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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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25 pages, 4478 KiB  
Review
Economic Impact of Temperature Control during Food Transportation—A COVID-19 Perspective
by Eulalia Skawińska and Romuald I. Zalewski
Foods 2022, 11(3), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030467 - 04 Feb 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4389
Abstract
Temperature fluctuation and abuse in the food cold chain (FCC) is becoming an increasingly crucial factor in the process of food production and for the logistic business, especially in COVID-19 pandemic. The quality of perishable food products depends largely on accurate transport and [...] Read more.
Temperature fluctuation and abuse in the food cold chain (FCC) is becoming an increasingly crucial factor in the process of food production and for the logistic business, especially in COVID-19 pandemic. The quality of perishable food products depends largely on accurate transport and maintenance temperature. The evidence for temperature-related food waste and loss is extensive. The research problem is thus: how to decrease and control food losses caused by temperature abuse in the FCC and restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary objective is to propose a framework for real-time temperature measurement protocols supported by passive RFID, IoT and Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts. This method allows not only the signaling of temperature abuse alerts but, in addition to hitherto methods, investigation and mitigation of the causes of process instability of individual FCC links in the future. The secondary objective is to delineate the necessary data sources and ways of their collection and utilization in order to decrease food losses and waste via process stabilization of temperature in transport and storage. As contribution to current literature and practice, we offer an in-depth analysis of threats in the FCC in food transport and storage infrastructure and a solution supplemented by SPC charts and tested in controlled experiments that is practicable from economic and technical standpoints. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Water and Food Safety during COVID-19 Pandemic)
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26 pages, 1506 KiB  
Review
Essential Oils and Their Major Components: An Updated Review on Antimicrobial Activities, Mechanism of Action and Their Potential Application in the Food Industry
by Manasweeta Angane, Simon Swift, Kang Huang, Christine A. Butts and Siew Young Quek
Foods 2022, 11(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030464 - 04 Feb 2022
Cited by 120 | Viewed by 10714
Abstract
A novel alternative to synthetic preservatives is the use of natural products such as essential oil (EO) as a natural food-grade preservative. EOs are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), so they could be considered an alternative way to increase the shelf-life of highly [...] Read more.
A novel alternative to synthetic preservatives is the use of natural products such as essential oil (EO) as a natural food-grade preservative. EOs are Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS), so they could be considered an alternative way to increase the shelf-life of highly perishable food products by impeding the proliferation of food-borne pathogens. The mounting interest within the food industry and consumer preference for “natural” and “safe” products means that scientific evidence on plant-derived essential oils (EOs) needs to be examined in-depth, including the underlying mechanisms of action. Understanding the mechanism of action that individual components of EO exert on the cell is imperative to design strategies to eradicate food-borne pathogens. Results from published works showed that most EOs are more active against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria due to the difference in the cell wall structure. In addition, the application of EOs at a commercial scale has been minimal, as their flavour and odour could be imparted to food. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the research carried out on EOs, emphasizing the antibacterial activity of fruit peel EOs, and the antibacterial mechanism of action of the individual components of EOs. A brief outline of recent contributions of EOs in the food matrix is highlighted. The findings from the literature have been encouraging, and further research is recommended to develop strategies for the application of EO at an industrial scale. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Towards the Use of Natural Compounds for Crop Protection and Food Safety)
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18 pages, 2240 KiB  
Article
Plant and Dairy-Based Yogurts: A Comparison of Consumer Sensory Acceptability Linked to Textural Analysis
by Mitali K. Gupta, Damir D. Torrico, Lydia Ong, Sally L. Gras, Frank R. Dunshea and Jeremy J. Cottrell
Foods 2022, 11(3), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030463 - 04 Feb 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7107
Abstract
Yogurt, readily available in plant and dairy-based formulations, is widely consumed and linked with health benefits. This research is aimed to understand the sensory and textural spectrum of commercially available dairy and plant-based yogurts. In a preliminary study, qualitative focus group discussions (4 [...] Read more.
Yogurt, readily available in plant and dairy-based formulations, is widely consumed and linked with health benefits. This research is aimed to understand the sensory and textural spectrum of commercially available dairy and plant-based yogurts. In a preliminary study, qualitative focus group discussions (4 groups; n = 32) were used to determine perceptions of 28 dairy and plant-based yogurts, identifying positive consumer perceptions of plant-based yogurts. A smaller subset of five spoonable and one drinkable yogurts—(Reference, Soy, Coconut, Cookies, Berry, and Drinkable) was subsequently selected for rheological and structural measurements, showing wide variations in the microstructure and rheology of selected yogurt samples. A quantitative blind sensory tasting (n = 117) showed varying yogurt acceptability, with Berry being the least-liked and Cookies being the most-liked yogurt, in terms of overall liking. The multi-factor analysis confirmed that compositional and textural elements, including protein content, gel firmness, and consistency coefficient, displayed a positive relationship with overall liking. In contrast, fat, sugar, and calories were negatively correlated to the overall liking. This research showed that texture and other compositional factors are significant determinants of the consumer acceptability of yogurt products and are essential properties to consider in product development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Foods)
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19 pages, 1208 KiB  
Article
Microbial Ecology of Sheep Milk, Artisanal Feta, and Kefalograviera Cheeses. Part II: Technological, Safety, and Probiotic Attributes of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates
by Markella Tsigkrimani, Konstantina Panagiotarea, Spiros Paramithiotis, Loulouda Bosnea, Eleni Pappa, Eleftherios H. Drosinos, Panagiotis N. Skandamis and Marios Mataragas
Foods 2022, 11(3), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030459 - 03 Feb 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2393
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine 189 LAB strains belonging to the species Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, Lactococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, Latilactobacillus curvatus, Lp. plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis, [...] Read more.
The aim of the present study was to examine 189 LAB strains belonging to the species Enterococcus faecium, E. faecalis, Lactococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, Latilactobacillus curvatus, Lp. plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis, and Weissella paramesenteroides isolated form sheep milk, Feta and Kefalograviera cheeses at different ripening stages, for their technological compatibility with dairy products manufacturing, their activities that may compromise safety of the dairy products as well as their capacity to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract. For that purpose, milk acidification and coagulation capacity, caseinolytic, lipolytic, hemolytic, gelatinolytic, and bile salt hydrolase activity, production of exopolysaccharides, antimicrobial compounds, and biogenic amines, as well as acid and bile salt tolerance and antibiotic susceptibility were examined. The faster acidifying strains were Lc. lactis DRD 2658 and P. pentosaceus DRD 2657 that reduced the pH value of skim milk, within 6 h to 5.97 and 5.92, respectively. Strains able to perform weak caseinolysis were detected in all species assessed. On the contrary, lipolytic activity, production of exopolysaccharides, amino acid decarboxylation, hemolytic, gelatinase, and bile salt hydrolase activity were not detected. Variable susceptibility to the antibiotics examined was detected among LAB strains. However, in the majority of the cases, resistance was evident. None of the strains assessed, managed to survive to exposure at pH value 1. On the contrary, 25.9 and 88.9% of the strains survived after exposure at pH values 2 and 3, respectively; the reduction of the population was larger in the first case. The strains survived well after exposure to bile salts. The strain-dependent character of the properties examined was verified. Many strains, belonging to different species, have presented very interesting properties; however, further examination is needed before their potential use as starter or adjunct cultures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dairy)
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12 pages, 620 KiB  
Review
Exploring the Future of Edible Insects in Europe
by Simone Mancini, Giovanni Sogari, Salomon Espinosa Diaz, Davide Menozzi, Gisella Paci and Roberta Moruzzo
Foods 2022, 11(3), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030455 - 03 Feb 2022
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 8195
Abstract
The effects of population increase and food production on the environment have prompted various international organizations to focus on the future potential for more environmentally friendly and alternative protein products. One of those alternatives might be edible insects. Entomophagy, the practice of eating [...] Read more.
The effects of population increase and food production on the environment have prompted various international organizations to focus on the future potential for more environmentally friendly and alternative protein products. One of those alternatives might be edible insects. Entomophagy, the practice of eating insects by humans, is common in some places but has traditionally been shunned in others, such as European countries. The last decade has seen a growing interest from the public and private sectors to the research in the sphere of edible insects, as well as significant steps forward from the legislative perspective. In the EU, edible insects are considered novel foods, therefore a specific request and procedure must be followed to place them in the market; in fact, until now, four requests regarding insects as a novel food have been approved. Insects could also be used as feed for livestock, helping to increase food production without burdening the environment (indirect entomophagy). Market perspectives for the middle of this decade indicate that most of the demand will be from the feed sector (as pet food or livestock feed production). Undoubtedly, this sector is gaining momentum and its potential relies not only in food, but also in feed in the context of a circular economy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in the Food System: Exploring the Future of Food)
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15 pages, 4768 KiB  
Article
Effect and Mechanism of Acid-Induced Soy Protein Isolate Gels as Influenced by Cellulose Nanocrystals and Microcrystalline Cellulose
by Xueqi Jin, Ruijing Qu, Yong Wang, Dong Li and Lijun Wang
Foods 2022, 11(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030461 - 03 Feb 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2551
Abstract
The effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) on the gel properties and microstructure of glucono-δ-lactone-induced soy protein isolate (SPI) gels were investigated. The water-holding capacity, gel strength, and viscoelastic modulus of CNC–SPI gels were positively associated with CNC concentration from [...] Read more.
The effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) on the gel properties and microstructure of glucono-δ-lactone-induced soy protein isolate (SPI) gels were investigated. The water-holding capacity, gel strength, and viscoelastic modulus of CNC–SPI gels were positively associated with CNC concentration from 0 to 0.75% (w/v). In contrast, MCC–SPI gels exhibited decreased water-holding capacity, gel strength, and viscoelastic modulus. All composite gels displayed high frequency dependence and the typical type I (strain thinning) network behavior. Changes in viscoelasticity under large strain were correlated with differences in the microstructure of SPI composite gels. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that CNC were more evenly and steadily distributed in the protein matrix and formed a compact network structure. In contrast, MCC–SPI gels exhibited a discontinued and rough gel network with some large aggregates and pores, in which MCC was randomly entrapped. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and molecular forces results revealed that no new chemical bonds were formed in the gelation process and that the disulfide bond was of crucial importance in the gel system. With the addition of CNC, electrostatic interactions, hydrophobic interactions, and hydrogen bonds in the SPI gel network were significantly strengthened. However, the incorporation of MCC might obstruct the connection of the protein network. It is concluded that both cellulose type and concentration affect gelling properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Gels: Fabrication and Their Applications as Functional Delivery Systems)
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22 pages, 2025 KiB  
Article
Millennials’ Consumption of and Attitudes toward Meat and Plant-Based Meat Alternatives by Consumer Segment in Finland
by Antti Knaapila, Fabienne Michel, Kirsi Jouppila, Tuula Sontag-Strohm and Vieno Piironen
Foods 2022, 11(3), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030456 - 03 Feb 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 7330
Abstract
Millennials are considered the key generation with regard to the consumption of plant-based meat alternatives via flexitarianism. This study sought to characterize millennials’ consumer segments based on their consumption of and attitudes toward meat and meat alternatives. We conducted an online survey on [...] Read more.
