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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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26 pages, 2027 KiB  
Review
Characteristics, Occurrence, Detection and Detoxification of Aflatoxins in Foods and Feeds
by Amirhossein Nazhand, Alessandra Durazzo, Massimo Lucarini, Eliana B. Souto and Antonello Santini
Foods 2020, 9(5), 644; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050644 - 18 May 2020
Cited by 88 | Viewed by 7921
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination continues to be a food safety concern globally, with the most toxic being aflatoxins. On-farm aflatoxins, during food transit or storage, directly or indirectly result in the contamination of foods, which affects the liver, immune system and reproduction after infiltration into [...] Read more.
Mycotoxin contamination continues to be a food safety concern globally, with the most toxic being aflatoxins. On-farm aflatoxins, during food transit or storage, directly or indirectly result in the contamination of foods, which affects the liver, immune system and reproduction after infiltration into human beings and animals. There are numerous reports on aflatoxins focusing on achieving appropriate methods for quantification, precise detection and control in order to ensure consumer safety. In 2012, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and M2 as group 1 carcinogenic substances, which are a global human health concern. Consequently, this review article addresses aflatoxin chemical properties and biosynthetic processes; aflatoxin contamination in foods and feeds; health effects in human beings and animals due to aflatoxin exposure, as well as aflatoxin detection and detoxification methods. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutraceuticals, Functional Foods, and Novel Foods)
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17 pages, 2285 KiB  
Article
Effects of Chemical and Natural Additives on Cucumber Juice’s Quality, Shelf Life, and Safety
by Mohamed T. El-Saadony, Mohamed F. Elsadek, Alaa S. Mohamed, Ayman E. Taha, Badreldin M. Ahmed and Ahmed M. Saad
Foods 2020, 9(5), 639; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050639 - 15 May 2020
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 5442
Abstract
Microbial contamination affects beverages’ lifetime, quality, and safety. Cucumber crops are seasonally spoiled because of the overproduction. The current study aimed to maximize the importance of natural preservatives and reduce the usage of artificial ones to prolong the cucumber juice’s storage life, enhance [...] Read more.
Microbial contamination affects beverages’ lifetime, quality, and safety. Cucumber crops are seasonally spoiled because of the overproduction. The current study aimed to maximize the importance of natural preservatives and reduce the usage of artificial ones to prolong the cucumber juice’s storage life, enhance flavor, and control the microorganisms after protein isolate and organic acids supplementation. The additions included control (no addition), citric, benzoic acid, sodium salts, kidney bean pepsin hydrolysate (KPH), chicken egg protein isolate (CEPI), duck egg protein isolate (DEPI), and quail egg protein isolate (QEPI) as J-Control, J-Citric, J-Benzoic, J-sod. Citrate, J-sod. Benzoate, J-KPH, J-CEPI, J-DEPI, and J-QEPI, respectively. The antioxidant activity of these additives and juices was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity. The antimicrobial activity, including antibacterial and antifungal activities, was evaluated by using disc assay and the radial growth of fungal mycelium, respectively. The phenolic compounds and flavonoids were estimated by a spectrophotometer as Gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and quercetin equivalent (QE), respectively. Moreover, chemical parameters such as pH, total soluble solids (TSS), Titratable acidity (TTA), and Vitamin C were evaluated by AOAC. Finally, the color properties were estimated by a spectrophotometer, using the Hunter method. KPH had higher significant (p ≤ 0.05) antioxidant activity (88%), along with antimicrobial activity. It significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced the growth of G+ and G− bacteria by 71–97% and 58–66% respectively. Furthermore, it significantly (p ≤ 0.05) inhibited the tested fungi growth by 70–88% and the other additives less than that. During the storage of cucumber juice for an interval of zero, two, four, and six months, the phenolic compounds and flavonoids were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased. Consequently, the potential activity of the juice was reduced; in addition, pH and vitamin C were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) decreased during the storage period. Meanwhile, the TSS and Titratable acidity were significantly raised. As for color and sensory properties, J-sod. Benzoate, J-KPH, J-CEPI, and J-DEPI had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) high scores in color, taste, and flavor against the control. Generally, the usage of natural additives extends the cucumber juice’s lifetime and increased the manufacture of high-quality and valuable juice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)
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13 pages, 580 KiB  
Article
Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Small Berries
by Michael Zorzi, Francesco Gai, Claudio Medana, Riccardo Aigotti, Sara Morello and Pier Giorgio Peiretti
Foods 2020, 9(5), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050623 - 13 May 2020
Cited by 73 | Viewed by 7197
Abstract
The popularity of small berries has rapidly increased in Western countries given their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities and health-promoting properties. The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acid (FA) profile, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of extracts of 11 [...] Read more.
The popularity of small berries has rapidly increased in Western countries given their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities and health-promoting properties. The aim of this study was to compare the fatty acid (FA) profile, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant capacity of extracts of 11 berries cultivated in the North West of Italy. Berry samples were extracted and evaluated for FA profile and total anthocyanin (TAC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and for their radical scavenging activities against 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical. The main polyphenols of berry extracts were characterized by HPLC-DAD-UV-ESI HRMS in positive ion mode. Results showed that the highest TAC and TFC contents were recorded in black currants, blackberries, and blueberries. Maximum and minimum DPPH• radical scavenging activities, Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity, and FRAP measurements confirmed the same trend recorded for TAC and TFC values. HPLC-HRMS analyses highlight how blueberries and blackberries have the highest concentration in polyphenols. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, α-linolenic, and γ-linolenic acids significantly differ between berries, with oleic and α-linolenic acid representing the most abundant FAs in raspberries. Among the berries investigated, results of phytochemical characterization suggest choosing black currants and blueberries as an excellent source of natural antioxidants for food and health purposes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Natural Products in Foods)
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14 pages, 2241 KiB  
Article
Comparison between Pressurized Liquid Extraction and Conventional Soxhlet Extraction for Rosemary Antioxidants, Yield, Composition, and Environmental Footprint
by Mathilde Hirondart, Natacha Rombaut, Anne Sylvie Fabiano-Tixier, Antoine Bily and Farid Chemat
Foods 2020, 9(5), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050584 - 5 May 2020
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 8086
Abstract
Nowadays, “green analytical chemistry” challenges are to develop techniques which reduce the environmental impact not only in term of analysis but also in the sample preparation step. Within this objective, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was investigated to determine the initial composition of key [...] Read more.
Nowadays, “green analytical chemistry” challenges are to develop techniques which reduce the environmental impact not only in term of analysis but also in the sample preparation step. Within this objective, pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) was investigated to determine the initial composition of key antioxidants contained in rosemary leaves: Rosmarinic acid (RA), carnosic acid (CA), and carnosol (CO). An experimental design was applied to identify an optimized PLE set of extraction parameters: A temperature of 183 °C, a pressure of 130 bar, and an extraction duration of 3 min enabled recovering rosemary antioxidants. PLE was further compared to conventional Soxhlet extraction (CSE) in term of global processing time, energy used, solvent recovery, raw material used, accuracy, reproducibility, and robustness to extract quantitatively RA, CA, and CO from rosemary leaves. A statistical comparison of the two extraction procedure (PLE and CSE) was achieved and showed no significant difference between the two procedures in terms of RA, CA, and CO extraction. To complete the study showing that the use of PLE is an advantageous alternative to CSE, the eco-footprint of the PLE process was evaluated. Results demonstrate that it is a rapid, clean, and environmentally friendly extraction technique. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Analytical Chemistry to Foods and Food Technology)
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17 pages, 1048 KiB  
Article
Physicochemical Composition and Nutritional Properties of Deer Burger Enhanced with Healthier Oils
by Marcio Vargas-Ramella, Paulo E. S. Munekata, Mirian Pateiro, Daniel Franco, Paulo C. B. Campagnol, Igor Tomasevic, Rubén Domínguez and José M. Lorenzo
Foods 2020, 9(5), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050571 - 4 May 2020
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 4645
Abstract
Deer meat is characterized by low fat and cholesterol contents and high amounts of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this regard, the aim of this work was to assess the influence of pork backfat substitution by healthier oils on chemical composition, fatty [...] Read more.
Deer meat is characterized by low fat and cholesterol contents and high amounts of protein and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In this regard, the aim of this work was to assess the influence of pork backfat substitution by healthier oils on chemical composition, fatty acid profile, texture profile and sensory analysis of deer burger. In addition, pH, color parameters and lipid oxidation were evaluated at 0, 6, 12 and 18 days of storage. For this study, four different treatments of deer burgers—100% pork backfat, 100% tiger nut oil, 100% chia oil, and 100% linseed oil—were elaborated. The fat replacement reduced fat and protein contents and increased moisture amounts, whereas ashes and texture parameters of deer burgers were not affected. Fatty acid profile was significantly improved with the animal fat replacement. In this regard, a significant decrease in saturated fatty acids was found in all reformulated batches, whereas in chia and linseed burger samples a dramatic increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids, omega-3 content and a reduction of n-3/n-6 ratio was observed. In the deer burger prepared with tiger nut oil a significant increase in monounsaturated fatty acids was found. Another important aspect is that the replacement of animal fat by tiger nut or linseed oil emulsion did not affect the global acceptance of deer burgers. Regarding color parameters, redness was the most affected during the whole display presenting a reduction around 50% after 18 days of storage. On the other hand, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values were also affected by fat replacement and storage time, observing the highest values (2.43 mg MDA/kg) in deer burgers prepared with chia at the end of refrigerated period. Finally, from a commercial point of view, the possibility of making claims such as “low fat burgers”, “reduced saturated fat” or “high content of omega-3” makes the reformulated burgers more attractive to the consumer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Game Meat and Game Meat Products: Safety, Quality and Consumer Perception)
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16 pages, 322 KiB  
Article
Effects of Traditional Processing Techniques on the Nutritional and Microbiological Quality of Four Edible Insect Species Used for Food and Feed in East Africa
by Dorothy N. Nyangena, Christopher Mutungi, Samuel Imathiu, John Kinyuru, Hippolyte Affognon, Sunday Ekesi, Dorothy Nakimbugwe and Komi K. M. Fiaboe
Foods 2020, 9(5), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050574 - 4 May 2020
Cited by 79 | Viewed by 7813
Abstract
Edible insects are increasingly being considered as food and feed ingredients because of their rich nutrient content. Already, edible insect farming has taken-off in Africa, but quality and safety concerns call for simple, actionable hazard control mechanisms. We examined the effects of traditional [...] Read more.
