearity range of 0.5–1.5 µg/mL. The resulting current response indicated that this detection method was selective against 5% pork DNA in a mixture of meat samples. This electrochemical biosensor method can be developed into a portable point-of-care detection method for the presence of pork or food adulterations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Electrochemical Biosensors within Sustainable Food Chains and Food Safety)
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55 pages, 5748 KiB  
Review
A Review of Epidermal Flexible Pressure Sensing Arrays
by Xueli Nan, Zhikuan Xu, Xinxin Cao, Jinjin Hao, Xin Wang, Qikai Duan, Guirong Wu, Liangwei Hu, Yunlong Zhao, Zekun Yang and Libo Gao
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060656 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2839
Abstract
In recent years, flexible pressure sensing arrays applied in medical monitoring, human-machine interaction, and the Internet of Things have received a lot of attention for their excellent performance. Epidermal sensing arrays can enable the sensing of physiological information, pressure, and other information such [...] Read more.
In recent years, flexible pressure sensing arrays applied in medical monitoring, human-machine interaction, and the Internet of Things have received a lot of attention for their excellent performance. Epidermal sensing arrays can enable the sensing of physiological information, pressure, and other information such as haptics, providing new avenues for the development of wearable devices. This paper reviews the recent research progress on epidermal flexible pressure sensing arrays. Firstly, the fantastic performance materials currently used to prepare flexible pressure sensing arrays are outlined in terms of substrate layer, electrode layer, and sensitive layer. In addition, the general fabrication processes of the materials are summarized, including three-dimensional (3D) printing, screen printing, and laser engraving. Subsequently, the electrode layer structures and sensitive layer microstructures used to further improve the performance design of sensing arrays are discussed based on the limitations of the materials. Furthermore, we present recent advances in the application of fantastic-performance epidermal flexible pressure sensing arrays and their integration with back-end circuits. Finally, the potential challenges and development prospects of flexible pressure sensing arrays are discussed in a comprehensive manner. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidermal Electronics and Implantable Devices)
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14 pages, 1030 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Characterization Using Biosensors with the Coagulant Moringa oleifera Seed Lectin (cMoL)
by Benny Ferreira de Oliveira, Hallysson Douglas Andrade de Araújo, Eloisa Ferreira Neves, Thiago Henrique Napoleão, Patrícia Maria Guedes Paiva, Katia Cristina Silva de Freitas, Sandra Rodrigues de Souza and Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso Coelho
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060655 - 15 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1020
Abstract
Triturated Moringa oleifera seeds have components that adsorb recalcitrant indigo carmine dye. Coagulating proteins known as lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) have already been purified from the powder of these seeds, in milligram amounts. The coagulant lectin from M. oleifera seeds (cMoL) was characterized by [...] Read more.
Triturated Moringa oleifera seeds have components that adsorb recalcitrant indigo carmine dye. Coagulating proteins known as lectins (carbohydrate-binding proteins) have already been purified from the powder of these seeds, in milligram amounts. The coagulant lectin from M. oleifera seeds (cMoL) was characterized by potentiometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) using MOFs, or metal–organic frameworks, of [Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3]n to immobilize cMoL and construct biosensors. The potentiometric biosensor revealed an increase in the electrochemical potential resulting from the Pt/MOF/cMoL interaction with different concentrations of galactose in the electrolytic medium. The developed aluminum batteries constructed with recycled cans degraded an indigo carmine dye solution; the oxide reduction reactions of the batteries generated Al(OH)3, promoting dye electrocoagulation. Biosensors were used to investigate cMoL interactions with a specific galactose concentration and monitored residual dye. SEM revealed the components of the electrode assembly steps. Cyclic voltammetry showed differentiated redox peaks related to dye residue quantification by cMoL. Electrochemical systems were used to evaluate cMoL interactions with galactose ligands and efficiently degraded dye. Biosensors could be used for lectin characterization and monitoring dye residues in environmental effluents of the textile industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical (Bio-) Sensors in Biological Applications)
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8 pages, 3004 KiB  
Communication
The Sensitivity of a Hexagonal Au Nanohole Array under Different Incident Angles
by Kang Yang and Meiying Li
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060654 - 15 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1217
Abstract
Surface plasmon resonance sensors have been widely used in various fields for label-free and real-time detection of biochemical species due to their high sensitivity to the refractive index change of the surrounding environment. The common practices to achieve the improvement of sensitivity are [...] Read more.
