Batteries

18 pages, 7783 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Fast Identification of Micro-Health Parameters for Retired Batteries Based on a Simplified P2D Model by Using Padé Approximation

by Jianing Xu, Chuanyu Sun, Yulong Ni, Chao Lyu, Chao Wu, He Zhang, Qingjun Yang and Fei Feng

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010064 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3013

Abstract

Better performance consistency of regrouped batteries retired from electric vehicles can guarantee the residual value maximized, which greatly improves the second-use application economy of retired batteries. This paper develops a fast identification approach for micro-health parameters characterizing negative electrode material and electrolyte in [...] Read more.

Better performance consistency of regrouped batteries retired from electric vehicles can guarantee the residual value maximized, which greatly improves the second-use application economy of retired batteries. This paper develops a fast identification approach for micro-health parameters characterizing negative electrode material and electrolyte in LiFePO₄ batteries on the basis of a simplified pseudo two-dimensional model by using Padé approximation is developed. First, as the basis for accurately identifying micro-health parameters, the liquid-phase and solid-phase diffusion processes of pseudo two-dimensional model are simplified based on Padé approximation, especially according to enhanced boundary conditions of liquid-phase diffusion. Second, the reduced pseudo two-dimensional model with the lumped parameter is proposed, the target parameters characterizing negative electrode material (ε_n, D_s,n) and electrolyte (D_e, C_e) are grouped with other unknown but fixed parameters, which ensures that no matter whether the target parameters can be achieved, the corresponding varying traces is able to be effectively and independently monitored by lumped parameters. Third, the fast identification method for target micro-health parameters is developed based on the sensitivity of target parameters to constant-current charging voltage, which shortens the parameter identification time in comparison to that obtained by other approaches. Finally, the identification accuracy of the lumped micro-health parameters is verified under 1 C constant-current charging condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Energy Storage in Advanced Power Systems)

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16 pages, 6251 KiB

Open AccessReview

Towards High-Safety Lithium-Ion Battery Diagnosis Methods

by Yulong Zhang, Meng Jiang, Yuhong Zhou, Shupeng Zhao and Yongwei Yuan

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010063 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3345

Abstract

With the great development of new energy vehicles and power batteries, lithium-ion batteries have become predominant due to their advantages. For the battery to run safely, stably, and with high efficiency, the precise and reliable prognosis and diagnosis of possible or already occurred [...] Read more.

With the great development of new energy vehicles and power batteries, lithium-ion batteries have become predominant due to their advantages. For the battery to run safely, stably, and with high efficiency, the precise and reliable prognosis and diagnosis of possible or already occurred faults is a key factor. Based on lithium-ion batteries’ aging mechanism and fault causes, this paper summarizes the general methods of fault diagnosis at a macro level. Moreover, lithium-ion battery fault diagnosis methods are classified according to the existing research. Therefore, various fault diagnosis methods based on statistical analysis, models, signal processing, knowledge and data-driven are discussed in depth. Finally, the main challenges faced by fault diagnosis technology and future directions for possible research and development are put forward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Modelling, Simulation, Management and Application)

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28 pages, 8852 KiB

Open AccessReview

Aqueous Zinc–Chalcogen Batteries: Emerging Conversion-Type Energy Storage Systems

by Long Zhang and Yongchang Liu

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010062 - 16 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3013

Abstract

Aqueous zinc (Zn) metal batteries are considered competitive candidates for next-generation energy storage, attributed to the abundance, low redox potential, and high theoretical capacity of Zn. However, conventional cathode materials are mainly based on ion-insertion electrochemistry, which can only deliver limited capacity. The [...] Read more.

Aqueous zinc (Zn) metal batteries are considered competitive candidates for next-generation energy storage, attributed to the abundance, low redox potential, and high theoretical capacity of Zn. However, conventional cathode materials are mainly based on ion-insertion electrochemistry, which can only deliver limited capacity. The conversion-type aqueous zinc–chalcogen batteries (AZCBs) have received widespread attention because they combine the advantages of chalcogen cathodes (S, Se, and Te) and Zn anodes to significantly enhance their capacity. Research on AZCBs has increased continuously; however, it is still in its infancy because the selection and regulation of cathode material systems are not comprehensive and systematic, and the investigation of the mechanisms is not thorough. Herein, we present a detailed overview explaining the recent progress of AZCBs, providing comprehensive guidelines for further research. First, research based on S cathodes, which is the most studied system among AZCBs, is summarized. Second, research based on Se and Te cathodes is described. Research on these different systems is mainly focused on electrolyte modification and cathode optimization. In each section, various strategies are introduced, and the working mechanisms are also discussed. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the development of AZCBs are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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9 pages, 184 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Acknowledgment to the Reviewers of Batteries in 2022

by Batteries Editorial Office

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010061 - 16 Jan 2023

Viewed by 1576

Abstract

High-quality academic publishing is built on rigorous peer review [...] Full article

18 pages, 15479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Phase Change Materials on Lithium-Ion Plate Batteries

by Jawed Mustafa, Saeed Alqaed, Shahid Husain, Basharat Jamil, Mohsen Sharifpur and Goshtasp Cheraghian

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010060 - 15 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2170

Abstract

This paper presents the simulations of the cooling system of a battery pack (BTPC) consisting of lithium-ion (LIN) plate batteries. The BTPC includes six battery cells (BTCL) in two rows with three BTCLs, which are placed in a channel with one inlet and [...] Read more.

