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Biosensors
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Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds
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Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Biosensor and Bioelectronic Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 11523

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Maksim Burkin

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Lab of Bioconjugates, Immunology Department, I.I. Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
Interests: immunoassay; hapten design; conjugation; antibody; immune response specificity
Prof. Dr. Zhanhui Wang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Interests: hapten design for chemical compound in food; production of recognition materials; immunoassay for food safety; food science and quality; antibiotic resistance; environmental drugs and toxins; veterinary medicine; zoonosis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Immunosensors and immunoassays are analytical tools designed to measure the presence or concentration of target molecules using an antibody or its fragment as a specific recognition element. The identification of compounds that pose a threat to human health, animals and plants, and the environment in order to eliminate them has been and remains the main mission of this analytical technique. Immunoassay methods are constantly being updated and are aimed at further improving the fundamental parameters, sensitivity, detectability, simplicity, assay duration, high-throughput, and low cost, as well as the reliability and stability of reagents. A no less important characteristic is specificity, the ability to distinguish between closely related molecules (selectivity) or, conversely, to identify their common structural features: epitopes (group specificity). The list of these harmful factors is extremely wide, and the nature is diverse, from heavy metal ions to large protein toxins and from natural the toxins of molds, algae, marine organisms, bacteria, and plants to artificial chemical poisons and pollutants. In this regard, immunoassays for hazardous compounds are in demand in such areas as food safety control, the monitoring of environmental pollution, therapeutic monitoring of highly active/toxic drugs, forensic examinations, bioterrorism prevention, and others.

This Special issue aims to attract researchers to publish original approaches or strategies to improve assay performances, new assay formats, unusual applications, testing platforms, and devices for identifying novel and known dangerous molecules.

Dr. Maksim Burkin
Prof. Dr. Zhanhui Wang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Biosensors is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • immunoassay
  • hapten design
  • antibody production
  • chemical hazards
  • food contaminants
  • environmental pollutants
  • drug monitoring

