Batteries

18 pages, 1058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Systematic Workflow for Efficient Identification of Local Representative Elementary Volumes Demonstrated with Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Microstructures

by Benjamin Kellers, Martin P. Lautenschlaeger, Nireas Rigos, Julius Weinmiller, Timo Danner and Arnulf Latz

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070390 - 22 Jul 2023

Viewed by 997

Abstract

The concept of a representative elementary volume (REV) is key for connecting results of pore-scale simulations with continuum properties of microstructures. Current approaches define REVs only based on their size as the smallest volume in a heterogeneous material independent of its location and [...] Read more.

The concept of a representative elementary volume (REV) is key for connecting results of pore-scale simulations with continuum properties of microstructures. Current approaches define REVs only based on their size as the smallest volume in a heterogeneous material independent of its location and under certain aspects representing the same material at the continuum scale. However, the determination of such REVs is computationally expensive and time-consuming, as many costly simulations are often needed. Therefore, presented here is an efficient, systematic, and predictive workflow for the identification of REVs. The main differences from former studies are: (1) An REV is reinterpreted as one specificsub-volume of minimal size at a certain location that reproduces the relevant continuum properties of the full microstructure. It is therefore called a local REV (lREV) here. (2) Besides comparably cheap geometrical and statistical analyses, no further simulations are needed. The minimum size of the sub-volume is estimated using the simple statistical properties of the full microstructure. Then, the location of the REV is identified solely by evaluating the structural properties of all possible candidates in a very fast, efficient, and systematic manner using a penalty function. The feasibility and correct functioning of the workflow were successfully tested and validated by simulating diffusive transport, advection, and electrochemical properties for an lREV. It is shown that the lREVs identified using this workflow can be significantly smaller than typical REVs. This can lead to significant speed-ups for any pore-scale simulations. The workflow can be applied to any type of heterogeneous material, even though it is showcased here using a lithium-ion battery cathode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Design for Electrochemical Energy Storage)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

14 pages, 3596 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Nanoporous CNT@Mn₃O₄ Hybrid Anode: High Pseudocapacitive Contribution and Superior Lithium Storage

by Wei Zou, Hua Fang, Tengbo Ma, Yanhui Zhao, Lixia Wang, Xiaodong Jia and Linsen Zhang

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070389 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 991

Abstract

A composite electrode of carbon nanotube CNT@Mn₃O₄ nanocable was successfully synthesized via direct electrophoretic deposition onto a copper foil, followed by calcination. By uniformly depositing Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles on CNTs, a nanocable structure of CNT@Mn₃O₄ [...] Read more.

A composite electrode of carbon nanotube CNT@Mn₃O₄ nanocable was successfully synthesized via direct electrophoretic deposition onto a copper foil, followed by calcination. By uniformly depositing Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles on CNTs, a nanocable structure of CNT@Mn₃O₄ can be formed, where the CNT acts as a “highway” for electrons and ions to facilitate fast transportation. Moreover, capacitive energy storage processes play a crucial role in lithium (Li) storage, especially during high scan rates. The significant contribution of capacitance is highly advantageous for the rapid transfer of Li⁺ ions, which ultimately results in an improved reversible capacity and prolonged cycle stability of the battery. A high specific capacity of 1367 mAh g⁻¹ was maintained over 300 charge–discharge cycles at a current density of 1 A g⁻¹, indicating excellent capacity retention and an extended cycle life. Furthermore, the synthesis process was facile and cost-effective, obviating the need for complex procedures such as mixing and pasting. Additionally, no binder was required, thereby enhancing battery quality efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 1018 KiB

Open AccessReview

Artificial Intelligence Opportunities to Diagnose Degradation Modes for Safety Operation in Lithium Batteries

by Edurne Jaime-Barquero, Emilie Bekaert, Javier Olarte, Ekaitz Zulueta and Jose Manuel Lopez-Guede

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070388 - 21 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1403

Abstract

The degradation and safety study of lithium-ion batteries is becoming increasingly important given that these batteries are widely used not only in electronic devices but also in automotive vehicles. Consequently, the detection of degradation modes that could lead to safety alerts is essential. [...] Read more.

The degradation and safety study of lithium-ion batteries is becoming increasingly important given that these batteries are widely used not only in electronic devices but also in automotive vehicles. Consequently, the detection of degradation modes that could lead to safety alerts is essential. Existing methodologies are diverse, experimental based, model based, and the new trends of artificial intelligence. This review aims to analyze the existing methodologies and compare them, opening the spectrum to those based on artificial intelligence (AI). AI-based studies are increasing in number and have a wide variety of applications, but no classification, in-depth analysis, or comparison with existing methodologies is yet available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Battery Measurement and Management Systems)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 4305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cu(II)/Polydopamine-Modified Glass Fiber Separators for High-Performance Zinc-Ion Batteries

by Fengcan Ma, Kaixuan Xie, Siheng Wu, Chi Zhang, Xiaodie Liao and Qinghong Wang

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070387 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1259

Abstract

Much attention has been given to aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) due to their features of inherent safety, environmental compatibility, low cost, and fantastic energy density. Nevertheless, chemical corrosion and dendrite growth occurring on Zn anodes during the charge–discharge process, which often cause surface [...] Read more.