Surface plasmon resonance sensors have been widely used in various fields for label-free and real-time detection of biochemical species due to their high sensitivity to the refractive index change of the surrounding environment. The common practices to achieve the improvement of sensitivity are to adjust the size and morphology of the sensor structure. This strategy is tedious and, to some extent, limits the applications of surface plasmon resonance sensors. Instead, the effect of the incident angle of excited light on the sensitivity of a hexagonal Au nanohole array sensor with a period of 630 nm and a hole diameter of 320 nm is theoretically investigated in this work. By exploring the peak shift of reflectance spectra of the sensor when facing a refractive index change in (1) the bulk environment and (2) the surface environment adjacent to the sensor, we can obtain the bulk sensitivity and surface sensitivity. The results show that the bulk sensitivity and surface sensitivity of the Au nanohole array sensor can be improved by 80% and 150%, respectively, by simply increasing the incident angle from 0° to 40°. The two sensitivities both remain nearly unchanged when the incident angle further changes from 40° to 50°. This work provides new understanding of the performance improvement and advanced sensing applications of surface plasmon resonance sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plasmonic Based Biosensors)
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19 pages, 4463 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors for Mycotoxin Assay
by Longsheng Jin, Weishuai Liu, Ziying Xiao, Haijian Yang, Huihui Yu, Changxun Dong and Meisheng Wu
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060653 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1470
Abstract
Rapid and efficient detection of mycotoxins is of great significance in the field of food safety. In this review, several traditional and commercial detection methods are introduced, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), test strips, [...] Read more.
Rapid and efficient detection of mycotoxins is of great significance in the field of food safety. In this review, several traditional and commercial detection methods are introduced, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), test strips, etc. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) biosensors have the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity. The use of ECL biosensors for mycotoxins detection has attracted great attention. According to the recognition mechanisms, ECL biosensors are mainly divided into antibody-based, aptamer-based, and molecular imprinting techniques. In this review, we focus on the recent effects towards the designation of diverse ECL biosensors in mycotoxins assay, mainly including their amplification strategies and working mechanism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemiluminescence Biosensors for Imaging or Detection of Biomarkers, Virus, Bacteria, and Metal Ions)
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16 pages, 5822 KiB  
Article
Europium Nanoparticle-Based Lateral Flow Strip Biosensors Combined with Recombinase Polymerase Amplification for Simultaneous Detection of Five Zoonotic Foodborne Pathogens
by Bei Jin, Biao Ma, Qing Mei, Shujuan Xu, Xin Deng, Yi Hong, Jiali Li, Hanyue Xu and Mingzhou Zhang
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 652; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060652 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1557
Abstract
The five recognized zoonotic foodborne pathogens, namely, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus suis, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7, pose a major threat to global health and social–economic development. These pathogenic bacteria can cause human and animal diseases through [...] Read more.