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1805 KiB  
Article
Development and In-House Validation of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay and a Lateral Flow Immunoassay for the Dosage of Tenofovir in Human Saliva
by Simone Cavalera, Thea Serra, Antonio Abad-Fuentes, Josep V. Mercader, Antonio Abad-Somovilla, Fabio Di Nardo, Antonio D’Avolio, Amedeo De Nicolò, Valentina Testa, Matteo Chiarello, Claudio Baggiani and Laura Anfossi
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060667 - 20 Jun 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1706
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) includes very potent drugs that are often characterized by high toxicity. Tenofovir (TFV) is a widely used drug prescribed mainly for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) and the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The therapeutic range of TFV is [...] Read more.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) includes very potent drugs that are often characterized by high toxicity. Tenofovir (TFV) is a widely used drug prescribed mainly for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PreP) and the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The therapeutic range of TFV is narrow, and adverse effects occur with both underdose and overdose. The main factor contributing to therapeutic failure is the improper management of TFV, which may be caused by low compliance or patient variability. An important tool to prevent inappropriate administration is therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of compliance-relevant concentrations (ARCs) of TFV. TDM is performed routinely using time-consuming and expensive chromatographic methods coupled with mass spectrometry. Immunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs), are based on antibody–antigen specific recognition and represent key tools for real-time quantitative and qualitative screening for point-of-care testing (POCT). Since saliva is a non-invasive and non-infectious biological sample, it is well-suited for TDM. However, saliva is expected to have a very low ARC for TFV, so tests with high sensitivity are required. Here, we have developed and validated a highly sensitive ELISA (IC50 1.2 ng/mL, dynamic range 0.4–10 ng/mL) that allows the quantification of TFV in saliva at ARCs and an extremely sensitive LFIA (visual LOD 0.5 ng/mL) that is able to distinguish between optimal and suboptimal ARCs of TFV in untreated saliva. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds)
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12 pages, 1041 KiB  
Article
BPA Endocrine Disruptor Detection at the Cutting Edge: FPIA and ELISA Immunoassays
by Anna Raysyan, Sandro D. Zwigart, Sergei A. Eremin and Rudolf J. Schneider
Biosensors 2023, 13(6), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13060664 - 19 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1367
Abstract
BPA is a chemical commonly used in the production of polymer-based materials that can have detrimental effects on the thyroid gland and impact human reproductive health. Various expensive methods, such as liquid and gas chromatography, have been suggested for detecting BPA. The fluorescence [...] Read more.
BPA is a chemical commonly used in the production of polymer-based materials that can have detrimental effects on the thyroid gland and impact human reproductive health. Various expensive methods, such as liquid and gas chromatography, have been suggested for detecting BPA. The fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) is an inexpensive and efficient homogeneous mix-and-read method that allows for high-throughput screening. FPIA offers high specificity and sensitivity and can be carried out in a single phase within a timeframe of 20–30 min. In this study, new tracer molecules were designed that linked the fluorescein fluorophore with and without a spacer to the bisphenol A moiety. To assess the influence of the C6 spacer on the sensitivity of an assay based on the respective antibody, hapten–protein conjugates were synthesized and assessed for performance in an ELISA setup, and this resulted in a highly sensitive assay with a detection limit of 0.05 μg/L. The lowest limit of detection was reached by employing the spacer derivate in the FPIA and was 1.0 μg/L, working range from 2 to 155 μg/L. The validation of the methods was conducted using actual samples compared to LC–MS/MS, which served as the reference method. The FPIA and ELISA both demonstrated satisfactory concordance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds)
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11 pages, 1394 KiB  
Article
Tigecycline Immunodetection Using Developed Group-Specific and Selective Antibodies for Drug Monitoring Purposes
by Inna A. Galvidis, Yury A. Surovoy, Sergei V. Tsarenko and Maksim A. Burkin
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 343; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030343 - 04 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1442
Abstract
Tigecycline (TGC), a third-generation tetracycline, is characterized by a more potent and broad antibacterial activity, and the ability to overcome different mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. TGC has proven to be of value in treatment of multidrug-resistant infections, but therapy can be complicated by [...] Read more.
Tigecycline (TGC), a third-generation tetracycline, is characterized by a more potent and broad antibacterial activity, and the ability to overcome different mechanisms of tetracycline resistance. TGC has proven to be of value in treatment of multidrug-resistant infections, but therapy can be complicated by multiple dangerous side effects, including direct drug toxicity. Given that, a TGC immunodetection method has been developed for therapeutic drug monitoring to improve the safety and efficacy of therapy. The developed indirect competitive ELISA utilized TGC selective antibodies and group-specific antibodies interacting with selected coating TGC conjugates. Both assay systems showed high sensitivity (IC50) of 0.23 and 1.59 ng/mL, and LOD of 0.02 and 0.05 ng/mL, respectively. Satisfactory TGC recovery from the spiked blood serum of healthy volunteers was obtained in both assays and laid in the range of 81–102%. TGC concentrations measured in sera from COVID-19 patients with secondary bacterial infections were mutually confirmed by ELISA based on the other antibody–antigen interaction and showed good agreement (R2 = 0.966). A TGC pharmacokinetic (PK) study conducted in three critically ill patients proved the suitability of the test to analyze the therapeutic concentrations of TGC. Significant inter-individual PK variability revealed in this limited group supports therapeutic monitoring of TGC in individual patients and application of the test for population pharmacokinetic modelling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds)