Much attention has been given to aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) due to their features of inherent safety, environmental compatibility, low cost, and fantastic energy density. Nevertheless, chemical corrosion and dendrite growth occurring on Zn anodes during the charge–discharge process, which often cause surface passivation and short circuit of cells, seriously hindering the development of ZIBs. To solve these problems, a Cu(II) and polydopamine co-modified glass fiber (Cu(II)-PDA/GF) is designed as separator. On one hand, the modification of PDA enhances ionic conductivity and the water absorbing capability of a glass fiber separator due to the presence of functional groups. On the other hand, the pre-deposition of Cu on Zn anodes enables the uniform nucleation of Zn during the initial deposition process. Due to the synergistic effect, reversible zinc plating/striping is achieved in symmetric cells, which display a long lifecycle of over 1800 h at the current density of 1 mA cm⁻² and with a fixed capacity of 1 mAh cm⁻². Moreover, the assembled Zn//V₂O₅ cells using the Cu(II)-PDA/GF separator also demonstrate improved capacity retention. This study provides a simple and effective separator modification strategy for high-performance and reliable ZIBs, which are conducive to other metal-based energy storage devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Zinc-Ion Batteries: Issues and Opportunities)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 6462 KiB

Open AccessReview

Electrolytes for Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries Working in Wide-Temperature Range: Progress and Perspective

by Lixia Sun, Zhongcheng Song, Chao Deng, Qiang Wang, Funian Mo, Haibo Hu and Guojin Liang

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070386 - 20 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2104

Abstract

Aqueous Zn-ion Batteries (AZIBs) have garnered significant interest in recent years, owing to their inherent safety, affordability, and eco-friendliness. Recently, substantial research has been conducted to broaden the application scenarios of AZIBs by regulating the electrode and electrolyte materials. In this review, we [...] Read more.

Aqueous Zn-ion Batteries (AZIBs) have garnered significant interest in recent years, owing to their inherent safety, affordability, and eco-friendliness. Recently, substantial research has been conducted to broaden the application scenarios of AZIBs by regulating the electrode and electrolyte materials. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the challenges and solutions associated with AZIBs to meet extreme conditions, such as low temperatures, high temperatures, and wide temperature ranges. We also discuss electrolyte optimization strategies for each of these conditions. Finally, we outline potential avenues for further advancements and offer insights into the future of this burgeoning field of AZIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

37 pages, 3133 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lithium–Ion Battery Data: From Production to Prediction

by Marwan Hassini, Eduardo Redondo-Iglesias and Pascal Venet

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070385 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 6518

Abstract

In our increasingly electrified society, lithium–ion batteries are a key element. To design, monitor or optimise these systems, data play a central role and are gaining increasing interest. This article is a review of data in the battery field. The authors are experimentalists [...] Read more.

In our increasingly electrified society, lithium–ion batteries are a key element. To design, monitor or optimise these systems, data play a central role and are gaining increasing interest. This article is a review of data in the battery field. The authors are experimentalists who aim to provide a comprehensive overview of battery data. From data generation to the most advanced analysis techniques, this article addresses the concepts, tools and challenges related to battery informatics with a holistic approach. The different types of data production techniques are described and the most commonly used analysis methods are presented. The cost of data production and the heterogeneity of data production and analysis methods are presented as major challenges for the development of data-driven methods in this field. By providing an understandable description of battery data and their limitations, the authors aim to bridge the gap between battery experimentalists, modellers and data scientists. As a perspective, open science practices are presented as a key approach to reduce the impact of data heterogeneity and to facilitate the collaboration between battery scientists from different institutions and different branches of science. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers to Celebrate the First Impact Factor of Batteries)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 3561 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Research Progress of Shear Thickening Electrolyte Based on Liquid–Solid Conversion Mechanism

by Qianqian Huang, Xin Liang, Bing Liu and Huaxia Deng

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070384 - 19 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1219

Abstract

As an essential component of the lithium-ion battery system, electrolyte plays a crucial role in ion transport between the electrodes. In the event of thermal runaway, commercial organic electrolytes are prone to internal disturbances and fires; hence, research on safe electrolytes has gradually [...] Read more.

As an essential component of the lithium-ion battery system, electrolyte plays a crucial role in ion transport between the electrodes. In the event of thermal runaway, commercial organic electrolytes are prone to internal disturbances and fires; hence, research on safe electrolytes has gradually become a hot topic during recent years. Shear thickening electrolyte, as a new type of smart electrolyte, can exhibit a liquid state in the absence of external force and rapidly converts to a quasi-solid state once the battery is subjected to drastic impact loading. In this paper, the recent progress of shear thickening electrolytes with liquid–solid switching performance is presented, including its working principles, synthesis and preparation procedure, and battery performance. Additionally, the perspective and challenges for practical application are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Operando, In Situ and Ex Situ Studies of Battery Materials)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

44 pages, 9076 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Tale of Nickel-Iron Batteries: Its Resurgence in the Age of Modern Batteries

by Justine Marie E. Abarro, Jon Nyner L. Gavan, Daniel Eldrei D. Loresca, Maura Andrea A. Ortega, Eugene A. Esparcia, Jr. and Julie Anne D. R. Paraggua

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070383 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5522

Abstract

The nickel-iron (Ni-Fe) battery is a century-old technology that fell out of favor compared to modern batteries such as lead–acid and lithium-ion batteries. However, in the last decade, there has been a resurgence of interest because of its robustness and longevity, making it [...] Read more.

The nickel-iron (Ni-Fe) battery is a century-old technology that fell out of favor compared to modern batteries such as lead–acid and lithium-ion batteries. However, in the last decade, there has been a resurgence of interest because of its robustness and longevity, making it well-suited for niche applications, such as off-grid energy storage systems. Currently, extensive research is focused on addressing perennial issues such as iron passivation and hydrogen evolution reaction, which limit the battery’s energy density, cyclability, and rate performance. Despite efforts to modify electrode composition and morphology, these issues persist, warranting a deeper look at the development story of Ni-Fe battery improvements. In this review, the fundamental reaction mechanisms are comprehensively examined to understand the cause of persisting issues. The design improvements for both the anode and cathode of Ni-Fe batteries are discussed and summarized to identify the promising approach and provide insights on future research directions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Review of Electrode Materials and Electrolyte for Batteries)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

33 pages, 6371 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cyber-Physical Cloud Battery Management Systems: Review of Security Aspects

by Farshid Naseri, Zahra Kazemi, Peter Gorm Larsen, Mohammad Mehdi Arefi and Erik Schaltz

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070382 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2905

Abstract

Battery management systems (BMSs) are critical to ensure the efficiency and safety of high-power battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in vehicular and stationary applications. Recently, the proliferation of battery big data and cloud computing advancements has led to the development of a new [...] Read more.

