Manufacturing Metrology

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Applied Sciences applsci	2.7	4.5	2011	16.9 Days	CHF 2400
Metrology metrology	-	-	2021	28.6 Days	CHF 1000
Sensors sensors	3.9	6.8	2001	17 Days	CHF 2600
Photonics photonics	2.4	2.3	2014	15.5 Days	CHF 2400
Machines machines	2.6	2.1	2013	15.6 Days	CHF 2400

21 pages, 6631 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Mapping Technology for Structural Deformation during Aircraft Assembly Process

by Yue Liu, Dongming Yan, Lijuan Li, Xuezhu Lin and Lili Guo

Photonics 2023, 10(3), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics10030318 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1215

Owing to the assembly state changes during aircraft assembly processes, assembly force-deformation problem occurs. To obtain the structure shape in the product assembly process efficiently and accurately, a three-dimensional (3D) mapping technology for the structural deformation during the aircraft assembly process is proposed [...] Read more.

Owing to the assembly state changes during aircraft assembly processes, assembly force-deformation problem occurs. To obtain the structure shape in the product assembly process efficiently and accurately, a three-dimensional (3D) mapping technology for the structural deformation during the aircraft assembly process is proposed combined with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical fiber sensor and binocular vision measurement system. First, this study established a curvature transformation model using optical fiber monitoring data, obtained the 3D spatial deformation of the product, and completed the unification of the optical fiber wavelength change and spatial 3D point coordinate heterogeneous data. Second, a mesh deformation optimization algorithm based on point-cloud optimization was established. Subsequently, the deformation effects of four mesh deformation models were compared to verify the feasibility and accuracy of HEC-Laplace, and the 3D mapping of the product structure shape in the assembly process was realized. Finally, a cantilever wing model was used to verify the deformation of different loading modes. The results show that the product structure changes can be accurately obtained through the proposed technology, thereby improving the accuracy control and overall assembly quality in the aircraft assembly process and providing a theoretical basis for intelligent aircraft assembly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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19 pages, 13784 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Modulation-Based Straightness Measurement

by Andrea Egidi, Alessandro Balsamo, Davide Corona and Marco Pisani

Sensors 2023, 23(6), 2912; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23062912 - 07 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1263

Abstract

The concept of a novel non-contacting technique for measuring straightness and its practical realization in a mechanical device are presented in this article. The device, called InPlanT, is based on the acquisition of the luminous signal retroreflected by a spherical glass target and [...] Read more.

The concept of a novel non-contacting technique for measuring straightness and its practical realization in a mechanical device are presented in this article. The device, called InPlanT, is based on the acquisition of the luminous signal retroreflected by a spherical glass target and impinged on a photodiode after mechanical modulation. The received signal is reduced to the sought straightness profile using dedicated software. The system was characterized with a high-accuracy CMM and the maximum error of indication was derived. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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17 pages, 5118 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method to Improve Mounting Tolerance of Open-Type Optical Linear Encoder

by Xinji Lu, Artūras Kilikevičius, Fan Yang and Donatas Gurauskis

Sensors 2023, 23(4), 1987; https://doi.org/10.3390/s23041987 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1459

Abstract

Accuracy becomes progressively important in the wake of development in advanced industrial equipment. A key position sensor to such a quest is the optical linear encoder. Occasionally, inappropriate mounting can cause errors greater than the accuracy grade of the optical linear encoder itself, [...] Read more.

Accuracy becomes progressively important in the wake of development in advanced industrial equipment. A key position sensor to such a quest is the optical linear encoder. Occasionally, inappropriate mounting can cause errors greater than the accuracy grade of the optical linear encoder itself, especially for open-type optical linear encoders, where the mounting distance between the reading head and main scale must be accurately controlled. This paper analyzes the diffraction fields of a traditional scanning reticle made by amplitude grating and a newly designed combined grating; the latter shows a more stable phase in mathematical calculation and simulations. The proposed combined gratings are fabricated in a laboratory and assembled into the reading heads. The experimental results indicate that the mounting tolerance between the reading head and the main scale of the optical linear encoder can be improved. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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15 pages, 3156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Dynamic Performance Parameters of Laser Tracker Based on Self-Developed Circular Trajectory Generator System

by Fei Lv, Chang’an Hu, Haifeng Sun and Wanze Li

Appl. Sci. 2023, 13(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010167 - 23 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1231

Abstract

The laser tracker has characteristics of high measurement accuracy and wide measurement range. Laser tracker technology, as an effectively large-scale measuring approach, plays a critical role in dynamic measurement. Currently, the static performance of laser trackers has been well studied. However, the dynamic [...] Read more.