This paper presents the simulations of the cooling system of a battery pack (BTPC) consisting of lithium-ion (LIN) plate batteries. The BTPC includes six battery cells (BTCL) in two rows with three BTCLs, which are placed in a channel with one inlet and two outlets. The laminar and steady airflow flows in the channel. Phase-change material (PCM)-filled rectangular cubic enclosures enclose every BTCL. Transiently adjusting the cavity aspect ratio (AR) every 6000 s is how this investigation is conducted. For four values of AR, the values of the PCM volume percentage surrounding each BTCL in the BTPC, and the temperature of each BTCL are calculated. The simulations are performed using the FEM and COMSOL software. The results demonstrate that the maximum changes in temperature of the battery (TOB) pack by changing the AR occur when the TOB pack is reduced. The maximum temperature reduction at this time is 1.88 °C which occurs between AR2 and AR4 at 720 s. The maximum temperature corresponds to AR3 and AR4 and the minimum one is related to AR1 and AR2. From 1260 to 3500 s, the effect of AR on PCM volume fraction is maximal. The value of solid PCM for AR1 and AR2 is higher than that for AR3 and AR4 at different times. Additionally, an increment in the value of the AR enhances the amount of channel pressure drop by 14%. Full article

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15 pages, 3877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

NASICON-Type Li_1+xAl_xZr_yTi_2−x−y(PO₄)₃ Solid Electrolytes: Effect of Al, Zr Co-Doping and Synthesis Method

by Irina Stenina, Anastasia Pyrkova and Andrey Yaroslavtsev

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010059 - 15 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2503

Abstract

Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state conductors is one of the key challenges to increasing the safety and energy density of next-generation Li secondary batteries. In this work, the NASICON-type Li_1+xAl_xZr_yTi_2−x−y(PO₄)₃ with 0 [...] Read more.

Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state conductors is one of the key challenges to increasing the safety and energy density of next-generation Li secondary batteries. In this work, the NASICON-type Li_1+xAl_xZr_yTi_2−x−y(PO₄)₃ with 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 0.2 solid electrolytes were synthesized using solid-state and sol-gel techniques at various sintering temperatures (800, 900, and 1000 °C). Their morphology and conducting properties were studied to determine the optimal dopant content and synthesis method. Li_1.2Al_0.2Zr_0.1Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ and Li_1.1Al_0.1Zr_0.2Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃ prepared at 900 °C using a solid-state reaction exhibit the highest total conductivity at 25 °C (7.9 × 10⁻⁴ and 5.4 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹, respectively), which is due to the optimal size of lithium transport channels, as well as the high density of these samples. The potential profile of Li|Li_1.2Al_0.2Zr_0.1Ti_1.7(PO₄)₃|Li cells was retained during cycling at a current density of 0.05 mA cm⁻² for 100 h, indicating a high interfacial Li metal/electrolyte stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries)

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15 pages, 2209 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Cycle Life of Silicon-Dominant Anodes Based on Microscale Silicon Particles under Partial Lithiation

by Stefan Haufe, Johanna Ranninger, Rebecca Bernhard, Irmgard Buchberger and Eckhard Hanelt

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010058 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2832

Abstract

Using only parts of the maximum capacity of silicon microparticles in a lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode represents a promising material concept. The high capacity, better rate capability compared with graphite and accessibility on an industrial scale, as well as its attractive cost make [...] Read more.

Using only parts of the maximum capacity of silicon microparticles in a lithium-ion battery (LIB) anode represents a promising material concept. The high capacity, better rate capability compared with graphite and accessibility on an industrial scale, as well as its attractive cost make microsilicon an ideal choice for the next generation anode material. However, currently the cycle life of LIBs using silicon particles in the anode is limited due to drastic volume change of Si during lithiation and delithiation. Continuous formation of a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the associated lithium loss are the main failure mechanisms, while particle decoupling from the conductive network plays a role mainly during operation at low discharge voltages. The present study discusses approaches on the material- and cell-level to enhance cycle performance of partially lithiated silicon microparticle-based full cells by addressing the previously described failure mechanisms. Reducing the surface area of the silicon particles and coating their surface with carbon to improve the electronic contact, as well as prelithiation to compensate for lithium losses have proven to be the most promising approaches. The advantageous combination of these routes resulted in a significant increase in cycling stability exceeding 600 cycles with 80% capacity retention at an initial capacity of about 1000 mAh g⁻¹ at anode level, compared to only about 250 cycles for the non-optimized full cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anodes for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries)

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25 pages, 2066 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review on Dynamic Recycling of Electric Vehicle Battery: Disassembly and Echelon Utilization

by Jinhua Xiao, Chengran Jiang and Bo Wang

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010057 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5228

Abstract

With the growing requirements of retired electric vehicles (EVs), the recycling of EV batteries is being paid more and more attention to regarding its disassembly and echelon utilization to reach highly efficient resource utilization and environmental protection. In order to make full use [...] Read more.

With the growing requirements of retired electric vehicles (EVs), the recycling of EV batteries is being paid more and more attention to regarding its disassembly and echelon utilization to reach highly efficient resource utilization and environmental protection. In order to make full use of the retired EV batteries, we here discuss various possible application methods of echelon utilization, including hierarchical analysis methods based on various battery evaluation index. In addition, retired EV battery disassembly is also reviewed through the entire EV battery recycling based on human–robot collaboration methods. In order to improve the efficiency and reduce the cost of EV recycling, it is necessary to find a suitable recycling mode and disassembly process. This paper discusses the future possibility of echelon utilization and disassembly in retired EV battery recycling from disassembly optimization and human–robot collaboration, facing uncertain disassembly and echelon utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects in Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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21 pages, 5046 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Vanadium-Redoxed Polyanions for High-Voltage Sodium-Ion Batteries

by Honglun Wu, Yiqing Chen, Tianzhuo Wen, Long Chen, Xiangjun Pu and Zhongxue Chen

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010056 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3075

Abstract

Large-scale energy storage using sodium ion batteries (SIBs) as a hub for the conversion of renewable energy has become a topic of great importance. However, the application of SIBs is hindered by low energy density arising from inferior capacity and operation voltage. In [...] Read more.