Battery management systems (BMSs) are critical to ensure the efficiency and safety of high-power battery energy storage systems (BESSs) in vehicular and stationary applications. Recently, the proliferation of battery big data and cloud computing advancements has led to the development of a new generation of BMSs, named Cloud BMS (CBMS), aiming to improve the performance and safety of BESSs. The CBMS is a cyber-physical system with connectivity between the physical BMS and a cloud-based virtual BMS, which is realized through a communication channel such as Internet of Things. Compared to the traditional BMS, the CBMS offers significantly higher computational resources, leveraging the implementation of advanced digital twin models and best-in-class algorithms in the BMS software, which will provide superior performances. However, as for any other CPS, the CBMS creates vulnerabilities against cyberattacks and if not properly secured, could end up damaging the BESS and/or causing dangerous, expensive, and life-threatening situations. Cybersecurity of the CBMSs has thus become a trending topic and several works have been published in this area in recent years. This paper conducts a scoping review to address different topics related to BMS cybersecurity. The CBMS architecture is presented, and the potential cyberattack surfaces are identified. Different possible attack scenarios, including attack points, attack types, and their impact at the component level (BMS and BESS) and system level (vehicle or grid), are discussed. In addition, the paper provides a review of potential countermeasures to protect the CBMS against cyberattacks. The paper also includes a review of the applicable standards and regulations that relate to this trending topic. Finally, based on the reviewed gaps, potential future research domains on BMS cybersecurity topics are identified and presented at the end of the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Smart Battery Management Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4600 KiB

Open AccessReview

Designs of Anode-Free Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Pei Zhao, Jun Pan, Dongqi Zhang, Yufeng Tang, Zhixin Tai, Yajie Liu, Hong Gao and Fuqiang Huang

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070381 - 17 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5198

Abstract

Anodes equipped with limited lithium offer a way to deal with the increasing market requirement for high-energy-density rechargeable batteries and inadequate global lithium reserves. Anode-free lithium-ion batteries (AFLBs) with zero excess metal could provide high gravimetric energy density and high volumetric energy density. [...] Read more.

Anodes equipped with limited lithium offer a way to deal with the increasing market requirement for high-energy-density rechargeable batteries and inadequate global lithium reserves. Anode-free lithium-ion batteries (AFLBs) with zero excess metal could provide high gravimetric energy density and high volumetric energy density. Moreover, the elimination of lithium with a bare current collector on the anode side can reduce metal consumption, simplify the cell technological procedure, and improve manufacturing safety. However, some great challenges, such as insufficient cycling stability, significant lithium dendrite growth, as well as unstable solid electrolyte interface, impede the commercial application of AFLBs. Fortunately, significant progress has been made for AFLBs with enhanced electrode stability and improved cycling performance. This review highlights research on the design of anode-free lithium-ion batteries over the past two decades, presents an overview of the main advantages and limitations of these designs, and provides improvement strategies including the modification of the current collectors, improvement of the liquid electrolytes, and optimization of the cycling protocols. Prospects are also given to broaden the understanding of the electrochemical process, and it is expected that the further development of these designs can be accelerated in both scientific research and practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Materials and Technologies for Post-Lithium-Ion Batteries)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

36 pages, 6602 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in All-Solid-State Lithium–Oxygen Batteries: Challenges, Strategies, Future

by Sara Pakseresht, Mustafa Celik, Aslihan Guler, Ahmed Waleed Majeed Al-Ogaili and Tanja Kallio

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070380 - 17 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3490

Abstract

Digital platforms, electric vehicles, and renewable energy grids all rely on energy storage systems, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as the predominant technology. However, the current energy density of LIBs is insufficient to meet the long-term objectives of these applications, and traditional LIBs with [...] Read more.

Digital platforms, electric vehicles, and renewable energy grids all rely on energy storage systems, with lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) as the predominant technology. However, the current energy density of LIBs is insufficient to meet the long-term objectives of these applications, and traditional LIBs with flammable liquid electrolytes pose safety concerns. All-solid-state lithium–oxygen batteries (ASSLOBs) are emerging as a promising next-generation energy storage technology with potential energy densities up to ten times higher than those of current LIBs. ASSLOBs utilize non-flammable solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) and offer superior safety and mechanical stability. However, ASSLOBs face challenges, including high solid-state interface resistances and unstable lithium-metal anodes. In recent years, significant progress has been proceeded in developing new materials and interfaces that improve the performance and stability of ASSLOBs. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances and challenges in the ASSLOB technology, including the design principles and strategies for developing high-performance ASSLOBs and advances in SSEs, cathodes, anodes, and interface engineering. Overall, this review highlights valuable insights into the current state of the art and future directions for ASSLOB technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances of All-Solid-State Battery)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1933 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic Analysis of Different Battery Cell Chemistries for the Passenger Vehicle Market

by Samuel Hasselwander, Markus Meyer and Ines Österle

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070379 - 15 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3727

Abstract

The introduction of battery electric vehicles on the global market has triggered a sustained upheaval in the automotive industry. In this process, the new properties of a battery-electric powertrain lead to a different set of central requirements, such as increasing the range, lifetime [...] Read more.