Millennials are considered the key generation with regard to the consumption of plant-based meat alternatives via flexitarianism. This study sought to characterize millennials’ consumer segments based on their consumption of and attitudes toward meat and meat alternatives. We conducted an online survey on the hedonic tones of the associations evoked by meat and meat alternatives, consumption of such foods, and diet-related attitudes among a representative sample of Finnish millennials (N = 546, 59% women, age 20–39 years). Some 41% of respondents regularly ate plant-based meat alternatives, while 43% had tried such foods. We divided the respondents into six segments based on the hedonic tones of their meat vs. meat alternatives associations. The segments differed in terms of their consumption of meat alternatives and the underlying reasons why, importance of meat in meals, and Meat Commitment Scale scores. The segment that reported much more positive associations with meat than meat alternatives (~14% of the respondents) may prove resistant to interventions intended to reduce meat intake, whereas the segment that displayed the most positive attitudes toward meat alternatives (~18%) did not eat much meat. Thus, the four middle segments (totaling ~68%), whose associations’ hedonic tones were close to each other, may be the best targets for future interventions designed to reduce meat consumption through the use of meat alternatives. To conclude, introducing a simple segmentation allowed us to identify consumer segments with large potential to reduce meat consumption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensory and Consumer Research for a Sustainable Food System)
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14 pages, 2913 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant Potential of Cookies Formulated with Date Seed Powder
by Zein Najjar, Jaleel Kizhakkayil, Hira Shakoor, Carine Platat, Constantinos Stathopoulos and Meththa Ranasinghe
Foods 2022, 11(3), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030448 - 03 Feb 2022
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4416
Abstract
Utilising major waste products from the food industry can have both a great environmental impact and be a means to improve consumer health. Date seed is a food industry byproduct that has been proven to have high nutritional value. The aim of this [...] Read more.
Utilising major waste products from the food industry can have both a great environmental impact and be a means to improve consumer health. Date seed is a food industry byproduct that has been proven to have high nutritional value. The aim of this work was to measure the total polyphenolic content (TPC), flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of the seeds of six date fruit varieties, Fard, Khalas, Khinaizi, Sukkary, Shaham, and Zahidi, and to use those seeds to enhance the antioxidant value of cookies by partially substituting flour with ground date seed. Date seed powder (DSP) was extracted at three levels of sample to solvent ratio (5:1, 10:1 and 15:1 mg/mL). Cookies were prepared using three substitution levels of wheat flour (2.5, 5.0, and 7.5%, w/w) by DSP and two types of flour (white and whole wheat), and were baked at two different temperatures, 180 and 200 °C. The composite cookies were found to contain a significant amount of TPC and flavonoids, and showed increased antioxidant activity compared with the control samples. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of Food By-Products: Bioprocessing, Bioactive Compounds Extraction and Functional Ingredients Utilization)
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11 pages, 1904 KiB  
Perspective
Application Prospect of Protein-Glutaminase in the Development of Plant-Based Protein Foods
by Xiao Liu, Chao Wang, Xinwen Zhang, Guoqiang Zhang, Jingwen Zhou and Jian Chen
Foods 2022, 11(3), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030440 - 02 Feb 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4999
Abstract
Plant-based protein foods as suitable alternative protein sources have recently received increased global interest. The scientific community is exploring effective modification approaches to enhance the functionality of plant-based proteins for expanded utilization. Deamidation has shown great potential for structural modifications and improving the [...] Read more.
Plant-based protein foods as suitable alternative protein sources have recently received increased global interest. The scientific community is exploring effective modification approaches to enhance the functionality of plant-based proteins for expanded utilization. Deamidation has shown great potential for structural modifications and improving the processing efficiency of proteins. In this review, we firstly revisit the enzyme reaction mechanism of protein-glutaminase and its fundamental differences from other enzymatic methods for the deamidation of proteins. Then, the latest advances regarding the suitability of protein-glutaminase modifications for improving the functional properties (e.g., solubility, emulsifying and foaming properties, flavor, and reduction in allergenicity) of plant-based proteins are overviewed. Finally, we address the potential prospect associated with the use of protein-glutaminase in plant-based protein foods, such as meat, dairy, and egg alternatives. This review provides a novel perspective for the design of plant-based protein foods by using protein-glutaminase in order to match animal counterparts in taste and texture, and to fuel widespread adoption. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Foods)
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18 pages, 339 KiB  
Review
Kinetic Study of Encapsulated β-Carotene Degradation in Dried Systems: A Review
by Vera Lavelli and Jolanta Sereikaitė
Foods 2022, 11(3), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030437 - 02 Feb 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2321
Abstract
β-Carotene serves as a precursor of vitamin A and provides relevant health benefits. To overcome the low bioavailability of β-carotene from natural sources, technologies have been designed for its encapsulation in micro- and nano-structures followed by freeze-drying, spray-drying, supercritical fluid-enhanced dispersion and electrospraying. [...] Read more.
β-Carotene serves as a precursor of vitamin A and provides relevant health benefits. To overcome the low bioavailability of β-carotene from natural sources, technologies have been designed for its encapsulation in micro- and nano-structures followed by freeze-drying, spray-drying, supercritical fluid-enhanced dispersion and electrospraying. A technological challenge is also to increase β-carotene stability, since due to its multiple conjugated double bonds, it is particularly prone to oxidation. This review analyzes the stability of β-carotene encapsulated in different dried micro- and nano-structures by comparing rate constants and activation energies of degradation. The complex effect of water activity and glass transition temperature on degradation kinetics is also addressed, since the oxidation process is remarkably dependent on the glassy or collapsed state of the matrix. The approaches to improve β-carotene stability, such as the development of inclusion complexes, the improvement of the performance of the interface between air and oil phase in which β-carotene was dissolved by application of biopolymer combinations or functionalization of natural biopolymers, the addition of hydrophilic small molecular weight molecules that reduce air entrapped in the powder and the co-encapsulation of antioxidants of various polarities are discussed and compared, in order to provide a rational basis for further development of the encapsulation technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Engineering and Technology)
20 pages, 3002 KiB  
Article
Quality and Shelf-Life Stability of Pork Meat Fillets Packaged in Multilayer Polylactide Films
by Eva Hernández-García, María Vargas and Sergio Torres-Giner
Foods 2022, 11(3), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030426 - 01 Feb 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3577
Abstract
In the present study, the effectiveness of a multilayer film of polylactide (PLA), fully bio-based and compostable, was ascertained to develop a novel sustainable packaging solution for the preservation of fresh pork meat. To this end, the multilayer PLA films were first characterized [...] Read more.
In the present study, the effectiveness of a multilayer film of polylactide (PLA), fully bio-based and compostable, was ascertained to develop a novel sustainable packaging solution for the preservation of fresh pork meat. To this end, the multilayer PLA films were first characterized in terms of their thermal characteristics, structure, mechanical performance, permeance to water and aroma vapors and oxygen, and optical properties and, for the first time, compared with two commercial high-barrier multilayer packaging films. Thereafter, the multilayers were thermosealed to package fillets of fresh pork meat and the physicochemical changes, lipid oxidation levels, and microbiological counts were monitored in the food samples during storage under refrigeration conditions. Results showed that the meat fillets packaged in PLA developed a redder color and showed certain indications of dehydration and oxidation, being more noticeably after 11 days of storage, due to the higher water vapor and oxygen permeance values of the biopolymer multilayer. However, the pH changes and bacterial growth in the cold-stored fresh pork meat samples were minimal and very similar in the three tested multilayer films, successfully accomplishing the requirements of the food quality and safety standards at the end of storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circular Bioeconomy: Novel Processes and Materials for Food Preservation)
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16 pages, 795 KiB  
Review
What Motivates Consumer Food Safety Perceptions and Beliefs? A Scoping Review in BRICS Countries
by Luis D’Avoglio Zanetta, Raísa Moreira Dardaque Mucinhato, Mariana Piton Hakim, Elke Stedefeldt and Diogo Thimoteo da Cunha
Foods 2022, 11(3), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030432 - 01 Feb 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4353
Abstract
This scoping review aimed to map the main evidence in the existing literature regarding consumer perceptions and beliefs regarding food safety in the context of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries. Articles were searched in the Web of Science, Scopus, [...] Read more.
This scoping review aimed to map the main evidence in the existing literature regarding consumer perceptions and beliefs regarding food safety in the context of BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) countries. Articles were searched in the Web of Science, Scopus, and SciELO databases. The last search was performed on November 2021. Only the studies conducted within BRICS countries were included. The synthesis aimed to group similarities in consumer beliefs and perceptions of food safety. After screening, 74 eligible articles were included in the study. Of the 74 studies analyzed, 49 (66.2%) were carried out in China, 14 (18.9%) in Brazil, 5 (6.8%) in India,4 (5.4%) in South Africa, and 2 (2.7%) in Russia. Thirty-three motivators of perceptions and beliefs regarding food safety were identified. Food safety motivators were grouped into three categories: (1) sociodemographic characteristics, (2) cognitive aspects, and (3) other. In the “sociodemographic characteristics” category, the motivator with the highest number of corresponding results was education level (results = 22), followed by income (results = 22), both positive drivers for food safety perceptions. The “cognitive aspects” category comprised the majority of the identified motivators. Concern for food safety (results = 32) and risk perception (results = 30) were the motivators with the highest number of results among all categories and motivators. Finally, the main motivator in the “other” category was place of consumption/purchase (results = 8), focusing on consumers underestimating the risk of having a foodborne disease when eating away from home. China and Brazil are leading the way in studies on this topic. Consumers’ perceptions are influenced by socioeconomic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, education level, income), cognitive aspects (e.g., knowledge, risk perception, food concerns, previous experience with food safety incidents) and other situational factors (e.g., price, place of purchase, traceability). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cognitive and Organizational Aspects of Food Safety: Improving Practices through Behavior)
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13 pages, 282 KiB  
Communication
Effect of Fortification with Mushroom Polysaccharide β-Glucan on the Quality of Ovine Soft Spreadable Cheese
by Efthymia Kondyli, Eleni C. Pappa, Dimitris Arapoglou, Maria Metafa, Christos Eliopoulos and Cleanthes Israilides
Foods 2022, 11(3), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030417 - 31 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2371
Abstract
In the present work, a fresh spreadable cheese from ovine milk with or without (control) fortification with β-glucan was manufactured. β-Glucan was extracted from the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and its concentration in the cheese was 0.4% (w/w). The composition, [...] Read more.