Edible insects are increasingly being considered as food and feed ingredients because of their rich nutrient content. Already, edible insect farming has taken-off in Africa, but quality and safety concerns call for simple, actionable hazard control mechanisms. We examined the effects of traditional processing techniques—boiling, toasting, solar-drying, oven-drying, boiling + oven-drying, boiling + solar-drying, toasting + oven-drying, toasting + solar-drying—on the proximate composition and microbiological quality of adult Acheta domesticus and Ruspolia differens, the prepupae of Hermetia illucens and 5th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Boiling, toasting, and drying decreased the dry matter crude fat by 0.8–51% in the order: toasting > boiling > oven-drying > solar-drying, whereas the protein contents increased by 1.2–22% following the same order. Boiling and toasting decreased aerobic mesophilic bacterial populations, lowered Staphylococcus aureus, and eliminated the yeasts and moulds, Lac+ enteric bacteria, and Salmonella. Oven-drying alone marginally lowered bacterial populations as well as yeast and moulds, whereas solar-drying alone had no effect on these parameters. Oven-drying of the boiled or toasted products increased the aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts but the products remained negative on Lac+ enteric bacteria and Salmonella. Traditional processing improves microbial safety but alters the nutritional value. Species- and treatment-specific patterns exist. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Insects as Innovative Foods: Nutritional, Functional and Acceptability Assessments)
22 pages, 1426 KiB  
Review
Phenolic Acids of Plant Origin—A Review on Their Antioxidant Activity In Vitro (O/W Emulsion Systems) Along with Their in Vivo Health Biochemical Properties
by Sotirios Kiokias, Charalampos Proestos and Vassiliki Oreopoulou
Foods 2020, 9(4), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040534 - 24 Apr 2020
Cited by 135 | Viewed by 10854
Abstract
Nature has generously offered a wide range of herbs (e.g., thyme, oregano, rosemary, sage, mint, basil) rich in many polyphenols and other phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant and biochemical properties. This paper focuses on several natural occurring phenolic acids (caffeic, carnosic, ferulic, gallic, [...] Read more.
Nature has generously offered a wide range of herbs (e.g., thyme, oregano, rosemary, sage, mint, basil) rich in many polyphenols and other phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant and biochemical properties. This paper focuses on several natural occurring phenolic acids (caffeic, carnosic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric, rosmarinic, vanillic) and first gives an overview of their most common natural plant sources. A summary of the recently reported antioxidant activities of the phenolic acids in o/w emulsions is also provided as an in vitro lipid-based model system. Exploring the interfacial activity of phenolic acids could help to further elucidate their potential health properties against oxidative stress conditions of biological membranes (such as lipoproteins). Finally, this review reports on the latest literature evidence concerning specific biochemical properties of the examined phenolic acids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Benefits of Plant Extracts for Human Health)
10 pages, 584 KiB  
Perspective
The Food Systems in the Era of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic Crisis
by Charis M. Galanakis
Foods 2020, 9(4), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040523 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 644 | Viewed by 65054
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19, broadly referred to as “coronavirus”) a global pandemic, while thousands of infections and deaths are reported daily. The current article explores the food systems in the era of the [...] Read more.
The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19, broadly referred to as “coronavirus”) a global pandemic, while thousands of infections and deaths are reported daily. The current article explores the food systems in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. It provides insights about the properties of bioactive ingredients of foods and herbs for the support of the human immune system against infections before discussing the possibility of COVID-19 transmission through the food chain. It also highlights the global food security issues arising from the fact that one-third of the world’s population is on lockdown. Finally, it underlines the importance of sustainability in the food chain in order to avoid or reduce the frequency of relevant food and health crises in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Security and Sustainability)
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32 pages, 4960 KiB  
Concept Paper
Food Environment Typology: Advancing an Expanded Definition, Framework, and Methodological Approach for Improved Characterization of Wild, Cultivated, and Built Food Environments toward Sustainable Diets
by Shauna M. Downs, Selena Ahmed, Jessica Fanzo and Anna Herforth
Foods 2020, 9(4), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040532 - 22 Apr 2020
Cited by 203 | Viewed by 27827
Abstract
The food environment is a critical place in the food system to implement interventions to support sustainable diets and address the global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change, because it contains the total scope of options within which consumers make decisions about [...] Read more.
The food environment is a critical place in the food system to implement interventions to support sustainable diets and address the global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change, because it contains the total scope of options within which consumers make decisions about which foods to acquire and consume. In this paper, we build on existing definitions of the food environment, and provide an expanded definition that includes the parameter of sustainability properties of foods and beverages, in order to integrate linkages between food environments and sustainable diets. We further provide a graphical representation of the food environment using a socio-ecological framework. Next, we provide a typology with descriptions of the different types of food environments that consumers have access to in low-, middle-, and high-income countries including wild, cultivated, and built food environments. We characterize the availability, affordability, convenience, promotion and quality (previously termed desirability), and sustainability properties of food and beverages for each food environment type. Lastly, we identify a methodological approach with potential objective and subjective tools and metrics for measuring the different properties of various types of food environments. The definition, framework, typology, and methodological toolbox presented here are intended to facilitate scholars and practitioners to identify entry points in the food environment for implementing and evaluating interventions that support sustainable diets for enhancing human and planetary health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Healthy Food Environments for Sustainable Diets in a Changing World)
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23 pages, 296 KiB  
Review
Advances in Analysis and Detection of Major Mycotoxins in Foods
by Sofia Agriopoulou, Eygenia Stamatelopoulou and Theodoros Varzakas
Foods 2020, 9(4), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040518 - 20 Apr 2020
Cited by 107 | Viewed by 11972
Abstract
Mycotoxins are the most widely studied biological toxins, which contaminate foods at very low concentrations. This review describes the emerging extraction techniques and the current and alternatives analytical techniques and methods that have been used to successfully detect and identify important mycotoxins. Some [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are the most widely studied biological toxins, which contaminate foods at very low concentrations. This review describes the emerging extraction techniques and the current and alternatives analytical techniques and methods that have been used to successfully detect and identify important mycotoxins. Some of them have proven to be particularly effective in not only the detection of mycotoxins, but also in detecting mycotoxin-producing fungi. Chromatographic techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with various detectors like fluorescence, diode array, UV, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, have been powerful tools for analyzing and detecting major mycotoxins. Recent progress of the development of rapid immunoaffinity-based detection techniques such as immunoassays and biosensors, as well as emerging technologies like proteomic and genomic methods, molecular techniques, electronic nose, aggregation-induced emission dye, quantitative NMR and hyperspectral imaging for the detection of mycotoxins in foods, have also been presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Importance and Control Strategies of Major Mycotoxins in Foods-Prevention and Detoxification)
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20 pages, 278 KiB  
Review
How to Formulate for Structure and Texture via Medium of Additive Manufacturing-A Review
by Azarmidokht Gholamipour-Shirazi, Michael-Alex Kamlow, Ian T. Norton and Tom Mills
Foods 2020, 9(4), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040497 - 15 Apr 2020
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7781
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, which is also known as 3D printing, is an emerging and growing technology. It is providing significant innovations and improvements in many areas such as engineering, production, medicine, and more. 3D food printing is an area of great promise to provide [...] Read more.
Additive manufacturing, which is also known as 3D printing, is an emerging and growing technology. It is providing significant innovations and improvements in many areas such as engineering, production, medicine, and more. 3D food printing is an area of great promise to provide an indulgence or entertaining experience, personalized food product, or specific nutritional needs. This paper reviews the additive manufacturing methods and materials in detail as well as their advantages and disadvantages. After a full discussion of 3D food printing, the reports on edible printed materials are briefly presented and discussed. In the end, the current and future outlook of additive manufacturing in the food industry is shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Food Printing: Future Outlook and Application in Food Sector)
16 pages, 3322 KiB  
Review
Geographical Origin Authentication of Agri-Food Products: A Review
by Katerina Katerinopoulou, Achilleas Kontogeorgos, Constantinos E. Salmas, Angelos Patakas and Athanasios Ladavos
Foods 2020, 9(4), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040489 - 13 Apr 2020
Cited by 73 | Viewed by 7934
Abstract
This study is a systematic literature review of geographical origin authentication by elemental analytical techniques. Authentication and certification of geographic origin of agri-food products is a useful tool toward the protection of the quality for products. The aim of this work was to [...] Read more.
This study is a systematic literature review of geographical origin authentication by elemental analytical techniques. Authentication and certification of geographic origin of agri-food products is a useful tool toward the protection of the quality for products. The aim of this work was to map the current state of research in the area of agricultural products and food, identifying emerging fields to the geographical origin of products. The article is divided in three parts. The first part of the article deals with the analytical techniques applied in the food authentication. Special mention is made to elemental analysis and multiple isotope ratio. The second section focuses on statistically published data concerning published research for geographical origin authentication for the period 2015–2019. Specific results are presented inter alia: number of articles according to the type of product, articles according to the type of the analytical techniques, and others. The third part contains characteristic results from articles that were published in the period 2015–2019, on certification of geographical origin on specific agricultural products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Developments in the Applications of Fingerprinting Technology in the Food Field)
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19 pages, 740 KiB  
Article
What Drives Customer Satisfaction, Loyalty, and Happiness in Fast-Food Restaurants in China? Perceived Price, Service Quality, Food Quality, Physical Environment Quality, and the Moderating Role of Gender
by Yongping Zhong and Hee Cheol Moon
Foods 2020, 9(4), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040460 - 8 Apr 2020
Cited by 121 | Viewed by 52881
Abstract
The fast-food service industry has been growing rapidly across China over the last few decades. In accordance with the rising consumption level in the country, Chinese customers care increasingly about their food choices. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors [...] Read more.