The introduction of battery electric vehicles on the global market has triggered a sustained upheaval in the automotive industry. In this process, the new properties of a battery-electric powertrain lead to a different set of central requirements, such as increasing the range, lifetime or the fast-charging capability of the vehicle battery. This paper develops a bottom-up systematic model to assess the current and future impact of different battery technologies on vehicle costs. For this purpose, it summarises the scientific findings of automotive battery cell chemistries and, flanked by novel expert interviews and teardown data, derives key values for them. Based on the data obtained, modelling is carried out to demonstrate the technical and economic suitability of the identified cell chemistries and their impact on the range and total cost of electric vehicles. Lithium iron phosphate batteries appear to be able to achieve a price saving of up to 21% in the small vehicle segment compared to nickel-rich cell chemistries, provided that customers are prepared to accept a reduced range. At the same time, further efficiency improvements of the powertrain lead us to expect that, in combination with future high-energy cells, ranges of more than 800 km can be achieved even in the mid-size vehicle segment. It turns out that depending on whether the focus of the vehicle is on cost, range or performance, different battery technologies are likely to be used in the future. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 8298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigation on the Thermal Management for Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on the Novel Flame Retardant Composite Phase Change Materials

by Yue Yu, Jiaxin Zhang, Minghao Zhu, Luyao Zhao, Yin Chen and Mingyi Chen

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 378; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070378 - 14 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1560

Abstract

Thermal management systems are critical to the maintenance of lithium-ion battery performance in new energy vehicles. While phase change materials are frequently employed in battery thermal management systems, it’s important to address the concerns related to their leakage and flammability, as they can [...] Read more.

Thermal management systems are critical to the maintenance of lithium-ion battery performance in new energy vehicles. While phase change materials are frequently employed in battery thermal management systems, it’s important to address the concerns related to their leakage and flammability, as they can pose hazards to the safety performance of batteries. This paper proposes a novel flame retardant composite phase change material (CPCM) consisting of paraffin, high-density polyethylene, expanded graphite, ammonium polyphosphate, red phosphorus, and zinc oxide. The performance of CPCMs containing different ratios of flame retardants is investigated, and their effects when applied to battery thermal management systems are compared. The results demonstrate that the leakage rate of the flame retardant CPCMs is maintained within 1%, indicating excellent flame retardant performance and thermal management efficiency. The combination of ammonium polyphosphate and red phosphorus in the flame retardant exhibits effective synergistic effects, while zinc oxide may help phosphate compounds create their bridging bonds, which would then make it possible to construct a char layer that would separate heat and oxygen. Under a 2C discharge rate, the maximum temperature of the battery pack remains below 50 °C, and the temperature difference can be controlled within 5 °C. Even under a 3C discharge rate, the maximum temperature and temperature difference are reduced by 30.31% and 29.53%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Safety of Lithium Ion Batteries)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 4833 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Silicon Content and Particle Size in Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes on Particulate Properties and Electrochemical Performance

by Jannes Müller, Peter Michalowski and Arno Kwade

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 377; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070377 - 13 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3204

Abstract

Silicon (Si) is considered a promising anode active material to enhance energy density of lithium-ion batteries. Many studies have focused on new structures and the electrochemical performance, but only a few investigated the particulate properties in detail. Therefore, a comprehensive study on the [...] Read more.

Silicon (Si) is considered a promising anode active material to enhance energy density of lithium-ion batteries. Many studies have focused on new structures and the electrochemical performance, but only a few investigated the particulate properties in detail. Therefore, a comprehensive study on the impact of Si content (5, 10, 15 wt.%) and particle size (120, 160, 250 nm) of core–shell structured Si@Gr composites on particulate and electrode properties was conducted. It was shown that both parameters had significant impact on the specific surface area (SSA) of particles, which was later correlated to the initial capacities and coulombic efficiencies (ICEs). Furthermore, changes in pore size distribution and electrical conductivity were found. The built full cells showed high initial capacities (>150 mAh g⁻¹), good rate capability (75% at 1 C, 50% at 2 C) and ICEs (>80%). The energy density was found to increase by 32% at 15 wt.% Si compared to graphite (Gr), indicating the future potential of Si. In addition, the impact of a carbon coating was investigated (Si@Gr/C), which led to a reduction in SSA, improved particle stability and higher capacity retention. Consequently, this study emphasizes the importance of also investigating the particulate properties of Si anodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 6053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Unscented Kalman Filter-Based Robust State of Health Prediction Technique for Lithium Ion Batteries

by MadhuSudana Rao Ranga, Veera Reddy Aduru, N. Vamsi Krishna, K. Dhananjay Rao, Subhojit Dawn, Faisal Alsaif, Sager Alsulamy and Taha Selim Ustun

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 376; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070376 - 13 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1124

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution for sustainable transportation. The high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate of lithium-ion batteries make them an ideal choice for EVs. Recently, these batteries have been prone to faster decay in [...] Read more.

Electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising solution for sustainable transportation. The high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate of lithium-ion batteries make them an ideal choice for EVs. Recently, these batteries have been prone to faster decay in life span, leading to sudden failure of the battery. To avoid uncertainty among EV users with sudden battery failures, a robust health monitoring and prediction scheme is required for the EV battery management system. In this regard, the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF)-based technique has been developed for accurate and reliable prediction of battery health status. The UKF approximates nonlinearity using a set of sigma points and propagates them via the nonlinear function to enhance battery health estimation accuracy. Furthermore, the UKF-based health estimation scheme considers the state of charge (SOC) and internal resistance of the battery. Here, the UKF-based health prediction technique is compared with the Extended Kalman filter (EKF) scheme. The robustness of the UKF and EKF-based health prognostic techniques were studied under varying initial SOC values. Under these abrupt changing conditions, the proposed UKF technique performed effectively in terms of state of health (SOH) prediction. Accurate SOH determination can help EV users to decide when the battery needs to be replaced or if adjustments need to be made to extend its life. Ultimately, accurate and reliable battery health estimation is essential in vehicular applications and plays a pivotal role in ensuring lithium-ion battery sustainability and minimizing environmental impacts. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 4409 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic and Environmental Viability of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling—Case Study in Two Canadian Regions with Different Energy Mixes

by Giovanna Gonzales-Calienes, Miyuru Kannangara and Farid Bensebaa

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 375; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070375 - 11 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5414

