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Medicina
Special Issues
Antimicrobial Resistance, and Stewardship
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Special Issue "Antimicrobial Resistance, and Stewardship"

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 28 December 2023 | Viewed by 3050

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Zikria Saleem

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahuddin Zakaria University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; antimicrobial stewardship; antimicrobial use; infectious diseases
Dr. Abdul Haseeb

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; antimicrobial stewardship; antimicrobial use; infectious diseases

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the never-ending battle of microbes versus antimicrobials, microbes appear to be winning, with the pipeline of novel antimicrobials nearing its end. Due to the inappropriate use of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a rising threat, having caught the attention of international and national organizations. Reducing antimicrobial resistance while maintaining the efficacy of antimicrobials is the goal, and the instigation of antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) appears to be the best way to achieve this aim. The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) convention, held on 21 September 2016, discussed the current progress towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030, including concerns regarding the shortage of antimicrobials as a consequence of AMR. The World Health Organization (WHO) surveillance of resistance to antimicrobials has also shown growing AMR along with a declining susceptibility of current antimicrobials. Reducing AMR while maintaining the efficacy of antimicrobials is a common goal among countries, especially lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs), with high rates of infectious diseases and AMR. ASPs are one way to improve antibiotic utilization in hospitals. The Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and the Society of Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) endorse ASPs towards developing and quantifying the rational use of antibacterials through assessing current use against recommended guidelines. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and SHEA both promote the rational use of antimicrobials. In line with the IDSA, SHEA and CDC, The Joint Commission (TJC) also recommends features to reduce AMR and irrational antimicrobial use. The World Health Assembly also recommends ASPs for all healthcare facilities. Therefore, we invite colleagues from around the world to submit research articles related to these hot topics in this dedicated Special Issue.

Dr. Zikria Saleem
Dr. Abdul Haseeb
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • antimicrobial resistance
  • antimicrobial stewardship
  • antimicrobial use
  • infectious diseases
  • health policy

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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Article
Contamination by Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria on Cell Phones of Vendors in a Peruvian Market
by
Walter Gómez-Gonzales
,
Anthony Alvarado-Garcia
,
Marytté Suárez-Mamani
,
Bernardo Dámaso-Mata
,
Vicky Panduro-Correa
,
Jorge L. Maguiña
,
Samuel Pecho-Silva
,
Ali A. Rabaan
,
Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales
and
Kovy Arteaga-Livias
Medicina 2023, 59(4), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040669 - 28 Mar 2023
Viewed by 949
Abstract
Background and Objectives. Multiple studies have evaluated the presence of bacterial contamination on cell phones in clinical settings; however, the presence and transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on cell phones in the community have not been adequately elucidated. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives. Multiple studies have evaluated the presence of bacterial contamination on cell phones in clinical settings; however, the presence and transmission of antibiotic-resistant bacteria on cell phones in the community have not been adequately elucidated. Material and Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the presence of bacteria resistant to antibiotics on the cell phones of vendors in a Peruvian market and the associated factors. A sample of 127 vendors was obtained through stratified probabilistic sampling using a data collection form validated by experts. Cell phone samples were cultured using a standard technique, and antibiotic sensitivity was determined using the Kirby–Bauer technique. Chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine factors associated with resistance in cell phone cultures. Results. Among the cell phones, 92.1% showed bacterial growth, predominantly Gram-positive bacteria (coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus), and 17% of the cultures showed resistance to at least three antibiotics evaluated. Two strains fell into the category of methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and three strains of E. coli had resistance to carbapenems. Conclusions. A short distance between customers and vendors, lack of a cell phone case, and having a cell phone with touchscreen are factors associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria on cell phones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance, and Stewardship)
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Review