In the present work, a fresh spreadable cheese from ovine milk with or without (control) fortification with β-glucan was manufactured. β-Glucan was extracted from the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus and its concentration in the cheese was 0.4% (w/w). The composition, biochemical, and sensory properties of the cheeses during 21 days of storage were determined. At the end of storage, cheese fortified with beta-glucan had 75.26% moisture content, 10.30% fat, 1.71% salt, and 8.50% protein. Generally, the addition of β-glucan at this concentration did not significantly affect the composition, color, and viscosity measurements or the level of proteolysis and lipolysis and the antioxidant activity of the cheeses. However, cheese fortified with β-glucan showed a higher moisture content than control cheese on the 1st and 21st day of storage while the levels of proteolysis and the sensory properties of the cheeses were unaffected. During the sensory evaluation, panelists evaluated cheese with β-glucan with higher scores regarding the flavor characteristic compared to control cheese. The major free fatty acid was acetic acid in both cheeses and its concentration was higher in cheese with β-glucan. The results of the present study could be used by the dairy industry for manufacturing new products with improved health benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Improving Properties, Shelf Life and Analysis of Dairy Products)
26 pages, 8538 KiB  
Article
Acceptance of Cultured Meat in Germany—Application of an Extended Theory of Planned Behaviour
by Jacqueline Dupont, Tess Harms and Florian Fiebelkorn
Foods 2022, 11(3), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030424 - 31 Jan 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 10487
Abstract
This study examines the willingness to consume a cultured meat burger in Germany. Based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we assessed attitudes, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms via an online questionnaire. Attitudes were operationalized in this research as general attitudes [...] Read more.
This study examines the willingness to consume a cultured meat burger in Germany. Based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), we assessed attitudes, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms via an online questionnaire. Attitudes were operationalized in this research as general attitudes towards cultured meat and specific attitudes towards a cultured meat burger. Furthermore, the TPB was extended with nutritional-psychological variables including food (technology) neophobia, food disgust, sensation seeking, and green consumption values. In total, 58.4% of the participants reported being willing to consume a cultured meat burger. Using a path model, the extended TPB accounted for 77.8% of the variance in willingness to consume a cultured meat burger. All components of the TPB were significant predictors except general attitudes. The influence of general attitudes was completely mediated by specific attitudes. All nutritional-psychological variables influenced general attitudes. Food technology neophobia was the strongest negative, and green consumption values were the strongest positive predictor of general attitudes. Marketing strategies should therefore target the attitudes of consumers by encouraging the natural perception of cultured meat, using a less technological product name, enabling transparency about the production, and creating a dialogue about both the fears and the environmental benefits of the new technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Future Protein Foods)
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16 pages, 1790 KiB  
Review
Waste Management in the Agri-Food Industry: The Conversion of Eggshells, Spent Coffee Grounds, and Brown Onion Skins into Carriers for Lipase Immobilization
by Sandra Budžaki, Natalija Velić, Marta Ostojčić, Marija Stjepanović, Blanka Bilić Rajs, Zita Šereš, Nikola Maravić, Jovana Stanojev, Volker Hessel and Ivica Strelec
Foods 2022, 11(3), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030409 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 5187
Abstract
One of the major challenges in sustainable waste management in the agri-food industry following the “zero waste” model is the application of the circular economy strategy, including the development of innovative waste utilization techniques. The conversion of agri-food waste into carriers for the [...] Read more.
One of the major challenges in sustainable waste management in the agri-food industry following the “zero waste” model is the application of the circular economy strategy, including the development of innovative waste utilization techniques. The conversion of agri-food waste into carriers for the immobilization of enzymes is one such technique. Replacing chemical catalysts with immobilized enzymes (i.e., immobilized/heterogeneous biocatalysts) could help reduce the energy efficiency and environmental sustainability problems of existing chemically catalysed processes. On the other hand, the economics of the process strongly depend on the price of the immobilized enzyme. The conversion of agricultural and food wastes into low-cost enzyme carriers could lead to the development of immobilized enzymes with desirable operating characteristics and subsequently lower the price of immobilized enzymes for use in biocatalytic production. In this context, this review provides insight into the possibilities of reusing food industry wastes, namely, eggshells, coffee grounds, and brown onion skins, as carriers for lipase immobilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Security and Sustainability)
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17 pages, 1822 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Impact of Solid-State Fermentation on Macronutrient Profile and Digestibility in Chia (Salvia hispanica) and Sesame (Sesamum Indicum) Seeds
by Joaquim Calvo-Lerma, Andrea Asensio-Grau, Jorge García-Hernández, Ana Heredia and Ana Andrés
Foods 2022, 11(3), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030410 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2496
Abstract
Fermentation of plant-based substrates with edible fungi enhances the nutrient profile and digestibility, but it has been scarcely applied to edible seeds, which are rich in healthy lipids. In this study, chia and sesame seeds were solid-state fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus, followed [...] Read more.
Fermentation of plant-based substrates with edible fungi enhances the nutrient profile and digestibility, but it has been scarcely applied to edible seeds, which are rich in healthy lipids. In this study, chia and sesame seeds were solid-state fermented with Pleurotus ostreatus, followed by drying and milling. Fermentation led to increased content of lipid and protein in both seeds’ products, and a change in fatty acid profile in favor of increased polyunsaturated fatty acids. Then, the samples were subjected to in vitro digestion. Lipolysis, determined by nuclear magnetic resonance, was higher in sesame than in chia products, and the fermented counterparts had increased values compared to the controls. In terms of physical properties, fermentation showed reduced particle size and increased matrix degradation and decreased viscosity of the digestion medium, which were related to increased lipolysis. In conclusion, applying solid-state fermentation on chia and sesame seeds could be a recommendable approach. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Novel Foods)
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15 pages, 2198 KiB  
Article
Sensomics-Assisted Aroma Decoding of Pea Protein Isolates (Pisum sativum L.)
by Florian Utz, Andrea Spaccasassi, Johanna Kreissl, Timo D. Stark, Caren Tanger, Ulrich Kulozik, Thomas Hofmann and Corinna Dawid
Foods 2022, 11(3), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030412 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4472
Abstract
The aroma of pea protein (Pisum sativum L.) was decrypted for knowledge-based flavor optimization of new food products containing pea protein. Sensomics helped to determine several volatiles via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and 3-nitrophenylhydrazine derivatization. Among the investigated volatiles, [...] Read more.
The aroma of pea protein (Pisum sativum L.) was decrypted for knowledge-based flavor optimization of new food products containing pea protein. Sensomics helped to determine several volatiles via ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and 3-nitrophenylhydrazine derivatization. Among the investigated volatiles, representatives of aldehydes, ketones, and acids were reported in literature as especially important in pea and pea-related matrices. After validation of the method and quantitation of the corresponding analytes, sensory reconstitution as well as omission studies of a selected pea protein were performed and revealed nine odor-active compounds as key food odorants (3-methylbutanal, hexanal, acetaldehyde, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E)-2-octenal, benzaldehyde, heptanal, 2-methylbutanal, and nonanoic acid). Interestingly, eight out of nine compounds belonged to the chemical class of aldehydes. Statistical heatmap and cluster analysis of all odor activity values of different pea proteins confirmed the obtained sensory results and generalize these nine key food odorants in other pea proteins. The knowledge of key components gained shows potential for simplifying industrial flavor optimization of pea protein-based food. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Future Food Analysis and Detection)
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22 pages, 947 KiB  
Review
Metallic Nanoparticles in the Food Sector: A Mini-Review
by Cristina Couto and Agostinho Almeida
Foods 2022, 11(3), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030402 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4448
Abstract
Nanomaterials, and in particular metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), have significantly contributed to the production of healthier, safer, and higher-quality foods and food packaging with special properties, such as greater mechanical strength, improved gas barrier capacity, increased water repellency and ability to inhibit microbial contamination, [...] Read more.
Nanomaterials, and in particular metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), have significantly contributed to the production of healthier, safer, and higher-quality foods and food packaging with special properties, such as greater mechanical strength, improved gas barrier capacity, increased water repellency and ability to inhibit microbial contamination, ensuring higher quality and longer product shelf life. MNPs can also be incorporated into chemical and biological sensors, enabling the design of fast and sensitive monitoring devices to assess food quality, from freshness to detection of allergens, food-borne pathogens or toxins. This review summarizes recent developments in the use of MNPs in the field of food science and technology. Additionally, a brief overview of MNP synthesis and characterization techniques is provided, as well as of the toxicity, biosafety and regulatory issues of MNPs in the agricultural, feed and food sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trace Elements as Contaminants and Nutrients)
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17 pages, 3493 KiB  
Article
Antibacterial Effect of Oregano Essential Oil against Vibrio vulnificus and Its Mechanism
by Kunyao Luo, Pengyu Zhao, Yifei He, Shengnan Kang, Chenyu Shen, Shuo Wang, Meixian Guo, Lehui Wang and Chao Shi
Foods 2022, 11(3), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030403 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4607
Abstract
Oregano essential oil (OEO) is an effective natural antibacterial agent, but its antibacterial activity against Vibrio vulnificus has not been widely studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect and germicidal activity of OEO on V. vulnificus and its [...] Read more.