The fast-food service industry has been growing rapidly across China over the last few decades. In accordance with the rising consumption level in the country, Chinese customers care increasingly about their food choices. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that can influence customer satisfaction, loyalty, and happiness, with a particular focus on the moderating role of gender. Data were collected through an online survey completed by customers who visited Western fast-food restaurants (KFC, McDonalds, etc.) in China. The structural equation model was applied to test 12 hypotheses. Results showed that perceived price, food, service, and physical environment quality positively affected customer satisfaction. Perceived price can significantly influence customers’ judgement of the quality dimensions of a restaurant. Moreover, customer satisfaction and happiness can lead to a sense of loyalty. Happiness functions as a mediator between satisfaction and loyalty. Nonetheless, our findings indicated that customers’ perceptions of food quality based on price and satisfaction levels based on service quality differ significantly between the genders, which demonstrated that gender moderation exists in food consumption. This study will contribute to a better understanding of managerial and theoretical perspectives, which will be beneficial for subsequent research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Choice and Consumer Psychology)
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13 pages, 1695 KiB  
Article
Melatonin Enhances Cold Tolerance by Regulating Energy and Proline Metabolism in Litchi Fruit
by Gangshuai Liu, Yuxin Zhang, Ze Yun, Meijiao Hu, Jialiang Liu, Yueming Jiang and Zhengke Zhang
Foods 2020, 9(4), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040454 - 8 Apr 2020
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 4054
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a vital signaling molecule that regulates multiple physiological processes in higher plants. In the current study, the role of MLT in regulating chilling tolerance and its possible mechanisms in litchi fruit during storage at ambient temperatures after its removal from [...] Read more.
Melatonin (MLT) is a vital signaling molecule that regulates multiple physiological processes in higher plants. In the current study, the role of MLT in regulating chilling tolerance and its possible mechanisms in litchi fruit during storage at ambient temperatures after its removal from refrigeration was investigated. The results show that the application of MLT (400 μM, dipping for 20 min) to ‘Baitangying’ litchi fruit effectively delayed the development of chilling injury (CI) while inhibiting pericarp discoloration, as indicated by higher chromacity values (L*, a*, b*) and anthocyanin levels. MLT treatment suppressed the enhancements of the relative electrical conductivity (REC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, which might contribute to the maintenance of membrane integrity in litchi fruit. MLT treatment slowed the decline in cellular energy level, as evidenced by higher adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content and a higher energy charge (EC), which might be ascribed to the increased activities of enzymes associated with energy metabolism including H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and cytochrome C oxidase (CCO). In addition, MLT treatment resulted in enhanced proline accumulation, which was likely a consequence of the increased activities of ornithine-δ-aminotransferase (OAT) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) and the suppressed activity of proline dehydrogenase (PDH). These results suggest that the enhanced chilling tolerance of litchi fruit after MLT treatment might involve the regulation of energy and proline metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry)
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16 pages, 3959 KiB  
Article
Preparation and Characterization of Coating Based on Protein Nanofibers and Polyphenol and Application for Salted Duck Egg Yolks
by Qiannan Wang, Weihua Liu, Bo Tian, Dongmei Li, Chunhong Liu, Bin Jiang and Zhibiao Feng
Foods 2020, 9(4), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040449 - 7 Apr 2020
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 4864
Abstract
Salted duck egg yolk (SDEY) is one of the traditional pickled egg products in Asian countries, which suffers from the weight loss and deterioration of texture characteristics during storage. To better maintain the texture of SDEY, an edible coating based on whey protein [...] Read more.
Salted duck egg yolk (SDEY) is one of the traditional pickled egg products in Asian countries, which suffers from the weight loss and deterioration of texture characteristics during storage. To better maintain the texture of SDEY, an edible coating based on whey protein isolate nanofibers (WPNFs) with glycerol (Gly) as a plasticizer and incorporating carvacrol (CA) as an antimicrobial agent was developed. Whey protein isolate (WPI, 5%) was used to self-assemble into WPNFs at 80 °C for 10 h. The particle size, zeta-potential and microstructure of WPNFs–CA emulsion were investigated to evaluate the distribution. Results proved that WPNFs–CA emulsion had smaller particle size and better distribution than WPI–CA emulsion. WPNFs–CA/Gly edible coating was then prepared based on WPNFs–CA emulsion. The WPNFs–CA/Gly edible coating exhibited higher antibacterial activity while the WPNFs–CA/Gly film had smooth and continuous surfaces and better transmittance compared with other samples. Furthermore, weight losses and textural properties changes of SDEYs with WPNFs–CA/Gly coating were evaluated. Results proved that salted duck egg yolks with WPNFs–CA/Gly coating exhibited lower weight losses. Textural properties were significantly improved by the WPNFs–CA/Gly coating on SDEYs than those uncoated samples. It was noted that the egg yolks coated with the WPNFs–CA/Gly coating had the lowest hardness increase rate (18.22%). Hence, WPNF-based coatings may have a good development prospect in the food industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in the Application of Sustainable Edible Coatings to Active Food Packaging)
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17 pages, 3006 KiB  
Article
Mango Peel Pectin by Microwave-Assisted Extraction and Its Use as Fat Replacement in Dried Chinese Sausage
by Malaiporn Wongkaew, Sarana Rose Sommano, Tibet Tangpao, Pornchai Rachtanapun and Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
Foods 2020, 9(4), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040450 - 7 Apr 2020
Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7366
Abstract
In this research, low-fat dried Chinese sausage was formulated with mango peel pectin (MPP; 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w)) extracted by microwave assisted extraction (MAE). The extractable yield of pectin attained from peel of Nam Dok Mai variety was achieved [...] Read more.
In this research, low-fat dried Chinese sausage was formulated with mango peel pectin (MPP; 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w)) extracted by microwave assisted extraction (MAE). The extractable yield of pectin attained from peel of Nam Dok Mai variety was achieved at 13.85% using 700-watt power. The extracted MPP were of high equivalent weight (1485.78 mg/mol), degree esterification (77.19%) and methoxyl content (19.33%) with a structure of greater porosity as compared to that of the conventional method. Spectrum scans by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) indicated that the extracted MPP gave similar wave number profiles as the commercial pectin. Quality attributes of the Chinese sausages were assessed and compared with the control formula (CTRL). At higher concentrations of MPP, the intensity of redness and yellowness in sausage increased. The texture profile of the sausage illustrated that only the hardness value was comparable with the CTRL, while springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were statistically lower (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the sensory evaluation by experienced panellists (n = 12) indicated that 5% MPP similarly represented overall acceptability with the CTRL. Consequently, MPP can be effectively incorporated in the formula at low level to replace fat in Chinese sausage, allowing colour improvement and production of a healthier option. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sausages: Nutrition, Safety, Processing and Quality Improvement)
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15 pages, 2559 KiB  
Article
Physicochemical Characterization, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Compounds of Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) Fruits Species for Potential Use in Food Applications
by Abolfazl Alirezalu, Nima Ahmadi, Peyman Salehi, Ali Sonboli, Kazem Alirezalu, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Francisco J. Barba, Paulo E.S. Munekata and Jose M. Lorenzo
Foods 2020, 9(4), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040436 - 4 Apr 2020
Cited by 62 | Viewed by 8082
Abstract
Hawthorn belongs to the Crataegus genus of the Rosaceae family and is an important medicinal plant. Due to its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity hawthorn has recently become quite a popular herbal medicine in phytotherapy and [...] Read more.
Hawthorn belongs to the Crataegus genus of the Rosaceae family and is an important medicinal plant. Due to its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system and its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity hawthorn has recently become quite a popular herbal medicine in phytotherapy and food applications. In this study, physicochemical characterization (color parameters, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, soluble carbohydrate, total carotenoid, total phenols, and flavonoid contents), antioxidant activity (by ferric-reducing antioxidant power, FRAP assay), and quantification of some individual phenolic compounds of fruits of 15 samples of different hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) collected from different regions of Iran were investigated. According to findings, the total phenols, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were in the range of 21.19–69.12 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (dw), 2.44–6.08 mg quercetin equivalent (QUE)/g dw and 0.32–1.84 mmol Fe++/g dw, respectively. Hyperoside (0.87–2.94 mg/g dw), chlorogenic acid (0.06–1.16 mg/g dw), and isoquercetin (0.24–1.59 mg/g dw) were found to be the most abundant phenolic compounds in the extracts of hawthorn fruits. The considerable variations in the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of hawthorn species were demonstrated by our results. Hence, the evaluation of hawthorn genetic resources could supply precious data for screening genotypes with high bioactive contents for producing natural antioxidants and other phytochemical compounds valuable for food and pharma industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Natural Products in Foods)
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25 pages, 1607 KiB  
Review
Drivers of Consumer Liking for Beef, Pork, and Lamb: A Review
by Rhonda Miller
Foods 2020, 9(4), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040428 - 3 Apr 2020
Cited by 100 | Viewed by 7957
Abstract
Tenderness, juiciness, and flavor have been associated with consumer acceptance of beef, lamb, and pork. Drivers of consumer liking are interrelated across these species, but there are differences in consumer preferences. Animal age, animal diet, and subsequent marbling impact consumer liking across species. [...] Read more.
Tenderness, juiciness, and flavor have been associated with consumer acceptance of beef, lamb, and pork. Drivers of consumer liking are interrelated across these species, but there are differences in consumer preferences. Animal age, animal diet, and subsequent marbling impact consumer liking across species. For beef, consumer research prior to the 1990s showed that tenderness was the main driver of liking. Consumer tenderness and juiciness liking are highly correlated. More recent research has shown that as overall tenderness improved and tenderness variation decreased, flavor has become a more important driver of beef consumer liking. Flavor is affected by consumer preparation methods, familiarity with different flavor presentations, and animal production systems. Animal diet impacts consumer perception of beef tenderness and flavor, especially when comparing forage-fed versus grain-fed beef. Flavor preferences vary across countries more so than preferences for beef based on consumer tenderness preferences and are most likely influenced by the consumption of locally produced beef and the flavor-derived type of beef traditionally consumed. Drivers of pork consumer liking have been shown to be affected by pH, color, water holding capacity, animal diet, and the presence of boar taint compounds. While tenderness and juiciness continue to be drivers of consumer liking for pork, flavor, as impacted by animal diet and the presence of boar taint compounds, continues to be a driver for consumer liking. For lamb, the flavor, as affected by diet, and animal age continue to be the main drivers of consumer liking. Lamb consumers vary across countries based on the level of consumption and preferences for flavor based on cultural effects and production practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumer Preferences and Acceptance of Meat Products)
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26 pages, 3776 KiB  
Review
Development of Next-Generation Nutritionally Fortified Plant-Based Milk Substitutes: Structural Design Principles
by David Julian McClements
Foods 2020, 9(4), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040421 - 3 Apr 2020
Cited by 99 | Viewed by 19562
Abstract
Consumers are increasingly interested in decreasing their dietary intake of animal-based food products, due to health, sustainability, and ethical concerns. For this reason, the food industry is creating new products from plant-based ingredients that simulate many of the physicochemical and sensory attributes associated [...] Read more.