Large-scale energy storage using sodium ion batteries (SIBs) as a hub for the conversion of renewable energy has become a topic of great importance. However, the application of SIBs is hindered by low energy density arising from inferior capacity and operation voltage. In this regard, vanadium-based phosphate polyanions with multiple valence changes (III–V), high redox potential, abundant resources, spacious frame structure, and remarkable thermal stability are promising avenues to address this dilemma. In this review, following the principle of electronic structure and function relationship, we summarize the recent progress in phosphates, pyrophosphates, fluorophosphates, and mixed polyanions of vanadium-centered polyanionic materials for SIBs. This review may provide comprehensive understanding and guidelines to further construct high performance, low-cost sodium-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrode Materials for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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Graphical abstract

10 pages, 993 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On the Theory of the Arrhenius-Normal Model with Applications to the Life Distribution of Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Omar Kittaneh

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010055 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1953

Abstract

Typically, in accelerated life testing analysis, only probability distributions possessing shape parameters are used to fit the experimental data, and many distributions with no shape parameters have been excluded, including the fundamental ones like the normal distribution, even when they are good fitters [...] Read more.

Typically, in accelerated life testing analysis, only probability distributions possessing shape parameters are used to fit the experimental data, and many distributions with no shape parameters have been excluded, including the fundamental ones like the normal distribution, even when they are good fitters to the data. This work shows that the coefficient of variation is a replacement for the shape parameter and allows using normal distributions in this context. The work focuses on the Arrhenius-normal model as a life-stress relationship for lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries and precisely derives the estimating equations of its accelerating parameters. Real and simulated lives of Li-ion batteries are used to validate our results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical, Thermal, and Safety Properties of Lithium and Post-Li Materials and Cells II)

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13 pages, 4003 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spinel-Structured, Multi-Component Transition Metal Oxide (Ni,Co,Mn)Fe₂O_4−x as Long-Life Lithium-Ion Battery Anode Material

by Lishan Dong, Zigang Wang, Yongyan Li, Chao Jin, Fangbing Dong, Weimin Zhao, Chunling Qin and Zhifeng Wang

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010054 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2622

Abstract

Metal oxide anode materials are affected by severe volume expansion and cracking in the charging/discharging process, resulting in low capacity and poor cycle stability, which limits their application in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a new strategy is uncovered for a preparing spinel-structured, multi-component [...] Read more.

Metal oxide anode materials are affected by severe volume expansion and cracking in the charging/discharging process, resulting in low capacity and poor cycle stability, which limits their application in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, a new strategy is uncovered for a preparing spinel-structured, multi-component transition metal oxide, (Ni,Co,Mn)Fe₂O_4−x, with oxygen vacancies as an LIB anode material. The as-fabricated material presented excellent reversible capacity and cycling stability, delivering a discharge capacity of 1240.2 mAh g⁻¹ at 100 mA g⁻¹ for 200 cycles and then at 300 mA g⁻¹ for 300 additional cycles. It presented extremely long cycle stability even at 2 A g⁻¹, revealing 650.5 mAh g⁻¹ after 1200 cycles. The good lithium storage capacity can be ascribed to the entropy stabilization effect, the multi-cation synergistic effect, abundant oxygen vacancies and the spinel structure. This study provides a new opportunity to fabricate and optimize conversion-type anodes for LIBs with satisfactory electrochemical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-Ion Battery Materials: Latest Advances and Prospects)

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13 pages, 1180 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tailored Pre-Lithiation Using Melt-Deposited Lithium Thin Films

by Kay Schönherr, Markus Pöthe, Benjamin Schumm, Holger Althues, Christoph Leyens and Stefan Kaskel

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010053 - 12 Jan 2023

Viewed by 3024

Abstract

The user demands lithium-ion batteries in mobile applications, and electric vehicles request steady improvement in terms of capacity and cycle life. This study shows one way to compensate for capacity losses due to SEI formation during the first cycles. A fast and simple [...] Read more.

The user demands lithium-ion batteries in mobile applications, and electric vehicles request steady improvement in terms of capacity and cycle life. This study shows one way to compensate for capacity losses due to SEI formation during the first cycles. A fast and simple approach of electrolyte-free direct-contact pre-lithiation leads to targeted degrees of pre-lithiation for graphite electrodes. It uses tailor-made lithium thin films with 1–5 µm lithium films produced by lithium melt deposition as a lithium source. These pre-lithiated graphite electrodes show 6.5% capacity increase after the first cycles in NCM full cells. In this study, the influence of the pre-lithiation parameters—applied pressure, temperature and pressing time—on the pre-lithiation process is examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Batteries)

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14 pages, 3726 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficient Battery Models for Performance Studies-Lithium Ion and Nickel Metal Hydride Battery

by Umapathi Krishnamoorthy, Parimala Gandhi Ayyavu, Hitesh Panchal, Dayana Shanmugam, Sukanya Balasubramani, Ali Jawad Al-rubaie, Ameer Al-khaykan, Ankit D. Oza, Sagram Hembrom, Tvarit Patel, Petrica Vizureanu and Diana-Petronela Burduhos-Nergis

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010052 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3248

Abstract

Apart from being emission-free, electric vehicles enjoy benefits such as low maintenance and operating costs, noise-free, easy to drive, and the convenience of charging at home. All these benefits are directly dependent on the performance of the battery used in the vehicle. In [...] Read more.