The five recognized zoonotic foodborne pathogens, namely, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus suis, Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli O157:H7, pose a major threat to global health and social–economic development. These pathogenic bacteria can cause human and animal diseases through foodborne transmission and environmental contamination. Rapid and sensitive detection for pathogens is particularly important for the effective prevention of zoonotic infections. In this study, rapid and visual europium nanoparticle (EuNP)-based lateral flow strip biosensors (LFSBs) combined with recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) were developed for the simultaneous quantitative detection of five foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Multiple T lines were designed in a single test strip for increasing the detection throughput. After optimizing the key parameters, the single-tube amplified reaction was completed within 15 min at 37 °C. The fluorescent strip reader recorded the intensity signals from the lateral flow strip and converted the data into a T/C value for quantification measurement. The sensitivity of the quintuple RPA-EuNP-LFSBs reached a level of 101 CFU/mL. It also exhibited good specificity and there was no cross-reaction with 20 non-target pathogens. In artificial contamination experiments, the recovery rate of the quintuple RPA-EuNP-LFSBs was 90.6–101.6%, and the results were consistent with those of the culture method. In summary, the ultrasensitive bacterial LFSBs described in this study have the potential for widespread application in resource-poor areas. The study also provides insights in respect to multiple detection in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensing Technologies for Bacteria and Virus Detections)
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36 pages, 1499 KiB  
Review
Different Aspects of the Voltammetric Detection of Vitamins: A Review
by Denise Kiamiloglou and Stella Girousi
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060651 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1515
Abstract
Vitamins comprise a group of organic chemical compounds that contribute significantly to the normal functioning of living organisms. Although they are biosynthesized in living organisms, some are also obtained from the diet to meet the needs of organisms, which is why they are [...] Read more.
Vitamins comprise a group of organic chemical compounds that contribute significantly to the normal functioning of living organisms. Although they are biosynthesized in living organisms, some are also obtained from the diet to meet the needs of organisms, which is why they are characterized as essential chemical compounds. The lack, or low concentrations, of vitamins in the human body causes the development of metabolic dysfunctions, and for this reason their daily intake with food or as supplements, as well as the control of their levels, are necessary. The determination of vitamins is mainly accomplished by using analytical methods, such as chromatographic, spectroscopic, and spectrometric methods, while studies are carried out to develop new and faster methodologies and techniques for their analysis such as electroanalytical methods, the most common of which are voltammetry methods. In this work, a study is reported that was carried out on the determination of vitamins using both electroanalytical techniques, the common significant of which is the voltammetry technique that has been developed in recent years. Specifically, the present review presents a detailed bibliographic survey including, but not limited to, both electrode surfaces that have been modified with nanomaterials and serve as (bio)sensors as well as electrochemical detectors applied in the determination of vitamins. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors and Their Applications)
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14 pages, 14377 KiB  
Article
Smartphone-Based Chemiluminescence Glucose Biosensor Employing a Peroxidase-Mimicking, Guanosine-Based Self-Assembled Hydrogel
by Donato Calabria, Andrea Pace, Elisa Lazzarini, Ilaria Trozzi, Martina Zangheri, Massimo Guardigli, Silvia Pieraccini, Stefano Masiero and Mara Mirasoli
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 650; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060650 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1973
Abstract
Chemiluminescence is widely used for hydrogen peroxide detection, mainly exploiting the highly sensitive peroxidase-luminol-H2O2 system. Hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in several physiological and pathological processes and is produced by oxidases, thus providing a straightforward way to quantify these [...] Read more.
Chemiluminescence is widely used for hydrogen peroxide detection, mainly exploiting the highly sensitive peroxidase-luminol-H2O2 system. Hydrogen peroxide plays an important role in several physiological and pathological processes and is produced by oxidases, thus providing a straightforward way to quantify these enzymes and their substrates. Recently, biomolecular self-assembled materials obtained by guanosine and its derivatives and displaying peroxidase enzyme-like catalytic activity have received great interest for hydrogen peroxide biosensing. These soft materials are highly biocompatible and can incorporate foreign substances while preserving a benign environment for biosensing events. In this work, a self-assembled guanosine-derived hydrogel containing a chemiluminescent reagent (luminol) and a catalytic cofactor (hemin) was used as a H2O2-responsive material displaying peroxidase-like activity. Once loaded with glucose oxidase, the hydrogel provided increased enzyme stability and catalytic activity even in alkaline and oxidizing conditions. By exploiting 3D printing technology, a smartphone-based portable chemiluminescence biosensor for glucose was developed. The biosensor allowed the accurate measurement of glucose in serum, including both hypo- and hyperglycemic samples, with a limit of detection of 120 µmol L−1. This approach could be applied for other oxidases, thus enabling the development of bioassays to quantify biomarkers of clinical interest at the point of care. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developments and Applications of Bioluminescent and Chemiluminescent Sensors and Probes)
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12 pages, 8104 KiB  
Article
Mode-Coupling Generation Using ITO Nanodisk Arrays with Au Substrate Enabling Narrow-Band Biosensing
by Shuwen Chu, Yuzhang Liang, Mengdi Lu, Huizhen Yuan, Yi Han, Jean-Francois Masson and Wei Peng
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060649 - 14 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1343
Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanostructures have promising applications in biosensing due to their ability to facilitate light–matter interaction. However, the damping of noble metal leads to a wide full width at half maximum (FWHM) spectrum which restricts sensing capabilities. Herein, we present a novel non-full-metal [...] Read more.