Abstract

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack is the core component of electric vehicles (EVs). As the demand is continuously increasing, it puts a lot of strain on the battery raw material supply chains. Likewise, the large quantity of spent LIBs from different sources will add [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack is the core component of electric vehicles (EVs). As the demand is continuously increasing, it puts a lot of strain on the battery raw material supply chains. Likewise, the large quantity of spent LIBs from different sources will add to the complexity of end-of-life (EoL) management. Battery recycling processing is a potential source of critical cathode precursor materials as an alternative to virgin raw material sourcing. Indeed, metal sulfates (nickel, cobalt, and manganese) and lithium carbonate could be recovered through EoL processing. This study aims to provide an economic and environmental life cycle sustainability assessment of recycled battery materials. This assessment is based on a bottom-up approach considering geographical boundaries and process data inputs. The two sources of critical cathode battery materials, virgin and recycled battery materials, are compared based on economic and environmental indicators. This study identified the province of Quebec in Canada as the geographical boundary where several battery processing plants have been recently announced. The best available recycling process (hydrometallurgy) was selected. For the virgin materials, this study considers the option of importing from other jurisdictions by using global average supply chain values. Furthermore, a comparison of alternative supply chain configurations was performed using a spatially differentiated approach. The main findings of this study are as follows: (i) the environmental credit of recycled cathode active materials (CAMs) is estimated as −6.46 kg CO_2e/kg CAM, and (ii) the overall cost and environmental impacts of producing LIB cathode active material from recycled battery materials can be 48% and 54% lower than production from virgin materials, respectively, considering the upstream, midstream, and downstream stages of the CAM supply chain. The main drivers for the reduction in these financial costs and emissions are the local transportation and the hydrometallurgical process. The assessment results provide insights to support the development of appropriate policies and R&D solutions adapted to local considerations as well as offer additional possibilities to improve the design of sustainable supply chains for LIB recycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Methodological Aspects of First- and Second-Life Recycling in the Direction of a Harmonized Life Cycle Assessment of Batteries)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

17 pages, 3253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physics-Based Electrochemical Model of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery for Low-Temperature Applications

by Praphulla Rao and Sreenivas Jayanti

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 374; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070374 - 11 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2153

Abstract

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) operate effectively over the temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C. However, their performance is significantly compromised at low operating temperatures, which may happen in cold climatic conditions. The loss of performance can be attributed to reduced [...] Read more.

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) operate effectively over the temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C. However, their performance is significantly compromised at low operating temperatures, which may happen in cold climatic conditions. The loss of performance can be attributed to reduced kinetics and decreased diffusivity of ions in the electrolyte. In this paper, we present a physics-based electrochemical model of a vanadium redox flow battery that allows temperature-related corrections to be incorporated at a fundamental level, thereby extending its prediction capability to low temperatures. The model follows the conventional evaluation of the cell overpotential as the sum of contributions from overpotentials associated with activation, ionic conduction and mass transfer polarization. New data-driven models have been proposed to make these sub-models temperature sensitive. The overall model has been validated with a wide range of data from VRFB cells of sizes up to 900 cm² and operating temperatures down to −10 °C. The model results indicate that enhancement of electrochemical performance of VRFB below subzero temperatures requires electrode and membrane activation and improvement in ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Mechanisms and Fundamental Electrochemistry Aspects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 4531 KiB

Open AccessReview

Cell Design for Improving Low-Temperature Performance of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles

by Jincheng Zhan, Yifei Deng, Jiaoyi Ren, Yaohui Gao, Yuang Liu, Shun Rao, Weifeng Li and Zhenhai Gao

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070373 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3448

Abstract

With the rapid development of new-energy vehicles worldwide, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are becoming increasingly popular because of their high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate. They are widely used in different kinds of new-energy vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of new-energy vehicles worldwide, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are becoming increasingly popular because of their high energy density, long cycle life, and low self-discharge rate. They are widely used in different kinds of new-energy vehicles, such as hybrid electric vehicles and battery electric vehicles. However, low-temperature (−20–−80 °C) environments hinder the use of LIBs by severely deteriorating their normal performance. From the perspective of material design, this review summarized and analyzed common methods of improving LIBs’ performance via structure optimization and material optimization, and the future development of methods in this regard is discussed. This review is expected to provide cell design ideas for enhancing the low-temperature performance of LIBs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Li-Ion Battery Materials: Latest Advances and Prospects)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

20 pages, 527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Self-Charging Concentration Cell: Theory

by D.P. Sheehan

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070372 - 10 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1098

Abstract

Batteries are a key resource in the quest for sustainable energy. Here, the theoretical basis is presented for a new type of electrochemical concentration cell that might contribute to this enterprise. The cell, which has been successfully demonstrated in the laboratory, incorporates a [...] Read more.

Batteries are a key resource in the quest for sustainable energy. Here, the theoretical basis is presented for a new type of electrochemical concentration cell that might contribute to this enterprise. The cell, which has been successfully demonstrated in the laboratory, incorporates a chemically asymmetric membrane to drive anisotropic diffusion between two solution chambers; the resulting concentration difference powers the cell. In this study, the membrane’s operation is validated via three theoretical approaches: (i) traditional equilibrium thermodynamics; (ii) balancing drift and diffusion current densities; and (iii) the time-independent diffusion equation. The physical criteria for its operation are developed and its dimensionless variables identified. The cell’s maximum instantaneous power density might exceed

10^{7}

W/m

^{3}

. Its self-charging capability should confer multiple advantages over traditional concentration cells (as well as over some voltaics), including improved thermodynamic efficiency, economy, and compactness. Commonalities with other electrochemical systems (e.g., liquid chromatography, metal corrosion, and solid state diodes) are discussed, and a physical instantiation of the cell is reviewed. Recent numerical simulations corroborate its essential processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Mechanisms and Fundamental Electrochemistry Aspects)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3043 KiB

Open AccessReview

Piezoelectric-Based Energy Conversion and Storage Materials

by Sihui Wang, Lei Wen, Xiaopeng Gong, Ji Liang, Xinggang Hou and Feng Hou

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070371 - 10 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3961

Abstract

The world’s energy crisis and environmental pollution are mainly caused by the increase in the use of fossil fuels for energy, which has led scientists to investigate specific cutting-edge devices that can capture the energy present in the immediate environment for subsequent conversion. [...] Read more.