The laser tracker has characteristics of high measurement accuracy and wide measurement range. Laser tracker technology, as an effectively large-scale measuring approach, plays a critical role in dynamic measurement. Currently, the static performance of laser trackers has been well studied. However, the dynamic characteristics of the laser tracker remain unclear in terms of evaluating its dynamic performance. The circular trajectory generator measurement system can quantify the dynamic performance of the laser tracker. We developed a standard circular trajectory generator using a stable servo system and then conducted an in-depth study on the dynamic performance of the laser tracker through statistical analysis. Numerous experiments have shown that if the laser tracker is set at equal spacing, the dynamic indication error is smallest when the measurement distance is 3 m, indicating that the fitted diameter at a distance of 3 m is closest to the diameter of the circular trajectory generator. If the laser tracker is set with equal sampling frequency, the dynamic indication error is smallest when the measurement distance is 5 m. When the circular trajectory generator is at low speed, the measurement spacing of sampling points of the laser tracker is fixed proportional to the number of measurement points, while at low or high speed the sampling frequency of the laser tracker is fixed proportionally to the number of measurement points. These conclusions will facilitate the application of the laser tracker in dynamic measurement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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19 pages, 2682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Self-Born Weighted Least Square Method for Cylindricity Error Evaluation

by Yunhan Yao and Ke Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(23), 12319; https://doi.org/10.3390/app122312319 - 01 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1171

Abstract

In order to improve the stability of the evaluation results and the gross error resistance of the algorithm in view of the widespread gross errors in geometric error evaluation, an improved self-born weighted least square method (ISWLS) is proposed in this paper. First, [...] Read more.

In order to improve the stability of the evaluation results and the gross error resistance of the algorithm in view of the widespread gross errors in geometric error evaluation, an improved self-born weighted least square method (ISWLS) is proposed in this paper. First, the nonlinear cylindrical axial model is linearized to establish the error equation of the observed values. We use the conditional equations of the independent observations found as valid information to derive the weights of the observations. The weights of the observations are subjected to least-square iteration to calculate the error values and equation parameters. Meanwhile, the ordinal numbers of the independent sets of equations in the observed equations are updated several times. By updating the ordinal number information of the conditional equations, the influence of gross error data on the solution of the equations is minimized. Through a series of experiments, the algorithm is proved to have a strong resistance to gross differences, and operation time is shorter. According to the evaluation results of cylindricity error, the uncertainty of cylindricity error was calculated by the Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement method (GUM)and the Monte Carlo method (MCM). Experiments show that the uncertainty results of the MCM method can verify the results assessed by the GUM method, which proves that the results of the ISWLS method are effective and robust. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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14 pages, 1957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Registration Algorithm Based on Double Threshold Feature Extraction and Distance Disparity Matrix

by Biao Wang, Jie Zhou, Yan Huang, Yonghong Wang and Bin Huang

Sensors 2022, 22(17), 6525; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22176525 - 30 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

Entire surface point clouds in complex objects cannot be captured in a single direction by using noncontact measurement methods, such as machine vision; therefore, different direction point clouds should be obtained and registered. However, high efficiency and precision are crucial for registration methods [...] Read more.

Entire surface point clouds in complex objects cannot be captured in a single direction by using noncontact measurement methods, such as machine vision; therefore, different direction point clouds should be obtained and registered. However, high efficiency and precision are crucial for registration methods when dealing with huge number of point clouds. To solve this problem, an improved registration algorithm based on double threshold feature extraction and distance disparity matrix (DDM) is proposed in this study. Firstly, feature points are extracted with double thresholds using normal vectors and curvature to reduce the number of points. Secondly, a fast point feature histogram is established to describe the feature points and obtain the initial corresponding point pairs. Thirdly, obviously wrong corresponding point pairs are eliminated as much as possible by analysing the Euclidean invariant features of rigid body transformation combined with the DDM algorithm. Finally, the sample consensus initial alignment and the iterative closest point algorithms are used to complete the registration. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can quickly process large data point clouds and achieve efficient and precise matching of target objects. It can be used to improve the efficiency and precision of registration in distributed or mobile 3D measurement systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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10 pages, 2374 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Improved Accuracy for Measurement of Filament Diameter Based on Image-Based Fitting Method

by Yingpeng Zhao, Yutong Lin, Dianrong Li, Feichen Wang, Bing Cheng, Qiang Lin, Zhenghui Hu and Bin Wu

Photonics 2022, 9(8), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080556 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1631

Abstract

Laser diffraction (LD) has many obvious advantages for measuring. However, the measurement accuracy is limited by a number of factors, such as imaging noise, sensor threshold, and fitting methods. In this paper, we present a novel method for measuring filament diameter based on [...] Read more.