Plasmonic metal nanostructures have promising applications in biosensing due to their ability to facilitate light–matter interaction. However, the damping of noble metal leads to a wide full width at half maximum (FWHM) spectrum which restricts sensing capabilities. Herein, we present a novel non-full-metal nanostructure sensor, namely indium tin oxide (ITO)–Au nanodisk arrays consisting of periodic arrays of ITO nanodisk arrays and a continuous gold substrate. A narrow-band spectral feature under normal incidence emerges in the visible region, corresponding to the mode-coupling of surface plasmon modes, which are excited by lattice resonance at metal interfaces with magnetic resonance mode. The FWHM of our proposed nanostructure is barely 14 nm, which is one fifth of that of full-metal nanodisk arrays, and effectively improves the sensing performance. Furthermore, the thickness variation of nanodisks hardly affects the sensing performance of this ITO-based nanostructure, ensuring excellent tolerance during preparation. We fabricate the sensor ship using template transfer and vacuum deposition techniques to achieve large-area and low-cost nanostructure preparation. The sensing performance is used to detect immunoglobulin G (IgG) protein molecules, promoting the widespread application of plasmonic nanostructures in label-free biomedical studies and point-of-care diagnostics. The introduction of dielectric materials effectively reduces FWHM, but sacrifices sensitivity. Therefore, utilizing structural configurations or introducing other materials to generate mode-coupling and hybridization is an effective way to provide local field enhancement and effective regulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Optical Fiber Biosensor)
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25 pages, 1968 KiB  
Review
Current Practice in Using Voltage Imaging to Record Fast Neuronal Activity: Successful Examples from Invertebrate to Mammalian Studies
by Nikolay Aseyev, Violetta Ivanova, Pavel Balaban and Evgeny Nikitin
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060648 - 13 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1988
Abstract
The optical imaging of neuronal activity with potentiometric probes has been credited with being able to address key questions in neuroscience via the simultaneous recording of many neurons. This technique, which was pioneered 50 years ago, has allowed researchers to study the dynamics [...] Read more.