Apart from being emission-free, electric vehicles enjoy benefits such as low maintenance and operating costs, noise-free, easy to drive, and the convenience of charging at home. All these benefits are directly dependent on the performance of the battery used in the vehicle. In this paper, one-dimensional modeling of Li-ion and NiMH batteries was developed, and their performances were studied. The performance characteristics of the batteries, such as the charging and discharging characteristics, the constituent losses of over-potential voltage, and the electrolyte concentration profile at various stages of charge and discharge cycles, were also studied. It is found that the electrolyte concentration profiles of Li-ion batteries show a drooping behavior at the start of the discharge cycle and a rising behavior at the end of discharge because of the concentration polarization due to the low diffusion coefficient. The electrolyte concentration profiles of NiMH batteries show rising behavior throughout the discharge cycle without any deviations. The reason behind this even behavior throughout the discharge cycle is attributed to the reduced concentration polarization due to electrolyte transport limitations. It is found that the losses associated with the NiMH battery are larger and almost constant throughout the battery’s operation. Whereas for the Li-ion batteries, the losses are less variable. The electrolyte concentration directly affects the overpotential losses incurred during the charging and discharging phases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium-Ion Batteries and Li-Ion Capacitors: From Fundamentals to Practical Applications)

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11 pages, 3335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Performance of LiFePO₄ Battery by Using a Novel Gel Composite Polymer Electrolyte

by Ke Wu, Naiqi Hu, Shuchan Wang, Zhiyuan Geng and Wenwen Deng

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010051 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2102

Abstract

Composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) is expected to have great prospects in solid-state batteries. However, their application is impeded due to the poor interfacial compatibility between CPE and electrodes that result in sluggish ionic transformation, especially at low temperatures. Here, on the basis of [...] Read more.

Composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) is expected to have great prospects in solid-state batteries. However, their application is impeded due to the poor interfacial compatibility between CPE and electrodes that result in sluggish ionic transformation, especially at low temperatures. Here, on the basis of Poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) polymer electrolyte, gel composite polymer electrolyte (GCPE) with fast Li⁺ transport channel is prepared by in-situ polymerization with poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEA) monomer and FEC as additive. Compared with CPE, GCPE increases the ionic conductivity by 10 times. It also achieves more uniform lithium precipitation and significantly inhibits the growth of lithium dendrites. The LFP/GCPE/Li battery has a capacity retention of over 99% at both room temperature and 0 °C after 100 cycles. In addition, the coulombic efficiency is above 99% during cycling. Our work provides a new technology to prepare GCPE with high ionic conductivity at both room temperature and low temperatures that has great potential in the application of solid-state lithium batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Secondary Batteries)

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11 pages, 2127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ni/Fe Bimetallic Ions Co-Doped Manganese Dioxide Cathode Materials for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

by Feifei Gao, Wenchao Shi, Bowen Jiang, Zhenzhi Xia, Lei Zhang and Qinyou An

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010050 - 11 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2754

Abstract

The slow diffusion dynamics hinder aqueous MnO₂/Zn batteries’ further development. Here, a Ni/Fe bimetallic co-doped MnO₂ (NFMO) cathode material was studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental characterization techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique [...] Read more.

The slow diffusion dynamics hinder aqueous MnO₂/Zn batteries’ further development. Here, a Ni/Fe bimetallic co-doped MnO₂ (NFMO) cathode material was studied by density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental characterization techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS). The results indicated that the energy band structure and electronic state of MnO₂ were effectively optimized due to the simultaneous incorporation of strongly electronegative Ni and Fe ions. Consequently, the NFMO cathode material exhibited a faster charge transfer and ion diffusion dynamics than MnO₂ (MO), thus, the assembled NFMO/Zn batteries delivered excellent rate performance (181 mA h g⁻¹ at 3 A g⁻¹). The bimetallic ions co-doping strategy provides new directions for the development of oxide cathode materials towards high-performance aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Battery Materials)

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9 pages, 5024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Selenization of NiCo-Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets for High-Performance Supercapacitors

by Mengdi Wang, Xingyu Liu and Xiang Wu

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010049 - 10 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2201

Abstract

Due to their unique spatial structures, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been considered as prospective electrode materials for supercapacitors. In this work, several NiCo-LDH materials are obtained via a facile selenization process. This can improve the conductivity and reduce the electrochemical impedance of [...] Read more.

Due to their unique spatial structures, layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been considered as prospective electrode materials for supercapacitors. In this work, several NiCo-LDH materials are obtained via a facile selenization process. This can improve the conductivity and reduce the electrochemical impedance of the samples. The 0.4Se-NiCo-LDH materials deliver a specific capacitance of 1396 F/g at 1 A/g. The capacity retention rate can reach 91.38% after 10,000 cycles. In addition, using the prepared materials as a positive electrode, an asymmetric supercapacitor is constructed. It offers an energy density of 60 Wh/kg at a power density of 2700 W/kg, demonstrating that the synthesized samples possess promising applications in future flexible energy-storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance and Sustainable Supercapacitors: Current Status and Perspective)

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26 pages, 5546 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of the Structural Design of Anode Materials in Sodium-Ion Batteries Based on MXenes and Their Composites

by Mengwei Yuan, Xingzi Zheng, Jingshen Xu, Qiao Ni, Luoqi Luo, Zejun Cai, Zemin Sun, Liu Lin and Genban Sun

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010048 - 08 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3015

Abstract

The typical two-dimensional layered structure materials, MXenes, are widely used in energy conversion and storage due to their high conductivity, ion transport ability, and rich surface structures. Recently, MXenes and their composites have been widely employed in secondary batteries, especially sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), [...] Read more.