Oregano essential oil (OEO) is an effective natural antibacterial agent, but its antibacterial activity against Vibrio vulnificus has not been widely studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect and germicidal activity of OEO on V. vulnificus and its possible inhibition mechanism. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of OEO against four V. vulnificus strains (ATCC 27562 and three isolates from seafoods) were from 0.06 to 0.15 μL/mL. Compared with untreated bacteria, OEO reduced the concentration of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), hyperpolarized the cell membrane, increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased the concentration of intracellular malondialdehyde (MDA), but there was no obvious DNA damage at the OEO test concentration. It was indicated that OEO inactivated V. vulnificus by generating ROS which caused lipid peroxidation of cell membranes, thereby reducing the permeability and integrity of cell membranes and causing morphological changes to cells, but there was no obvious damage to DNA. In addition, OEO could effectively kill V. vulnificus in oysters at 25 °C, and the number of bacteria decreased by 48.2% after 0.09% OEO treatment for 10 h. The good inhibitory effect and bactericidal activity of OEO showed in this study, and the economy and security of OEO make it possible to apply OEO to control V. vulnificus contamination in oysters and other seafoods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
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12 pages, 620 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Drying and Green Deep Eutectic Extraction of Carotenoids from Tomato Pomace
by Celeste Lazzarini, Enrico Casadei, Enrico Valli, Matilde Tura, Luigi Ragni, Alessandra Bendini and Tullia Gallina Toschi
Foods 2022, 11(3), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030405 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4563
Abstract
The extraction of molecules with high added value plays an important role in the recovery of food waste. This work aimed to valorize tomato pomace, a by-product composed of skin and seeds, through extraction of carotenoids, especially lycopene and β-carotene. The tomato pomace [...] Read more.
The extraction of molecules with high added value plays an important role in the recovery of food waste. This work aimed to valorize tomato pomace, a by-product composed of skin and seeds, through extraction of carotenoids, especially lycopene and β-carotene. The tomato pomace was dried using three different methods (freeze-drying, heat drying, and non-thermal air-drying) to reduce its weight, volume, and water activity and to concentrate the carotenoid fraction. These drying approaches were compared considering the extractive potential. Three solvent mixtures were compared, a traditional one (n-hexane:acetone) and two green deep eutectic solvent mixtures (ethyl acetate:ethyl lactate and menthol:lactic acid) in combination with different drying procedures. The extract obtained using ethyl acetate:ethyl lactate with non-thermal air-drying showed the highest contents of lycopene and β-carotene (75.86 and 3950.08 µg/g of dried sample, respectively) compared with the other procedures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Food Processing By-Products)
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24 pages, 3394 KiB  
Review
Occurrence and Chemistry of Tropane Alkaloids in Foods, with a Focus on Sample Analysis Methods: A Review on Recent Trends and Technological Advances
by Lorena González-Gómez, Sonia Morante-Zarcero, Damián Pérez-Quintanilla and Isabel Sierra
Foods 2022, 11(3), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030407 - 30 Jan 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5358
Abstract
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are natural toxins produced by different plants, mainly from the Solanaceae family. The interest in TAs analysis is due to the serious cases of poisoning that are produced due to the presence of TA-producing plants in a variety of foods. [...] Read more.
Tropane alkaloids (TAs) are natural toxins produced by different plants, mainly from the Solanaceae family. The interest in TAs analysis is due to the serious cases of poisoning that are produced due to the presence of TA-producing plants in a variety of foods. For this reason, in recent years, different analytical methods have been reported for their control. However, the complexity of the matrices makes the sample preparation a critical step for this task. Therefore, this review has focused on (a) collecting the available data in relation to the occurrence of TAs in foods for human consumption and (b) providing the state of the art in food sample preparation (from 2015 to today). Regarding the different food categories, cereals and related products and teas and herbal teas have been the most analyzed. Solid–liquid extraction is still the technique most widely used for sample preparation, although other extraction and purification techniques such as solid-phase extraction or QuEChERS procedure, based on the use of sorbents for extract or clean-up step, are being applied since they allow cleaner extracts. On the other hand, new materials (molecularly imprinted polymers, mesostructured silica-based materials, metal–organic frameworks) are emerging as sorbents to develop effective extraction and purification methods that allow lower limits and matrix effects, being a future trend for the analysis of TAs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxins in Food: Development of New Analytical Methods, Monitoring and Mitigation Strategies)
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18 pages, 2324 KiB  
Article
The Structuring of Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) Extract-Incorporating Edible Zein-Based Materials with Antioxidant and Antibacterial Functionality by Solvent Casting versus Electrospinning
by Ana Salević, Dušica Stojanović, Steva Lević, Milena Pantić, Verica Đorđević, Radojica Pešić, Branko Bugarski, Vladimir Pavlović, Petar Uskoković and Viktor Nedović
Foods 2022, 11(3), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030390 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3469
Abstract
In this study, in order to develop zein-based, edible, functional food-contact materials in different forms incorporating sage extract (10, 20, and 30%), solvent casting and electrospinning were employed. The study aimed to assess the effects of the applied techniques and the extract’s incorporation [...] Read more.
In this study, in order to develop zein-based, edible, functional food-contact materials in different forms incorporating sage extract (10, 20, and 30%), solvent casting and electrospinning were employed. The study aimed to assess the effects of the applied techniques and the extract’s incorporation on the materials’ properties. The solvent casting generated continuous and compact films, where the extract’s incorporation provided more homogenous surfaces. The electrospinning resulted in non-woven mats composed of ribbon-like fibers in the range of 1.275–1.829 µm, while the extract’s incorporation provided thinner and branched fibers. The results indicated the compatibility between the materials’ constituents, and efficient and homogenous extract incorporation within the zein matrices, with more probable interactions occurring during the solvent casting. All of the formulations had a high dry matter content, whereas the mats and the formulations incorporating the extract had higher solubility and swelling in water. The films and mats presented similar DPPH• and ABTS•+ radical scavenging abilities, while the influence on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium bacteria, and the growth inhibition, were complex. The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the materials were more potent after the extract’s incorporation. Overall, the results highlight the potential of the developed edible materials for use as food-contact materials with active/bioactive functionality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Encapsulation and Implementation of Bioactive Compounds in the Production of Functional Food Products)
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18 pages, 358 KiB  
Review
Antifungal Preservation of Food by Lactic Acid Bacteria
by Ahmad Nasrollahzadeh, Samira Mokhtari, Morteza Khomeiri and Per E. J. Saris
Foods 2022, 11(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030395 - 29 Jan 2022
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7086
Abstract
Fungal growth and consequent mycotoxin release in food and feed threatens human health, which might even, in acute cases, lead to death. Control and prevention of foodborne poisoning is a major task of public health that will be faced in the 21st century. [...] Read more.
Fungal growth and consequent mycotoxin release in food and feed threatens human health, which might even, in acute cases, lead to death. Control and prevention of foodborne poisoning is a major task of public health that will be faced in the 21st century. Nowadays, consumers increasingly demand healthier and more natural food with minimal use of chemical preservatives, whose negative effects on human health are well known. Biopreservation is among the safest and most reliable methods for inhibiting fungi in food. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of great interest as biological additives in food owing to their Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) classification and probiotic properties. LAB produce bioactive compounds such as reuterin, cyclic peptides, fatty acids, etc., with antifungal properties. This review highlights the great potential of LAB as biopreservatives by summarizing various reported antifungal activities/metabolites of LAB against fungal growth into foods. In the end, it provides profound insight into the possibilities and different factors to be considered in the application of LAB in different foods as well as enhancing their efficiency in biodetoxification and biopreservative activities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Use of Beneficial Microorganisms to Improve Nutritional and Functional Properties of Fermented Foods)
37 pages, 2803 KiB  
Review
Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Sensors for Food Safety
by Aloys Hitabatuma, Peilong Wang, Xiaoou Su and Mengmeng Ma
Foods 2022, 11(3), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030382 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6780
Abstract
Food contains a variety of poisonous and harmful substances that have an impact on human health. Therefore, food safety is a worldwide public concern. Food detection approaches must ensure the safety of food at every step of the food supply chain by monitoring [...] Read more.
Food contains a variety of poisonous and harmful substances that have an impact on human health. Therefore, food safety is a worldwide public concern. Food detection approaches must ensure the safety of food at every step of the food supply chain by monitoring and evaluating all hazards from every single step of food production. Therefore, early detection and determination of trace-level contaminants in food are one of the most crucial measures for ensuring food safety and safeguarding consumers’ health. In recent years, various methods have been introduced for food safety analysis, including classical methods and biomolecules-based sensing methods. However, most of these methods are laboratory-dependent, time-consuming, costly, and require well-trained technicians. To overcome such problems, developing rapid, simple, accurate, low-cost, and portable food sensing techniques is essential. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a type of porous materials that present high porosity, abundant functional groups, and tunable physical and chemical properties, demonstrates promise in large-number applications. In this regard, MOF-based sensing techniques provide a novel approach in rapid and efficient sensing of pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, food illegal additives, toxins, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), veterinary drugs, and pesticide residues. This review focused on the rapid screening of MOF-based sensors for food safety analysis. Challenges and future perspectives of MOF-based sensors were discussed. MOF-based sensing techniques would be useful tools for food safety evaluation owing to their portability, affordability, reliability, sensibility, and stability. The present review focused on research published up to 7 years ago. We believe that this work will help readers understand the effects of food hazard exposure, the effects on humans, and the use of MOFs in the detection and sensing of food hazards. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Toxicology)
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32 pages, 5067 KiB  
Review
Food Colour Additives: A Synoptical Overview on Their Chemical Properties, Applications in Food Products, and Health Side Effects
by Maria Manuela Silva, Fernando Henrique Reboredo and Fernando Cebola Lidon
Foods 2022, 11(3), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030379 - 28 Jan 2022
Cited by 64 | Viewed by 17676
Abstract
Colour is one of the most relevant organoleptic attributes that directly affects consumers’ acceptance and food selection. However, as food colouring pigments are generally unstable and become modified during processing, in order to maintain or restore product colour uniformity, colourants are added to [...] Read more.