The optical imaging of neuronal activity with potentiometric probes has been credited with being able to address key questions in neuroscience via the simultaneous recording of many neurons. This technique, which was pioneered 50 years ago, has allowed researchers to study the dynamics of neural activity, from tiny subthreshold synaptic events in the axon and dendrites at the subcellular level to the fluctuation of field potentials and how they spread across large areas of the brain. Initially, synthetic voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) were applied directly to brain tissue via staining, but recent advances in transgenic methods now allow the expression of genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs), specifically in selected neuron types. However, voltage imaging is technically difficult and limited by several methodological constraints that determine its applicability in a given type of experiment. The prevalence of this method is far from being comparable to patch clamp voltage recording or similar routine methods in neuroscience research. There are more than twice as many studies on VSDs as there are on GEVIs. As can be seen from the majority of the papers, most of them are either methodological ones or reviews. However, potentiometric imaging is able to address key questions in neuroscience by recording most or many neurons simultaneously, thus providing unique information that cannot be obtained via other methods. Different types of optical voltage indicators have their advantages and limitations, which we focus on in detail. Here, we summarize the experience of the scientific community in the application of voltage imaging and try to evaluate the contribution of this method to neuroscience research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Implantable, Wireless Biosensors and Biodevices for Neuroscience Research)
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12 pages, 3906 KiB  
Article
A Label-Free and Antibody-Free Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Impedimetric Sensor for NSCLC-Cells-Derived Exosomes Detection
by Jingbo Zhang, Quancheng Chen, Xuemin Gao, Qian Lin, Ziqin Suo, Di Wu, Xijie Wu and Qing Chen
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 647; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060647 - 13 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1665
Abstract
In this study, a label-free and antibody-free impedimetric biosensor based on molecularly imprinting technology for exosomes derived from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells was established. Involved preparation parameters were systematically investigated. In this design, with template exosomes anchored on a glassy carbon electrode [...] Read more.
In this study, a label-free and antibody-free impedimetric biosensor based on molecularly imprinting technology for exosomes derived from non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells was established. Involved preparation parameters were systematically investigated. In this design, with template exosomes anchored on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by decorated cholesterol molecules, the subsequent electro-polymerization of APBA and elution procedure afforded a selective adsorption membrane for template A549 exosomes. The adsorption of exosomes caused a rise in the impedance of the sensor, so the concentration of template exosomes can be quantified by monitoring the impedance of GCEs. Each procedure in the establishment of the sensor was monitored with a corresponding method. Methodological verification showed great sensitivity and selectivity of this method with an LOD = 2.03 × 103 and an LOQ = 4.10 × 104 particles/mL. By introducing normal cells and other cancer cells derived exosomes as interference, high selectivity was proved. Accuracy and precision were measured, with an obtained average recovery ratio of 100.76% and a resulting RSD of 1.86%. Additionally, the sensors’ performance was retained at 4 °C for a week or after undergoing elution and re-adsorption cycles seven times. In summary, the sensor is competitive for clinical translational application and improving the prognosis and survival for NSCLC patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biosensor Materials)
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16 pages, 4318 KiB  
Article
Nickel Oxy-Hydroxy/Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes Film Coupled with a 3D-Printed Device as a Nonenzymatic Glucose Sensor
by Murillo N. T. Silva, Raquel G. Rocha, Eduardo M. Richter, Rodrigo A. A. Munoz and Edson Nossol
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060646 - 13 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1068
Abstract
A rapid and simple method for the amperometric determination of glucose using a nanocomposite film of nickel oxyhydroxide and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) was evaluated. The NiHCF)/MWCNT electrode film was fabricated using the liquid–liquid interface method, and it was used as a precursor [...] Read more.
A rapid and simple method for the amperometric determination of glucose using a nanocomposite film of nickel oxyhydroxide and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNTs) was evaluated. The NiHCF)/MWCNT electrode film was fabricated using the liquid–liquid interface method, and it was used as a precursor for the electrochemical synthesis of nickel oxy-hydroxy (Ni(OH)2/NiOOH/MWCNT). The interaction between nickel oxy-hydroxy and the MWCNTs provided a film that is stable over the electrode surface, with high surface area and excellent conductivity. The nanocomposite presented an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of glucose in an alkaline medium. The sensitivity of the sensor was found to be 0.0561 μA μmol L−1, and a linear range from 0.1 to 150 μmol L−1 was obtained, with a good limit of detection (0.030 μmol L−1). The electrode exhibits a fast response (150 injections h−1) and a sensitive catalytic performance, which may be due to the high conductivity of MWCNT and the increased active surface area of the electrode. Additionally, a minimal difference in the slopes for ascending (0.0561 µA µmol L−1) and descending (0.0531 µA µmol L−1) was observed. Moreover, the sensor was applied to the detection of glucose in artificial plasma blood samples, achieving values of 89 to 98% of recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends in Development of Biosensors for Disease Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management)
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14 pages, 4110 KiB  
Article
Ultrasensitive Silicon Nanowire Biosensor with Modulated Threshold Voltages and Ultra-Small Diameter for Early Kidney Failure Biomarker Cystatin C
by Jiawei Hu, Yinglu Li, Xufang Zhang, Yanrong Wang, Jing Zhang, Jiang Yan, Junjie Li, Zhaohao Zhang, Huaxiang Yin, Qianhui Wei, Qifeng Jiang, Shuhua Wei and Qingzhu Zhang
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060645 - 13 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1351
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequently occurring severe disease with high mortality. Cystatin C (Cys-C), as a biomarker of early kidney failure, can be used to detect and prevent acute renal injury. In this paper, a biosensor based on a silicon nanowire [...] Read more.