Consumers are increasingly interested in decreasing their dietary intake of animal-based food products, due to health, sustainability, and ethical concerns. For this reason, the food industry is creating new products from plant-based ingredients that simulate many of the physicochemical and sensory attributes associated with animal-derived foods, including milk, eggs, and meat. An understanding of how the ingredient type, amount, and organization influence the desirable physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional attributes of these plant-based foods is required to achieve this goal. A potential problem with plant-based diets is that they lack key micronutrients, such as vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, and ω-3 fatty acids. The aim of this review is to present the science behind the creation of next-generation nutritionally fortified plant-based milk substitutes. These milk-like products may be formed by mechanically breaking down certain plant materials (including nuts, seeds, and legumes) to produce a dispersion of oil bodies and other colloidal matter in water, or by forming oil-in-water emulsions by homogenizing plant-based oils and emulsifiers with water. A brief overview of the formulation and fabrication of plant-based milks is given. The relationship between the optical properties, rheology, and stability of plant-based milks and their composition and structure is then covered. Approaches to fortify these products with micronutrients that may be missing from a plant-based diet are also highlighted. In conclusion, this article highlights how the knowledge of structural design principles can be used to facilitate the creation of higher quality and more sustainable plant-based food products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Microstructure and Its Relationship with Quality and Stability)
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22 pages, 1181 KiB  
Review
Multisensory Flavour Perception: Blending, Mixing, Fusion, and Pairing within and between the Senses
by Charles Spence
Foods 2020, 9(4), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040407 - 1 Apr 2020
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 10518
Abstract
This review summarizes the various outcomes that may occur when two or more elements are paired in the context of flavour perception. In the first part, I review the literature concerning what happens when flavours, ingredients, and/or culinary techniques are deliberately combined in [...] Read more.
This review summarizes the various outcomes that may occur when two or more elements are paired in the context of flavour perception. In the first part, I review the literature concerning what happens when flavours, ingredients, and/or culinary techniques are deliberately combined in a dish, drink, or food product. Sometimes the result is fusion but, if one is not careful, the result can equally well be confusion instead. In fact, blending, mixing, fusion, and flavour pairing all provide relevant examples of how the elements in a carefully-crafted multi-element tasting experience may be combined. While the aim is sometimes to obscure the relative contributions of the various elements to the mix (as in the case of blending), at other times, consumers/tasters are explicitly encouraged to contemplate/perceive the nature of the relationship between the contributing elements instead (e.g., as in the case of flavour pairing). There has been a noticeable surge in both popular and commercial interest in fusion foods and flavour pairing in recent years, and various of the ‘rules’ that have been put forward to help explain the successful combination of the elements in such food and/or beverage experiences are discussed. In the second part of the review, I examine the pairing of flavour stimuli with music/soundscapes, in the emerging field of ‘sonic seasoning’. I suggest that the various perceptual pairing principles/outcomes identified when flavours are paired deliberately can also be meaningfully extended to provide a coherent framework when it comes to categorizing the ways in which what we hear can influence our flavour experiences, both in terms of the sensory-discriminative and hedonic response. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Consumer Psychology and Food Design)
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19 pages, 295 KiB  
Article
Insects as Novel Food: A Consumer Attitude Analysis through the Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach
by Rocco Roma, Giovanni Ottomano Palmisano and Annalisa De Boni
Foods 2020, 9(4), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9040387 - 27 Mar 2020
Cited by 59 | Viewed by 6078
Abstract
In Western societies, the unfamiliarity with insect-based food is a hindrance for consumption and market development. This may depend on neophobia and reactions of disgust, individual characteristics and socio-cultural background, and risk-perceptions for health and production technologies. In addition, in many European countries, [...] Read more.
In Western societies, the unfamiliarity with insect-based food is a hindrance for consumption and market development. This may depend on neophobia and reactions of disgust, individual characteristics and socio-cultural background, and risk-perceptions for health and production technologies. In addition, in many European countries, the sale of insects for human consumption is still illegal, although European Union (EU) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) are developing regulatory frameworks and environmental and quality standards. This research aims to advance the knowledge on entomophagy, providing insights to improve consumer acceptance in Italy. This is done by carrying out the characterization of a sample of consumers according to their willingness to taste several types of insect-based food and taking into account the connections among the consumers’ features. Thus, the dominance-based rough set approach is applied using the data collected from 310 Italian consumers. This approach provided 206 certain decision rules characterizing the consumers into five groups, showing the consumers’ features determining their specific classification. Although many Italian consumers are willing to accept only insects in the form of feed stuffs or supplements, this choice is a first step towards entomophagy. Conversely, young Italian people are a niche market, but they can play a role in changing trends. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Insects as Innovative Foods: Nutritional, Functional and Acceptability Assessments)
3 pages, 174 KiB  
Editorial
Nutraceuticals in Human Health
by Alessandra Durazzo, Massimo Lucarini and Antonello Santini
Foods 2020, 9(3), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030370 - 23 Mar 2020
Cited by 76 | Viewed by 7705
Abstract
The combined and concerted action of nutrient and biologically active compounds is flagged as an indicator of a “possible beneficial role” for health. The use and applications of bioactive components cover a wide range of fields, in particular the nutraceuticals. In this context, [...] Read more.
The combined and concerted action of nutrient and biologically active compounds is flagged as an indicator of a “possible beneficial role” for health. The use and applications of bioactive components cover a wide range of fields, in particular the nutraceuticals. In this context, the Special Issue entitled “Nutraceuticals in Human Health” is focused on the all aspects around the nutraceuticals, ranging from analytical aspects to clinical trials, from efficacy studies to beneficial effects on health status. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals in Human Health)
16 pages, 1000 KiB  
Review
The Pharmacological Activity, Biochemical Properties, and Pharmacokinetics of the Major Natural Polyphenolic Flavonoid: Quercetin
by Gaber El-Saber Batiha, Amany Magdy Beshbishy, Muhammad Ikram, Zohair S. Mulla, Mohamed E. Abd El-Hack, Ayman E. Taha, Abdelazeem M. Algammal and Yaser Hosny Ali Elewa
Foods 2020, 9(3), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030374 - 23 Mar 2020
Cited by 377 | Viewed by 21999
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of natural substances present in plants, fruits, vegetables, wine, bulbs, bark, stems, roots, and tea. Several attempts are being made to isolate such natural products, which are popular for their health benefits. Flavonoids are now seen as an essential [...] Read more.
Flavonoids are a class of natural substances present in plants, fruits, vegetables, wine, bulbs, bark, stems, roots, and tea. Several attempts are being made to isolate such natural products, which are popular for their health benefits. Flavonoids are now seen as an essential component in a number of cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and medicinal formulations. Quercetin is the major polyphenolic flavonoid found in food products, including berries, apples, cauliflower, tea, cabbage, nuts, and onions that have traditionally been treated as anticancer and antiviral, and used for the treatment of allergic, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders, eye and cardiovascular diseases, and arthritis. Pharmacologically, quercetin has been examined against various microorganisms and parasites, including pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and Plasmodium, Babesia, and Theileria parasites. Additionally, it has shown beneficial effects against Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and this activity is due to its inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase. It has also been documented to possess antioxidant, antifungal, anti-carcinogenic, hepatoprotective, and cytotoxic activity. Quercetin has been documented to accumulate in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and small intestines, with lower levels seen in the brain, heart, and spleen, and it is extracted through the renal, fecal, and respiratory systems. The current review examines the pharmacokinetics, as well as the toxic and biological activities of quercetin. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Extracts: Chemical Composition, Bioactivity and Potential Applications)
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31 pages, 521 KiB  
Review
Essential Oils as Potential Alternative Biocontrol Products against Plant Pathogens and Weeds: A Review
by Robin Raveau, Joël Fontaine and Anissa Lounès-Hadj Sahraoui
Foods 2020, 9(3), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030365 - 21 Mar 2020
Cited by 246 | Viewed by 13983
Abstract
Naturally produced by aromatic plants, essential oils (EO) contain a wide range of volatile molecules, including mostly secondary metabolites, which possess several biological activities. Essential oils properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities are known for a long time and hence widely [...] Read more.
