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Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods
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Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods

A special issue of Foods (ISSN 2304-8158). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2019) | Viewed by 59983

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Valentina Prosapio

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Birmingham, School of Chemical Engineering, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
Interests: drying; rehydration; microstructure; shelf-life; process optimisation; food properties
Dr. Estefania Lopez-Quiroga

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
University of Birmingham, School of Chemical Engineering, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
Interests: food manufacture; mathematical modelling; food process design and optimisation; transport phenomena; phase change; structuring processes; soft matter; sustainable food chains

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to invite you to submit a contribution for a Special Issue titled “Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods”. Submitted manuscripts may be original research papers describing complete investigations, or review articles highlighting recent achievements in freeze-drying of foods.

Please note that papers in this area are not limited to experimental studies but can include all aspects concerning modelling, control, and optimisation. We expect contributions focusing on the effect of formulation and processing conditions on microstructure, function and quality, and freeze-drying processes in combination with other techniques (e.g., osmotic, microwave, blanching). We also hope to include works that describe model-based approaches to process design and optimisation leading to more sustainable and efficient processes.

This Issue will provide an update on the most recent research and development in the area of freeze-drying technology, offering an overview of oncoming challenges and opportunities on the topic.

Dr. Valentina Prosapio
Dr. Estefania Lopez-Quiroga
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Foods is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • freeze-drying
  • process design
  • rehydration, modelling
  • life cycle assessment
  • energy saving
  • efficiency
  • microstructure
  • food quality
  • encapsulation
  • processes combination

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 173 KiB  
Editorial
Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods
by Valentina Prosapio and Estefania Lopez-Quiroga
Foods 2020, 9(7), 920; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9070920 - 13 Jul 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3404
Abstract
Freeze-drying (or lyophilisation) is a drying method, largely employed in the food industry [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods)

Research

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12 pages, 2411 KiB  
Article
Freeze-Dried Gellan Gum Gels as Vitamin Delivery Systems: Modelling the Effect of pH on Drying Kinetics and Vitamin Release Mechanisms
by Valentina Prosapio, Ian T. Norton and Estefania Lopez-Quiroga
Foods 2020, 9(3), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9030329 - 11 Mar 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2696
Abstract
Freeze-dried gellan gum gels present great potential as delivery systems for biocompounds, such as vitamins, in food products. Here, we investigate the effect of modifying the gel pH—prior to the encapsulation process—on drying and release kinetics, and on delivery mechanisms from the substrate. [...] Read more.
Freeze-dried gellan gum gels present great potential as delivery systems for biocompounds, such as vitamins, in food products. Here, we investigate the effect of modifying the gel pH—prior to the encapsulation process—on drying and release kinetics, and on delivery mechanisms from the substrate. Gellan gum gels were prepared at pH 5.2, 4 and 2.5 and loaded with riboflavin before being freeze-dried. Release tests were then carried out at ambient temperature in water. Five drying kinetics models were fitted to freeze-drying experimental curves using regression analysis. The goodness-of-fit was evaluated according to (i) the root mean squared error (ii), adjusted R-square (iii), Akaike information criterion (iv) and Bayesian information criterion. The Wang and Singh model provided the most accurate descriptions for drying at acidified pH (i.e., pH 4 and pH 2.5), while the Page model described better freeze-drying at pH 5.2 (gellan gum’s natural pH). The effect of pH on the vitamin release mechanism was also determined using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, with samples at pH 5.2 showing a typical Fickian behaviour, while acidified samples at pH 4 combined both Fickian and relaxation mechanisms. Overall, these results establish the basis for identifying the optimal conditions for biocompound delivery using freeze-dried gellan gels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods)
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18 pages, 4059 KiB  
Article
Freeze-Drying of Blueberries: Effects of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Laser Perforation as Skin Pretreatment to Improve Mass Transfer, Primary Drying Time, and Quality
by Pablo Munzenmayer, Jaime Ulloa, Marlene Pinto, Cristian Ramirez, Pedro Valencia, Ricardo Simpson and Sergio Almonacid
Foods 2020, 9(2), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9020211 - 18 Feb 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 4554
Abstract
Freeze-dried berry fruits are generally consumed as they are, whole and without peeling or cutting, as the conservation of their original shape and appearance is often desired for the final product. However, usually, berries are naturally wrapped by an outer skin that imparts [...] Read more.
Freeze-dried berry fruits are generally consumed as they are, whole and without peeling or cutting, as the conservation of their original shape and appearance is often desired for the final product. However, usually, berries are naturally wrapped by an outer skin that imparts a barrier to vapor flow during freeze-drying, causing berry busting. Photo-sequence, experimental, and theoretical methodologies were applied to evaluate the application of CO2 laser microperforations to blueberry skin. Under the same set of freeze-drying conditions, blueberries with and without perforations were processed. The results showed that the primary drying time was significantly reduced from 17 ± 0.9 h for nontreated berries to 13 ± 2.0 h when nine microperforations per berry fruit were made. Concomitantly, the quality was also significantly improved, as the percentage of nonbusted blueberries at the end of the process increased from an average of 47% to 86%. From a phenomenological perspective, the analysis of the mass transfer resistance of nontreated fruits, in agreement with reported studies, showed a Type II curvature, with a sharp decrease at low time, followed by a linear increase. In contrast, blueberries with nine perforations depicted a Type III regime, with a saturation curvature toward the time axis. It was demonstrated that CO2-laser microperforation has high potential as a skin pretreatment for the freeze-drying of blueberries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods)
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15 pages, 2413 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Freeze-Drying Conditions on the Physico-Chemical Properties and Bioactive Compounds of a Freeze-Dried Orange Puree
by Marilú A. Silva-Espinoza, Charfedinne Ayed, Timothy Foster, María del Mar Camacho and Nuria Martínez-Navarrete
Foods 2020, 9(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010032 - 30 Dec 2019
Cited by 54 | Viewed by 9647
Abstract
Fruits are essential for a healthy diet, as they contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, which is attributed to their high bioactive compound content contributing to their antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, fruits have a short shelf life due to their [...] Read more.
Fruits are essential for a healthy diet, as they contribute to the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and some cancers, which is attributed to their high bioactive compound content contributing to their antioxidant capacity. Nevertheless, fruits have a short shelf life due to their high-water content, and freeze-drying is a well-known technique to preserve their nutritive quality. However, it is an expensive technology, both due to the use of low pressure and long processing time. Therefore, an optimisation of variables such as the freezing rate, working pressure and shelf temperature during freeze-drying may preserve fruit quality while reducing the time and costs. The impact of these variables on colour, porosity, mechanical properties, water content, vitamin C, total phenols, β-carotene, and antioxidant activity of a freeze-dried orange puree was evaluated. The results showed a great impact of pressure and shelf temperature on luminosity, chroma and water content. Vitamin C and β-carotene were more preserved with higher shelf temperatures (shorter times of processing) and lower pressure, respectively. The optimum freeze-drying conditions preserving the nutrients, and with an interesting structural property, perceived as a crunchy product by consumers, are low pressure (5 Pa) and high shelf temperature (50 °C). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods)
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16 pages, 8848 KiB  
Article
Chickpea Cultivar Selection to Produce Aquafaba with Superior Emulsion Properties
by Yue He, Youn Young Shim, Rana Mustafa, Venkatesh Meda and Martin J.T. Reaney
Foods 2019, 8(12), 685; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8120685 - 15 Dec 2019
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 9269
Abstract
Aquafaba (AQ), a viscous by-product solution produced during cooking chickpea or other legumes in water, is increasingly being used as an egg replacement due to its ability to form foams and emulsions. The objectives of our work were to select a chickpea cultivar [...] Read more.
Aquafaba (AQ), a viscous by-product solution produced during cooking chickpea or other legumes in water, is increasingly being used as an egg replacement due to its ability to form foams and emulsions. The objectives of our work were to select a chickpea cultivar that produces AQ with superior emulsion properties, and to investigate the impact of chickpea seed physicochemical properties and hydration kinetics on the properties of AQ-based emulsions. AQ from a Kabuli type chickpea cultivar (CDC Leader) had the greatest emulsion capacity (1.10 ± 0.04 m2/g) and stability (71.9 ± 0.8%). There were no correlations observed between AQ emulsion properties and chickpea seed proximate compositions. Meanwhile, AQ emulsion properties were negatively correlated with AQ yield and moisture content, indicating that AQ with higher dry-matter content displayed better emulsion properties. In conclusion, the emulsification properties of aquafaba are greatly influenced by the chickpea genotype, and AQ from the CDC Leader chickpea produced the most stable food oil emulsions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods)
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Review