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a frequently occurring severe disease with high mortality. Cystatin C (Cys-C), as a biomarker of early kidney failure, can be used to detect and prevent acute renal injury. In this paper, a biosensor based on a silicon nanowire field-effect transistor (SiNW FET) was studied for the quantitative detection of Cys-C. Based on the spacer image transfer (SIT) processes and channel doping optimization for higher sensitivity, a wafer-scale, highly controllable SiNW FET was designed and fabricated with a 13.5 nm SiNW. In order to improve the specificity, Cys-C antibodies were modified on the oxide layer of the SiNW surface by oxygen plasma treatment and silanization. Furthermore, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel was involved in improving the effectiveness and stability of detection. The experimental results show that the SiNW FET sensors realize the lower limit of detection (LOD) of 0.25 ag/mL and have a good linear correlation in the range of Cys-C concentration from 1 ag/mL to 10 pg/mL, exhibiting its great potential in the future real-time application. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors Based on Transistors)
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37 pages, 11105 KiB  
Review
Advances in Tapered Optical Fiber Sensor Structures: From Conventional to Novel and Emerging
by Wen Zhang, Xianzheng Lang, Xuecheng Liu, Guoru Li, Ragini Singh, Bingyuan Zhang and Santosh Kumar
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060644 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2673
Abstract
Optical fiber sensors based on tapered optical fiber (TOF) structure have attracted a considerable amount of attention from researchers due to the advantages of simple fabrication, high stability, and diverse structures, and have great potential for applications in many fields such as physics, [...] Read more.
Optical fiber sensors based on tapered optical fiber (TOF) structure have attracted a considerable amount of attention from researchers due to the advantages of simple fabrication, high stability, and diverse structures, and have great potential for applications in many fields such as physics, chemistry, and biology. Compared with conventional optical fibers, TOF with their unique structural characteristics significantly improves the sensitivity and response speed of fiber-optic sensors and broadens the application range. This review presents an overview of the latest research status and characteristics of fiber-optic sensors and TOF sensors. Then, the working principle of TOF sensors, fabrication schemes of TOF structures, novel TOF structures in recent years, and the growing emerging application areas are described. Finally, the development trends and challenges of TOF sensors are prospected. The objective of this review is to convey novel perspectives and strategies for the performance optimization and design of TOF sensors based on fiber-optic sensing technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Optical Biosensors and Chemical Sensors)
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12 pages, 3940 KiB  
Communication
Oxidative Stress Sensing System for 8-OHdG Detection Based on Plasma Coupled Electrochemistry by Transparent ITO/AuNTAs/PtNPs Electrode
by Yongchang Bai and Shuang Li
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 643; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060643 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1365
Abstract
8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is the most widely used oxidative stress biomarker of the free radical-induced oxidative damage product of DNA, which may allow a premature assessment of various diseases. This paper designs a label-free, portable biosensor device to directly detect 8-OHdG by plasma-coupled electrochemistry [...] Read more.