Naturally produced by aromatic plants, essential oils (EO) contain a wide range of volatile molecules, including mostly secondary metabolites, which possess several biological activities. Essential oils properties such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities are known for a long time and hence widely used in traditional medicines, cosmetics and food industries. However, despite their effects against many phytopathogenic fungi, oomycetes and bacteria as well as weeds, their use in agriculture remains surprisingly scarce. The purpose of the present review is to gather and discuss up-to-date biological activities of EO against weeds, plant pathogenic fungi, oomycetes and bacteria, reported in the scientific literature. Innovative methods, potentially valuable to improve the efficiency and reliability of EO, have been investigated. In particular, their use towards a more sustainable agriculture has been discussed, aiming at encouraging the use of alternative products to substitute synthetic pesticides to control weeds and plant diseases, without significantly affecting crop yields. An overview of the market and the recent advances on the regulation of these products as well as future challenges to promote their development and wider use in disease management programs is described. Because of several recent reviews on EO insecticidal properties, this topic is not covered in the present review. Full article
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15 pages, 14017 KiB  
Article
Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Edible Films, Based on κ- and ι-Carrageenans with the Addition of Lapacho Tea Extract
by Simona Jancikova, Dani Dordevic, Ewelina Jamroz, Hana Behalova and Bohuslava Tremlova
Foods 2020, 9(3), 357; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030357 - 19 Mar 2020
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 5287
Abstract
The aim of the study was to characterize antioxidant and textural property differences of edible films prepared with the addition of lapacho extract (LE). The experimentally produced edible films also contained different carrageenans (ι- and κ-carrageenan). The κ- and ι-carrageenan, glycerol and the [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to characterize antioxidant and textural property differences of edible films prepared with the addition of lapacho extract (LE). The experimentally produced edible films also contained different carrageenans (ι- and κ-carrageenan). The κ- and ι-carrageenan, glycerol and the different addition of LE (5%, 10%, 20%) were used as ingredients for forming films. The pH and viscosity were measured for film forming solutions (before drying). The following analyses were performed on films: the total polyphenol content (TPC), Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2-Diphenyl–1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Optical parameters were analyzed by the determination of UV-Vis spectra. The structure of films was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The gained results indicated that the use of different gelling agents (ι- and κ-carrageenan) resulted in statistically significant (p < 0.05) differences in textural properties (strength and breaking strain) of produced edible films. The highest antioxidant properties and TPC had a κ film with 20% LE (DPPH: 87.63 ± 0.03%; TPC: 233.75 ± 0.104 mg gallic acid/g). According to these results, it can be concluded that edible films with the highest concentrations of added lapacho extract can serve as a good source of antioxidant compounds. Certainly, these properties can be usefully incorporated into the wrapped food commodity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Novel Packaging Technology on Food Safety and Quality)
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11 pages, 1229 KiB  
Article
Effect of Grape Pomace Addition on the Technological, Sensory, and Nutritional Properties of Durum Wheat Pasta
by Roberta Tolve, Gabriella Pasini, Fabiola Vignale, Fabio Favati and Barbara Simonato
Foods 2020, 9(3), 354; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030354 - 19 Mar 2020
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 5646
Abstract
In this study, fortified pasta was prepared by replacing semolina with 0, 5, and 10 g/100 g of grape pomace (GP), a food industry by-product, rich in fiber and phenols. GP inclusion in pasta significantly reduced its optimum cooking time and the swelling [...] Read more.
In this study, fortified pasta was prepared by replacing semolina with 0, 5, and 10 g/100 g of grape pomace (GP), a food industry by-product, rich in fiber and phenols. GP inclusion in pasta significantly reduced its optimum cooking time and the swelling index, while also increasing the cooking loss (p < 0.05). Furthermore, pasta firmness and adhesiveness were enhanced by the GP addition, as well as the total phenol content and the antioxidant activity, evaluated through ABTS and FRAP assays (p < 0.05). From a nutritional point of view, increasing amounts of GP resulted in a significative decrease in the rapidly digestible starch and an increase in the slowly digestible starch, while the predicted in vitro glycemic index was also reduced (p < 0.05). Sensory analysis showed that fortified spaghetti had good overall acceptability, and the results suggest that GP-fortified pasta could represent a healthy product with good technological and sensory properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving the Sensory, Nutritional and Technological Profile of Conventional and Gluten-Free Pasta and Bakery Products)
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17 pages, 1437 KiB  
Article
Sensory Improvement of a Pea Protein-Based Product Using Microbial Co-Cultures of Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeasts
by Cynthia El Youssef, Pascal Bonnarme, Sébastien Fraud, Anne-Claire Péron, Sandra Helinck and Sophie Landaud
Foods 2020, 9(3), 349; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030349 - 17 Mar 2020
Cited by 76 | Viewed by 10175
Abstract
Consumer demands for plant-based products have increased in recent years. However, their consumption is still limited due to the presence of off-flavor compounds, primarily beany and green notes, which are mainly associated with the presence of aldehydes, ketones, furans, and alcohols. To overcome [...] Read more.
Consumer demands for plant-based products have increased in recent years. However, their consumption is still limited due to the presence of off-flavor compounds, primarily beany and green notes, which are mainly associated with the presence of aldehydes, ketones, furans, and alcohols. To overcome this problem, fermentation is used as a lever to reduce off-flavors. A starter culture of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was tested in a 4% pea protein solution with one of the following yeasts: Kluyveromyces lactis, Kluyveromyces marxianus, or Torulaspora delbrueckii. The fermented samples were evaluated by a sensory panel. Non-fermented and fermented matrices were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the volatile compounds. The sensory evaluation showed a significant reduction in the green/leguminous attributes of pea proteins and the generation of new descriptors in the presence of yeasts. Compared to the non-fermented matrix, fermentations with LAB or LAB and yeasts led to the degradation of many off-flavor compounds. Moreover, the presence of yeasts triggered the generation of esters. Thus, fermentation by a co-culture of LAB and yeasts can be used as a powerful tool for the improvement of the sensory perception of a pea protein-based product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Legumes as Food Ingredient: Characterization, Processing, and Applications)
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27 pages, 914 KiB  
Review
Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms of Resveratrol: A Narrative Review
by Xiao Meng, Jing Zhou, Cai-Ning Zhao, Ren-You Gan and Hua-Bin Li
Foods 2020, 9(3), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030340 - 14 Mar 2020
Cited by 165 | Viewed by 17768
Abstract
Resveratrol is a bioactive compound in many foods. Since its anticancer activity was reported in 1997, its health benefits have been intensively investigated. Resveratrol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, glucose and lipid regulatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular protective effects, therefore, can protect against diverse chronic [...] Read more.
Resveratrol is a bioactive compound in many foods. Since its anticancer activity was reported in 1997, its health benefits have been intensively investigated. Resveratrol has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, glucose and lipid regulatory, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular protective effects, therefore, can protect against diverse chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, liver diseases, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. This review summarizes the main findings of resveratrol-related health benefits in recent epidemiological surveys, experimental studies, and clinical trials, highlighting its related molecular mechanisms. Resveratrol, therefore, has been regarded as a potent candidate for the development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals to prevent and treat certain chronic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities of Plant Food Components: Implications in Human Health)
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24 pages, 5246 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Faba Bean Protein Ingredients Produced Using Dry Fractionation and Isoelectric Precipitation: Techno-Functional, Nutritional and Environmental Performance
by Martin Vogelsang-O’Dwyer, Iben Lykke Petersen, Marcel Skejovic Joehnke, Jens Christian Sørensen, Juergen Bez, Andreas Detzel, Mirjam Busch, Martina Krueger, James A. O’Mahony, Elke K. Arendt and Emanuele Zannini
Foods 2020, 9(3), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030322 - 11 Mar 2020
Cited by 128 | Viewed by 16307
Abstract
Dry fractionated faba bean protein-rich flour (FPR) produced by milling/air classification, and faba bean protein isolate (FPI) produced by acid extraction/isoelectric precipitation were compared in terms of composition, techno-functional properties, nutritional properties and environmental impacts. FPR had a lower protein content (64.1%, dry [...] Read more.
Dry fractionated faba bean protein-rich flour (FPR) produced by milling/air classification, and faba bean protein isolate (FPI) produced by acid extraction/isoelectric precipitation were compared in terms of composition, techno-functional properties, nutritional properties and environmental impacts. FPR had a lower protein content (64.1%, dry matter (DM)) compared to FPI (90.1%, DM), due to the inherent limitations of air classification. Of the two ingredients, FPR demonstrated superior functionality, including higher protein solubility (85%), compared to FPI (32%) at pH 7. Foaming capacity was higher for FPR, although foam stability was similar for both ingredients. FPR had greater gelling ability compared to FPI. The higher carbohydrate content of FPR may have contributed to this difference. An amino acid (AA) analysis revealed that both ingredients were low in sulfur-containing AAs, with FPR having a slightly higher level than FPI. The potential nutritional benefits of the aqueous process compared to the dry process used in this study were apparent in the higher in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and lower trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) in FPI compared to FPR. Additionally, vicine/convicine were detected in FPR, but not in FPI. Furthermore, much lower levels of fermentable oligo-, di- and monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) were found in FPI compared to FPR. The life cycle assessment (LCA) revealed a lower environmental impact for FPR, partly due to the extra water and energy required for aqueous processing. However, in a comparison with cow’s milk protein, both FPR and FPI were shown to have considerably lower environmental impacts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Milk Alternatives and Non-Dairy Fermented Products)
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22 pages, 983 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenolic Content, Individual Phenolics and Physicochemical Parameters Suitability for Romanian Honey Authentication
by Daniela Pauliuc, Florina Dranca and Mircea Oroian
Foods 2020, 9(3), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030306 - 8 Mar 2020
Cited by 107 | Viewed by 7424
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of honey (raspberry, mint, rape, sunflower, thyme and polyfloral) produced in Romania. The honey samples were from the 2017 to 2018 harvest and were subjected to melissopalynological analysis, alongside the determination of the following [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of honey (raspberry, mint, rape, sunflower, thyme and polyfloral) produced in Romania. The honey samples were from the 2017 to 2018 harvest and were subjected to melissopalynological analysis, alongside the determination of the following physicochemical parameters: moisture content, pH, free acidity, electrical conductivity (EC), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content, color, total polyphenols content (TPC), flavonoids content (FC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, phenolic acids, flavonols, sugars and organic acids in order to evaluate the usefulness of this parameters for the classification of honey according to botanical origin. The results of the melissopalynological analysis revealed that five types of honey samples had a percentage of pollen grains above the minimum of 45%, which was required in order to classify the samples as monofloral honey. The total polyphenols content reached the maximum value in the case of dark honey such as mint honey, followed by raspberry, thyme and polifloral honey. Fructose, glucose, maltose, sucrose, turanose, trehalose, melesitose, and raffinose were identified and quantified in all samples. Gluconic acid was the main organic acid in the composition of all honey samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the possibility of the botanical authentication of honey based on these physicochemical parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Authenticity of Honey: Characterization, Bioactivities and Sensorial Properties)
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19 pages, 3773 KiB  
Article
Sprouted Barley Flour as a Nutritious and Functional Ingredient
by Daniel Rico, Elena Peñas, María del Carmen García, Cristina Martínez-Villaluenga, Dilip K. Rai, Rares I. Birsan, Juana Frias and Ana B. Martín-Diana
Foods 2020, 9(3), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030296 - 5 Mar 2020
Cited by 74 | Viewed by 8844
Abstract
The increasing demand for healthy food products has promoted the use of germinated seeds to produce functional flours. In this study, germination conditions were optimized in barley grains with the aim to produce flours with high nutritional and biofunctional potential using response surface [...] Read more.