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Review
A Systematic Review of Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Antiviral
by
Mohammed Kanan Alshammari
,
Mohammed Salem Almutairi
,
Mohammed Dakhilallah Althobaiti
,
Watin Ahmed Alsawyan
,
Samar Abdulrahman Alomair
,
Raghad Rsheed Alwattban
,
Zahra Hassan Al Khozam
,
Taif Jundi Alanazi
,
Abdullah S. Alhuqyal
,
Hassan Saud Al Darwish
,
Abdulaziz Faisal Alotaibi
,
Fahad Naif Almutairi
and
Abdullah Abdulrahman Alanazi
Medicina 2023, 59(4), 642; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040642 - 23 Mar 2023
Viewed by 797
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The study of clinical pharmacokinetics of inhaled antivirals is particularly important as it helps one to understand the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs and how best to use them in the treatment of respiratory viral infections such as influenza [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The study of clinical pharmacokinetics of inhaled antivirals is particularly important as it helps one to understand the therapeutic efficacy of these drugs and how best to use them in the treatment of respiratory viral infections such as influenza and the current COVID-19 pandemic. The article presents a systematic review of the available pharmacokinetic data of inhaled antivirals in humans, which could be beneficial for clinicians in adjusting doses for diseased populations. Materials and Methods: This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using multiple databases, and studies were screened by two independent reviewers to assess their eligibility. Data were extracted from the eligible studies and assessed for quality using appropriate tools. Results: This systematic review evaluated the pharmacokinetic parameters of inhaled antiviral drugs. The review analyzed 17 studies, which included Zanamivir, Laninamivir, and Ribavirin with 901 participants, and found that the non-compartmental approach was used in most studies for the pharmacokinetic analysis. The outcomes of most studies were to assess clinical pharmacokinetic parameters such as the Cmax, AUC, and t1/2 of inhaled antivirals. Conclusions: Overall, the studies found that the inhaled antiviral drugs were well tolerated and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. The review provides valuable information on the use of these drugs for the treatment of influenza and other viral respiratory infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance, and Stewardship)
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Other

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Systematic Review
Prevalence and Etiology of Community- and Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia in Saudi Arabia and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns: A Systematic Review
by
Mohammed Kanan Alshammari
,
Mzoun Abdulaziz Alotaibi
,
Ahad Sanad AlOtaibi
,
Hanan Tareq Alosaime
,
Mona Awadh Aljuaid
,
Budur Mohammed Alshehri
,
Yasmen Bejad AlOtaibi
,
Asma Ali Alasmari
,
Ghadi Ali Alasmari
,
Maram Hussain Mohammed
,
Shumukh Mohammed Althobaiti
,
Reem Abdulrahman Almuhaya
,
Taef Awadh Alkhoshi
,
Asma Sulayyih Alosaimi
and
Alanoud Akeel Alotaibi
Medicina 2023, 59(4), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina59040760 - 13 Apr 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 882
Abstract
(1) Background and Objectives: Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, including in Saudi Arabia, and the prevalence and etiology of the disease varies depending on the setting. The development of effective strategies can help reduce the adverse impact [...] Read more.
(1) Background and Objectives: Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, including in Saudi Arabia, and the prevalence and etiology of the disease varies depending on the setting. The development of effective strategies can help reduce the adverse impact of this disease. Therefore, this systematic review was conducted to explore the prevalence and etiology of community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia in Saudi Arabia, as well as their antimicrobial susceptibility. (2) Materials and Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 recommendations were followed for this systematic review. Several databases were used to perform a thorough literature search, and papers were then assessed for eligibility by two independent reviewers. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to extract the data from the relevant research and evaluate its quality. (3) Results: This systematic review included 28 studies that highlighted the fact that gram-negative bacteria, particularly Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were the common cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia, while Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus spp. were responsible for community-acquired pneumonia in children. The study also found that bacterial isolates responsible for pneumonia showed high resistance rates against several antibiotics, including cephalosporins and carbapenems. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, the study found that different bacteria are responsible for community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. Antibiotic resistance rates were high for several commonly used antibiotics, highlighting the need for rational antibiotic use to prevent further resistance. Moreover, there is a need to conduct more regular multicenter studies to assess etiology, resistance, and susceptibility patterns of pneumonia-causing pathogens in Saudi Arabia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance, and Stewardship)
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