Laser diffraction (LD) has many obvious advantages for measuring. However, the measurement accuracy is limited by a number of factors, such as imaging noise, sensor threshold, and fitting methods. In this paper, we present a novel method for measuring filament diameter based on image-based fitting, which maintains more information. Before fitting the diffraction image, image processing is applied to solve the problem of image noise and the non-linear response of the charge-coupled device (CCD). Then, a fitting formula is established based on the distribution of laser intensity on a diffraction image, and the fitted results are solved with the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm. Finally, the initial parameters of a fit are obtained by calculation, which speeds up the calculation and improves the accuracy of the fitting. The measurement accuracy of this method is verified by experimental and theoretical analysis. In experiments, the filament diameters of 125 and 125.2 μm are measured with a relative error of approximately 0.12%, Furthermore, the superiority of this method is demonstrated by comparing the measurements with other methods. To verify the stability of the measurements, filament diameters of 110–180 μm are chosen to be measured with a relative standard deviation of less than 0.14%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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19 pages, 5109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Improved Robust Thermal Error Prediction Approach for CNC Machine Tools

by Honghan Ye, Xinyuan Wei, Xindong Zhuang and Enming Miao

Machines 2022, 10(8), 624; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10080624 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1936

Abstract

Thermal errors significantly affect the accurate performance of computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. In this paper, an improved robust thermal error prediction approach is proposed for CNC machine tools based on the adaptive Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and eXtreme [...] Read more.

Thermal errors significantly affect the accurate performance of computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools. In this paper, an improved robust thermal error prediction approach is proposed for CNC machine tools based on the adaptive Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithms. Specifically, the adaptive LASSO method enjoys the oracle property of selecting temperature-sensitive variables. After the temperature-sensitive variable selection, the XGBoost algorithm is further adopted to model and predict thermal errors. Since the XGBoost algorithm is decision tree based, it has natural advantages to address the multicollinearity and provide interpretable results. Furthermore, based on the experimental data from the Vcenter-55 type 3-axis vertical machining center, the proposed algorithm is compared with benchmark methods to demonstrate its superior performance on prediction accuracy with 7.05

μ m

(over 14.5% improvement), robustness with 5.61

μ m

(over 12.9% improvement), worst-case scenario predictions with 16.49

μ m

(over 25.0% improvement), and percentage errors with 13.33% (over 10.7% improvement). Finally, the real-world applicability of the proposed model is verified through thermal error compensation experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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19 pages, 6390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence Analysis of Geometric Error and Compensation Method for Four-Axis Machining Tools with Two Rotary Axes

by Guojuan Zhao, Shengcheng Jiang, Kai Dong, Quanwang Xu, Ziling Zhang and Lei Lu

Machines 2022, 10(7), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10070586 - 19 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1603

Abstract

Four-axis machine tools with two rotary axes are widely used in the machining of complex parts. However, due to an irregular kinematic relationship and non-linear kinematic function with geometric error, it is difficult to analyze the influence the geometry error of each axis [...] Read more.

Four-axis machine tools with two rotary axes are widely used in the machining of complex parts. However, due to an irregular kinematic relationship and non-linear kinematic function with geometric error, it is difficult to analyze the influence the geometry error of each axis has and to compensate for such a geometry error. In this study, an influence analysis method of geometric error based on the homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix and a compensation method was developed, using the Newton iterative method. Geometric errors are characterized by a homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix in the proposed method, and an error matrix is integrated into the kinematic model of the four-axis machine tool as a means of studying the influence the geometric error of each axis has on the tool path. Based on the kinematic model of the four-axis machine tool considering the geometric error, a comprehensive geometric error compensation calculation model based on the Newton iteration was then constructed for calculating the tool path as a means of compensating for the geometric error. Ultimately, the four-axis machine tool with a curve tool path for an off-axis optical lens was chosen for verification of the proposed method. The results showed that the proposed method can significantly improve the machining accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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16 pages, 2906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Year-Round Thermal Error Modeling and Compensation for the Spindle of Machine Tools Based on Ambient Temperature Intervals

by Xinyuan Wei, Honghan Ye and Xugang Feng

Sensors 2022, 22(14), 5085; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145085 - 06 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1451

Abstract

The modeling and compensation method is a common method for reducing the influence of thermal error on the accuracy of machine tools. The prediction accuracy and robustness of the thermal error model are two key performance measures for evaluating the compensation effect. However, [...] Read more.