The increasing demand for healthy food products has promoted the use of germinated seeds to produce functional flours. In this study, germination conditions were optimized in barley grains with the aim to produce flours with high nutritional and biofunctional potential using response surface methodology (RSM). The impact of germination time (0.8–6 days) and temperature (12–20 °C) on barley quality was studied. Non-germinated barley was used as the control. The content of vitamins B1, B2 and C, and proteins increased notably after germination, especially at longer times, while levels of fat, carbohydrates, fibre, and β-glucan were reduced. Total phenolic compounds, γ-aminobutyric acid and antioxidant activity determined by Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity increased between 2-fold and 4-fold during sprouting, depending on germination conditions and this increase was more pronounced at higher temperatures (16–20 °C) and longer times (5–6 days). Procyanidin B and ferulic acid were the main phenolics in the soluble and insoluble fraction, respectively. Procyanidin B levels decreased while bound ferulic acid content increased during germination. Germinated barley flours exhibited lower brightness and a higher glycemic index than the control ones. This study shows that germination at 16 °C for 3.5 days was the optimum process to obtain nutritious and functional barley flours. Under these conditions, sprouts retained 87% of the initial β-glucan content, and exhibited levels of ascorbic acid, riboflavin, phenolic compounds and GABA between 1.4-fold and 2.5-fold higher than the non-sprouted grain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Production, Properties and Applications of Sprouted Seeds)
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18 pages, 264 KiB  
Review
Bioactive Compounds in Food Waste: A Review on the Transformation of Food Waste to Animal Feed
by Alexandros Georganas, Elisavet Giamouri, Athanasios C. Pappas, George Papadomichelakis, Fenia Galliou, Thrassyvoulos Manios, Eleni Tsiplakou, Kostas Fegeros and George Zervas
Foods 2020, 9(3), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030291 - 5 Mar 2020
Cited by 103 | Viewed by 12872
Abstract
Bioactive compounds are substances which are present in foods in small amounts and have the ability to provide health benefits. Bioactive compounds include but are not limited to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, carotenoids, peptides, and polyphenols. The aim of the present study [...] Read more.
Bioactive compounds are substances which are present in foods in small amounts and have the ability to provide health benefits. Bioactive compounds include but are not limited to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, carotenoids, peptides, and polyphenols. The aim of the present study is to review literature for potential bioactive compounds present in food waste material and discuss the transformation of food waste to animal feed under the perspective that usage of food waste, rather than disposal, may tackle food insecurity and provide health benefits. Finally, applications in poultry and swine nutrition, with emphasis on the presence of fatty acids on food waste material, are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Compounds: Applications in Foods of Animal Origin)
16 pages, 1011 KiB  
Review
Effect of Innovative Food Processing Technologies on the Physicochemical and Nutritional Properties and Quality of Non-Dairy Plant-Based Beverages
by Paulo E. S. Munekata, Rubén Domínguez, Sravanthi Budaraju, Elena Roselló-Soto, Francisco J. Barba, Kumar Mallikarjunan, Shahin Roohinejad and José M. Lorenzo
Foods 2020, 9(3), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030288 - 4 Mar 2020
Cited by 101 | Viewed by 16036
Abstract
Increase in allergenicity towards cow’s milk, lactose intolerance, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, and flexitarian choice of food consumption have increased the market for cow’s milk alternatives. Non-dairy plant-based beverages are useful alternatives because of the presence of bioactive components with health-promoting properties, which [...] Read more.
Increase in allergenicity towards cow’s milk, lactose intolerance, the prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, and flexitarian choice of food consumption have increased the market for cow’s milk alternatives. Non-dairy plant-based beverages are useful alternatives because of the presence of bioactive components with health-promoting properties, which attract health-conscious consumers. However, the reduced nutritional value and sensory acceptability of the plant-based beverages (such as flavor, taste, and solubility) compared to cow’s milk pose a big threat to its place in the market. Thermal treatments are commonly used to ensure the quality of plant-based beverages during storage. However, the application of high temperatures can promote the degradation of thermolabile compounds and some detrimental reactions, thus reducing protein digestibility and amino acid availability of non-dairy plant-based beverages substitutes. New and advanced food processing technologies, such as high-pressure processing, high-pressure homogenization, pulsed electric fields, and ultrasound, are being researched for addressing the issues related to shelf life increase, emulsion stability, preservation of nutritional content and sensorial acceptability of the final product. However, the literature available on the application of non-thermal processing technologies on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of plant-based beverages is scarce. Concerted research efforts are required in the coming years in the functional plant-based beverages sector to prepare newer, tailor-made products which are palatable as well as nutritionally adequate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Milk Alternatives and Non-Dairy Fermented Products)
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19 pages, 4750 KiB  
Article
Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) Essential Oil for Its Application in Foods
by Miroslava Kačániová, Lucia Galovičová, Eva Ivanišová, Nenad L. Vukovic, Jana Štefániková, Veronika Valková, Petra Borotová, Jana Žiarovská, Margarita Terentjeva, Soňa Felšöciová and Eva Tvrdá
Foods 2020, 9(3), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030282 - 4 Mar 2020
Cited by 83 | Viewed by 8511
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant, antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the Coriandrum sativum essential oil. Changes in the biofilm profile of Stenotropomonas maltophilia and Bacillus subtilis were studied using MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper on glass and wooden surfaces. The molecular differences of biofilms in different days were observed as well. The major volatile compounds of the coriander essential oil in the present study were β-linalool 66.07%. Coriander essential oil radical scavenging activity was 51.05% of inhibition. Coriander essential oil expressed the strongest antibacterial activity against B. subtilis followed by S. maltophilia and Penicillium expansum. The strongest antibiofilm activity of the coriander essential oil was found against S. maltophilia. A clearly differentiated branch was obtained for early growth variants of S. maltophilia in case of planktonic cells and all experimental groups and time span can be reported for the grouping pattern of B. subtilis preferentially when comparing to the media matrix, but without clear differences among variants. The results indicate that coriander was effective against the tested Penicillium expansum in the vapor phase after 14 days with MID50 367.19 and MID90 445.92 µL/L of air. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Natural Compounds)
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23 pages, 5759 KiB  
Article
The In Vivo Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Actions of Selected Chinese Teas
by Shi-Yu Cao, Bang-Yan Li, Ren-You Gan, Qian-Qian Mao, Yuan-Feng Wang, Ao Shang, Jin-Ming Meng, Xiao-Yu Xu, Xin-Lin Wei and Hua-Bin Li
Foods 2020, 9(3), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030262 - 2 Mar 2020
Cited by 56 | Viewed by 4485
Abstract
Tea is a popular beverage and shows very strong in vitro antioxidant activity. However, the relationship among in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities in teas is seldom reported. In this study, in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of 32 selected Chinese teas [...] Read more.
Tea is a popular beverage and shows very strong in vitro antioxidant activity. However, the relationship among in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities in teas is seldom reported. In this study, in vivo antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of 32 selected Chinese teas were evaluated on a mouse model with acute alcohol-induced liver injury. The results showed that most teas significantly reduced the levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, triacylglycerol, and total bilirubin in the sera of mice at a dose of 400 mg/kg. In addition, most teas greatly decreased the malondialdehyde level and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione in the liver of mice, indicating the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities of teas. Furthermore, the in vivo antioxidant activity of dark tea was stronger than that of green tea, opposite to the results of the in vitro study. Among these 32 teas, Black Fu Brick Tea, Pu-erh Tea, and Qing Brick Tea showed the strongest antioxidant and hepatoprotective activities. Moreover, total phenolic content as well as the contents of epicatechin, gallocatechin gallate, and chlorogenic acid were found to contribute, at least partially, to the antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions of these teas. Overall, teas are good dietary components with antioxidant and hepatoprotective actions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Natural Products in Foods)
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11 pages, 636 KiB  
Article
Composition, Physicochemical and Sensorial Properties of Commercial Plant-Based Yogurts
by Nadia Grasso, Loreto Alonso-Miravalles and James A. O’Mahony
Foods 2020, 9(3), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030252 - 26 Feb 2020
Cited by 121 | Viewed by 17007
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the key physicochemical, sensory and quality attributes of plant-based yogurts made from soy, coconut, cashew, almond and hemp, including a dairy benchmark yogurt. The soy, coconut and cashew-based yogurts showed textural parameters comparable to the [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine the key physicochemical, sensory and quality attributes of plant-based yogurts made from soy, coconut, cashew, almond and hemp, including a dairy benchmark yogurt. The soy, coconut and cashew-based yogurts showed textural parameters comparable to the dairy yogurt, with firmness values of 0.46, 0.44, 0.51 and 0.36 N, respectively. Rheological analysis showed that one of the soy-based yogurts was similar to the dairy yogurt in terms of apparent viscosity, in addition to water-holding capacity (82.8% and 75.7%, respectively). Other plant-based yogurts, e.g., hemp, showed different rheological and textural parameters to the other plant-based products, relating this to the agar and rice starch components of the hemp formulation. The sensory analysis demonstrated that some plant-based yogurts were similarly appreciated to dairy-based products. This was due mainly to the presence of specific hydrocolloids, sweeteners and flavours in the formulations; for example, the acceptability of the soy- and dairy-based yogurts were identical (5.95). The results obtained in this study allowed identification of key quality attributes of plant-based yogurt products and highlighted relationships between such attributes and formulation, which can be exploited in future product development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Milk Alternatives and Non-Dairy Fermented Products)
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31 pages, 473 KiB  
Review
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): An Overview of the Potentials of the “Golden Grain” and Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects of Its Cultivation and Marketization
by Viktória Angeli, Pedro Miguel Silva, Danilo Crispim Massuela, Muhammad Waleed Khan, Alicia Hamar, Forough Khajehei, Simone Graeff-Hönninger and Cinzia Piatti
Foods 2020, 9(2), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020216 - 19 Feb 2020
Cited by 146 | Viewed by 16020
Abstract
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is native to the Andean region and has attracted a global growing interest due its unique nutritional value. The protein content of quinoa grains is higher than other cereals while it has better distribution of essential amino acids. [...] Read more.
