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Batteries
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Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries
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Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries

A special issue of Batteries (ISSN 2313-0105). This special issue belongs to the section "Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2023) | Viewed by 12367

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Irina A. Stenina

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 31, 119991 Moscow, Russia
Interests: solid state electrolytes; nanomaterials; cation mobility; composite materials; electrode materials; lithium ion battery; ion exchange membranes; hybrid materials; fuel cell
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of batteries with high energy density and safety is essential for the market of electric vehicles, portable devices, and renewable energy sources. Solid-state electrolytes are the most promising materials for energy-dense and safe energy storage in batteries. Replacing organic liquid electrolytes with solid-state electrolytes eliminates the risk of inflammation at elevated temperatures and/or the battery damage, including that as a result of a short circuit. Ionic conductivity, mechanical stability, chemical stability under various conditions, electrochemical stability, interfacial transport characteristics, and interface compatibility with electrodes, including high energy ones, are critical parameters for the development of safe and high performance solid-state batteries.

In this Special Issue, we are looking for contributions that will be devoted to the design of inorganic solid electrolytes with high ionic conductivity and low resistance at electrode/electrolyte interface, as well as polymer solid electrolytes with good oxidative stability and high cation transference numbers, the development of safe all-solid-state batteries.

Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

  • Promising materials for solid-state electrolytes, including garnets, perovskites, LIPON and NASICONs;
  • Composite solid electrolyte;
  • Solid polymer electrolyte;
  • Electrode–electrolyte interface and interface engineering;
  • Cycling stability;
  • All-solid-state battery fabrication;
  • Battery modelling;
  • High performance batteries.

Prof. Dr. Irina A. Stenina
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Batteries is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • solid electrolyte
  • all-solid-state battery
  • ionic conductivity
  • alkali-ion transport
  • сation transfer number
  • composite
  • solid polymer electrolyte
  • modification
  • inorganic filler
  • garnet
  • NASICON
  • LIPON
  • perovskite
  • interface
  • battery safety
  • mechanical degradation
  • microstructure
  • energy density