Colour is one of the most relevant organoleptic attributes that directly affects consumers’ acceptance and food selection. However, as food colouring pigments are generally unstable and become modified during processing, in order to maintain or restore product colour uniformity, colourants are added to food products around the world. In this context, although they are still widely used, synthetic food colorants, due to their potential hazards, are being replaced by those obtained from natural origins. Indeed, numerous side effects and toxicities, at both the medium and long-terms—namely allergic reactions, and behavioral and neurocognitive effects—have been related to the use of synthetic colourants, whereas their naturally-derived counterparts seem to provide a somewhat high-quality and effective contribution as a health promoter. In order to further understand the implications of the use of synthetic and naturally derived food colourants, this review aims to provide a synoptical approach to the chemical characteristics, properties, uses and side effects on health of those which are currently allowed and applied during food processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)
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20 pages, 979 KiB  
Article
Safe Game: Hygienic Habits in Self-Consumption of Game Meat in Eastern Spain
by Victor Lizana, Ana Muniesa, Jesús Cardells, Jordi López-Ramon, Jordi Aguiló-Gisbert, Juan M. Lomillos and Christian Gortázar
Foods 2022, 11(3), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030368 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3097
Abstract
We used anonymous questionnaires to assess the hygienic and sanitary aspects of game meat self-consumption in Eastern Spain as the first step towards a health risk assessment. The survey yielded 472 valid interviews from active hunters. The maximum possible score was 65 points [...] Read more.
We used anonymous questionnaires to assess the hygienic and sanitary aspects of game meat self-consumption in Eastern Spain as the first step towards a health risk assessment. The survey yielded 472 valid interviews from active hunters. The maximum possible score was 65 points (average 29 ± 8; range 1–52). Most participants were men (95%), but women achieved significantly better scores (p = 0.003). Hunters above 65 years old scored significantly lower results than younger groups (p = 0.007). The score increased with the educational level (p = 0.046). A 92% of the collaborators consumed game meat. Veterinary inspection and freezing were irregular among the participants. Most respondents declared carrying the animals in their personal vehicles. Of the dressing process, 61% of sites were outdoors, 68% of the participants declared using specific knives, 64% used the same clothes as in the field, and 42% used disposable gloves. The most usual way to dispose of the remains was garbage containers (41%); offal abandonment in the field was 33%, and 13% fed domestic animals using the remains. We conclude that public health authorities should increase their interest in the self-consumption of game meat. Clear guidelines about domestic dressing facilities and hygienic habits should be published, these being essential when looking for synergies with hunter associations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)
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20 pages, 2696 KiB  
Article
Extraction of Natural Gum from Cold-Pressed Chia Seed, Flaxseed, and Rocket Seed Oil By-Product and Application in Low Fat Vegan Mayonnaise
by Taha Hijazi, Salih Karasu, Zeynep Hazal Tekin-Çakmak and Fatih Bozkurt
Foods 2022, 11(3), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030363 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3875
Abstract
This study involves the modeling of rheological behavior of the gum solution obtained from cold-pressed chia seed (CSG), flaxseed (FSG), and rocket seed (RSG) oil by-products and the application of these gums in a low-fat vegan mayonnaise formulation as fat replacers and emulsifier. [...] Read more.
This study involves the modeling of rheological behavior of the gum solution obtained from cold-pressed chia seed (CSG), flaxseed (FSG), and rocket seed (RSG) oil by-products and the application of these gums in a low-fat vegan mayonnaise formulation as fat replacers and emulsifier. CSG, FSG, and RSG solutions showed shear-thinning flow behavior at all concentrations. The K values ranged between 0.209 and 49.028 Pa·sn for CSG, FSG, and RSG solutions and significantly increased with increased gum concentration. The percentage recovery for the G′ was significantly affected by gum type and concentrations. CSG, FSG, and RSG showed a solid-like structure, and the storage modulus (G′) was higher than the loss modulus (G″) in all frequency ranges. The rheological characterization indicated that CSG, FSG, and RSG could be evaluated as thickeners and gelling agents in the food industry. In addition, the rheological properties, zeta potential, and particle size and oxidative stability (at 90 °C) of low-fat vegan mayonnaise samples prepared with CSG, FSG, and RSG were compared to samples prepared with guar gum (GG), Arabic gum (AG), and xanthan gum (XG). As a result, CSG, FSG, and RSG could be utilized for low-fat vegan mayonnaise as fat and egg replacers, stabilizers, and oxidative agents. The results of this study indicated that this study could offer a new perspective in adding value to flaxseed, chia seed, and rocket seed cold-press oil by-product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Food Processing By-Products)
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14 pages, 3123 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Stability and Oral Bioavailability of Cannabidiol in Zein and Whey Protein Composite Nanoparticles by a Modified Anti-Solvent Approach
by Ce Wang, Jia Wang, Yonghai Sun, Kalev Freeman, Monique Alyssa Mchenry, Cuina Wang and Mingruo Guo
Foods 2022, 11(3), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030376 - 27 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4238
Abstract
Wide applications of cannabidiol (CBD) in the food and pharmaceutical industries are limited due to its low bioavailability, sensitivity to environmental pressures and low water solubility. Zein nanoparticles were stabilized by whey protein (WP) for the delivery of cannabidiol (CBD) using a modified [...] Read more.
Wide applications of cannabidiol (CBD) in the food and pharmaceutical industries are limited due to its low bioavailability, sensitivity to environmental pressures and low water solubility. Zein nanoparticles were stabilized by whey protein (WP) for the delivery of cannabidiol (CBD) using a modified anti-solvent approach. Particle size, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, and re-dispersibility of nanoparticles were influenced by the zein to WP ratio. Under optimized conditions at 1:4, zein–WP nanoparticles were fabricated with CBD (200 μg/mL) and further characterized. WP absorbed on zein surface via hydrogen bond, hydrophobic forces, and electrostatic attraction. The zein–WP nanoparticles showed excellent storage stability (4 °C, dark) and effectively protected CBD degradation against heat and UV light. In vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that CBD in zein–WP nanoparticles displayed 2-times and 1.75-fold enhancement in maximum concentration (C max) and the area under curve (AUC) as compared to free-form CBD. The data indicated the feasibility of developing zein–WP based nanoparticles for the encapsulation, protection, and delivery of CBD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)
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13 pages, 2013 KiB  
Review
Update on Biogenic Amines in Fermented and Non-Fermented Beverages
by Pierina Visciano and Maria Schirone
Foods 2022, 11(3), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030353 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4279
Abstract
The formation of biogenic amines in food and beverages is mainly due to the presence of proteins and/or free amino acids that represent the substrates for microbial or natural enzymes with decarboxylation or amination activity. Fermentation occurring in many alcoholic beverages, such as [...] Read more.
The formation of biogenic amines in food and beverages is mainly due to the presence of proteins and/or free amino acids that represent the substrates for microbial or natural enzymes with decarboxylation or amination activity. Fermentation occurring in many alcoholic beverages, such as wine, beer, cider, liqueurs, as well as coffee and tea, is one of the main processes affecting their production. Some biogenic amines can also be naturally present in some fruit juices or fruit-based drinks. The dietary intake of such compounds should consider all their potential sources by both foods and drinks, taking in account the health impact on some consumers that represent categories at risk for a deficient metabolic activity or assuming inhibiting drugs. The most important tool to avoid their adverse effects is based on prevention through the selection of lactic acid bacteria with low decarboxylating activity or good manufacturing practices hurdling the favoring conditions on biogenic amines’ production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogenic Amines in Raw and Processed Foods: Detection and Control)
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26 pages, 3735 KiB  
Review
Recovery of Polyphenols from Agri-Food By-Products: The Olive Oil and Winery Industries Cases
by Paulina Tapia-Quirós, María Fernanda Montenegro-Landívar, Mònica Reig, Xanel Vecino, José Luis Cortina, Javier Saurina and Mercè Granados
Foods 2022, 11(3), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030362 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 53 | Viewed by 6451
Abstract
The production of olive oil and wine are two of the main agri-food economic activities in Southern Europe. They generate large amounts of solid and liquid wastes (e.g., olive pomace, olive mill wastewater, grape pomace, grape stems, wine lees, and wine processing wastewater) [...] Read more.
The production of olive oil and wine are two of the main agri-food economic activities in Southern Europe. They generate large amounts of solid and liquid wastes (e.g., olive pomace, olive mill wastewater, grape pomace, grape stems, wine lees, and wine processing wastewater) that represent a major environmental problem. Consequently, the management of these residues has become a big challenge for these industries, since they are harmful to the environment but rich in bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols. In recent years, the recovery of phenolic compounds has been proposed as a smart strategy for the valorization of these by-products, from a circular economy perspective. This review aims to provide a comprehensive description of the state of the art of techniques available for the analysis, extraction, and purification of polyphenols from the olive mill and winery residues. Thus, the integration and implementation of these techniques could provide a sustainable solution to the olive oil and winery sectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Security and Sustainability)
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12 pages, 1383 KiB  
Article
A Bayesian Approach to Predict Food Fraud Type and Point of Adulteration
by Jan Mei Soon and Ikarastika Rahayu Abdul Wahab
Foods 2022, 11(3), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030328 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3776
Abstract
Primary and secondary food processing had been identified as areas vulnerable to fraud. Besides the food processing area, other stages within the food supply chain are also vulnerable to fraud. This study aims to develop a Bayesian network (BN) model to predict food [...] Read more.
Primary and secondary food processing had been identified as areas vulnerable to fraud. Besides the food processing area, other stages within the food supply chain are also vulnerable to fraud. This study aims to develop a Bayesian network (BN) model to predict food fraud type and point of adulteration i.e., the occurrence of fraudulent activity. The BN model was developed using GeNie Modeler (BayesFusion, LLC) based on 715 notifications (1979–2018) from Food Adulteration Incidents Registry (FAIR) database. Types of food fraud were linked to six explanatory variables such as food categories, year, adulterants (chemicals, ingredients, non-food, microbiological, physical, and others), reporting country, point of adulteration, and point of detection. The BN model was validated using 80 notifications from 2019 to determine the predictive accuracy of food fraud type and point of adulteration. Mislabelling (20.7%), artificial enhancement (17.2%), and substitution (16.4%) were the most commonly reported types of fraud. Beverages (21.4%), dairy (14.3%), and meat (14.0%) received the highest fraud notifications. Adulterants such as chemicals (21.7%) (e.g., formaldehyde, methanol, bleaching agent) and cheaper, expired or rotten ingredients (13.7%) were often used to adulterate food. Manufacturing (63.9%) was identified as the main point of adulteration followed by the retailer (13.4%) and distribution (9.9%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)
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17 pages, 4577 KiB  
Article
The Correlation Mechanism between Dominant Bacteria and Primary Metabolites during Fermentation of Red Sour Soup
by Xiaojie Zhou, Zhiqi Liu, Le Xie, Liangyi Li, Wenhua Zhou and Liangzhong Zhao
Foods 2022, 11(3), 341; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030341 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3013
Abstract
Chinese red sour soup is a traditional fermented product famous in the southwestern part of China owing to its distinguished sour and spicy flavor. In the present study, the effect of inoculation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the microbial communities and metabolite [...] Read more.