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14 pages, 2141 KiB  
Article
Dual-Wavelength Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Sulfonamides and Antibacterial Synergists in Milk
by Changfei Duan, Yingjie Zhang, Peipei Li, Qiang Li, Wenbo Yu, Kai Wen, Sergei A. Eremin, Jianzhong Shen, Xuezhi Yu and Zhanhui Wang
Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12111053 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1631
Abstract
Combinations of sulfonamides (SAs) and antibacterial synergists (ASGs) are frequently used for treating infectious diseases and promoting growth for animals, which cause potential hazards to food safety and human health. To realize the simultaneous detection of SAs and ASGs in food, a homogeneous [...] Read more.
Combinations of sulfonamides (SAs) and antibacterial synergists (ASGs) are frequently used for treating infectious diseases and promoting growth for animals, which cause potential hazards to food safety and human health. To realize the simultaneous detection of SAs and ASGs in food, a homogeneous and high-throughput screening dual-wavelength fluorescence polarization immunoassay (DWFPIA) was developed. In this study, three SAs tracers and three ASGs tracers were synthesized by fluoresceins with different linkers and paired with their corresponding monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), respectively. To achieve a high sensitivity and broad specificity, the combination of tracers SADMPM-HDF with the longest linker paring mAb 10E6 for SAs and tracer HaptenA-DSCA paring mAb 9C9 for ASGs were chosen for the development of DWFPIA, achieving surprising IC50 values for 23 SAs below 100 μg L−1 and 5 ASGs below 50 μg L−1. The accuracy of DWFPIA was applied in real milk samples by typical sulfamethazine (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP), with recoveries of 81.7–97.2% and 78.6–103.6%, and coefficient of variations (CVs) below 18.9%, which could be completed within 15 min, including sample pretreatment. We firstly developed a simultaneous screening DWFPIA, covering all of the SAs and ASGs used in clinic and providing a great application potential in food safety analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds)
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16 pages, 3642 KiB  
Article
Development of Lateral Flow Test-System for the Immunoassay of Dibutyl Phthalate in Natural Waters
by Anna N. Berlina, Maria Y. Ragozina, Nadezhda S. Komova, Kseniya V. Serebrennikova, Anatoly V. Zherdev and Boris B. Dzantiev
Biosensors 2022, 12(11), 1002; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12111002 - 10 Nov 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1882
Abstract
The use of a large amount of toxic synthetic materials leads to an increase in the pollution of environmental objects. Phthalates are compounds structurally related to esters of phthalic acid that are widely used in the manufacturing of synthetic packaging materials as plasticizers. [...] Read more.
The use of a large amount of toxic synthetic materials leads to an increase in the pollution of environmental objects. Phthalates are compounds structurally related to esters of phthalic acid that are widely used in the manufacturing of synthetic packaging materials as plasticizers. Their danger is conditioned by leaching into the environment and penetrating into living organisms with negative consequences and effects on various organs and tissues. This work presents the first development of lateral flow immunoassay to detect dibutyl phthalate, one of the most common representatives of the phthalates group. To form a test zone, a hapten–protein conjugate was synthesized, and gold nanoparticles conjugated with antibodies to dibutyl phthalate were used as a detecting conjugate. The work includes the preparation of immunoreagents, selectivity investigation, and the study of the characteristics of the medium providing a reliable optical signal. Under the selected conditions for the analysis, the detection limit was 33.4 ng/mL, and the working range of the determined concentrations was from 42.4 to 1500 ng/mL. Time of the assay—15 min. The developed technique was successfully applied to detect dibutyl phthalate in natural waters with recovery rates from 75 to 115%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds)
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Review

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14 pages, 1393 KiB  
Review
Immunosensors for Assay of Toxic Biological Warfare Agents
by Miroslav Pohanka
Biosensors 2023, 13(3), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios13030402 - 20 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2766
Abstract
An immunosensor for the assay of toxic biological warfare agents is a biosensor suitable for detecting hazardous substances such as aflatoxin, botulinum toxin, ricin, Shiga toxin, and others. The application of immunosensors is used in outdoor assays, point-of-care tests, as a spare method [...] Read more.
An immunosensor for the assay of toxic biological warfare agents is a biosensor suitable for detecting hazardous substances such as aflatoxin, botulinum toxin, ricin, Shiga toxin, and others. The application of immunosensors is used in outdoor assays, point-of-care tests, as a spare method for more expensive devices, and even in the laboratory as a standard analytical method. Some immunosensors, such as automated flow-through analyzers or lateral flow tests, have been successfully commercialized as tools for toxins assay, but the research is ongoing. New devices are being developed, and the use of advanced materials and assay techniques make immunosensors highly competitive analytical devices in the field of toxic biological warfare agents assay. This review summarizes facts about current applications and new trends of immunosensors regarding recent papers in this area. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunosensors and Immunoassays for the Control of Hazardous Compounds)
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