The typical two-dimensional layered structure materials, MXenes, are widely used in energy conversion and storage due to their high conductivity, ion transport ability, and rich surface structures. Recently, MXenes and their composites have been widely employed in secondary batteries, especially sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), with obvious performance improvement. As anodic materials, MXenes, metal oxides, metal sulfides, and other materials contain certain advantages in Na⁺ storage, but they individually also suffer from some issues and challenges, such as low conductivity and serious volume change, as well as the associated low capacity and poor cyclability. By virtue of the advantages of MXenes, with their high conductivity and ultrathin two-dimensional structures, the construction of surface-functionalized MXenes and MXene-based composites could effectively improve the conductivity and mass-transport properties of composites, alleviate volume expansion, and, thus, enhance the capacity properties, rate performances, and cycle stability of SIBs. Herein, we review the latest research status of the structural design of MXenes and Mxene-based materials, as well as their applications in SIBs. We briefly introduce the research background and introduce MXenes and SIBs, and focus on their structural designs and corresponding applications in SIBs. Finally, the important challenges of MXene-based materials applied to SIBs are discussed, and the future prospects of MXene-based composite developments in SIBs are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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27 pages, 8163 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoicePerspective

Use of Water-In-Salt Concentrated Liquid Electrolytes in Electrochemical Energy Storage: State of the Art and Perspectives

by Shahid Khalid, Nicolò Pianta, Piercarlo Mustarelli and Riccardo Ruffo

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010047 - 07 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4456

Abstract

Batteries based on organic electrolytes have been raising safety concerns due to some associated fire/explosion accidents caused by the unusual combination of highly flammable organic electrolytes and high energy electrodes. Nonflammable aqueous batteries are a good alternative to the current energy storage systems. [...] Read more.

Batteries based on organic electrolytes have been raising safety concerns due to some associated fire/explosion accidents caused by the unusual combination of highly flammable organic electrolytes and high energy electrodes. Nonflammable aqueous batteries are a good alternative to the current energy storage systems. However, what makes aqueous batteries safe and viable turns out to be their main weakness, since water molecules are prone to decomposition because of a narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW). In this perspective we introduce aqueous batteries and then discuss the state-of-the-art of water-in-salt (WIS) electrolytes for aqueous energy storage systems. The main strategies to improve ESW are reviewed, including: (i) the use of fluorinated salts to make a solid electrolyte interphase (SEI); (ii) the use of cost-effective and highly soluble salts to reduce water activity through super concentration; and (iii) the use of hybrid electrolytes combining the advantages of both aqueous and non-aqueous phases. Then, we discuss different battery chemistries operated with different WIS electrolytes. Finally, we highlight the challenges and future technological perspectives for practical aqueous energy storage systems, including applications in stationary storage/grid, power backup, portable electronics, and automotive sectors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Energy Storage Materials and Devices)

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14 pages, 4068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MOF-Derived Urchin-like Co₉S₈-Ni₃S₂ Composites on Ni Foam as Efficient Self-Supported Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction

by Yingping Bu, Yawen Zhang, Yingying Liu, Simin Li, Yanlin Zhou, Xuefen Lin, Zicong Dong, Renchun Zhang, Jingchao Zhang and Daojun Zhang

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010046 - 07 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1997

Abstract

Effective and inexpensive electrocatalysts are significant to improve the performance of oxygen evolution reaction. Facing the bottleneck of slow kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction, it is highly desirable to design the electrocatalyst with high activity, good conductivity, and satisfactory stability. In this work, [...] Read more.

Effective and inexpensive electrocatalysts are significant to improve the performance of oxygen evolution reaction. Facing the bottleneck of slow kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction, it is highly desirable to design the electrocatalyst with high activity, good conductivity, and satisfactory stability. In this work, nickel foam supported hierarchical Co₉S₈–Ni₃S₂ composite hollow microspheres were derived from in situ-generative MOF precursors and the subsequent sulfurization process by a simple two-step solvothermal method. The composite microspheres were directly grown on nickel foam without any binder, and nickel foam was used as the nickel source and support material. The morphology and constitution of the series self-supported electrodes were characterized by SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS, and Raman, respectively. The unique porous architecture enriched the electrode with sufficient active surface and helped to reactants and bubble evolved during electrochemical water oxidation. Through tuning the concentration of cobalt source and ligand, the content ratio of Co₉S₈ and Ni₃S₂ can be modulated. The heterostructures not only afford active interfaces between the phases but also allow electronic transfer between Co₉S₈ and Ni₃S₂. The optimized Co₉S₈-Ni₃S₂/NF-0.6 electrode with the highest electrochemical surface area and conductivity shows the best OER performance among the series electrodes in 1 M KOH solution. The overpotential of Co₉S₈-Ni₃S₂/NF-0.6 is only 233 mV when the current density is 10 mA cm⁻², and corresponding Tafel slope is 116.75 mV dec⁻¹. In addition, the current density of Co₉S₈-Ni₃S₂/NF-0.6 electrocatalyst hardly decreased during the 12 h stability measurement. Our approach in this work may provide the future rational design and synthesis of satisfactory OER electrocatalysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Focuses on Zinc-Air Batteries)

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20 pages, 4715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tuning Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Electrodes via Synthesis Temperature Adjustment to Improve Sodium- and Lithium-Ion Storage

by Yuliya V. Fedoseeva, Elena V. Shlyakhova, Anna A. Vorfolomeeva, Mariya A. Grebenkina, Vitalii I. Sysoev, Svetlana G. Stolyarova, Evgeny A. Maksimovskiy, Anna A. Makarova, Alexander V. Okotrub and Lyubov G. Bulusheva

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010045 - 06 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1970

Abstract

Structural imperfections, heteroatom dopants, and the interconnected pore structure of carbon materials have a huge impact on their electrochemical performance in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries due to the specific ion transport and the dominant storage mechanism at surface defect sites. In this work, [...] Read more.