8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is the most widely used oxidative stress biomarker of the free radical-induced oxidative damage product of DNA, which may allow a premature assessment of various diseases. This paper designs a label-free, portable biosensor device to directly detect 8-OHdG by plasma-coupled electrochemistry on a transparent and conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. We reported a flexible printed ITO electrode made from particle-free silver and carbon inks. After inkjet printing, the working electrode was sequentially assembled by gold nanotriangles (AuNTAs) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). This nanomaterial-modified portable biosensor showed excellent electrochemical performance for 8-OHdG detection from 10 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL by our self-developed constant voltage source integrated circuit system. This work demonstrated a portable biosensor for simultaneously integrating nanostructure, electroconductivity, and biocompatibility to construct advanced biosensors for oxidative damage biomarkers. The proposed nanomaterial-modified ITO-based electrochemical portable device was a potential biosensor to approach 8-OHdG point-of-care testing (POCT) in various biological fluid samples, such as saliva and urine samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biosensors for Health-Care and Diagnostics)
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14 pages, 12374 KiB  
Article
NIR-II Absorbing Conjugated Polymer Nanotheranostics for Thermal Initiated NO Enhanced Photothermal Therapy
by Kaiwen Chang, Xiaolin Sun, Qiaofang Qi, Mingying Fu, Bing Han, Yang Zhang, Wei Zhao, Tianjun Ni, Qiong Li, Zhijun Yang and Chunpo Ge
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060642 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1492
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) has received constant attention as a promising cancer treatment. However, PTT-induced inflammation can limit its effectiveness. To address this shortcoming, we developed second near-infrared (NIR-II) light-activated nanotheranostics (CPNPBs), which include a thermosensitive nitric oxide (NO) donor (BNN6) to enhance PTT. [...] Read more.
Photothermal therapy (PTT) has received constant attention as a promising cancer treatment. However, PTT-induced inflammation can limit its effectiveness. To address this shortcoming, we developed second near-infrared (NIR-II) light-activated nanotheranostics (CPNPBs), which include a thermosensitive nitric oxide (NO) donor (BNN6) to enhance PTT. Under a 1064 nm laser irradiation, the conjugated polymer in CPNPBs serves as a photothermal agent for photothermal conversion, and the generated heat triggers the decomposition of BNN6 to release NO. The combination of hyperthermia and NO generation under single NIR-II laser irradiation allows enhanced thermal ablation of tumors. Consequently, CPNPBs can be exploited as potential candidates for NO-enhanced PTT, holding great promise for their clinical translational development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Activatable Probes for Biosensing, Imaging, and Photomedicine)
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13 pages, 5299 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Detection of Different Foodborne Bacteria for Point-of-Care Applications
by Tailin Wu, Ajay Kumar Yagati and Junhong Min
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 641; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060641 - 12 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1175
Abstract
Bacterial infections resulting from foodborne pathogenic bacteria cause millions of infections that greatly threaten human health and are one of the leading causes of mortality around the world. To counter this, the early, rapid, and accurate detection of bacterial infections is very important [...] Read more.
Bacterial infections resulting from foodborne pathogenic bacteria cause millions of infections that greatly threaten human health and are one of the leading causes of mortality around the world. To counter this, the early, rapid, and accurate detection of bacterial infections is very important to address serious health issue concerns. We, therefore, present an electrochemical biosensor based on aptamers that selectively bind with the DNA of specific bacteria for the accurate and rapid detection of various foodborne bacteria for the selective determination of bacterial infection types. Different aptamers were synthesized and immobilized on Au electrodes for selective bindings of different types of bacterial DNA (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus) for the accurate detection and quantification of bacterial concentrations from 101 to 107 CFU/mL without using any labeling methods. Under optimized conditions, the sensor showed a good response to the various concentrations of bacteria, and a robust calibration curve was obtained. The sensor could detect the bacterial concentration at meager quantities and possessed an LOD of 4.2 × 101, 6.1 × 101, and 4.4 × 101 CFU/mL for S. Typhimurium, E. Coli, and S. aureus, respectively, with a linear range from 100 to 104 CFU/mL for the total bacteria probe and 100 to 103 CFU/mL for individual probes, respectively. The proposed biosensor is simple and rapid and has shown a good response to bacterial DNA detections and thus can be applied in clinical applications and food safety monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nano-Biomaterial-Based Biosensors)
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30 pages, 3310 KiB  
Review
Antibody Phage Display Technology for Sensor-Based Virus Detection: Current Status and Future Prospects
by Olga I. Guliy, Stella S. Evstigneeva, Vitaly A. Khanadeev and Lev A. Dykman
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060640 - 09 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2087
Abstract
Viruses are widespread in the environment, and many of them are major pathogens of serious plant, animal, and human diseases. The risk of pathogenicity, together with the capacity for constant mutation, emphasizes the need for measures to rapidly detect viruses. The need for [...] Read more.