The modeling and compensation method is a common method for reducing the influence of thermal error on the accuracy of machine tools. The prediction accuracy and robustness of the thermal error model are two key performance measures for evaluating the compensation effect. However, it is difficult to maintain the prediction accuracy and robustness at the desired level when the ambient temperature exhibits strong seasonal variations. Therefore, a year-round thermal error modeling and compensation method for the spindle of machine tools based on ambient temperature intervals (ATIs) is proposed in this paper. First, the ATIs applicable to the thermal error prediction models (TEPMs) under different ambient temperatures are investigated, where the C-Means clustering algorithm is utilized to determine ATIs. Furthermore, the prediction effect of different numbers of ATIs is analyzed to obtain the optimal number of ATIs. Then, the TEPMs corresponding to different ATIs in the annual ambient temperature range are established. Finally, the established TEPMs of ATIs are used to predict the experimental data of the entire year, and the prediction accuracy and robustness of the proposed ATI model are analyzed and compared with those of the low and high ambient temperature models. The prediction accuracies of the ATI model are 20.6% and 41.7% higher than those of the low and high ambient temperature models, respectively, and the robustness is improved by 48.8% and 62.0%, respectively. This indicates that the proposed ATI method can achieve high prediction accuracy and robustness regardless of the seasonal temperature variations throughout the year. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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16 pages, 7477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A New Image Grating Sensor for Linear Displacement Measurement and Its Error Analysis

by Fang Cheng, Dongfang Zhou, Qing Yu and Tegoeh Tjahjowidodo

Sensors 2022, 22(12), 4361; https://doi.org/10.3390/s22124361 - 09 Jun 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

To improve the accuracy of the current vision-based linear displacement measurement in a large range, a new type of linear displacement sensing system, namely, image grating, is proposed in this paper. The proposed system included a patterned glass plate attached to the moving [...] Read more.

To improve the accuracy of the current vision-based linear displacement measurement in a large range, a new type of linear displacement sensing system, namely, image grating, is proposed in this paper. The proposed system included a patterned glass plate attached to the moving object and an ultra-low distortion lens for high-accuracy image matching. A DFT local up-sampling phase correlation method was adopted to obtain the sub-pixel translation of the patterns onto the target plate. Multiple sets of stripe patterns with different designs were located on the glass plate to expand the measurement range, based on the principle of phase correlation. In order to improve the measurement accuracy, the main errors of the image grating system were analyzed, and the nonlinear error compensation was completed based on the dynamic calibration of the pixel equivalent. The measurement results, after the error compensation, showed that the total error of the proposed system was less than 2.5 μm in the range of 60 mm, and the repeatability was within 0.16 μm, as quantified by standard deviation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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15 pages, 4000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Adjustable Bending Pipe to Compensate for Pipe Assembly Production Errors

by Yijun Fang, Pin Li, Xijin Zhen and Zongbao Shen

Machines 2022, 10(6), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10060409 - 24 May 2022

Viewed by 1545

Abstract

The production of pipe assembly for a rocket engine has experienced challenges owing to the higher requirements of the joining and sealing performance. An adjustable laser bending pipe is a flexible and economical means of compensating for production errors after welding, located in [...] Read more.

The production of pipe assembly for a rocket engine has experienced challenges owing to the higher requirements of the joining and sealing performance. An adjustable laser bending pipe is a flexible and economical means of compensating for production errors after welding, located in the “closing” segment. To improve the productivity and accuracy of the adjustable laser bending pipe, inline measurement systems are integrated into production to develop an adaptive control system. The models of adjustable laser bending pipe to compensate for pipe assembly production errors are established using kinematics and the displacement screw system, and the proposed adaptive control system is validated by the experiment based on the springback-free laser pipe bending process. Using the proposed adaptive control system, the angle deviation decreases from 7.086° to 0.154°, and the distance deviation decreases from 5.076 mm to 0.104 mm. The validation results satisfactorily meet the requirement of the welding axis alignment of the pipe ends. These models demonstrate significant potential to be applied for calculating the feedback parameters required in the adjustments to compensate for pipe assembly production errors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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15 pages, 5629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

On-Machine Measurements for Aircraft Gearbox Machining Process Assisted by Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System

by Grzegorz Bomba, Artur Ornat, Piotr Gierlak and Magdalena Muszyńska

Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(9), 4780; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094780 - 09 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1655

Abstract

This paper deals with the development of dimensional control technology for the production of accessory drive train (ADT) gearbox housing, according to the closed door technology approach. The work presents the methodology of the final inspection of bearing seat position deviation by replacing [...] Read more.

This paper deals with the development of dimensional control technology for the production of accessory drive train (ADT) gearbox housing, according to the closed door technology approach. The work presents the methodology of the final inspection of bearing seat position deviation by replacing the coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) with a computerized numerical control (CNC) machine and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The results of the work indicated that correct solutions were obtained. In addition, the technological process of manufacturing is fully automated and performed entirely on the production line. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Manufacturing Metrology)

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