Chinese red sour soup is a traditional fermented product famous in the southwestern part of China owing to its distinguished sour and spicy flavor. In the present study, the effect of inoculation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on the microbial communities and metabolite contents of the Chinese red sour soup was investigated. Traditional red sour soup was made with tomato and red chilli pepper and a live count (108 CFU/mL) of five bacterial strains (including Clostridium intestinalis: Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum: Lacticaseibacillus casei: Lactobacillus paracei) was added and fermented for 30 days in an incubator at 37 °C. Three replicates were randomly taken at 0 d, 5 d, 10 d, 15 d, 20 d, 25 d and 30 d of fermentation, with a total of 21 sour soup samples. Metabolomic analysis and 16S-rDNA amplicon sequencing of soup samples were performed to determine microbial diversity and metabolite contents. Results revealed that fermentation resulted in the depletion of native bacterial strains as LAB dominated over other microbes, resulting in differences in the relative abundance of bacteria, and types or contents of metabolites. A decrease (p < 0.01) in Shannon and Simpson indices was observed at different fermentation times. The metabolomic analyses revealed a significant increase in the relative content of 10 metabolites (particularly lactic acid, thymine, and ascorbic acid) in fermented samples as compared to the control. The correlation network revealed a positive association of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus with differentially enriched metabolites including lactic acid, ascorbic acid, and chlorogenic acid, which can desirably contribute to the flavor and quality of the red sour soup. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Identification, Changes and Regulation of Flavor-Active Compound in Food Processing)
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21 pages, 3859 KiB  
Article
An Active Peptide-Based Packaging System to Improve the Freshness and Safety of Fish Products: A Case Study
by Rosa Luisa Ambrosio, Marta Gogliettino, Bruna Agrillo, Yolande T. R. Proroga, Marco Balestrieri, Lorena Gratino, Daniela Cristiano, Gianna Palmieri and Aniello Anastasio
Foods 2022, 11(3), 338; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030338 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3244
Abstract
Fresh fish are highly perishable, owing mainly to their moisture content, high amount of free amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Microorganisms and chemical reactions cause the spoilage, leading to loss in quality, human health risks and a market value reduction. Therefore, the [...] Read more.
Fresh fish are highly perishable, owing mainly to their moisture content, high amount of free amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Microorganisms and chemical reactions cause the spoilage, leading to loss in quality, human health risks and a market value reduction. Therefore, the fishing industry has always been willing to explore new technologies to increase quality and safety of fish products through a decrease of the microbiological and biochemical damage. In this context, antimicrobial active packaging is one such promising solution to meet consumer demands. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an active polypropylene-based packaging functionalized with the antimicrobial peptide 1018K6 on microbial growth, physicochemical properties and the sensory attributes of raw salmon fillets. The results showed that application of 1018K6-polypropylene strongly inhibited the microbial growth of both pathogenic and specific spoilage organisms (SSOs) on fish fillets after 7 days. Moreover, salmon also kept its freshness as per volatile chemical spoilage indices (CSIs) during storage. Similar results were obtained on hamburgers of Sarda sarda performing the same analyses. This work provides further evidence that 1018K6-polymers have good potential as antimicrobial packaging for application in the food market to enhance quality and preserve the sensorial properties of fish products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Strategies to Preserve Quality and Extend Shelf Life of Foods)
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37 pages, 572 KiB  
Review
Bioactive Compounds from Cardoon as Health Promoters in Metabolic Disorders
by Luís R. Silva, Telma A. Jacinto and Paula Coutinho
Foods 2022, 11(3), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030336 - 25 Jan 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3845
Abstract
Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a Mediterranean plant and member of the Asteraceae family that includes three botanical taxa, the wild perennial cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori), globe artichoke (C. cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Fiori [...] Read more.
Cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) is a Mediterranean plant and member of the Asteraceae family that includes three botanical taxa, the wild perennial cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. sylvestris (Lamk) Fiori), globe artichoke (C. cardunculus L. var. scolymus L. Fiori), and domesticated cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.). Cardoon has been widely used in the Mediterranean diet and folk medicine since ancient times. Today, cardoon is recognized as a plant with great industrial potential and is considered as a functional food, with important nutritional value, being an interesting source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolics, minerals, inulin, fiber, and sesquiterpene lactones. These bioactive compounds have been vastly described in the literature, exhibiting a wide range of beneficial effects, such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, lipid-lowering, cytotoxic, antidiabetic, antihemorrhoidal, cardiotonic, and choleretic activity. In this review, an overview of the cardoon nutritional and phytochemical composition, as well as its biological potential, is provided, highlighting the main therapeutic effects of the different parts of the cardoon plant on metabolic disorders, specifically associated with hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and antidiabetic activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential Use of Edible and Medicinal Plants and Industrial Applications)
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18 pages, 3203 KiB  
Article
Pulsed Vacuum Drying of Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): Effect of High-Humidity Hot Air Impingement Blanching Pretreatment on Drying Kinetics and Quality Attributes
by Zhihua Geng, Xiao Huang, Jun Wang, Hongwei Xiao, Xuhai Yang, Lichun Zhu, Xiaochen Qi, Qian Zhang and Bin Hu
Foods 2022, 11(3), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030318 - 24 Jan 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3458
Abstract
With a high moisture content, fresh peppers are perishable and rot easily. Drying is essential for shelf-life extension. The natural thin wax layer on the pepper surface hinders moisture transfer. Traditionally, chemical dipping or mechanical pricking is used to remove this wax layer. [...] Read more.
With a high moisture content, fresh peppers are perishable and rot easily. Drying is essential for shelf-life extension. The natural thin wax layer on the pepper surface hinders moisture transfer. Traditionally, chemical dipping or mechanical pricking is used to remove this wax layer. However, in chemical dipping, chemical residues can trigger food-safety issues, while the low efficiency of mechanical pricking hinders its industrial application. Feasible pretreatment methods are advantageous for industrial use. Here, an emerging pretreatment technique (high-humidity hot-air impingement blanching, HHAIB) was used for peppers before drying and its effects on drying characteristics, microstructure, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were explored. The impact of drying temperature on color parameters and red pigment content of pulsed-vacuum-dried peppers was also evaluated. PPO activity was reduced to less than 20% after blanching at 110 °C for 60 s. HHAIB reduced drying time and PPO activity and promoted chemical-substance release. Effective water diffusivity was highest (5.01 × 10−10 m2/s) after blanching at 110 °C for 90 s, and the brightness value and red pigment content were highest (9.94 g/kg) at 70 °C. HHAIB and pulsed vacuum drying are promising pretreatment and drying methods for enhancing the drying rate and quality of red peppers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Drying Technologies for Agricultural Products and Foods)
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15 pages, 3172 KiB  
Article
Sustainable Extractions for Maximizing Content of Antioxidant Phytochemicals from Black and Red Currants
by Anita Milić, Tatjana Daničić, Aleksandra Tepić Horecki, Zdravko Šumić, Nemanja Teslić, Danijela Bursać Kovačević, Predrag Putnik and Branimir Pavlić
Foods 2022, 11(3), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030325 - 24 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2796
Abstract
Sustainable extraction techniques (ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE)) were applied and compared with conventional solvent extraction to evaluate their efficiency in maximizing the bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity of black and red currants. The influence of ethanol [...] Read more.
Sustainable extraction techniques (ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and pressurized-liquid extraction (PLE)) were applied and compared with conventional solvent extraction to evaluate their efficiency in maximizing the bioactive compound content and antioxidant activity of black and red currants. The influence of ethanol concentrations (30%, 50%, 70%) were studied in all extraction methods, while different temperatures (30, 50, 70 °C/80, 100, 120 °C) were evaluated in UAE and PLE, respectively. Generally, higher total phenolics were determined in black currant extracts (1.93–3.41 g GAE/100 g) than in red currant extracts (1.27–2.63 g GAE/100 g). The results showed that MAE was the most efficient for the extraction of bioactives from black currants, with 3.41 g GAE/100 g and 0.7934 g CE/100 g, while PLE provided the highest TP and TF for black currant samples (2.63 g GAE/100 g and 0.77 g CE/100 g). Extracts obtained by MAE (10 min, 600 W, 30% ethanol) and PLE (50% ethanol, 10 min, 120 °C) had the highest antioxidant activity, as determined by various in vitro assays (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS). In conclusion, sustainable extraction techniques can be considered an efficient tool to maximize the content of bioactive antioxidants from black and red currants. Full article
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20 pages, 2354 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant Activity, Probiotic Survivability, and Sensory Properties of a Phenolic-Rich Pulse Snack Bar Enriched with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum
by Yolanda Victoria Rajagukguk, Marcellus Arnold, Andrzej Sidor, Bartosz Kulczyński, Anna Brzozowska, Marcin Schmidt and Anna Gramza-Michałowska
Foods 2022, 11(3), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030309 - 24 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4489
Abstract
Pulse-based snack bars incorporated with probiotics were developed to provide an overview for the preparation of simple functional food concerning the antioxidant load and iron status improvement. The study focused on the application of microencapsulated probiotics in dry matrices, such as chickpeas and [...] Read more.
Pulse-based snack bars incorporated with probiotics were developed to provide an overview for the preparation of simple functional food concerning the antioxidant load and iron status improvement. The study focused on the application of microencapsulated probiotics in dry matrices, such as chickpeas and green lentils, in snack bars. The study aims to analyse the products’ antioxidative activities, chemical and sensory properties, as well as the probiotic survivability in the dry matrices. The basic chemical composition showed that 100 g of product can fulfil up to 4.4% and 3.3% of the daily iron value from chickpeas and green lentils, respectively (assuming the iron bioavailability is 23%). Sensory evaluation and hedonic analysis of the fresh pulse snack bar showed that panelists preferred the chickpea snack bar over the green lentil snack bar. For storage analysis, snack bars were stored at 20 °C and were vacuum packaged in sealed low density polyethylene (LDPE) pouches with no light exposure for two months. Hedonic analysis during storage showed significant differences in the aroma of the snack bars (p < 0.05). Generally, the antioxidant activities decreased during the two months of storage. A strong correlation was observed between total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity assays: ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt), PCL (Photochemiluminescence). Moreover, after two months of storage, a 1-log decrease of probiotic viable cells was observed in both snack bars. To meet the dietary requirement of probiotics, it is suggested that people consume five portions and 9.4 portions of the chickpea and green lentil snack bars, respectively. The resulting products have promising properties with respect to probiotics and antioxidant potential in an unconventional way. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Applied Sciences in Functional Foods)
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15 pages, 829 KiB  
Review
A Review of Isothermal Amplification Methods and Food-Origin Inhibitors against Detecting Food-Borne Pathogens
by Ye-Ji Moon, So-Young Lee and Se-Wook Oh
Foods 2022, 11(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030322 - 24 Jan 2022
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 4263
Abstract
The isothermal amplification method, a molecular-based diagnostic technology, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), is widely used as an alternative to the time-consuming and labor-intensive culture-based detection method. However, food matrices or other compounds can inhibit molecular-based diagnostic [...] Read more.