Viruses are widespread in the environment, and many of them are major pathogens of serious plant, animal, and human diseases. The risk of pathogenicity, together with the capacity for constant mutation, emphasizes the need for measures to rapidly detect viruses. The need for highly sensitive bioanalytical methods to diagnose and monitor socially significant viral diseases has increased in the past few years. This is due, on the one hand, to the increased incidence of viral diseases in general (including the unprecedented spread of a new coronavirus infection, SARS-CoV-2), and, on the other hand, to the need to overcome the limitations of modern biomedical diagnostic methods. Phage display technology antibodies as nano-bio-engineered macromolecules can be used for sensor-based virus detection. This review analyzes the commonly used virus detection methods and approaches and shows the prospects for the use of antibodies prepared by phage display technology as sensing elements for sensor-based virus detection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biosensors for the Analysis and Detection of Drug, Food and Disease Markers)
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15 pages, 3199 KiB  
Article
Using a Smartphone-Based Colorimetric Device with Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for the Quantification of Tartrazine in Soda Drinks
by Christian Jacinto, Ily Maza Mejía, Sabir Khan, Rosario López, Maria D. P. T. Sotomayor and Gino Picasso
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060639 - 09 Jun 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1443
Abstract
The present study reports the development and application of a rapid, low-cost in-situ method for the quantification of tartrazine in carbonated beverages using a smartphone-based colorimetric device with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). The MIP was synthesized using the free radical precipitation method with [...] Read more.
The present study reports the development and application of a rapid, low-cost in-situ method for the quantification of tartrazine in carbonated beverages using a smartphone-based colorimetric device with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). The MIP was synthesized using the free radical precipitation method with acrylamide (AC) as the functional monomer, N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA) as the cross linker, and potassium persulfate (KPS) as radical initiator. The smartphone (RadesPhone)-operated rapid analysis device proposed in this study has dimensions of 10 × 10 × 15 cm and is illuminated internally by light emitting diode (LED) lights with intensity of 170 lux. The analytical methodology involved the use of a smartphone camera to capture images of MIP at various tartrazine concentrations, and the subsequent application of the Image-J software to calculate the red, green, blue (RGB) color values and hue, saturation, value (HSV) values from these images. A multivariate calibration analysis of tartrazine in the range of 0 to 30 mg/L was performed, and the optimum working range was determined to be 0 to 20 mg/L using five principal components and a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.2 mg/L was obtained. Repeatability analysis of tartrazine solutions with concentrations of 4, 8, and 15 mg/L (n = 10) showed a coefficient of variation (% RSD) of less than 6%. The proposed technique was applied to the analysis of five Peruvian soda drinks and the results were compared with the UHPLC reference method. The proposed technique showed a relative error between 6% and 16% and % RSD lower than 6.3%. The results of this study demonstrate that the smartphone-based device is a suitable analytical tool that offers an on-site, cost-effective, and rapid alternative for the quantification of tartrazine in soda drinks. This color analysis device can be used in other molecularly imprinted polymer systems and offers a wide range of possibilities for the detection and quantification of compounds in various industrial and environmental matrices that generate a color change in the MIP matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Biosensing Applications)
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