Structural imperfections, heteroatom dopants, and the interconnected pore structure of carbon materials have a huge impact on their electrochemical performance in lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries due to the specific ion transport and the dominant storage mechanism at surface defect sites. In this work, mesopore-enriched nitrogen-doped carbon (NC) materials were produced with template-assisted chemical vapor deposition using calcium tartrate as the template precursor and acetonitrile as the carbon and nitrogen source. The chemical states of nitrogen, the volume of mesopores, and the specific surface areas of the materials were regulated by adjusting the synthesis temperature. The electrochemical testing of NC materials synthesized at 650, 750, and 850 °C revealed the best performance of the NC-650 sample, which was able to deliver 182 mA·h·g⁻¹ in sodium-ion batteries and 1158 mA·h·g⁻¹ in lithium-ion batteries at a current density of 0.05 A·g⁻¹. Our study shows the role of defect sites, including carbon monovacancies and nitrogen-terminated vacancies, in the binding and accumulation of sodium. The results provide a strategy for managing the carbon structure and nitrogen states to achieve a high alkali-metal-ion storage capacity and long cycling stability, thereby facilitating the electrochemical application of NC materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries)

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20 pages, 6714 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Heat Dissipation Performance of a Liquid Cooling Battery Pack with Different Pin-Fins

by Maokun Xiong, Ningbo Wang, Wei Li, Akhil Garg and Liang Gao

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010044 - 06 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2445

Abstract

The heat dissipation capability of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) is a prerequisite for the safe and normal work of the battery. Currently, many researchers have designed and studied the structure of BTMS to better control the battery temperature in a specific [...] Read more.

The heat dissipation capability of the battery thermal management system (BTMS) is a prerequisite for the safe and normal work of the battery. Currently, many researchers have designed and studied the structure of BTMS to better control the battery temperature in a specific range and to obtain better temperature uniformity. This allows the battery to work safely and efficiently while extending its life. As a result, BTMS has been a hot topic of research. This work investigates the impact of pin-fins on the heat dissipation capability of the BTMS using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, designs several BTMS schemes with different pin-fin structures, simulates all schemes for fluid-structure interaction, and examines the impact of different distribution, number, and shape of pin-fins on heat dissipation capability and pressure drop. Analyzing the effect of cooling plates with different pin-fins on the thermal capability of the BTMS can provide a basis for the structural design of this BTMS with pin-fin cooling plates. The findings demonstrate that the distribution and quantity of pin-fin shapes might affect heat dissipation. The square-section pin-fins offer better heat dissipation than other pin-fin shapes. As the pin-fins number increases, the maximum battery temperature decreases, but the pressure drop increases. It has been observed that uniform pin-fin distribution has a superior heat dissipation effect than other pin-fin distribution schemes. In summary, the cooling plate with a uniform distribution of 3 × 6 square section pin-fins has better heat dissipation capability and less power consumption, with a maximum battery temperature of 306.19 K, an average temperature of 304.20 K, a temperature difference of 5.18 K, and a pressure drop of 99.29 Pa. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Trends and Prospects in Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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17 pages, 3752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State of Charge Estimation of LiFePO₄ in Various Temperature Scenarios

by Mingzhu Wang, Guan Wang, Zhanlong Xiao, Yuedong Sun and Yuejiu Zheng

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010043 - 06 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3865

Abstract

The state estimation of a battery is a significant component of a BMS. Due to the poor temperature performance and voltage plateau phase in LiFePO₄ batteries, the difficulty of state estimation is greatly increased. At the same time, the ambient temperature in [...] Read more.

The state estimation of a battery is a significant component of a BMS. Due to the poor temperature performance and voltage plateau phase in LiFePO₄ batteries, the difficulty of state estimation is greatly increased. At the same time, the ambient temperature in which the battery operates is changeable, and its parameters will vary with the temperature. Therefore, it is extremely challenging to estimate the state of LiFePO₄ batteries under variable temperatures. In an effort to accurately estimate the SOC of LiFePO₄ batteries at different and variable temperatures, as well as its capacity at low temperature, the characteristics of LiFePO₄ batteries at different temperatures are first tested. In addition, a variable temperature OCV experiment is designed to obtain the OCV of the full SOC range. Then, the ECM considering temperature is established and all parameters are identified by PSO. Finally, an improved EKF algorithm is presented to accurately estimate the SOC of LiFePO₄ batteries at different and variable temperatures. Meanwhile, the battery capacity at low temperature is further estimated based on the estimated SOC result. The results show that SOC estimation errors at variable temperature are all within 3%, and the capacity estimation errors at low temperature are all within 1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Energy Storage in Advanced Power Systems)

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22 pages, 7927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Different Charging Currents and Temperatures on the Voltage Plateau Behavior of Li-Ion Batteries

by Xingxing Wang, Yujie Zhang, Yelin Deng, Yinnan Yuan, Fubao Zhang, Shuaishuai Lv, Yu Zhu and Hongjun Ni