The isothermal amplification method, a molecular-based diagnostic technology, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), is widely used as an alternative to the time-consuming and labor-intensive culture-based detection method. However, food matrices or other compounds can inhibit molecular-based diagnostic technologies, causing reduced detection efficiencies, and false-negative results. These inhibitors originating from food are polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds in berries, seafood, and vegetables. Additionally, magnesium ions needed for amplification reactions can also inhibit molecular-based diagnostics. The successful removal of inhibitors originating from food and molecular amplification reaction is therefore proposed to enhance the efficiency of molecular-based diagnostics and allow accurate detection of food-borne pathogens. Among molecular-based diagnostics, PCR inhibitors have been reported. Nevertheless, reports on the mechanism and removal of isothermal amplification method inhibitors are insufficient. Therefore, this review describes inhibitors originating from food and some compounds inhibiting the detection of food-borne pathogens during isothermal amplification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Microbiology)
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13 pages, 2977 KiB  
Article
Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Polyphenols from Ripe Carob Pods (Ceratonia siliqua L.): Combined Designs for Screening and Optimizing the Processing Parameters
by Maria Lisa Clodoveo, Pasquale Crupi, Marilena Muraglia and Filomena Corbo
Foods 2022, 11(3), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030284 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2599
Abstract
Carob pulp has recently received great attention due to its considerable content of polyphenols having a wide range of health promoting effects. In this work, ultrasound assisted extraction was optimized sequentially using a screening Plackett–Burman design and non-standard central composite design coupled to [...] Read more.
Carob pulp has recently received great attention due to its considerable content of polyphenols having a wide range of health promoting effects. In this work, ultrasound assisted extraction was optimized sequentially using a screening Plackett–Burman design and non-standard central composite design coupled to response surface methodology and desirability function statistical tools, to find the best conditions for the extraction of nine polyphenols from carob pods. The gathered mathematical models showed that the highest significant factors influencing the extraction of all compounds were solid–solvent ratio, solvent concentration, and particle size, with the optimal results obtained at values of 0.2 g/mL, 40% ethanol, and 0.3 mm, respectively. Extraction temperature, time, sonication power, and frequency were set at 35 °C, 15 min, 100 W, and 37 kHz, respectively. These parameters help to reduce energy costs and to obtain the best possible extraction of polyphenols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Extraction Technology of Polyphenols from Food By-Product)
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11 pages, 263 KiB  
Article
In Vitro Protein Digestibility of Selected Seaweeds
by Goldy De Bhowmick and Maria Hayes
Foods 2022, 11(3), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030289 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4592
Abstract
Seaweed biomass is considered a valuable and potential, alternative protein source but it is currently under-exploited. Seaweed or Macroalgae do not require arable land and freshwater for their cultivation, they are fast growing and contain several health ingredients and beneficial macronutrients. In this [...] Read more.
Seaweed biomass is considered a valuable and potential, alternative protein source but it is currently under-exploited. Seaweed or Macroalgae do not require arable land and freshwater for their cultivation, they are fast growing and contain several health ingredients and beneficial macronutrients. In this study, we determined the in vitro k-Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (k-PDCAAS) values of six different, Irish seaweeds using the rapid k-PDCAAS method. Based on the amino acid profile and protein content of each seaweed, the in vitro protein digestibility and k-PDCAAS scores were calculated. In addition, the limiting amino acid(s) for each of the six seaweeds was/were determined. Results suggest that although the in vitro digestibility was quite similar for all analyzed seaweeds, their k-PDCAAS scores varied significantly. The red seaweed Palmaria palmata had a k-PDCAAS score of 0.69 ± 0.014, while Fucus serratus had a value of 0.63 ± 0.084 and Alaria esculenta a value of 0.59 ± 0.021. The seaweeds were found to be rich in essential amino acids and taurine. Overall, the amino acid composition of the seaweeds studied suggests that they are suitable alternative protein sources for use in human nutrition providing both essential and non-essential amino acids to the consumer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food By-Products as a Source of Proteins and Peptides)
19 pages, 4408 KiB  
Article
Italian Tomato Cultivars under Drought Stress Show Different Content of Bioactives in Pulp and Peel of Fruits
by Veronica Conti, Marco Romi, Massimo Guarnieri, Claudio Cantini and Giampiero Cai
Foods 2022, 11(3), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030270 - 20 Jan 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2660
Abstract
Background: This study aims to evaluate the performance, in terms of accumulation of antioxidant compounds in fruits, of nine local and three commercial Italian tomato cultivars subjected to drought stress. The same local cultivars had been previously studied at morpho-physiological level. Methods: The [...] Read more.
Background: This study aims to evaluate the performance, in terms of accumulation of antioxidant compounds in fruits, of nine local and three commercial Italian tomato cultivars subjected to drought stress. The same local cultivars had been previously studied at morpho-physiological level. Methods: The present manuscript analyzes drought stress as a tool to increase the amount of secondary metabolites that can enhance fruit quality. Nutraceutical characterization of the fruits was performed by analyzing the content of antioxidants, phenols, flavonoids, lycopene, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), rutin, caffeic acid, and naringenin. At the same time, plant sensitivity to stress during the reproductive phase was monitored in terms of flower abscission, fruit drop, and seed germination. Results: Perina turns out to be the tomato cultivar with the best nutraceutical properties in the absence of stress while the Quarantino cultivar is so for flavonoid content (control plants) and lycopene and vitamin C content (stressed plants). Perina and Quarantino are the cultivars with the best response to drought and Perina has the highest concentrations of bioactives. Quarantino responds most effectively to stress in the reproductive phase. Conclusions: data confirm that drought stress increases bioactive production in some local cultivars of tomato, which produce higher quality fruits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Foods)
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17 pages, 14414 KiB  
Article
Use of Artificial Neural Networks and NIR Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Grape Texture Prediction
by Teodora Basile, Antonio Domenico Marsico and Rocco Perniola
Foods 2022, 11(3), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030281 - 20 Jan 2022
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 2908
Abstract
In this article, a combination of non-destructive NIR spectroscopy and machine learning techniques was applied to predict the texture parameters and the total soluble solids content (TSS) in intact berries. The multivariate models obtained by building artificial neural networks (ANNs) and applying partial [...] Read more.
In this article, a combination of non-destructive NIR spectroscopy and machine learning techniques was applied to predict the texture parameters and the total soluble solids content (TSS) in intact berries. The multivariate models obtained by building artificial neural networks (ANNs) and applying partial least squares (PLS) regressions showed a better prediction ability after the elimination of uninformative spectral ranges. A very good prediction was obtained for TSS and springiness (R2 0.82 and 0.72). Qualitative models were obtained for hardness and chewiness (R2 0.50 and 0.53). No satisfactory calibration model could be established between the NIR spectra and cohesiveness. Textural parameters of grape are strictly related to the berry size. Before any grape textural measurement, a time-consuming berry-sorting step is compulsory. This is the first time a complete textural analysis of intact grape berries has been performed by NIR spectroscopy without any a priori knowledge of the berry density class. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in NIR Spectroscopy Analytical Technology in Food Industries)
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13 pages, 1702 KiB  
Article
Low Temperatures Affect the Physiological Status and Phytochemical Content of Flat Leaf Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) Sprouts
by Dunja Šamec, Valentina Ljubej, Ivana Radojčić Redovniković, Stjepana Fistanić and Branka Salopek-Sondi
Foods 2022, 11(3), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030264 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2740
Abstract
Consumption of plants in the juvenile stage becomes popular because sprouts are easy to grow, and they can be a tasty source of micro- and macro-nutrients and various phytochemicals. However, some environmental factors during sprout growth can affect their characteristics. In this article, [...] Read more.
Consumption of plants in the juvenile stage becomes popular because sprouts are easy to grow, and they can be a tasty source of micro- and macro-nutrients and various phytochemicals. However, some environmental factors during sprout growth can affect their characteristics. In this article, we investigated how low temperatures during cultivation (8 °C) and additional exposure to freezing temperatures (−8 °C) affect the physiological status and phytochemical content of kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) sprouts compared to the control grown at 21 °C. We conducted five independent laboratory experiments and found that low temperature significantly increased proline content and decreased sprouts yield. In addition, low temperature caused a significant decrease in carotenoid and flavonoid content, while phenolic acid content and total glucosinolates content increased, but individual glucosinolates were differentially affected. Our results indicate that low temperatures affect the physiological status of kale sprouts and affect the content of phytochemicals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sprouts and Microgreens: Phytochemicals, Health Benefits and Safety)
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23 pages, 10361 KiB  
Review
UV and Visible Spectrum LED Lighting as Abiotic Elicitors of Bioactive Compounds in Sprouts, Microgreens, and Baby Leaves—A Comprehensive Review including Their Mode of Action
by Francisco Artés-Hernández, Noelia Castillejo and Lorena Martínez-Zamora
Foods 2022, 11(3), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030265 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4271
Abstract
Background: According to social demands, the agri-food industry must elaborate convenient safe and healthy foods rich in phytochemicals while minimising processing inputs like energy consumption. Young plants in their first stages of development represent great potential. Objective: This review summarises the latest scientific [...] Read more.