The world’s energy crisis and environmental pollution are mainly caused by the increase in the use of fossil fuels for energy, which has led scientists to investigate specific cutting-edge devices that can capture the energy present in the immediate environment for subsequent conversion. The predominant form of energy is mechanical energy; it is the most prevalent energy in the environment and can be harvested for conversion into useful, electrical energy. Compared with electromagnetic, electrostatic, magneto strictive, dielectric elastomer and frictional electric transducers, piezoelectric transducers have higher high electrical and mechanical constants, large electromechanical coupling coefficients, high dielectric numbers and low losses and are currently the most dominant method of mechanical energy acquisition. Therefore, the research of piezoelectric transducers has received great attention from the scientific community. This paper reviews the research progress of piezoelectric energy acquisition technology. The main objective of this paper is to compile, discuss and summarize the recent literature on piezoelectric energy harvesting materials and applications. Piezoelectric catalytic materials, piezoelectric supercapacitors (SCs), piezoelectric self-charging devices and piezoelectric electrochemical energy storage are mainly introduced. This review briefly introduces the recent advances in piezoelectric-based catalysts and electrochemical energy storage, concentrating on the attributes of various piezoelectric materials and their uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 1745 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Current Effect on the Performances of All-Solid-State Lithium-Ion Batteries—Peukert’s Law

by A. S. Rudy, A. M. Skundin, A. A. Mironenko and V. V. Naumov

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 370; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070370 - 10 Jul 2023

Viewed by 898

Abstract

The results from measuring the capacity of thin-film solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSLIBs)

T i | S i @ O @ A l | L i P O N | L i C o O_{2} | T i

, [...] Read more.

The results from measuring the capacity of thin-film solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SSLIBs)

T i | S i @ O @ A l | L i P O N | L i C o O_{2} | T i

,

T i | S i @ O @ A l | L i P O N | L i_{x} V_{2} O_{5} | T i

, and

T i | L i P O N | L i C o O_{2} | T i

at different charge currents are reported. It is shown that the dependence of the capacity on the current density Q(j) follows Peukert’s law, which is characterized by a low value of Peukert’s exponents in the region of low currents and a high value of the exponents in the region of high currents. Peukert’s exponent for the anode-free cell remains constant through the entire range of current density variation. A model for SSLIB capacity based on the balance of ion (diffusion and drift) and electron currents is proposed. The model predicts a Q(j) dependence well approximating the experimental results and fitting Peukert’s law. The model allows a qualitative interpretation of the change in the Peukert exponent with increasing current density, based on the effect of the charge current saturation. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 3625 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Modeling and SOC Estimation of a LiFePO₄ Battery Considering the Relaxation and Overshoot of Polarization Voltage

by Guorong Zhu, Oukai Wu, Qian Wang, Jianqiang Kang and Jing V. Wang

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070369 - 09 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2592

Abstract

A triple polarization (TP) model is proposed based on the second-order RC hysteresis equivalent circuit model, in order to more precisely reflect the dynamic and static characteristics of a LiFePO₄ (LFP) battery, considering the long relaxation time and overshoot of its polarization [...] Read more.

A triple polarization (TP) model is proposed based on the second-order RC hysteresis equivalent circuit model, in order to more precisely reflect the dynamic and static characteristics of a LiFePO₄ (LFP) battery, considering the long relaxation time and overshoot of its polarization voltage. The TP model introduces an RC link, whose time constant varies with changes in the battery operating status to represent the fast build-up and slow relaxation of the polarization voltage. Specifically, such an RC link evolves into an RLC parallel link during charging to reveal the overshoot characteristic. In this way, the external characteristics of LFP batteries, considering the complex phase transition process, are simulated by a simple equivalent circuit. Constant-current pulse tests are performed to verify the proposed model. For application, a state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is implemented on the basis of the TP model, with the use of a transformed cubature Kalman Filter (TCKF). The experimental results show that the TP model is able to represent the dynamic and static characteristics, as well as estimate the SOC of an LFP battery with a good accuracy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery Management in Renewable Energy Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 8274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Method for Benchmarking Li Metal Anodes: A Mandatory Step toward Reliable Lithium Metal Batteries

by Nicolas Delaporte, Alexis Perea, Mireille Léonard, Julie Matton, Hendrix Demers, Steve Collin-Martin, David Rozon, Daniel Clément, Abdelbast Guerfi and Chisu Kim

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070368 - 08 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1341

Abstract

All-solid-state batteries are known to be the new energy storage holy grail that will lead to safer batteries with higher energy density than current Li-ion batteries. The use of a solid electrolyte enables the use of lithium metal as the anode material. However, [...] Read more.

All-solid-state batteries are known to be the new energy storage holy grail that will lead to safer batteries with higher energy density than current Li-ion batteries. The use of a solid electrolyte enables the use of lithium metal as the anode material. However, its composition, its thickness, and the quality/nature of its passivation layer can strongly affect the performance of the battery. For this reason, we propose a simple benchmarking method that evaluates and compares the quality and electrochemical performance of various Li anodes. This method can be easily reproduced, especially concerning the electrochemical evaluation that uses a commercial liquid electrolyte and the widely spread coin-cell format. In total, ~285 coin cells were assembled to benchmark our in-house lithium metal foil (Lithium HQ) with two commercial ones and the results showed the superior performance of our Li metal anode. The performance of the cells seems closely related to the quality and uniformity of the Li surface. In addition, we propose including in the benchmarking method the effect of Li aging in a dry room on the electrochemical performance. This effect is important to consider because the fabrication of all-solid-state batteries is conducted in such an environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3043 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Post-Lithium Batteries with Zinc for the Energy Transition

by Julia Pross-Brakhage, Oliver Fitz, Christian Bischoff, Daniel Biro and Kai Peter Birke

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070367 - 08 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1712

Abstract

The energy transition is only feasible by using household or large photovoltaic powerplants. However, efficient use of photovoltaic power independently of other energy sources can only be accomplished employing batteries. The ever-growing demand for the stationary storage of volatile renewable energy poses new [...] Read more.