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is native to the Andean region and has attracted a global growing interest due its unique nutritional value. The protein content of quinoa grains is higher than other cereals while it has better distribution of essential amino acids. It can be used as an alternative to milk proteins. Additionally, quinoa contains a high amount of essential fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, dietary fibers, and carbohydrates with beneficial hypoglycemic effects while being gluten-free. Furthermore, the quinoa plant is resistant to cold, salt, and drought, which leaves no doubt as to why it has been called the “golden grain”. On that account, production of quinoa and its products followed an increasing trend that gained attraction in 2013, as it was proclaimed to be the international year of quinoa. In this respect, this review provides an overview of the published results regarding the nutritional and biological properties of quinoa that have been cultivated in different parts of the world during the last two decades. This review sheds light on how traditional quinoa processing and products evolved and are being adopted into novel food processing and modern food products, as well as noting the potential of side stream processing of quinoa by-products in various industrial sectors. Furthermore, this review moves beyond the technological aspects of quinoa production by addressing the socio-economic and environmental challenges of its production, consumption, and marketizations to reflect a holistic view of promoting the production and consumption of quinoa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Grain)
16 pages, 3257 KiB  
Review
Plant Cell Walls: Impact on Nutrient Bioaccessibility and Digestibility
by Claire Holland, Peter Ryden, Cathrina H. Edwards and Myriam M.-L. Grundy
Foods 2020, 9(2), 201; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020201 - 16 Feb 2020
Cited by 88 | Viewed by 17788
Abstract
Cell walls are important structural components of plants, affecting both the bioaccessibility and subsequent digestibility of the nutrients that plant-based foods contain. These supramolecular structures are composed of complex heterogeneous networks primarily consisting of cellulose, and hemicellulosic and pectic polysaccharides. The composition and [...] Read more.
Cell walls are important structural components of plants, affecting both the bioaccessibility and subsequent digestibility of the nutrients that plant-based foods contain. These supramolecular structures are composed of complex heterogeneous networks primarily consisting of cellulose, and hemicellulosic and pectic polysaccharides. The composition and organization of these different polysaccharides vary depending on the type of plant tissue, imparting them with specific physicochemical properties. These properties dictate how the cell walls behave in the human gastrointestinal tract, and how amenable they are to digestion, thereby modulating nutrient release from the plant tissue. This short narrative review presents an overview of our current knowledge on cell walls and how they impact nutrient bioaccessibility and digestibility. Some of the most relevant methods currently used to characterize the food matrix and the cell walls are also described. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in Food Digestion)
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16 pages, 589 KiB  
Review
Table Olives More than a Fermented Food
by Giorgia Perpetuini, Roberta Prete, Natalia Garcia-Gonzalez, Mohammad Khairul Alam and Aldo Corsetti
Foods 2020, 9(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020178 - 12 Feb 2020
Cited by 80 | Viewed by 11191
Abstract
Table olives are one of the oldest vegetable fermented foods in the Mediterranean area. Beside their economic impact, fermented table olives represent also an important healthy food in the Mediterranean diet, because of their high content of bioactive and health-promoting compounds. However, olive [...] Read more.
Table olives are one of the oldest vegetable fermented foods in the Mediterranean area. Beside their economic impact, fermented table olives represent also an important healthy food in the Mediterranean diet, because of their high content of bioactive and health-promoting compounds. However, olive fermentation is still craft-based following traditional processes, which can lead to a not fully predictable final product with the risk of spontaneous alterations. Nowadays, food industries have to face consumer demands for safe and healthy products. This review offers an overview about the main technologies used for olive fermentation and the role of lactic acid bacteria and yeasts characterizing this niche during the fermentation. Particular attention is offered to the selection and use of microorganisms as starter cultures to fasten and improve the safety of table olives. The development and implementation of multifunctional starter cultures in order to obtain heath-oriented table olives is also discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Characterization and Processing of Table Olives)
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16 pages, 4328 KiB  
Article
Rapid Identification and Visualization of Jowl Meat Adulteration in Pork Using Hyperspectral Imaging
by Hongzhe Jiang, Fengna Cheng and Minghong Shi
Foods 2020, 9(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020154 - 6 Feb 2020
Cited by 63 | Viewed by 4673
Abstract
Minced pork jowl meat, also called the sticking-piece, is commonly used to be adulterated in minced pork, which influences the overall product quality and safety. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) methodology was proposed to identify and visualize this kind of meat adulteration. [...] Read more.
Minced pork jowl meat, also called the sticking-piece, is commonly used to be adulterated in minced pork, which influences the overall product quality and safety. In this study, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) methodology was proposed to identify and visualize this kind of meat adulteration. A total of 176 hyperspectral images were acquired from adulterated meat samples in the range of 0%–100% (w/w) at 10% increments using a visible and near-infrared (400–1000 nm) HSI system in reflectance mode. Mean spectra were extracted from the regions of interests (ROIs) and represented each sample accordingly. The performance comparison of established partial least square regression (PLSR) models showed that spectra pretreated by standard normal variate (SNV) performed best with Rp2 = 0.9549 and residual predictive deviation (RPD) = 4.54. Furthermore, functional wavelengths related to adulteration identification were individually selected using methods of principal component (PC) loadings, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS), and regression coefficients (RC). After that, the multispectral RC-PLSR model exhibited the most satisfactory results in prediction set that Rp2 was 0.9063, RPD was 2.30, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 6.50%. Spatial distribution was visualized based on the preferred model, and adulteration levels were clearly discernible. Lastly, the visualization was further verified that prediction results well matched the known distribution in samples. Overall, HSI was tested to be a promising methodology for detecting and visualizing minced jowl meat in pork. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Spectrometric Techniques in Food Analysis and Food Authentication Implemented with Chemometrics)
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10 pages, 1763 KiB  
Article
Growth Performance and Nutrient Composition of Mealworms (Tenebrio Molitor) Fed on Fresh Plant Materials-Supplemented Diets
by Changqi Liu, Jasmin Masri, Violet Perez, Cassandra Maya and Jing Zhao
Foods 2020, 9(2), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020151 - 5 Feb 2020
Cited by 73 | Viewed by 9460
Abstract
Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have a great potential to serve as a sustainable food source for humans due to their favorable nutrient profile and low environmental impact. Feed formulation and optimization are important for mealworm production. The objective of this study was [...] Read more.
Mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) have a great potential to serve as a sustainable food source for humans due to their favorable nutrient profile and low environmental impact. Feed formulation and optimization are important for mealworm production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of fresh plant materials-supplemented diets on the growth performance and nutritional value of mealworms. Mealworm larvae were grown on wheat bran or wheat bran enriched with carrot, orange, or red cabbage for four weeks. Larval and pupal survival, growth rate, pupating rate, duration of pupal stage, proximate composition, reducing power, metal chelating activity, and radical scavenging activity of the mealworms were analyzed. Dietary supplementation with fresh plant materials did not result in significant changes in mealworm survival, development, proximate composition, or antioxidant activities. However, mealworm larvae fed on carrot-, orange-, and red cabbage-supplemented diets had improved growth rates, and were 40%–46% heavier in week four than those fed on wheat bran only, indicating the supplementation resulted in an increased production efficiency of mealworm larvae. Our findings may help optimize the diet formulation for mealworm mass production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Edible Insects as Innovative Foods: Nutritional, Functional and Acceptability Assessments)
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27 pages, 1995 KiB  
Review
An Overview of the Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanodevices in the Food Industry
by Mehwish Shafiq, Sumaira Anjum, Christophe Hano, Iram Anjum and Bilal Haider Abbasi
Foods 2020, 9(2), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020148 - 3 Feb 2020
Cited by 130 | Viewed by 22187
Abstract
The efficient progress in nanotechnology has transformed many aspects of food science and the food industry with enhanced investment and market share. Recent advances in nanomaterials and nanodevices such as nanosensors, nano-emulsions, nanopesticides or nanocapsules are intended to bring about innovative applications in [...] Read more.
The efficient progress in nanotechnology has transformed many aspects of food science and the food industry with enhanced investment and market share. Recent advances in nanomaterials and nanodevices such as nanosensors, nano-emulsions, nanopesticides or nanocapsules are intended to bring about innovative applications in the food industry. In this review, the current applications of nanotechnology for packaging, processing, and the enhancement of the nutritional value and shelf life of foods are targeted. In addition, the functionality and applicability of food-related nanotechnologies are also highlighted and critically discussed in order to provide an insight into the development and evaluation of the safety of nanotechnology in the food industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Food Preservation Methods and Their Applications)
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19 pages, 1892 KiB  
Review
The Pharmacological Effects and Health Benefits of Platycodon grandiflorus—A Medicine Food Homology Species
by Ming-Yue Ji, Agula Bo, Min Yang, Jin-Fan Xu, Lin-Lin Jiang, Bao-Chang Zhou and Min-Hui Li
Foods 2020, 9(2), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020142 - 31 Jan 2020
Cited by 84 | Viewed by 8819
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus is a widely used edible, traditional Chinese medicinal herb. It is rich in saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other compounds. It contains a large number of fatty acids such as linoleic acid (up to 63.24%), a variety of amino acids, vitamins, [...] Read more.
Platycodon grandiflorus is a widely used edible, traditional Chinese medicinal herb. It is rich in saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other compounds. It contains a large number of fatty acids such as linoleic acid (up to 63.24%), a variety of amino acids, vitamins, and multiple essential trace elements. P. grandiflorus has several biological applications, such as in hypotension, lipid reduction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, relieving cough and phlegm, promoting cholic acid secretion, and as an antioxidant. Further, P. grandiflorus is often used in the development of cold mixed vegetables, canned vegetables, preserved fruit, salted vegetables, and cosmetics in northeast China, South Korea, Japan, and Korea. In this paper, the active chemical components and the health benefits of P. grandiflorus have been reviewed, providing new ideas for the further development of nutraceutical products to prevent and manage chronic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutraceuticals in Human Health)
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48 pages, 891 KiB  
Review
Advances in Occurrence, Importance, and Mycotoxin Control Strategies: Prevention and Detoxification in Foods
by Sofia Agriopoulou, Eygenia Stamatelopoulou and Theodoros Varzakas
Foods 2020, 9(2), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020137 - 28 Jan 2020
Cited by 372 | Viewed by 19648
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium [...] Read more.