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

11 pages, 5336 KiB  
Article
Solid Electrolytes in the N-Propyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium Tetrafluoroborate—Lithium Tetrafluoroborate System
by Artem Ulihin, Dmitry Novozhilov and Nikolai Uvarov
Batteries 2023, 9(3), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9030167 - 10 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1300
Abstract
Solid electrolytes prepared by the addition of LiBF4 to the plastic phase of [N13pyr]BF4 were prepared, and their physical and electrical properties were investigated. The electrolytes [N13pyr]BF4-LiBF4 containing 8–20 wt% LiBF4 are solid [...] Read more.
Solid electrolytes prepared by the addition of LiBF4 to the plastic phase of [N13pyr]BF4 were prepared, and their physical and electrical properties were investigated. The electrolytes [N13pyr]BF4-LiBF4 containing 8–20 wt% LiBF4 are solid at temperatures below 80 °C and have a high ionic conductivity ~10−3–10−2 S cm−1 at 60 °C. Based on the results of DSC and conductivity studies, the phase diagram of the [N13pyr]BF4-LiBF4 binary system was plotted, and the formation of a new compound, 3[N13pyr]BF4·2LiBF4 was proposed. The existence of the new phase was supported by X-ray diffraction data. Electrochemical measurements of cells with lithium electrodes were carried out to test the applicability of these materials in lithium batteries. The electrochemical window was determined to be more than 5 V. In contrast to earlier data obtained for similar systems, the preconditioning effect was not observed. Nevertheless, the solid electrolyte [N13pyr]BF4-LiBF4 system has high ionic conductivity and may be used in solid-state lithium-ion batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries)
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12 pages, 3663 KiB  
Article
Effect of Zr4+ on Lithium-Ion Conductivity of Garnet-Type Li5+xLa3(Nb2−xZrx)O12 Solid Electrolytes
by Shirley Reis, Robson Grosso, Juliane Kosctiuk, Marianne Franchetti, Francisca Oliveira, Adler Souza, Cyrille Gonin, Heverson Freitas, Robson Monteiro, Luanna Parreira and Marcos Berton
Batteries 2023, 9(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020137 - 15 Feb 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1796
Abstract
Garnet-type structured electrolytes are considered a key technology for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries such as all-solid-state batteries. Cubic Garnet-type solid oxides with composition Li5+xLa3(Nb2−xZrx)O12 (x between 0 and 1.5) were synthesized [...] Read more.
Garnet-type structured electrolytes are considered a key technology for the next generation of lithium-ion batteries such as all-solid-state batteries. Cubic Garnet-type solid oxides with composition Li5+xLa3(Nb2−xZrx)O12 (x between 0 and 1.5) were synthesized by solid-state reaction and sintered by spark plasma sintering. Powder characterization indicates the formation of solid solution with high chemical homogeneity and spherical particles. High relative densities (>96%) were obtained by spark plasma sintering at 950 °C for 10 min and pressure application of 50 MPa. Although the formation of secondary phase La2Zr2O7 was identified by the X-ray diffraction patterns of Zr-doped pellets, it has been eliminated for x = 0.75 and 1 by conventional heat treatment at 850 °C for 1 h. High ionic conductivity values were attained for x ≥ 0.75, reaching a maximum value in the order of 10−4 S.cm−1 at 25 °C with activation energy of 0.38 eV. The results indicated that Zr4+ promoted significant increasing of the lithium-ion conductivity by lowering the activation energy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries)
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13 pages, 4823 KiB  
Article
Improving Interfaces in All-Solid-State Supercapacitors Using Polymer-Added Activated Carbon Electrodes
by Shrishti Sharma, Gurpreet Kaur and Anshuman Dalvi
Batteries 2023, 9(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020081 - 25 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2275
Abstract
Solvent-free all-solid-state supercapacitors have recently received attention. Despite their highly specific capacitance, they suffer issues related to the solid–solid interface that degrade their performance during prolonged cycling. Here, we propose a novel strategy for improving the electrode–electrolyte interface by introducing a small amount [...] Read more.
Solvent-free all-solid-state supercapacitors have recently received attention. Despite their highly specific capacitance, they suffer issues related to the solid–solid interface that degrade their performance during prolonged cycling. Here, we propose a novel strategy for improving the electrode–electrolyte interface by introducing a small amount of polymer into the activated carbon-based electrode. An electrode composition of 80AC:8SA:7AB:5[PEO0.95 (LiClO4)0.05]—where AC, SA, and AB stand for activated carbon, sodium alginate binder, and acetylene black, respectively—is optimized. A composite membrane—viz., PEO-LiClO4 reinforced with 38 wt% NASICON structured nano crystallites of Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3—is used as a solid electrolyte. Incorporating a small amount of salt-in-polymer (95PEO-5 LiClO4) in the electrode matrix leads to a smooth interface formation, thereby improving the performance parameters of the all-solid-state supercapacitors (ASSCs). A typical supercapacitor with a polymer-incorporated electrode exhibits a specific capacitance of ~102 Fg−1 at a discharge current of 1.5 Ag−1 and an operating voltage of 2 V near room temperature. These ASSCs also exhibit relatively better galvanostatic charge–discharge cycling, coulombic efficiency, specific energy, and power in comparison to those based on conventional activated carbon. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries)