The energy transition is only feasible by using household or large photovoltaic powerplants. However, efficient use of photovoltaic power independently of other energy sources can only be accomplished employing batteries. The ever-growing demand for the stationary storage of volatile renewable energy poses new challenges in terms of cost, resource availability and safety. The development of Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB) has been tremendously pushed by the mobile phone industry and the current need for high-voltage traction batteries. This path of global success is primarily based on its high energy density. Due to changing requirements, other aspects come to the fore that require a rebalancing of different technologies in the “Battery Ecosystem”. In this paper we discuss the evolution of zinc and manganese dioxide-based aqueous battery technologies and identify why recent findings in the field of the reaction mechanism and the electrolyte make rechargeable Zn-MnO₂ batteries (ZMB), commonly known as so-called Zinc-Ion batteries (ZIB), competitive for stationary applications. Finally, a perspective on current challenges for practical application and concepts for future research is provided. This work is intended to classify the current state of research on ZMB and to highlight the further potential on its way to the market within the “Battery Ecosystem”, discussing key parameters such as safety, cost, cycle life, energy and power density, material abundancy, sustainability, modelling and cell/module development. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Photothermal-Conversion-Enhanced LiMn₂O₄ Pouch Cell Performance for Low-Temperature Resistance: A Theoretical Study

by Shuo Tian, Zhifeng Liu, Qiang Yang, Na Xu, Xiang Li, Dejun Wang, Runru Liu and Wei Lü

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070366 - 08 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1247

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) suffer from charging difficulties, capacity decay, and severe ageing in a low-temperature environment. In this work, we suggest a theoretical study and strategy for improving the low-temperature resistance of LiMn₂O₄(LMO) pouch cells, by introducing a photothermal [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) suffer from charging difficulties, capacity decay, and severe ageing in a low-temperature environment. In this work, we suggest a theoretical study and strategy for improving the low-temperature resistance of LiMn₂O₄(LMO) pouch cells, by introducing a photothermal conversion layer composed of copper and single-walled carbon nanotubes. A three-dimensional electrochemical–thermal coupling model for a lithium manganate battery is established, in which the photothermal conversion layer is attached on the surface of the cathode collector, and the effect of lug design is also discussed. The changes in the battery temperature field, and improvements in electrochemical performance before and after light preheating, are analyzed. The results show that, when the photothermal conversion film is applied, the LMO pouch cell’s temperature rises 2.7 °C/min in a −5 °C environment, and the surface-temperature averaging is improved. The concentration of lithium embedded in the anode is significantly increased, and the charging speed is enhanced by 20%. The batteries with a single-sided lug design exhibit better performance compared with those with a two-sided lug design. Validation of the presented model is performed, by comparing it with the experimental Panasonic UF653445ST commercial battery datasheet. This work provides theoretical guidance on improving the low-temperature performance of pouch cells, based on the photothermal conversion method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 3941 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overcoming Challenges in Development of Manganese Oxide Supercapacitor Cathodes by Alkali-Free Hydrothermal Synthesis

by Mahmoud Awad, Mohamed Nawwar and Igor Zhitomirsky

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070365 - 08 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1148

Abstract

This investigation is motivated by the need in the development of manganese oxide cathodes for supercapacitors with high capacitance at high charge–discharge rates and enhanced capacitance retention in a wide range of charge–discharge rates. It also addresses the challenge of eliminating the time-consuming [...] Read more.

This investigation is motivated by the need in the development of manganese oxide cathodes for supercapacitors with high capacitance at high charge–discharge rates and enhanced capacitance retention in a wide range of charge–discharge rates. It also addresses the challenge of eliminating the time-consuming activation procedure, which limits the applications of Mn₃O₄ cathodes. The new approach is based on the use of environmentally friendly and biocompatible pH modifiers–dispersants, such as polyethylenimine (PEI) and meglumine (MG) for hydrothermal synthesis. In this approach, the use of inorganic alkalis is avoided. We demonstrate the benefits of this approach for the fabrication of manganese oxide nanoparticles, such as Mn-PEI and Mn-MG. Electrodes with a high active mass of 40 mg cm⁻² are fabricated and electrochemically tested in 0.5 M Na₂SO₄ electrolyte. The method of electrode material fabrication offers benefits for the accelerated electrode activation procedure, which is practically eliminated for Mn-MG electrodes. The Mn-MG electrodes showed a remarkably high capacitance of 3.68 F cm⁻² (93.19 F g⁻¹) at a sweep rate of 100 mV s⁻¹ and a high capacitance retention of 90.6% in the CV sweep range of 1–100 mV s⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micro Supercapacitors: Recent Advance, Challenge and Outlook)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

28 pages, 1393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model-Based State-of-Charge and State-of-Health Estimation Algorithms Utilizing a New Free Lithium-Ion Battery Cell Dataset for Benchmarking Purposes

by Steven Neupert and Julia Kowal

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 364; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070364 - 07 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2193

Abstract

State estimation for lithium-ion battery cells has been the topic of many publications concerning the different states of a battery cell. They often focus on a battery cell’s state of charge (SOC) or state of health (SOH). Therefore, this paper introduces, on the [...] Read more.