Background: According to social demands, the agri-food industry must elaborate convenient safe and healthy foods rich in phytochemicals while minimising processing inputs like energy consumption. Young plants in their first stages of development represent great potential. Objective: This review summarises the latest scientific findings concerning the use of UV and visible spectrum LED lighting as green, sustainable, and low-cost technologies to improve the quality of sprouts, microgreens, and baby leaves to enhance their health-promoting compounds, focusing on their mode of action while reducing costs and energy. Results: These technologies applied during growing and/or after harvesting were able to improve physiological and morphological development of sprouted seeds while increasing their bioactive compound content without compromising safety and other quality attributes. The novelty is to summarise the main findings published in a comprehensive review, including the mode of action, and remarking on the possibility of its postharvest application where the literature is still scarce. Conclusions: Illumination with UV and/or different regions of the visible spectrum during growing and shelf life are good abiotic elicitors of the production of phytochemicals in young plants, mainly through the activation of specific photoreceptors and ROS production. However, we still need to understand the mechanistic responses and their dependence on the illumination conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sprouts and Microgreens: Phytochemicals, Health Benefits and Safety)
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18 pages, 1197 KiB  
Review
Pasta-Making Process: A Narrative Review on the Relation between Process Variables and Pasta Quality
by Andrea Bresciani, Maria Ambrogina Pagani and Alessandra Marti
Foods 2022, 11(3), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030256 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 20895
Abstract
Pasta is an increasingly popular food worldwide and different formulations have been developed to improve its nutritional profile. Semolina that is high both in protein and gluten content is recognized as the ideal raw material to produce conventional dry pasta. When alternative raw [...] Read more.
Pasta is an increasingly popular food worldwide and different formulations have been developed to improve its nutritional profile. Semolina that is high both in protein and gluten content is recognized as the ideal raw material to produce conventional dry pasta. When alternative raw materials are used, an understanding of the relationship between processing variables and pasta quality is crucial in order to optimize the redesign of the production process. This review aims to: (1) investigate the main challenges of the pasta-making process, highlighting the processing variables that most affect pasta quality; and (2) indicate the unknown factors that influence the pasta-making process and which need to be studied. After overviewing the last twenty years of research in the pasta sector, the interplay/relationship between processing variables and pasta quality is examined, together with the main innovations proposed for each step of pasta processing. An analysis of all the variables involved in the process and their influence on each other will elucidate how to optimize certain parameters to ensure the production of pasta with the desired characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Durum Wheat Products - Recent Advances)
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17 pages, 301 KiB  
Review
Brewing and the Chemical Composition of Amine-Containing Compounds in Beer: A Review
by Hayden Koller and Lewis B. Perkins
Foods 2022, 11(3), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030257 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3378
Abstract
As microbreweries have flourished and craft beer brewing has expanded into a multibillion-dollar industry, the ingredients and techniques used to brew beer have changed and diversified. New brewing ingredients and techniques have led to increased concern over biogenic amines in the final product. [...] Read more.
As microbreweries have flourished and craft beer brewing has expanded into a multibillion-dollar industry, the ingredients and techniques used to brew beer have changed and diversified. New brewing ingredients and techniques have led to increased concern over biogenic amines in the final product. Biogenic amine composition and concentration in beer, as well as the changes to the protein and amino acid content when adjuncts are used, have received little attention. A complex biochemical mixture, the proteins, amino acids, and biogenic amines undergo a variety of enzymatic and non-enzymatic catabolic, proteolytic, and oxidative reactions during brewing. As biogenic amines in fermented food receive increased scrutiny, evaluating knowledge gaps in the evolution of these compounds in the beer brewing process is critical. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biogenic Amines in Raw and Processed Foods: Detection and Control)
16 pages, 3168 KiB  
Article
Melatonin Treatment Improves Postharvest Preservation and Resistance of Guava Fruit (Psidium guajava L.)
by Silin Fan, Tiantian Xiong, Qiumei Lei, Qinqin Tan, Jiahui Cai, Zunyang Song, Meiyan Yang, Weixin Chen, Xueping Li and Xiaoyang Zhu
Foods 2022, 11(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030262 - 19 Jan 2022
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3495
Abstract
Guava fruit has a short postharvest shelf life at room temperature. Melatonin is widely used for preservation of various postharvest fruit and vegetables. In this study, an optimal melatonin treatment (600 μmol·L−1, 2 h) was identified, which effectively delayed fruit softening [...] Read more.
Guava fruit has a short postharvest shelf life at room temperature. Melatonin is widely used for preservation of various postharvest fruit and vegetables. In this study, an optimal melatonin treatment (600 μmol·L−1, 2 h) was identified, which effectively delayed fruit softening and reduced the incidence of anthracnose on guava fruit. Melatonin effectively enhanced the antioxidant capacity and reduced the oxidative damage to the fruit by reducing the contents of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde; improving the overall antioxidant capacity and enhancing the enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Melatonin significantly enhanced the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The contents of total flavonoids and ascorbic acid were maintained by melatonin. This treatment also enhanced the defense-related enzymatic activities of chitinase and phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes, including phenylalanine ammonia lyase and 4-coumaric acid-CoA-ligase. The activities of lipase, lipoxygenase and phospholipase D related to lipid metabolism were repressed by melatonin. These results showed that exogenous melatonin can maintain the quality of guava fruit and enhance its resistance to disease by improving the antioxidant and defense systems of the fruit. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Advances in Preservation Technology for Fresh Fruit and Vegetables)
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20 pages, 1521 KiB  
Article
Byproducts (Flour, Meals, and Groats) from the Vegetable Oil Industry as a Potential Source of Antioxidants
by Mihaela Multescu, Ioana Cristina Marinas, Iulia Elena Susman and Nastasia Belc
Foods 2022, 11(3), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030253 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3011
Abstract
The present study presents the use of photochemiluminescence assay (PCL) and 2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods for the measurement of lipid-soluble antioxidant capacity (ACL) of 14 different byproducts [...] Read more.
The present study presents the use of photochemiluminescence assay (PCL) and 2,2 diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) methods for the measurement of lipid-soluble antioxidant capacity (ACL) of 14 different byproducts obtained from the vegetable oil industry (flour, meals, and groats). The research showed that the analyzed samples contain significant amounts of phenolic compounds between 1.54 and 74.85 mg gallic acid per gram of byproduct. Grape seed flour extract had the highest content of total phenolic compounds, 74.85 mg GAE/g, while the lowest level was obtained for the sunflower groats, 1.54 mg GAE/g. DPPH values varied between 7.58 and 7182.53 mg Trolox/g of byproduct, and the highest antioxidant capacity corresponded to the grape seed flour (7182.53 mg Trolox/g), followed by walnut flour (1257.49 mg Trolox/g) and rapeseed meals (647.29 mg Trolox/g). Values of ABTS assay of analyzed samples were between 0 and 3500.52 mg Trolox/g of byproduct. Grape seed flour had the highest value of ABTS (3500.52 mg Trolox/g), followed by walnut flower (1423.98) and sea buckthorn flour (419.46). The highest values for FRAP method were represented by grape seed flour (4716.75 mg Trolox/g), followed by sunflower meals (1350.86 mg Trolox/g) and rapeseed flour (1034.92 mg Trolox/g). For CUPRAC assay, grape seed flour (5936.76 mg Trolox/g) and walnut flour (1202.75 mg Trolox/g) showed the highest antioxidant activity. To assess which method of determining antioxidant activity is most appropriate for the byproducts analyzed, relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI) was calculated. Depending on the RACI value of the analyzed byproducts, the rank of antioxidant capacity ranged from −209.46 (walnut flour) to 184.20 (grape seed flour). The most sensitive methods in developing RACI were FRAP (r = 0.5795) and DPPH (r = 0.5766), followed by CUPRAC (r = 0.5578) and ABTS (r = 0.4449), respectively. Strong positive correlations between the antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble compounds measured by PCL and other methods used for determining antioxidant activity were found (r > 0.9). Analyses have shown that the different types of byproducts obtained from the vegetable oil industry have a high antioxidant activity rich in phenolic compounds, and thus their use in bakery products can improve their nutritional quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valorization of Food Processing By-Products)
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16 pages, 3898 KiB  
Article
Pilot Study on Poultry Meat from Antibiotic Free and Conventional Farms: Can Metagenomics Detect Any Difference?
by Alessandra De Cesare, Chiara Oliveri, Alex Lucchi, Federica Savini, Gerardo Manfreda and Claudia Sala
Foods 2022, 11(3), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11030249 - 18 Jan 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2163
Abstract
Antibiotic free farms are increasing in the poultry sector in order to address new EU regulations and consumer concerns. In this pilot study, we investigated whether the efforts of raising chickens without the use antibiotics make any difference in the microbiome of poultry [...] Read more.
Antibiotic free farms are increasing in the poultry sector in order to address new EU regulations and consumer concerns. In this pilot study, we investigated whether the efforts of raising chickens without the use antibiotics make any difference in the microbiome of poultry meat eaten by consumers. To this aim we compared the microbiomes characterizing caeca and the corresponding carcasses of two groups of chickens reared, one reared on a conventional farm and one on an antibiotic-free intensive farm. The results showed a clear separation between the taxonomic, functional and antibiotic resistant genes in the caeca of the birds reared on the conventional and antibiotic free farm. However, that separation was completely lost on carcasses belonging to the two groups. The antibiotic-free production resulted in statistically significant lower antimicrobial resistance load in the caeca in comparison to the conventional production. Moreover, the antimicrobial resistance load on carcasses was much higher than in the caeca, without any significant difference between carcasses coming from the two types of farms. All in all, the results of this research highlighted the need to reduce sources of microbial contamination and antimicrobial resistance not only at the farm level but also at the post-harvest one. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Foodomics)
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15 pages, 689 KiB  
Review
Sustainable Applications for the Valorization of Cereal Processing By-Products
by Charis M. Galanakis
Foods 2022, 11(2), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11020241 - 17 Jan 2022
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 5415
Abstract
This review article revises the sustainable practices and applications to valorize valuable components recovered from cereal processing by-products. After introducing cereal processing by-products, their healthy compounds, and corresponding functional properties, the article explores reutilization opportunities of by-products emphasizing specific sources (e.g., oat and [...] Read more.
This review article revises the sustainable practices and applications to valorize valuable components recovered from cereal processing by-products. After introducing cereal processing by-products, their healthy compounds, and corresponding functional properties, the article explores reutilization opportunities of by-products emphasizing specific sources (e.g., oat and wheat bran, distillers’ dried grains, etc.) and the biorefinery approach. Proteins and soluble dietary fibers such as arabinoxylans are of particular interest due to their content in the cereal processing by-products and their easy extraction based on conventional technologies such as enzyme-assisted extraction and membrane filtration. Non-thermal technologies have also been suggested to improve sustainability recovery approaches. Finally, the article discusses the different applications for the recovered high-added value compounds that span across biotechnology, foods, and bakery products. Full article
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