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14 pages, 2746 KiB  
Article
A Study of Li3.8Ge0.9S0.1O4 Solid Electrolyte Stability Relative to Electrode Materials of Lithium Power Sources
by Mariya Shchelkanova, Georgiy Shekhtman and Svetlana Pershina
Batteries 2023, 9(2), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9020066 - 17 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1613
Abstract
The stability of Li3.8Ge0.9S0.1O4 lithium-conducting solid electrolyte versus lithium metal and Li–V bronze Li1.3V3O8 is studied in the present research. Isothermal heat treatment and thermal analysis of the mixtures of Li [...] Read more.
The stability of Li3.8Ge0.9S0.1O4 lithium-conducting solid electrolyte versus lithium metal and Li–V bronze Li1.3V3O8 is studied in the present research. Isothermal heat treatment and thermal analysis of the mixtures of Li1.3V3O8 and Li3.8Ge0.9S0.1O4 powders indicate that there is no interaction between them below 300–350 °C. Moreover, Li3.8Ge0.9S0.1O4 solid electrolyte is stable versus lithium at 100 °C for 240 h. A model of a lithium-ion power source with a Li1.3V3O8-based cathode and a lithium metal anode is assembled and tested. The data obtained show that Li3.8Ge0.9S0.1O4 can be used in all-solid-state medium-temperature lithium and lithium-ion batteries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries)
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15 pages, 3877 KiB  
Article
NASICON-Type Li1+xAlxZryTi2−x−y(PO4)3 Solid Electrolytes: Effect of Al, Zr Co-Doping and Synthesis Method
by Irina Stenina, Anastasia Pyrkova and Andrey Yaroslavtsev
Batteries 2023, 9(1), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9010059 - 15 Jan 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2484
Abstract
Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state conductors is one of the key challenges to increasing the safety and energy density of next-generation Li secondary batteries. In this work, the NASICON-type Li1+xAlxZryTi2−x−y(PO4)3 with 0 [...] Read more.
Replacing liquid electrolytes with solid-state conductors is one of the key challenges to increasing the safety and energy density of next-generation Li secondary batteries. In this work, the NASICON-type Li1+xAlxZryTi2−x−y(PO4)3 with 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 0.2 solid electrolytes were synthesized using solid-state and sol-gel techniques at various sintering temperatures (800, 900, and 1000 °C). Their morphology and conducting properties were studied to determine the optimal dopant content and synthesis method. Li1.2Al0.2Zr0.1Ti1.7(PO4)3 and Li1.1Al0.1Zr0.2Ti1.7(PO4)3 prepared at 900 °C using a solid-state reaction exhibit the highest total conductivity at 25 °C (7.9 × 10−4 and 5.4 × 10−4 S cm−1, respectively), which is due to the optimal size of lithium transport channels, as well as the high density of these samples. The potential profile of Li|Li1.2Al0.2Zr0.1Ti1.7(PO4)3|Li cells was retained during cycling at a current density of 0.05 mA cm−2 for 100 h, indicating a high interfacial Li metal/electrolyte stability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries)
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12 pages, 4194 KiB  
Article
In Situ Li-In Anode Formation on the Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolyte in All-Solid-State Battery
by Evgeniya Il’ina, Konstantin Druzhinin, Efim Lyalin and Ilua Talankin
Batteries 2022, 8(11), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries8110226 - 09 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2185
Abstract
Li7La3Zr2O12 is considered to be a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state batteries. The problem of the poor wettability of Li7La3Zr2O12 by metallic Li can be solved by using Li-In [...] Read more.
Li7La3Zr2O12 is considered to be a promising solid electrolyte for all-solid-state batteries. The problem of the poor wettability of Li7La3Zr2O12 by metallic Li can be solved by using Li-In alloys as anode materials. Li-In alloys with different Li contents (40–90 at%) were prepared by an in situ method and investigated in symmetric cells with a Li7La3Zr2O12-based solid electrolyte. The interface resistance between the Li-In alloy (90 at% Li) and solid electrolyte is equal to ~11 Ω cm2 at 200 °C. The cells with 80–90 at% Li in the Li-In anode show stable behavior during cycling with an applied current of ±8 mA (40 mA cm−2). No degradation of the Li7La3Zr2O12-based solid electrolyte in contact with the lithium–indium alloy was observed after galvanostatic cycling. Therefore, the Li-In alloy obtained by our in situ method can be applied as an anode material with Li7La3Zr2O12-based solid electrolyte in lithium power sources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid-State Electrolytes for Safe Batteries)
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