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010042 - 05 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4820

Abstract

Lithium-ion power batteries, which are the foundation of electric cars and are expected to play a significant role in a variety of operating environments and application situations, have major development prospects. In order to obtain the optimal operation range of ternary Li-ion batteries [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion power batteries, which are the foundation of electric cars and are expected to play a significant role in a variety of operating environments and application situations, have major development prospects. In order to obtain the optimal operation range of ternary Li-ion batteries under various current rates and test temperatures, the characteristics of the voltage plateau period (VPP) of batteries in different states are examined by piecewise fitting based on charging and discharging cycle experiments. The findings demonstrate that while charging at current rates of 0.10C, 0.25C, 0.50C, 0.75C, and 1.00C under temperatures of 40 °C, 25 °C, and 10 °C, the battery’s termination voltage changes seamlessly from 3.5–3.75 V, 3.55–3.8 V, 3.6–3.85 V, 3.7–4 V, and 3.85–4.05 V, the growth in surface temperature does not surpass its maximum level, and the charge capacity exceeds 50%. Batteries operate more effectively. When the test temperature is −20 °C, the voltage rebound stage that occurs in the initial period of charging at 0.50C, 0.75C, and 1.00C accounts for the highest charge capacity, close to 70%. The study’s findings can be used as a guide when designing a lithium-ion power battery’s model and control method for an electric vehicle’s energy storage system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lithium Batteries: Theory, Design, and Applications)

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46 pages, 10241 KiB

Open AccessReview

An Overview of Challenges and Strategies for Stabilizing Zinc Anodes in Aqueous Rechargeable Zn-Ion Batteries

by Nhat Anh Thieu, Wei Li, Xiujuan Chen, Shanshan Hu, Hanchen Tian, Ha Ngoc Ngan Tran, Wenyuan Li, David M. Reed, Xiaolin Li and Xingbo Liu

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010041 - 05 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 5873

Abstract

Aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been revived and are considered a promising candidate for scalable electrochemical energy storage systems due to their intrinsic safety, low cost, large abundance, mature recyclability, competitive electrochemical performance, and sustainability. However, the deployment of aqueous rechargeable [...] Read more.

Aqueous rechargeable zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) have been revived and are considered a promising candidate for scalable electrochemical energy storage systems due to their intrinsic safety, low cost, large abundance, mature recyclability, competitive electrochemical performance, and sustainability. However, the deployment of aqueous rechargeable ZIBs is still hampered by the poor electrochemical stability and reversibility of Zn anodes, which is a common, inherent issue for most metal-based anodes. This review presents a comprehensive and timely overview of the challenges and strategies of Zn anodes toward durable ZIBs. First, several challenges that significantly reduce the Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability of Zn anodes are briefly discussed including dendrite formation, hydrogen evolution, and corrosion. Then, the mitigation strategies are summarized in terms of modifying the electrode/electrolyte interfaces, designing electrode structures, and optimizing electrolytes and separators. Further, we comprehensively discuss the mechanisms behind these issues and improvement strategies with respect to the anodes, electrolytes, and separators. Lastly, we provide perspectives and critical analyses of remaining challenges, outlook, and future direction for accelerating the practical application of aqueous rechargeable ZIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc-Ion Batteries: Issues and Opportunities)

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10 pages, 2100 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nitrogen, Phosphorus Co-Doped Graphite Felt as Highly Efficient Electrode for VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ Reaction

by Zhang Jialin, Liu Yiyang, Lu Shanfu and Xiang Yan

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010040 - 05 Jan 2023

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2187

Abstract

All-vanadium redox flow batteries hold promise for the next-generation grid-level energy storage technology in the future. However, the low electrocatalytic activity of initial graphite felt constrains the development of VRFBs. Furthermore, the positive VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ reaction involves complex multistep processes [...] Read more.

All-vanadium redox flow batteries hold promise for the next-generation grid-level energy storage technology in the future. However, the low electrocatalytic activity of initial graphite felt constrains the development of VRFBs. Furthermore, the positive VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ reaction involves complex multistep processes and more sluggish kinetics than negative V²⁺/V³⁺ reaction. Therefore, enhancing the kinetics of positive reaction is especially important. Heteroatom doping is one of the effective strategies for preparing carbon electrodes with high electrocatalytic activity and good stability. Here, a nitrogen, phosphorus co-doped graphite felt is prepared. Nitrogen introduces more negative charge into the carbon lattice due to the higher electronegativity, and more oxygen-containing functional groups will be introduced into the carbon lattice due to phosphorus-doped graphite felt. N, P co-doping provides more adsorption sites for vanadium ions. As a result, nitrogen, phosphorus co-doped graphite felt shows high electrochemical activity and good stability, and the corresponding VRFB presents a good voltage efficiency of 75% at a current density of 300 mA cm⁻², which is 11% higher than the pristine graphite felt. During 100 charge/discharge cycles, the energy efficiency and voltage efficiency remain at 84% and 86% under the current density of 150 mA cm⁻². Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Promising Redox Flow Batteries)

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18 pages, 2874 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Evaluation of Different Graphite Felt Electrode Treatments in Full Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

by Itziar Azpitarte, Unai Eletxigerra, Angela Barros, Estibaliz Aranzabe and Rosalía Cid

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010039 - 05 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2219

Abstract

The use of flow batteries for energy storage has attracted considerable attention with the increased use of renewable resources. It is well known that the performance of a flow battery depends, among other factors, on the properties of the electrodes, which are generally [...] Read more.