Mycotoxins are toxic substances that can infect many foods with carcinogenic, genotoxic, teratogenic, nephrotoxic, and hepatotoxic effects. Mycotoxin contamination of foodstuffs causes diseases worldwide. The major classes of mycotoxins that are of the greatest agroeconomic importance are aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, emerging Fusarium mycotoxins, enniatins, ergot alkaloids, Alternaria toxins, and patulin. Thus, in order to mitigate mycotoxin contamination of foods, many control approaches are used. Prevention, detoxification, and decontamination of mycotoxins can contribute in this purpose in the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. Therefore, the purpose of the review is to elaborate on the recent advances regarding the occurrence of main mycotoxins in many types of important agricultural products, as well as the methods of inactivation and detoxification of foods from mycotoxins in order to reduce or fully eliminate them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occurrence, Importance and Control Strategies of Major Mycotoxins in Foods-Prevention and Detoxification)
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21 pages, 672 KiB  
Review
Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Pomegranate and its Derivatives
by Panagiotis Kandylis and Evangelos Kokkinomagoulos
Foods 2020, 9(2), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020122 - 23 Jan 2020
Cited by 168 | Viewed by 15969
Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an ancient fruit that is particularly cultivated in west Asia, though it is also cultivated in the Mediterranean region and other parts of the world. Since ancient years, its consumption has been associated with numerous health benefits. [...] Read more.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is an ancient fruit that is particularly cultivated in west Asia, though it is also cultivated in the Mediterranean region and other parts of the world. Since ancient years, its consumption has been associated with numerous health benefits. In recent years, several in vitro and in vivo studies have revealed its beneficial physiological activities, especially its antioxidative, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Furthermore, human-based studies have shown promising results and have indicated pomegranate potential as a protective agent of several diseases. Following that trend and the food industry’s demand for antioxidants and antimicrobials from natural sources, the application of pomegranate and its extracts (mainly as antioxidants and antimicrobials), has been studied extensively in different types of food products with satisfactory results. This review aims to present all the recent studies and trends in the applications of pomegranate in the food industry and how these trends have affected product’s physicochemical characteristics and shelf-life. In addition, recent in vitro and in vivo studies are presented in order to reveal pomegranate’s potential in the treatment of several diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Grapes and their Derivatives in Functional Foods)
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22 pages, 1692 KiB  
Review
Freeze-Drying of Plant-Based Foods
by Sagar Bhatta, Tatjana Stevanovic Janezic and Cristina Ratti
Foods 2020, 9(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010087 - 13 Jan 2020
Cited by 181 | Viewed by 29496
Abstract
Vacuum freeze-drying of biological materials is one of the best methods of water removal, with final products of highest quality. The solid state of water during freeze-drying protects the primary structure and the shape of the products with minimal volume reduction. In addition, [...] Read more.
Vacuum freeze-drying of biological materials is one of the best methods of water removal, with final products of highest quality. The solid state of water during freeze-drying protects the primary structure and the shape of the products with minimal volume reduction. In addition, the lower temperatures in the process allow maximal nutrient and bioactive compound retention. This technique has been successfully applied to diverse biological materials, such as meats, coffee, juices, dairy products, cells, and bacteria, and is standard practice for penicillin, hormones, blood plasma, vitamin preparations, etc. Despite its many advantages, having four to ten times more energy requirements than regular hot air drying, freeze-drying has always been recognized as the most expensive process for manufacturing a dehydrated product. The application of the freeze-drying process to plant-based foods has been traditionally dedicated to the production of space shuttle goods, military or extreme-sport foodstuffs, and specialty foods such as coffee or spices. Recently, the market for ‘natural’ and ‘organic’ products is, however, strongly growing as well as the consumer’s demand for foods with minimal processing and high quality. From this perspective, the market for freeze-dried plant-based foods is not only increasing but also diversifying. Freeze-dried fruits and vegetables chunks, pieces, or slices are nowadays majorly used in a wide range of food products such as confectionaries, morning cereals, soups, bakeries, meal boxes, etc. Instant drinks are prepared out of freeze-dried tea, coffee, or even from maple syrup enriched with polyphenol concentrated extracts from trees. The possibilities are endless. In this review, the application of freeze-drying to transform plant-based foods was analyzed, based on the recent research publications on the subject and personal unpublished data. The review is structured around the following related topics: latest applications of freeze-drying to plant-based foods, specific technological problems that could be found when freeze-drying such products (i.e., presence of cuticle; high sugar or lipid concentration), pretreatments and intensification technologies employed in freeze-drying of plant-based foods, and quality issues of these freeze-dried products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods)
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21 pages, 3962 KiB  
Article
Optimisation of Physical and Chemical Treatments to Control Browning Development and Enzymatic Activity on Fresh-cut Apple Slices
by Luna Shrestha, Boris Kulig, Roberto Moscetti, Riccardo Massantini, Elke Pawelzik, Oliver Hensel and Barbara Sturm
Foods 2020, 9(1), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010076 - 9 Jan 2020
Cited by 52 | Viewed by 7436
Abstract
Optimisation of processing time and pre-treatments are crucial factors prior to apple drying to produce a high-quality product. The purpose of the present study was to test the utility of physical (hot-water, HWB and steam blanching, SB) and chemical (1% ascorbic acid, AA; [...] Read more.
Optimisation of processing time and pre-treatments are crucial factors prior to apple drying to produce a high-quality product. The purpose of the present study was to test the utility of physical (hot-water, HWB and steam blanching, SB) and chemical (1% ascorbic acid, AA; and 1% citric acid, CA) treatments, alone or in combination in reducing surface discolouration as well as oxidative enzyme activity in apple slices (cv. Golden Delicious and Elstar) exposed to air at room temperature for 0, 30 and 60 min. The total colour change (ΔE) for Golden Delicious was equal to 2.38, 2.68, and 4.05 after 0, 30 and 60 min of air exposure, respectively. Dipping in AA solution (1% w/v) was found to be the best treatment to limit surface discolouration of both apple cultivars. The best heat treatments to inhibit polyphenol oxidase/peroxidase enzymes activity were 70 °C HWB for Golden Delicious and 60 °C HWB for Elstar slices, both in combination with a solution of 1% AA and 1% CA. The tested apple cultivars were found to require different treatments at minimum ambient air exposure to obtain the best surface colour condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Physics and (Bio)Chemistry)
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28 pages, 1002 KiB  
Review
Current Insights into Monitoring, Bioaccumulation, and Potential Health Effects of Microplastics Present in the Food Chain
by Leonard W. D. van Raamsdonk, Meike van der Zande, Albert A. Koelmans, Ron L. A. P. Hoogenboom, Ruud J. B. Peters, Maria J. Groot, Ad A. C. M. Peijnenburg and Yannick J. A. Weesepoel
Foods 2020, 9(1), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010072 - 9 Jan 2020
Cited by 132 | Viewed by 16987
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are considered an emerging issue as environmental pollutants and a potential health threat. This review will focus on recently published data on concentrations in food, possible effects, and monitoring methods. Some data are available on concentrations in seafood (fish, bivalves, and [...] Read more.
Microplastics (MPs) are considered an emerging issue as environmental pollutants and a potential health threat. This review will focus on recently published data on concentrations in food, possible effects, and monitoring methods. Some data are available on concentrations in seafood (fish, bivalves, and shrimps), water, sugar, salt, and honey, but are lacking for other foods. Bottled water is a considerable source with numbers varying between 2600 and 6300 MPs per liter. Particle size distributions have revealed an abundance of particles smaller than 25 µm, which are considered to have the highest probability to pass the intestinal border and to enter the systemic circulation of mammals. Some studies with mice and zebrafish with short- or medium-term exposure (up to 42 days) have revealed diverse results with respect to both the type and extent of effects. Most notable modifications have been observed in gut microbiota, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. The principal elements of MP monitoring in food are sample preparation, detection, and identification. Identified data gaps include a lack of occurrence data in plant- and animal-derived food, a need for more data on possible effects of different types of microplastics, a lack of in silico models, a lack of harmonized monitoring methods, and a further development of quality assurance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Food Quality and Safety)
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27 pages, 568 KiB  
Review
Oleogels in Food: A Review of Current and Potential Applications
by Andreea Pușcaș, Vlad Mureșan, Carmen Socaciu and Sevastița Muste
Foods 2020, 9(1), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010070 - 8 Jan 2020
Cited by 148 | Viewed by 17768
Abstract
Legislative limitations of the use of trans and saturated fatty acids, the rising concerns among consumers about the negative effects of some fats on human health, and environmental and health considerations regarding the increased use of palm fat in food and biodiesel production [...] Read more.
Legislative limitations of the use of trans and saturated fatty acids, the rising concerns among consumers about the negative effects of some fats on human health, and environmental and health considerations regarding the increased use of palm fat in food and biodiesel production drove to innovations in reformulating fat-containing food products. Oleogelation is one of the most in-trend methods for reducing or replacing the unhealthy and controversial fats in food products. Different edible oleogels are being formulated by various techniques and used in spreads, bakeries, confectioneries, and dairy and meat products. This review exclusively focuses on up-to-date applications of oleogels in food and mechanisms of gelation, and discusses the properties of new products. Research has produced acceptable reformulated food products with similar technological and rheological properties as the reference products or even products with improved techno-functionality; however, there is still a high need to improve oleogelation methods, as well as the technological process of oleogel-based foods products. Despite other strategies that aim to reduce or replace the occurrence of trans and saturated fats in food, oleogelation presents a great potential for industrial application in the future due to nutritional and environmental considerations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research on Lipid Components in Food)
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24 pages, 1188 KiB  
Review
Analytical and Sample Preparation Techniques for the Determination of Food Colorants in Food Matrices
by Konstantina Ntrallou, Helen Gika and Emmanouil Tsochatzis
Foods 2020, 9(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010058 - 7 Jan 2020
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 17628
Abstract
Color additives are widely used by the food industry to enhance the appearance, as well as the nutritional properties of a food product. However, some of these substances may pose a potential risk to human health, especially if they are consumed excessively and [...] Read more.
Color additives are widely used by the food industry to enhance the appearance, as well as the nutritional properties of a food product. However, some of these substances may pose a potential risk to human health, especially if they are consumed excessively and are regulated, giving great importance to their determination. Several matrix-dependent methods have been developed and applied to determine food colorants, by employing different analytical techniques along with appropriate sample preparation protocols. Major techniques applied for their determination are chromatography with spectophotometricdetectors and spectrophotometry, while sample preparation procedures greatly depend on the food matrix. In this review these methods are presented, covering the advancements of existing methodologies applied over the last decade. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Analytical Chemistry to Foods and Food Technology)
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