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22 pages, 1692 KiB  
Review
Freeze-Drying of Plant-Based Foods
by Sagar Bhatta, Tatjana Stevanovic Janezic and Cristina Ratti
Foods 2020, 9(1), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9010087 - 13 Jan 2020
Cited by 181 | Viewed by 29231
Abstract
Vacuum freeze-drying of biological materials is one of the best methods of water removal, with final products of highest quality. The solid state of water during freeze-drying protects the primary structure and the shape of the products with minimal volume reduction. In addition, [...] Read more.
Vacuum freeze-drying of biological materials is one of the best methods of water removal, with final products of highest quality. The solid state of water during freeze-drying protects the primary structure and the shape of the products with minimal volume reduction. In addition, the lower temperatures in the process allow maximal nutrient and bioactive compound retention. This technique has been successfully applied to diverse biological materials, such as meats, coffee, juices, dairy products, cells, and bacteria, and is standard practice for penicillin, hormones, blood plasma, vitamin preparations, etc. Despite its many advantages, having four to ten times more energy requirements than regular hot air drying, freeze-drying has always been recognized as the most expensive process for manufacturing a dehydrated product. The application of the freeze-drying process to plant-based foods has been traditionally dedicated to the production of space shuttle goods, military or extreme-sport foodstuffs, and specialty foods such as coffee or spices. Recently, the market for ‘natural’ and ‘organic’ products is, however, strongly growing as well as the consumer’s demand for foods with minimal processing and high quality. From this perspective, the market for freeze-dried plant-based foods is not only increasing but also diversifying. Freeze-dried fruits and vegetables chunks, pieces, or slices are nowadays majorly used in a wide range of food products such as confectionaries, morning cereals, soups, bakeries, meal boxes, etc. Instant drinks are prepared out of freeze-dried tea, coffee, or even from maple syrup enriched with polyphenol concentrated extracts from trees. The possibilities are endless. In this review, the application of freeze-drying to transform plant-based foods was analyzed, based on the recent research publications on the subject and personal unpublished data. The review is structured around the following related topics: latest applications of freeze-drying to plant-based foods, specific technological problems that could be found when freeze-drying such products (i.e., presence of cuticle; high sugar or lipid concentration), pretreatments and intensification technologies employed in freeze-drying of plant-based foods, and quality issues of these freeze-dried products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Freeze-Drying Technology in Foods)
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