The use of flow batteries for energy storage has attracted considerable attention with the increased use of renewable resources. It is well known that the performance of a flow battery depends, among other factors, on the properties of the electrodes, which are generally composed of graphite felt (GF). In this work, thermal, chemical and plasma treatments have been employed to modify the surface of the graphite felt to improve the electrochemical activity of the redox flow cell. The influence of the variables of each of these processes on the generation of surface functional groups and on changes in the obtained surface area have been examined. In this work, the kinetics of redox reactions relevant to the VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ reaction have been studied with these treated electrodes and the relationship between the nature of the surface and electrochemical activity of the GF is discussed. As a result, an enhanced electrochemical performance (reduction over 200 mV of the separation between anodic and cathodic peaks and 110 mV of the onset potential) in comparison to the untreated GF is obtained for those GF treatments with low oxygenated groups concentration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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12 pages, 5772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced High-Rate Capability of Iodide-Doped Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ as an Anode for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Lukman Noerochim, Rachmad Sulaksono Prabowo, Widyastuti Widyastuti, Diah Susanti, Achmad Subhan and Nurul Hayati Idris

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010038 - 05 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1863

Abstract

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) is an alternative anode material to substitute commercial graphite for lithium-ion batteries due to its superior long cycle life, small volume change (zero strain), good thermal stability, and relatively high power. In this work, iodide-doped LTO [...] Read more.

Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ (LTO) is an alternative anode material to substitute commercial graphite for lithium-ion batteries due to its superior long cycle life, small volume change (zero strain), good thermal stability, and relatively high power. In this work, iodide-doped LTO is prepared by solid-state reaction method via ball milling method and subsequently calcined at 750 °C for 10 h in air atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of iodide-doped LTO reveals the spinel cubic structure without any impurities detected. The 0.2 mol lithium iodide-doped LTO shows enhanced high-rate capability with a specific discharge capacity of 123.31 mAh g⁻¹ at 15 C. The long cyclic performance of 0.2 mol lithium iodide-doped LTO delivers a specific discharge capacity of 171.19 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 C with a capacity retention of 99.15% after 100 cycles. It shows that the iodide-doped LTO is a promising strategy for preparing a high electrochemical performance of LTO for the anode of lithium-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anodes for High-Performance Li-Ion Batteries)

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12 pages, 23246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Stable Porous Aluminum Electrode with High Capacity for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Peng Chen and Michael Ruck

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010037 - 04 Jan 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2285

Abstract

A binder-free aluminum (Al) electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition on a three-dimensional copper foam (^3DCu) or carbon fabric (^3DCF) from a mixed-halide ionic liquid. The strong adhesion, structural stability and interface compatibility between Al and ^3DCu facilitate high [...] Read more.

A binder-free aluminum (Al) electrode was fabricated by electrodeposition on a three-dimensional copper foam (^3DCu) or carbon fabric (^3DCF) from a mixed-halide ionic liquid. The strong adhesion, structural stability and interface compatibility between Al and ^3DCu facilitate high electrical conductivity and effectively alleviate large volume change. In a lithium-ion battery, the continuous, dendrite-free Al/^3DCu electrode enables stable and reversible reactions, which delivered a first discharge capacity of 981 mAh g⁻¹ in a coin cell at 21 mA g⁻¹. It operates stably for at least 12 cycles with a discharge depth of about 1 mAh per cycle (7 h each) at the rate of 21 mA g⁻¹. The cycled Al/^3DCu electrode maintains good interfacial stability and shows no shedding. In contrast to many nanostructured electrodes, the amount of Al can reach 30% of a solid Al electrode with an average conversion to Li_0.71Al. The concept of porous 3D electrodes provides a good compromise between diffusion kinetics and the total amount of active metal available in a battery with alloying-type anodes and appears promising for application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrode Materials and Stable Electrolyte Interfaces for Batteries and Supercapacitors)

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45 pages, 5700 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Progress and Perspectives of Solid State Na-CO₂ Batteries

by Zelin Wang, Chunwen Sun, Liang Lu and Lifang Jiao

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010036 - 04 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2729

Abstract

Solid state Na-CO₂ batteries are a kind of promising energy storage system, which can use excess CO₂ for electrochemical energy storage. They not only have high theoretical energy densities, but also feature a high safety level of solid-state batteries and low [...] Read more.

Solid state Na-CO₂ batteries are a kind of promising energy storage system, which can use excess CO₂ for electrochemical energy storage. They not only have high theoretical energy densities, but also feature a high safety level of solid-state batteries and low cost owing to abundant sodium metal resources. Although many efforts have been made, the practical application of Na-CO₂ battery technology is still hampered by some crucial challenges, including short cycle life, high charging potential, poor rate performance and lower specific full discharge capacity. This paper systematically reviews the recent research advances in Na-CO₂ batteries in terms of understanding the mechanism of CO₂ reduction, carbonate formation and decomposition reaction, design strategies of cathode electrocatalysts, solid electrolytes and their interface design. In addition, the application of advanced in situ characterization techniques and theoretical calculation of metal–CO₂ batteries are briefly introduced, and the combination of theory and experiment in the research of battery materials is discussed as well. Finally, the opportunities and key challenges of solid-state Na-CO₂ electrochemical systems in the carbon-neutral era are presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Batteries: From Materials Research to Design and Applications)

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3 pages, 162 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

High-Performance Metal–Chalcogen Batteries

by Long Zhang

Batteries 2023, 9(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010035 - 04 Jan 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1292

Abstract

The rapid proliferation in the market for smart devices, electric vehicles, and power grids over the past decade has substantially increased the demand for commercial lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Metal-Chalcogen Batteries)

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