State estimation for lithium-ion battery cells has been the topic of many publications concerning the different states of a battery cell. They often focus on a battery cell’s state of charge (SOC) or state of health (SOH). Therefore, this paper introduces, on the one hand, a new lithium-ion battery dataset with dynamic validation data over degradation and, on the other hand, a model-based SOC and SOH estimation based on this dataset as a reference. An unscented Kalman-filter-based approach was used for SOC estimation and extended with a holistic ageing model to handle the SOH estimation. The paper describes the dataset, the models, the parameterisation, the implementation of the state estimations, and their validation using parts of the dataset, resulting in SOC and SOH estimations over the entire battery life. The results show that the dataset can be used to extract parameters, design models based on it, and validate it with dynamically degraded battery cells. The work provides an approach and dataset for better performance evaluations, applicability, and reliability investigations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Recent Advances in Battery Management Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 2246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Dimensional Molecular Brush-Based Ultrahigh Edge-Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanosheets for Ultrafast Potassium-Ion Storage

by Zongheng Cen, Youchen Tang, Junlong Huang, Yongqi Chen, Haozhen Yang, Dongtian Miao, Dingcai Wu and Shaohong Liu

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070363 - 07 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1116

Abstract

Heteroatom doping, especially nitrogen doping, has been regarded as an efficient strategy to break through the capacity limitation of carbonaceous anode materials in potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Constructing edge-nitrogen-rich carbon skeleton with highly exposed active sites and efficient charge transfer is critical for the [...] Read more.

Heteroatom doping, especially nitrogen doping, has been regarded as an efficient strategy to break through the capacity limitation of carbonaceous anode materials in potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Constructing edge-nitrogen-rich carbon skeleton with highly exposed active sites and efficient charge transfer is critical for the high performance of nitrogen-doped carbonaceous anode materials. Herein, a kind of ultrahigh edge-nitrogen (up to 16.2 at%) doped carbon nanosheets (ENCNS) has been developed by an efficient assembly of high-nitrogen-ratio melamine (MA) with polyacrylic acid grafted graphene oxide (GO-g-PAA) molecular brushes. The assembled PAA/MA structure facilitates the formation of an edge-nitrogen-rich carbon skeleton during heat treatment, while the highly conductive graphene backbone with a 2D nanomorphology enables shortened ion diffusion pathways and numerous exposed active surfaces. As a result, the ENCNS demonstrate excellent rate performance (up to 144 mAh g⁻¹ at 10 A g⁻¹) and good cycle stability (136 and 100 mAh g⁻¹ after 400 cycles at 5 and 10 A g⁻¹, respectively). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Carbon-Based Materials for Batteries)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 5637 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Combined State of Charge and State of Energy Estimation for Echelon-Use Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter

by Enguang Hou, Zhen Wang, Xiaopeng Zhang, Zhixue Wang, Xin Qiao and Yun Zhang

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070362 - 06 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1214

Abstract

To ensure the safety and reliability of an echelon-use lithium-ion battery (EULIB), the performance of a EULIB is accurately reflected. This paper presents a method of estimating the combined state of energy (SOE) and state of charge (SOC). First, aiming to improve the [...] Read more.

To ensure the safety and reliability of an echelon-use lithium-ion battery (EULIB), the performance of a EULIB is accurately reflected. This paper presents a method of estimating the combined state of energy (SOE) and state of charge (SOC). First, aiming to improve the accuracy of the SOE and SOC estimation, a third-order resistor-capacitance equivalent model (TRCEM) of a EULIB is established. Second, long short-term memory (LSTM) is introduced to optimize the Ohmic internal resistance (OIR), actual energy (AE), and actual capacity (AC) parameters in real time to improve the accuracy of the model. Third, in the process of the SOE and SOC estimation, the observation noise equation and process noise equation are updated iteratively to make adaptive corrections and enhance the adaptive ability. Finally, an SOE and SOC estimation method based on LSTM optimization and an adaptive extended Kalman filter (AEKF) is established. In simulation experiments, when the capacity decays to 90%, 60% and 30% of the rated capacity, regardless of whether the initial value is consistent with the actual value, the values of the SOE and SOC estimation can track the actual value with strong adaptive ability, and the estimated error is less than 1.19%, indicating that the algorithm has a high level of accuracy. The method presented in this paper provides a new perspective for estimating the SOE and SOC of a EULIB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue State-of-the-Art in Battery Management Systems)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 11383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bimetallic Flower-like NiCoP Encapsulated in an N-Doped Carbon Shell with Enhanced Lithium Storage Properties

by Haoyu Tian, Lingyu Zhao, Linlin Wang, Zijie Xia, Wenqi Tan and Zheng Jiao

Batteries 2023, 9(7), 361; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9070361 - 05 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1215

Abstract

It continues to be a challenge to design innovative NiCoP composite anode materials to further improve rate capacity. In this work, bimetallic flower-like NiCoP encapsulated in an N-doped carbon shell (designated as NiCoP@NC) as a high-rate capable anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [...] Read more.

It continues to be a challenge to design innovative NiCoP composite anode materials to further improve rate capacity. In this work, bimetallic flower-like NiCoP encapsulated in an N-doped carbon shell (designated as NiCoP@NC) as a high-rate capable anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was successfully designed and synthesized. The novel structure design combines the advantages of flower-like NiCoP (core) and N-doped carbon (shell). Flower-like NiCoP offers numerous interface and redox reaction sites for improving lithium storage, while the N-doped carbon shell effectively buffers volume expansion and enhances electrical conductivity. The synergistic effect between NiCoP and the N-doped carbon shell proposes a marvelous high-rate capacity (320 mA h/g even at 5 A/g) and a good cycle life with high reversible capacity (369.8 mA h/g for 700 cycles at 3 A/g with 81% retention). An investigation of kinetics performance shows that the introduction of the N-doped carbon shell enhances the charge transfer, and the pseudocapacitive behavior dominates the rapid Li⁺ storage of the NiCoP@NC electrode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rechargeable Li Metal Batteries)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Batteries, Volume 9, Issue 7 (July 2023) – 55 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI