Batteries

18 pages, 5857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

State of Charge and Temperature Joint Estimation Based on Ultrasonic Reflection Waves for Lithium-Ion Battery Applications

by Runnan Zhang, Xiaoyu Li, Chuanyu Sun, Songyuan Yang, Yong Tian and Jindong Tian

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 335; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060335 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1786

Abstract

Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) and temperature of batteries is essential to ensure the safety of energy storage systems. However, it is very difficult to obtain multiple states of the battery with fewer sensors. In this paper, a joint estimation [...] Read more.

Accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) and temperature of batteries is essential to ensure the safety of energy storage systems. However, it is very difficult to obtain multiple states of the battery with fewer sensors. In this paper, a joint estimation method for a lithium iron phosphate battery’s SOC and temperature based on ultrasonic reflection waves is proposed. A piezoelectric transducer is affixed to the surface of the battery for ultrasonic–electric transduction. Ultrasonic signals are excited at the transducer, transmitted through the battery, and transmitted back to the transducer by reaching the underside of the battery. Feature indicator extraction intervals of the battery state are determined by sliding–window matching correlation analysis. Virtual samples are used to expand the data after feature extraction. Finally, a backpropagation (BP) neural network model is applied to the multistate joint estimation of a battery in a wide temperature range. According to the experimental results, the root mean square error (RMSE) of the lithium-ion battery’s SOC and temperature estimation results is 7.42% and 0.40 °C, respectively. The method is nondestructive and easy to apply in battery management systems. Combined with the detection of gas production inside the battery, this method can improve the safety of the battery system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Energy Storage Management by Integrating Omni-Channel Information: Battery Physics, Machine Learning, Force/Thermal/Electrical/Gas Sensors)

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21 pages, 5058 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simulation and Optimization of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Management System Integrating Composite Phase Change Material, Flat Heat Pipe and Liquid Cooling

by Qianqian Xin, Tianqi Yang, Hengyun Zhang, Juan Zeng and Jinsheng Xiao

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060334 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

A large-capacity prismatic lithium-ion battery thermal management system (BTMS) combining composite phase change material (CPCM), a flat heat pipe (FHP), and liquid cooling is proposed. The three conventional configurations analyzed in this study are the BTMSs using only CPCM, CPCM with aluminum thermal [...] Read more.

A large-capacity prismatic lithium-ion battery thermal management system (BTMS) combining composite phase change material (CPCM), a flat heat pipe (FHP), and liquid cooling is proposed. The three conventional configurations analyzed in this study are the BTMSs using only CPCM, CPCM with aluminum thermal diffusion plates, and CPCM with FHPs. In addition, a CPCM–FHP assisted with liquid cooling at the lateral sides is established to enhance the thermal performance of large-capacity batteries. Moreover, the influences of coolant temperature, the number of FHPs and cooling pipes, and the coolant direction on the temperature field of a BTMS are discussed. Finally, the orthogonal design method is used for the multi-level analysis of multiple factors to improve the light weight of the system. The optimal parameter combination is obtained to achieve the best thermal performance of the BTMS, with the maximum temperature and the temperature difference at 43.17 °C and 3.36 °C, respectively, under a maximum discharge rate of 2C and a high-temperature environment of 37 °C. The optimal scheme is further analyzed and affirmed through the comprehensive balance method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries)

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19 pages, 7765 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

High-Precision and Robust SOC Estimation of LiFePO₄ Blade Batteries Based on the BPNN-EKF Algorithm

by Zhihang Zhang, Siliang Chen, Languang Lu, Xuebing Han, Yalun Li, Siqi Chen, Hewu Wang, Yubo Lian and Minggao Ouyang

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060333 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1905

Abstract

The lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) blade battery is a long, rectangular-shaped cell that can be directly integrated into battery pack systems. It enhances volumetric power density, significantly reduces costs, and is widely utilized in electric vehicles. However, the flat open circuit [...] Read more.

The lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) blade battery is a long, rectangular-shaped cell that can be directly integrated into battery pack systems. It enhances volumetric power density, significantly reduces costs, and is widely utilized in electric vehicles. However, the flat open circuit voltage and significant polarization differences under wide operational temperatures are challenging for accurate voltage modeling of battery management systems (BMSs). In particular, inaccurate state of charge (SOC) estimation may cause overcharging and over-discharging risks. To accurately perceive the SOC of LiFePO₄ blade batteries, a SOC estimation method based on the backpropagation neural network-extended Kalman filter (BPNN-EKF) algorithm is proposed. BPNN is a neural network model that utilizes the backpropagation algorithm to update model parameters, while EKF is an optimal estimation algorithm. Firstly, dynamic working condition tests, including the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and high-speed working (HSW) condition tests, are conducted under a wide temperature range (−25–43 °C). HSW conditions refer to a simulated operating condition that mimics the driving of an electric vehicle on a highway. The minimum voltage of the battery system is used as the output for training the BPNN model. We derive the Kalman gain by combining the BPNN output voltage. Additionally, the EKF algorithm is employed to correct the SOC value using voltage error information. Concerning long SOC calculation intervals, capacity errors, initial SOC errors, and current and voltage sampling errors, the maximum SOC estimation RMSE is 3.98% at −20 °C NEDC, 3.62% at 10 °C NEDC, and 1.68% at 35 °C HSW. The proposed algorithm can be applied to different temperatures and operations, demonstrating high robustness. This BPNN-EKF algorithm has the potential to be embedded in electric vehicle BMS systems for practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Energy Storage in Advanced Power Systems)

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17 pages, 3731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Optimized Random Forest Regression Model for Li-Ion Battery Prognostics and Health Management

by Geng Wang, Zhiqiang Lyu and Xiaoyu Li

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 332; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060332 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1675

Abstract

This study proposes an optimized random forest regression model to achieve online battery prognostics and health management. To estimate the battery state of health (SOH), two aging features (AFs) are extracted based on the incremental capacity curve (ICC) to quantify capacity degradation, further [...] Read more.

This study proposes an optimized random forest regression model to achieve online battery prognostics and health management. To estimate the battery state of health (SOH), two aging features (AFs) are extracted based on the incremental capacity curve (ICC) to quantify capacity degradation, further analyzed through Pearson’s correlation coefficient. To further predict the remaining useful life (RUL), the online AFs are extrapolated to predict the degradation trends through the closed-loop least square method. To capture the underlying relationship between AFs and capacity, a random forest regression model is developed; meanwhile, the hyperparameters are determined using Bayesian optimization (BO) to enhance the learning and generalization ability. The method of co-simulation using MATLAB and LabVIEW is introduced to develop a battery management system (BMS) for online verification of the proposed method. Based on the open-access battery aging datasets, the results for the mean error of estimated SOH is 1.8152% and the predicted RUL is 32 cycles, which is better than some common methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Transportation Electrification Key Applications: Battery Storage System, DC/DC Converter, Wireless Charging, Sensors)

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10 pages, 2299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epoxy Resin-Reinforced F-Assisted Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂ Solid Electrolyte for Solid-State Sodium Metal Batteries

by Yao Fu, Dangling Liu, Yongjiang Sun, Genfu Zhao and Hong Guo

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060331 - 19 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1312

Abstract

Solid sodium ion batteries (SIBs) show a significant amount of potential for development as energy storage systems; therefore, there is an urgent need to explore an efficient solid electrolyte for SIBs. Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂ (NZSP) is regarded as [...] Read more.

Solid sodium ion batteries (SIBs) show a significant amount of potential for development as energy storage systems; therefore, there is an urgent need to explore an efficient solid electrolyte for SIBs. Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂ (NZSP) is regarded as one of the most potential solid-state electrolytes (SSE) for SIBs, with good thermal stability and mechanical properties. However, NZSP has low room temperature ionic conductivity and large interfacial impedance. F⁻doped NZSP has a larger grain size and density, which is beneficial for acquiring higher ionic conductivity, and the composite system prepared with epoxy can further improve density and inhibit Na dendrite growth. The composite system exhibits an outstanding Na⁺ conductivity of 0.67 mS cm⁻¹ at room temperature and an ionic mobility number of 0.79. It also has a wider electrochemical stability window and cycling stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Batteries: From Materials Research to Design and Applications)

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14 pages, 2760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Temperature-Aged Synthesis of CeO₂-Coated Li-Rich Oxide as Cathode for Low-Cost High-Energy Density Li-Ion Batteries

by Yanlin Liu, Bin Li, Min Chen and Weishan Li

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060330 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1382

Abstract

Co-free Li-rich oxide shows promise as a cathode for low-cost high-energy density Li-ion batteries but presents poor cyclic stability. To address this issue, a novel CeO₂-coated Li-rich oxide composite is developed by applying a layer of CeO₂ onto Co-free Li-rich [...] Read more.

Co-free Li-rich oxide shows promise as a cathode for low-cost high-energy density Li-ion batteries but presents poor cyclic stability. To address this issue, a novel CeO₂-coated Li-rich oxide composite is developed by applying a layer of CeO₂ onto Co-free Li-rich oxide through a low-temperature-aged process. With this uniform coating, the resulting composite presents improved cyclic stability as well as rate capability as the cathode of a Li-ion battery. The capacity retention of the resulting composite is increased from 67% to 85% after 100 cycles, and its capacity retention of 5 C/0.05 C is enhanced from 10% to 23% compared with the uncoated sample. Such significant improvements indicate that this low-temperature-aged process is promising for preparing Co-free Li-rich oxides as cathodes of low-cost high-energy density Li-ion batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transition Metal Compound Materials for Secondary Batteries)

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18 pages, 8304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Deep Learning Approach for State-of-Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on a Multi-Feature and Attention Mechanism Collaboration

by Bosong Zou, Mengyu Xiong, Huijie Wang, Wenlong Ding, Pengchang Jiang, Wei Hua, Yong Zhang, Lisheng Zhang, Wentao Wang and Rui Tan

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060329 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1520

Abstract

Safety issues are one of the main limitations for further application of lithium-ion batteries, and battery degradation is an important causative factor. However, current state-of-health (SOH) estimation methods are mostly developed for a single feature and a single operating condition as well as [...] Read more.

Safety issues are one of the main limitations for further application of lithium-ion batteries, and battery degradation is an important causative factor. However, current state-of-health (SOH) estimation methods are mostly developed for a single feature and a single operating condition as well as a single battery material system, which consequently makes it difficult to guarantee robustness and generalization. This paper proposes a data-driven and multi-feature collaborative SOH estimation method based on equal voltage interval discharge time, incremental capacity (IC) and differential thermal voltammetry (DTV) analysis for feature extraction. The deep learning model is constructed based on bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) with the addition of attention mechanism (AM) to focus on the important parts of the features. The proposed method is validated based on a NASA dataset and Oxford University dataset, and the results show that the proposed method has high accuracy and strong robustness. The estimated root mean squared error (RMSE) are below 0.7% and 0.3%, respectively. Compared to single features, the collaboration between multiple features and AM resulted in a 25% error improvement, and the capacity rebound is well captured. The proposed method has the potential to be applied online in an end-cloud collaboration system. Full article

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13 pages, 4321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constructing a Quasi-Liquid Interphase to Enable Highly Stable Zn-Metal Anode

by Junzhang Wang, Zhou Xu, Tengteng Qin, Jintian Wang, Rui Tian, Xingzhong Guo, Zongrong Wang, Zhongkuan Luo and Hui Yang

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 328; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060328 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1119

Abstract

Rechargeable aqueous Zn-metal batteries have attracted widespread attention owing to their safety and low cost beyond Li-metal batteries. However, due to the lack of the solid electrolyte interphase, problems such as dendrites, side reactions and hydrogen generation severely restrict their commercial applications. Herein, [...] Read more.

Rechargeable aqueous Zn-metal batteries have attracted widespread attention owing to their safety and low cost beyond Li-metal batteries. However, due to the lack of the solid electrolyte interphase, problems such as dendrites, side reactions and hydrogen generation severely restrict their commercial applications. Herein, a quasi-liquid interphase (QLI) with a “solid–liquid” property is constructed to stabilize the Zn-metal anode. The synergistic effect of solid and liquid behavior ensures the stable existence of QLI and simultaneously enables the interphase dynamic and self-adaptive to the anode evolution. Electrolyte erosion, Zn²⁺ diffusion and side reactions are inhibited during long-term cycling after introducing QLI, significantly improving the cycling stability and capacity retention of the symmetric and full cells modified with QLI (Zn@QLI), respectively. Constructing an interphase with a quasi-liquid state represents a promising strategy to stabilize the metal anodes in aqueous electrolytes and even extend to organic electrolytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electrode Materials for Advanced Batteries)

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15 pages, 7663 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifunctional MXene–Fe₃O₄–Carbon Nanotube Composite Electrodes for High Active Mass Asymmetric Supercapacitors

by Wenyu Liang, Rui Xu, Mohamed Nawwar and Igor Zhitomirsky

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060327 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1481

Abstract

Ti₃C₂T_x–Fe₃O₄–carbon nanotube composites were prepared for electrochemical energy storage in the negative electrodes of supercapacitors. The electrodes show a remarkably high areal capacitance of 6.59 F cm⁻² in a neutral Na₂ [...] Read more.

Ti₃C₂T_x–Fe₃O₄–carbon nanotube composites were prepared for electrochemical energy storage in the negative electrodes of supercapacitors. The electrodes show a remarkably high areal capacitance of 6.59 F cm⁻² in a neutral Na₂SO₄ electrolyte, which was obtained by the development of advanced nanofabrication strategies and due to the synergistic effect of the individual components. Enhanced capacitance was achieved using the in-situ synthesis method for the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. The superparamagnetic behavior of the Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles facilitated the fabrication of electrodes with a reduced binder content. Good mixing of the components was achieved using a celestine blue co-dispersant, which adsorbed on the inorganic components and carbon nanotubes and facilitated their co-dispersion and mixing. The capacitive behavior was optimized by the variation of the electrode composition and mass loading in a range of 30–45 mg cm⁻². An asymmetric device was proposed and fabricated, which contained a Ti₃C₂T_x–Fe₃O₄–carbon nanotube negative electrode and a polypyrrole–carbon nanotube positive electrode for operation in an Na₂SO₄ electrolyte. The asymmetric supercapacitor device demonstrated high areal capacitance and excellent power-density characteristics in an enlarged voltage window of 1.6 V. This investigation opens a new avenue for the synthesis and design of MXene-based asymmetric supercapacitors for future energy storage devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance and Sustainable Supercapacitors: Current Status and Perspective)

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12 pages, 6605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Construction of Fe₃O₄@Fe₂P Heterostructures as Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors

by Congcong Lu, Chengyu Tu, Yu Yang, Yunping Ma and Maiyong Zhu

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060326 - 15 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1001

Abstract

Considering their high abundance in the earth, iron-based materials have occasionally been regarded as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, monometallic iron-based electrodes still demonstrate an insufficient specific capacitance value in comparison to monometallic Mn-, Ni-, and Co-based compounds and their combined materials. [...] Read more.

Considering their high abundance in the earth, iron-based materials have occasionally been regarded as promising electrode materials for supercapacitors. However, monometallic iron-based electrodes still demonstrate an insufficient specific capacitance value in comparison to monometallic Mn-, Ni-, and Co-based compounds and their combined materials. Herein, an enhanced iron-based heterostructure of Fe₃O₄@Fe₂P was prepared via the in situ phosphorization of Fe₃O₄. Compared to pristine Fe₃O₄, the Fe₃O₄@Fe₂P heterostructure showed a capacity enhancement in KOH aqueous solution. The improved electrochemical performance can be attributed to both the core shell structure, which favors buffering the collapse of the electrode, and the synergistic effect between the two iron compounds, which may provide abundant interfaces and additional electrochemically active sites. Moreover, the assembled asymmetric supercapacitor device using the Fe₃O₄@Fe₂P heterostructure as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode delivers a high energy density of 13.47 Wh kg⁻¹, a high power density of 424.98 W kg⁻¹, and an acceptable capacitance retention of 78.5% after 5000 cycles. These results clarify that monometallic Fe based materials can deliver a potential practical application. In addition, the construction method for the heterostructure developed here, in which different anion species are combined, may represent a promising strategy for designing high-performance electrodes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for High-Performance Supercapacitors and Battery Applications)

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19 pages, 7232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Fine-Tuning Model Based on Transfer Learning for Future Capacity Prediction of Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Jia-Hong Chou, Fu-Kwun Wang and Shih-Che Lo

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060325 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1547

Abstract

Future capacity prediction of lithium-ion batteries is a highly researched topic in the field of battery management systems, owing to the gradual degradation of battery capacity over time due to various factors such as chemical changes within the battery, usage patterns, and operating [...] Read more.

Future capacity prediction of lithium-ion batteries is a highly researched topic in the field of battery management systems, owing to the gradual degradation of battery capacity over time due to various factors such as chemical changes within the battery, usage patterns, and operating conditions. The accurate prediction of battery capacity can aid in optimizing its usage, extending its lifespan, and mitigating the risk of unforeseen failures. In this paper, we proposed a novel fine-tuning model based on a deep learning model with a transfer learning approach comprising of two key components: offline training and online prediction. Model weights and prediction parameters were transferred from offline training using source data to the online prediction stage. The transferred Bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory with an Attention Mechanism model weights and prediction parameters were utilized to fine-tune the model by partial target data in the online prediction phase. Three battery batches with different charging policy were used to evaluate the proposed approach’s robustness, reliability, usability, and accuracy for the three charging policy batteries’ real-world data. The experiment results show that the proposed method’s efficacy improved, with an increase in the cycle number of the starting point, exhibiting a linear relationship with the starting point. The proposed method yields relative error values of 8.70%, 6.38%, 9.52%, 7.58%, 1.94%, and 2.29%, respectively, for the six target batteries in online prediction. Thus, the proposed method is effective in predicting the future capacity of lithium-ion batteries and holds potential for use in predictive maintenance applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Battery Status Estimation and Prediction)

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10 pages, 2530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selecting the Degree of Partial Lithiation for Preventing Fracture in Si Micoparticles

by Bo Wang, Pu Hu and Katerina E. Aifantis

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060324 - 13 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 918

Abstract

The limiting aspect in commercializing Si-based anodes is the fractures they undergo during lithiation and de-lithiation. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that this fracture is minimized when the particle size is reduced below 100 nm; however, this is not a commercially viable [...] Read more.

The limiting aspect in commercializing Si-based anodes is the fractures they undergo during lithiation and de-lithiation. Experimental and theoretical studies have shown that this fracture is minimized when the particle size is reduced below 100 nm; however, this is not a commercially viable solution. Herein, we employ a multiphysics model to capture damage in 1 µm and 2 µm Si particles for different degrees of partial lithiation and corresponding de-lithiation. It is seen that partial lithiation can reduce the mechanical stresses experienced by the Si particles and fracture is fully prevented when the Li-ion penetration does not exceed 360 nm and 600 mm for 1 µm and 2 µm Si particles, respectively, when they are distributed in a binder containing smaller Si particles of 500 nm and 1 µm particles, respectively, prior to de-insertion. This indicates that limiting lithiation to 72% for 1 µm Si particles and 66% for 2 µm Si particles can prevent their pulverization. Removing the smaller Si particles and having a uniform Si size distribution results in lower lithiation states for preventing fracture. Such design information is vital for battery developers in order to fully utilize the capabilities of Si. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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24 pages, 3173 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Lithium-Ion Battery Capacity and RUL Prediction Fusion Method Based on Decomposition Strategy and GRU

by Huihan Liu, Yanmei Li, Laijin Luo and Chaolong Zhang

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 323; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060323 - 12 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1913

Abstract

To safeguard the security and dependability of battery management systems (BMS), it is essential to provide reliable forecasts of battery capacity and remaining useful life (RUL). However, most of the current prediction methods use the measurement data directly to carry out prediction work, [...] Read more.

To safeguard the security and dependability of battery management systems (BMS), it is essential to provide reliable forecasts of battery capacity and remaining useful life (RUL). However, most of the current prediction methods use the measurement data directly to carry out prediction work, which ignores the objective measurement noise and capacity increase during the aging process of batteries. In this study, an integrated prediction method is introduced to highlight the prediction of lithium-ion battery capacity and RUL. This approach incorporates several techniques, including variational modal decomposition (VMD) with entropy detection, a double Gaussian model, and a gated recurrent unit neural network (GRU NN). Specifically, the PE−VMD algorithm is first utilized to perform a noise reduction process on the capacity data obtained from the measurements, and this results in a global degradation trend sequence and local fluctuation sequences. Afterward, the global degradation prediction model is established by employing the double Gaussian aging model proposed in this paper, and the local prediction models are built for each local fluctuation sequence by GRU NN. Lastly, the proposed hybrid prediction methodology is validated through battery capacity and RUL prediction studies on experimental data from three sources, and its accuracy is also compared with prediction algorithms from the recent related literature. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid prediction method exhibits high precision in the predicting future capacity and RUL of lithium-ion batteries, along with strong robustness and predictive stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Battery Measurement and Management Systems)

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12 pages, 5304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lithiophilic Quinone Lithium Salt Formed by Tetrafluoro-1,4-Benzoquinone Guides Uniform Lithium Deposition to Stabilize the Interface of Anode and PVDF-Based Solid Electrolytes

by Yinglu Hu, Li Liu, Jingwei Zhao, Dechao Zhang, Jiadong Shen, Fangkun Li, Yan Yang, Zhengbo Liu, Weixin He, Weiming Zhao and Jun Liu

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 322; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060322 - 12 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1073

Abstract

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) are attracting widespread attention due to their superior electrochemical and mechanical properties. However, the PVDF has a strong polar group -CF₂-, which easily continuously reacts with lithium metal, resulting in the instability of the [...] Read more.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) are attracting widespread attention due to their superior electrochemical and mechanical properties. However, the PVDF has a strong polar group -CF₂-, which easily continuously reacts with lithium metal, resulting in the instability of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), which intensifies the formation of lithium dendrites. Herein, Tetrafluoro-1,4-benzoquinone (TFBQ) was selected as an additive in trace amounts to the PVDF/Li-based electrolytes. TFBQ uniformly formed lithophilic quinone lithium salt (Li₂TFBQ) in the SEI. Li₂TFBQ has high lithium-ion affinity and low potential barrier and can be used as the dominant agent to guide uniform lithium deposition. The results showed that PVDF/Li-TFBQ 0.05 with a mass ratio of PVDF to TFBQ of 1:0.05 had the highest ionic conductivity of 2.39 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹, and the electrochemical stability window reached 5.0 V. Moreover, PVDF/Li-TFBQ CSE demonstrated superior lithium dendrite suppression, which was confirmed by long-term lithium stripping/sedimentation tests over 2000 and 650 h at a current of 0.1 and 0.2 mA cm⁻², respectively. The assembled solid-state LiNi_0.6Co_0.2Mn_0.2O₂||Li cell showed an excellent performance rate and cycle stability at 30 °C. This study greatly promotes the practical research of solid-state electrolytes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries)

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24 pages, 7220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation Evaluation of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: An Empirical Calibration

by Hongchang Cai, Xu Hao, Yong Jiang, Yanan Wang, Xuebing Han, Yuebo Yuan, Yuejiu Zheng, Hewu Wang and Minggao Ouyang

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060321 - 10 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2731

Abstract

Battery life management is critical for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to prevent dangerous situations such as overcharging and over-discharging, which could cause thermal runaway. PHEVs have more complex operating conditions than EVs due to their dual energy sources. Therefore, the SOH estimation [...] Read more.

Battery life management is critical for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to prevent dangerous situations such as overcharging and over-discharging, which could cause thermal runaway. PHEVs have more complex operating conditions than EVs due to their dual energy sources. Therefore, the SOH estimation for PHEV vehicles needs to consider the specific operating characteristics of the PHEV and make calibrations accordingly. Firstly, we estimated the initial SOH by combining data-driven and empirical models. The data-driven method used was the incremental state of charge (SOC)-capacity method, and the empirical model was the Arrhenius model. This method can obtain the battery degradation trend and predict the SOH well in realistic applications. Then, according to the multiple characteristics of PHEV, we conducted a correlation analysis and selected the UF as the calibration factor because the UF has the highest correlation with SOH. Finally, we calibrated the parameters of the Arrhenius model using the UF in a fuzzy logic way, so that the calibrated fitting degradation trends could be closer to the true SOH. The proposed calibration method was verified by a PHEV dataset that included 11 vehicles. The experiment results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) of the SOH fitting after UF calibration can be decreased by 0.2–14% and that the coefficient of determination (

R^{2}

) for the calibrated fitting trends can be improved by 0.5–32%. This provides more reliable guidance for the safe management and operation of PHEV batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Energy Storage in Advanced Power Systems)

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15 pages, 3121 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Integrated Design of a Functional Composite Electrolyte and Cathode for All-Solid-State Li Metal Batteries

by Zhenghang Zhang, Rongzheng Fan, Saifang Huang, Jie Zhao, Yudong Zhang, Weiji Dai, Cuijiao Zhao, Xin Song and Peng Cao

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 320; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060320 - 09 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1667

Abstract

Solid composite electrolytes exhibit tremendous potential for practical all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs), whereas the interfacial contact between cathode and electrolyte remains a long-standing problem. Herein, we demonstrate an integrated design of a double-layer functional composite electrolyte and cathode (ID-FCC), which effectively improves [...] Read more.

Solid composite electrolytes exhibit tremendous potential for practical all-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs), whereas the interfacial contact between cathode and electrolyte remains a long-standing problem. Herein, we demonstrate an integrated design of a double-layer functional composite electrolyte and cathode (ID-FCC), which effectively improves interfacial contact and increases cycle stability. One composite electrolyte layer, PVDF_LiFSI@LLZNTO (PL1@L), comes into contact with the LLZNTO (Li_6.5La₃Zr_1.5Nb_0.4Ta_0.1O₁₂)-containing cathode, while the other layer, PEO_LiTFSI@LLZNTO (PL2@L) with a Li anode, is introduced in each. Such a design establishes a continuous network for the transport of Li⁺ on the interface, and includes the advantages of both PEO and PVDF for improving stability with the electrodes. The Li symmetric cells Li/PL2@L-PL1@L-PL2@L/Li steadily cycled for more than 3800 h under the current density of 0.05 mA cm⁻² at 60 °C. Outstandingly, the all-solid-state batteries of LiFePO₄-ID-FCC/Li showed an initial specific capacity of 161.5 mA h g⁻¹ at 60 °C, demonstrating a remaining capacity ratio of 56.1% after 1000 cycles at 0.1 C and 74.5% after 400 cycles at 0.5 C, respectively. This work provides an effective strategy for solid-state electrolyte and interface design towards ASSLMBs with high electrochemical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrode Materials and Electrolyte for Rechargeable Batteries)

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31 pages, 3915 KiB

Open AccessReview

High-Performance High-Nickel Multi-Element Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Xinyong Tian, Ruiqi Guo, Ying Bai, Ning Li, Xinran Wang, Jiantao Wang and Chuan Wu

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 319; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060319 - 09 Jun 2023

Viewed by 3994

Abstract

With the rapid increase in demand for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles, smart homes, electric-powered tools, intelligent transportation, and other markets, high-nickel multi-element materials are considered to be one of the most promising cathode candidates for large-scale industrial applications due to their [...] Read more.

With the rapid increase in demand for high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles, smart homes, electric-powered tools, intelligent transportation, and other markets, high-nickel multi-element materials are considered to be one of the most promising cathode candidates for large-scale industrial applications due to their advantages of high capacity, low cost, and good cycle performance. In response to the competitive pressure of the low-cost lithium iron phosphate battery, high-nickel multi-element cathode materials need to continuously increase their nickel content and reduce their cobalt content or even be cobalt-free and also need to solve a series of problems, such as crystal structure stability, particle microcracks and breakage, cycle life, thermal stability, and safety. In this regard, the research progress of high-nickel multi-element cathode materials in recent years is reviewed and analyzed, and the progress of performance optimization is summarized from the aspects of precursor orientational growth, bulk phase doping, surface coating, interface modification, crystal morphology optimization, composite structure design, etc. Finally, according to the industrialization demand of high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries and the challenges faced by high-nickel multi-element cathode materials, the performance optimization direction of high-nickel multi-element cathode materials in the future is proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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13 pages, 2441 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A π–π Stacked High-Performance Organic Anode for Durable Rocking-Chair Zinc-Ion Battery

by Yuyan Tang, Shaohui Li, Meng-Fang Lin, Jingwei Chen, Alice Lee-Sie Eh and Qun Xu

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 318; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060318 - 08 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1517

Abstract

Sustainable organic materials have gained considerable attention as electrodes for zinc-ion batteries (ZIB) due to their high theoretical capacity, structural versatility, and environmental friendliness. However, issues of inferior capacities and poor rate performance owing to limited inherent electronic conductivity and severe dissolution still [...] Read more.

Sustainable organic materials have gained considerable attention as electrodes for zinc-ion batteries (ZIB) due to their high theoretical capacity, structural versatility, and environmental friendliness. However, issues of inferior capacities and poor rate performance owing to limited inherent electronic conductivity and severe dissolution still persist. Herein, sandwich-structured perylene diimide-ethylene diamine/graphene (PDI-EDA/EG) composites are judiciously designed and synthesized. The two-dimensional graphene host can interact with the PDI-EDA polymer through π–π stacking, endowing accelerated ion/electron transfer, abundant active sites, excellent structural integrity, and mitigated solubility of the hybrid electrodes. When evaluated as an anode in ZIB, the hybrid electrode delivers a high capacity (110.2 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.1 A g⁻¹), superior rate capability (88.9 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 A g⁻¹), and exceptional durability (93.4% capacity retained after 1000 cycles). The structure evolution of the hybrid electrode during the insertion/extraction cycle was investigated by ex-situ Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), revealing the reversible Zn²⁺ storage at carbonyl sites. In addition, a prototype rocking-chair ZIB cell was constructed with a zinc pre-intercalated MnO₂ cathode, displaying an ultrahigh energy density of 54.9 Wh kg⁻¹ at a power density of 42.5 W kg⁻¹ and excellent stability with negligible capacity decay after 1000 cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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20 pages, 2565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing Efficiency: A Comparative Analysis Using DEA Malmquist and Epsilon-Based Measures

by Chia-Nan Wang, Fu-Chiang Yang, Nhut T. M. Vo and Van Thanh Tien Nguyen

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 317; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060317 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 2052

Abstract

Innovative carbon reduction and sustainability solutions are needed to combat climate change. One promising approach towards cleaner air involves the utilization of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and electric power vehicles, showcasing their potential as innovative tools for cleaner air. However, we must focus on [...] Read more.

Innovative carbon reduction and sustainability solutions are needed to combat climate change. One promising approach towards cleaner air involves the utilization of lithium-ion batteries (LIB) and electric power vehicles, showcasing their potential as innovative tools for cleaner air. However, we must focus on the entire battery life cycle, starting with production. By prioritizing the efficiency and sustainability of lithium-ion battery manufacturing, we can take an essential step toward mitigating climate change and creating a healthier planet for future generations. A comprehensive case study of the leading LIB manufacturers demonstrates the usefulness of the suggested hybrid methodology. Initially, we utilized the Malmquist model to evaluate these firms’ total efficiency while dissecting their development into technical and technological efficiency change components. We employed the Epsilon-Based Measure (EBM) model to determine each organization’s efficiency and inefficiency scores. The findings show that the EBM approach successfully bridged the gap in the LIB industry landscape. Combined with the Malmquist model, the resulting framework offers a powerful and equitable evaluation paradigm that is easily applicable to any domain. Furthermore, it accurately identifies the top-performing organizations in specific aspects across the research period of 2018–2021. The EBM model demonstrates that most organizations have attained their top level, except for A10, which has superior technology adoption but poor management. A1, A2, A4, A6, A8, A9, and A10 were unable to meet their targets because of the COVID-19 pandemic, despite productivity improvements. A12 leads the three highest-scoring enterprises in efficiency and total productivity changes, while A3 and A5 should focus on innovative production techniques and improved management. The managerial implications provide vital direction for green energy practitioners, enhancing their operational effectiveness. Concurrently, consumers can identify the best LIB manufacturers, allowing them to invest in long-term green energy solutions confidently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning for Advanced Battery Systems)

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13 pages, 5133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Model Predictive Control for Residential Battery Storage System: Profitability Analysis

by Patrick Kobou Ngani and Jean-Régis Hadji-Minaglou

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 316; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060316 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1378

Abstract

For increased penetration of energy production from renewable energy sources at a utility scale, battery storage systems (BSSs) are a must. Their levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) has drastically decreased over the last decade. Residential battery storage, mostly combined with photovoltaic (PV) panels, [...] Read more.

For increased penetration of energy production from renewable energy sources at a utility scale, battery storage systems (BSSs) are a must. Their levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) has drastically decreased over the last decade. Residential battery storage, mostly combined with photovoltaic (PV) panels, also follow this falling prices trend. The combined effect of the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine has caused such a dramatic increase in electricity prices that many consumers have adjusted their strategies to become prosumers and self-sufficient as feed-in subsidies continue to drop. In this study, an investigation is conducted to determine how profitable it is to install BSSs in homes with regards to battery health and the levelized cost of total managed energy. This is performed using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) in MATLAB, along with its embedded solver Intlinprog. The results show that a reasonable optimized yearly cycling rate of the BSS can be reached by simply considering a non-zero cost for energy cycling through the batteries. This cost is simply added to the electricity cost equation of standard optimization problems and ensures a very good usage rate of the batteries. The proposed control does not overreact to small electricity price variations until it is financially worth it. The trio composed of feed-in tariffs (FITs), electricity costs, and the LCOE of BSSs represents the most significant factors. Ancillary grid service provision can represent a substantial source of revenue for BSSs, besides FITs and avoided costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Battery Energy Storage in Advanced Power Systems)

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12 pages, 2879 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel BC₂N Monolayer as Anode Material for Li-Ion Battery

by Xiaowei Chen, Jiahe Lin, Qiubao Lin, Renquan Li and Hongsheng He

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 315; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060315 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1196

Abstract

The stability, mechanical and electronic properties of a BC₂N monolayer and its potential use as an anode material for Li-ion batteries were explored using the density functional theory calculation. The proposed BC₂N monolayer shows good thermal and dynamical stabilities, [...] Read more.

The stability, mechanical and electronic properties of a BC₂N monolayer and its potential use as an anode material for Li-ion batteries were explored using the density functional theory calculation. The proposed BC₂N monolayer shows good thermal and dynamical stabilities, as indicated by the ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and phonon dispersion calculations. The BC₂N monolayer exhibits highly anisotropic mechanical properties. The electronic structure calculation based on the hybrid functional suggests that the BC₂N monolayer is an indirect bandgap (~1.8 eV) semiconductor. The BC₂N monolayer shows linear dichroism and is able to harvest visible and ultraviolet light. To investigate the application of the BC₂N monolayer as a potential anode material for Li-ion batteries, the Li adsorption and diffusion on the monolayer were studied. The BC₂N monolayer exhibits a high theoretical capacity of 1098 mAh/g for Li-ion batteries. The calculated diffusion barrier of Li ion is 0.45 eV, suggesting a rapid Li-ion charge and discharge rate. The unique mechanical and optical properties of the BC₂N monolayer also make it an attractive material for use in advanced nanomechanical and optoelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Carbon-Based Materials for Energy Storage)

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21 pages, 3995 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Ionic Liquids—MOF Hybrid Electrolytes for Solid-State Electrolyte of Lithium Battery

by Ruifan Lin, Yingmin Jin, Yumeng Li, Xuebai Zhang and Yueping Xiong

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 314; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060314 - 06 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2247

Abstract

Li-ion batteries are currently considered promising energy storage devices for the future. However, the use of liquid electrolytes poses certain challenges, including lithium dendrite penetration and flammable liquid leakage. Encouragingly, solid electrolytes endowed with high stability and safety appear to be a potential [...] Read more.

Li-ion batteries are currently considered promising energy storage devices for the future. However, the use of liquid electrolytes poses certain challenges, including lithium dendrite penetration and flammable liquid leakage. Encouragingly, solid electrolytes endowed with high stability and safety appear to be a potential solution to these problems. Among them, ionic liquids (ILs) packed in metal organic frameworks (MOFs), known as ILs@MOFs, have emerged as a hybrid solid-state material that possesses high conductivity, low flammability, and strong mechanical stability. ILs@MOFs plays a crucial role in forming a continuous interfacial conduction network, as well as providing internal ion conduction pathways through the ionic liquid. Hence, ILs@MOFs can not only act as a suitable ionic conduct main body, but also be used as an active filler in composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) to meet the demand for higher conductivity and lower cost. This review focuses on the characteristic properties and the ion transport mechanism behind ILs@MOFs, highlighting the main problems of its applications. Moreover, this review presents an introduction of the advantages and applications of Ils@MOFs as fillers and the improvement directions are also discussed. In the conclusion, the challenges and suggestions for the future improvement of ILs@MOFs hybrid electrolytes are also prospected. Overall, this review demonstrates the application potential of ILs@MOFs as a hybrid electrolyte material in energy storage systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solid State Batteries: From Materials Research to Design and Applications)

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14 pages, 3368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Nickel-Based Coordination Compound with Tunable Morphology for High-Performance Anode and the Lithium Storage Mechanism

by Yifei Lu, Lei Wang, Zhenzhu Lou, Leilei Wang, Yi Zhao, Weiwei Sun, Liping Lv, Yong Wang and Shuangqiang Chen

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 313; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060313 - 06 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1262

Abstract

Metal-organic coordination compounds (MCCs) have received a lot of attention as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their abundant structural configuration, tunable morphology, high surface area, and low cost, but the lithium storage mechanism of MCCs is still a mystery. Herein, we [...] Read more.

Metal-organic coordination compounds (MCCs) have received a lot of attention as anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their abundant structural configuration, tunable morphology, high surface area, and low cost, but the lithium storage mechanism of MCCs is still a mystery. Herein, we synthesized a kind of nickel-based coordination compound (marked as Ni-PP-x, x = 1, 2, or 3) with tunable morphologies and different solvent ratios via a microwave irradiation solvothermal method and then applied them as anodes for LIBs. Among them, the Ni-PP-2 electrode, with a hollow and urchin-like structure, showed the longest lifespan and maintained a high capacity of 713 mAh g⁻¹ at 2.0 A g⁻¹ after 800 cycles. Measured by ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the Ni-PP-2 electrode was confirmed by a redox reaction mechanism of Li⁺ cations with a benzene ring and O-Ni²⁺/O-Ni⁰ coordination bonds, and the cyclic voltammetry curves have exhibited a capacitive dominated lithium storage behavior. This work provides a new type of Ni-based coordination compound and an in-depth understanding of their lithium storage mechanism, paving the way for the application of MCC compounds in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Battery Materials)

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15 pages, 2978 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Analysis and Optimization of Flow Rate for Vanadium Flow Battery Incorporating Temperature Effect

by Lukang Han, Hui Chen, Xiangdong Cheng, Qiang He, Fuyu Chen and Qinfang Zhang

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060312 - 05 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1270

Abstract

The vanadium flow batteries that employ the vanadium element as active couples for both half-cells, thus avoiding cross-contamination, are promising large-scale energy storage devices. In this work, the flow rate is optimized by incorporating the temperature effects, attempting to realize a more accurate [...] Read more.

The vanadium flow batteries that employ the vanadium element as active couples for both half-cells, thus avoiding cross-contamination, are promising large-scale energy storage devices. In this work, the flow rate is optimized by incorporating the temperature effects, attempting to realize a more accurate flow control and subsequently enhance the performance of vanadium flow batteries. This work starts with the development of a comprehensive dynamic model on the basis of mass conservation, followed by a modeling validation and a thorough investigation of the temperature effects on electrolyte viscosity and internal resistance. After that, the flow rate is optimized to incorporate such effects. It is found that the flow rate strategy needs to be regulated with the variation of temperature due to the variations of electrolyte viscosity and internal resistance. Moreover, a relatively low flow rate is preferable for low-temperature applications, while for the high-temperature use, a relatively high flow rate is encouraged. Such in-depth investigation can not only provide a cost-effective method to optimize the flow rate and predict the behaviors of vanadium flow batteries, but can also be of great benefit to the management, application, and promotion of vanadium flow batteries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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18 pages, 3602 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Short Review: Comparison of Zinc–Manganese Dioxide Batteries with Different pH Aqueous Electrolytes

by Ramona Durena and Anzelms Zukuls

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060311 - 05 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3881

Abstract

As the world moves towards sustainable and renewable energy sources, there is a need for reliable energy storage systems. A good candidate for such an application could be to improve secondary aqueous zinc–manganese dioxide (Zn-MnO₂) batteries. For this reason, different aqueous [...] Read more.

As the world moves towards sustainable and renewable energy sources, there is a need for reliable energy storage systems. A good candidate for such an application could be to improve secondary aqueous zinc–manganese dioxide (Zn-MnO₂) batteries. For this reason, different aqueous Zn-MnO₂ battery technologies are discussed in this short review, focusing on how electrolytes with different pH affect the battery. Improvements and achievements in alkaline aqueous Zn-MnO₂ batteries the recent years have been briefly reviewed. Additionally, mild to acidic aqueous electrolyte employment in Zn-MnO₂ batteries has been described, acknowledging their potential success, as such a battery design can increase the potential by up to 2 V. However, we have also recognized a novel battery electrolyte type that could increase even more scientific interest in aqueous Zn-MnO₂ batteries. Consisting of an alkaline electrolyte in the anode compartment and an acidic electrolyte in the cathode compartment, this dual (amphoteric) electrolyte system permits the extension of the battery cell potential above 2 V without water decomposition. In addition, papers describing pH immobilization in aqueous zinc–manganese compound batteries and the achieved results are reported and discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials for Zinc‐Based Battery: Development and Challenges)

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13 pages, 4406 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modeling Anisotropic Transport in Polycrystalline Battery Materials

by Simon Daubner, Marcel Weichel, Paul W. Hoffrogge, Daniel Schneider and Britta Nestler

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060310 - 05 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

Hierarchical structures of many agglomerated primary crystals are often employed as cathode materials, especially for layered-oxide compounds. The anisotropic nature of these materials results in a strong correlation between particle morphology and ion transport. In this work, we present a multiphase-field framework that [...] Read more.

Hierarchical structures of many agglomerated primary crystals are often employed as cathode materials, especially for layered-oxide compounds. The anisotropic nature of these materials results in a strong correlation between particle morphology and ion transport. In this work, we present a multiphase-field framework that is able to account for strongly anisotropic diffusion in polycrystalline materials. Various secondary particle structures with random grain orientation as well as strongly textured samples are investigated. The observed ion distributions match well with the experimental observations. Furthermore, we show how these simulations can be used to mimic potentiostatic intermittent titration technique (PITT) measurements and compute effective diffusion coefficients for secondary particles. The results unravel the intrinsic relation between particle microstructure and the apparent diffusivity. Consequently, the modeling framework can be employed to guide the microstructure design of secondary battery particles. Furthermore, the phase-field method closes the gap between computation of diffusivities on the atomistic scale and the effective properties of secondary particles, which are a necessary input for Newman-type cell models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Design for Electrochemical Energy Storage)

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20 pages, 7995 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design, Properties, and Manufacturing of Cylindrical Li-Ion Battery Cells—A Generic Overview

by Sabri Baazouzi, Niklas Feistel, Johannes Wanner, Inga Landwehr, Alexander Fill and Kai Peter Birke

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060309 - 03 Jun 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 11602

Abstract

Battery cells are the main components of a battery system for electric vehicle batteries. Depending on the manufacturer, three different cell formats are used in the automotive sector (pouch, prismatic, and cylindrical). In the last 3 years, cylindrical cells have gained strong relevance [...] Read more.

Battery cells are the main components of a battery system for electric vehicle batteries. Depending on the manufacturer, three different cell formats are used in the automotive sector (pouch, prismatic, and cylindrical). In the last 3 years, cylindrical cells have gained strong relevance and popularity among automotive manufacturers, mainly driven by innovative cell designs, such as the Tesla tabless design. This paper investigates 19 Li-ion cylindrical battery cells from four cell manufacturers in four formats (18650, 20700, 21700, and 4680). We aim to systematically capture the design features, such as tab design and quality parameters, such as manufacturing tolerances and generically describe cylindrical cells. We identified the basic designs and assigned example cells to them. In addition, we show a comprehensive definition of a tabless design considering the current and heat transport paths. Our findings show that the Tesla 4680 design is quasi-tabless. In addition, we found that 25% of the cathode and 30% of the anode are not notched, resulting in long electrical and thermal transport paths. Based on CT and post-mortem analyses, we show that jelly rolls can be approximated very well with the Archimedean spiral. Furthermore, we compare the gravimetric and volumetric energy density, the impedance, and the heating behavior at the surface and in the center of the jelly rolls. From the generic description, we present and discuss production processes focusing on format and design flexible manufacturing of jelly rolls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Precise Battery—towards Digital Twins for Advanced Batteries)

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20 pages, 30311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toxicity, Emissions and Structural Damage from Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Runaway

by Tian Zhou, Jie Sun, Jigang Li, Shouping Wei, Jing Chen, Shengnan Dang, Na Tang, Yuefeng Zhu, Yukun Lian, Jun Guo, Fan Zhang, Hongjia Xie, Huiyu Li, Xinping Qiu and Liquan Chen

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060308 - 02 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1896

Abstract

Toxicity, emissions and structural damage results on lithium-ion battery (LIB) thermal runaway triggered by the electrothermal method were performed in this work. The electrothermal triggering method was determined to study the thermal runaway behaviors of three types of commercial LIBs. The structural damage [...] Read more.

Toxicity, emissions and structural damage results on lithium-ion battery (LIB) thermal runaway triggered by the electrothermal method were performed in this work. The electrothermal triggering method was determined to study the thermal runaway behaviors of three types of commercial LIBs. The structural damage of the cathode material of the batteries after thermal runaway was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was found that as the state of charge (SOC) of the battery increases, the lower the temperature at which thermal runaway occurs, and the more badly the structural damage of the electrode material after thermal runaway. Qualitative analysis of products from LIBs thermal runaway emissions was conducted by GC-MS, and the toxicity and formation mechanism of the emissions were analyzed in detail. Dozens of toxic substances were detected from the emissions after thermal runaway of batteries using Li_xNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ and LiCoO₂ as the cathode material, the types of toxic substances increase gradually with the increase in the SOC, while as for batteries using LiFePO₄ as the cathode material, most types of toxic substances were detected from 30% SOC. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Performance, Ageing, Reliability and Safety)

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14 pages, 2966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Effect of Zn–Co Bimetallic Selenide Composites for Lithium–Sulfur Battery

by Deng Li, Huinan Pan, Zhonghai Lin, Xiulian Qiu, Xinyu Zhao, Wei Yang, Wenzhi Zheng and Fengming Ren

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060307 - 02 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1197

Abstract

Compared with monometallic selenides, heterogeneous bimetallic selenides have rich phase boundaries and superior electrical conductivity. ZnSe/CoSe₂ composites were prepared by introducing Zn metal and using ZIF-8/67 as the precursor through the synergistic effect between Zn and Co after selenification. The electrocatalytic conversion [...] Read more.

Compared with monometallic selenides, heterogeneous bimetallic selenides have rich phase boundaries and superior electrical conductivity. ZnSe/CoSe₂ composites were prepared by introducing Zn metal and using ZIF-8/67 as the precursor through the synergistic effect between Zn and Co after selenification. The electrocatalytic conversion of polysulfide is accelerated by ZnSe through chemical adsorption and the catalytic effect. The conductive CoSe₂ surface provides a rapid diffusion path for lithium ions, accelerating the conversion of the polysulfide. On the basis of their individual strengths, ZnSe and CoSe₂ can jointly promote the smooth adsorptive–diffuse–catalytic conversion process of polysulfide and induce the growth of lithium sulfide around its heterogeneous interface, thus enhancing the electrochemical performance of the lithium–sulfur battery cathode materials. The ZnSe/CoSe₂–S electrode, at the optimal Zn-to-Co ratio of 1:1, has a 790.06 mAh g⁻¹ initial specific capacity at 0.2 C and excellent cycling stability at 1 C. After 300 cycles, the final capacity is 300.85 mAh g⁻¹, and the capacity retention rate reaches 82.71%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Operando, In Situ and Ex Situ Studies of Battery Materials)

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12 pages, 2159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

MOF–Derived N–Doped C @ CoO/MoC Heterojunction Composite for Efficient Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Long-Life Zn–Air Battery

by Ruilian Yin, Suli Ma, Jiaping Ying, Zhentao Lu, Xinxin Niu, Jinxiu Feng, Feng Xu, Yifan Zheng, Wenxian Liu and Xiehong Cao

Batteries 2023, 9(6), 306; https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries9060306 - 02 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1659

Abstract

The high activity and reliability of bifunctional oxygen catalysts are imperative for rechargeable metal–air batteries. However, the preparation of bifunctional non–noble metal electrocatalysts with multiple active sites remains a great challenge. Herein, an MOF–derived N–doped C–loaded uniformly dispersed CoO/MoC heterojunction catalyst for high–performance [...] Read more.

The high activity and reliability of bifunctional oxygen catalysts are imperative for rechargeable metal–air batteries. However, the preparation of bifunctional non–noble metal electrocatalysts with multiple active sites remains a great challenge. Herein, an MOF–derived N–doped C–loaded uniformly dispersed CoO/MoC heterojunction catalyst for high–performance dual function was prepared by a simple “codeposition–pyrolysis” method. Experimental investigations revealed that the formation of the heterojunction can tailor the valence of Co and Mo sites, which impressively modulates the electronic properties of the active sites and promotes the electrocatalytic processes. The optimal catalyst reveals a high–wave half potential (E_1/2 = 0.841 V) for ORR and a low overpotential (E₁₀ = 348 mV) for OER. The NCCM–600–based Zn–air battery displays a high peak power density of 133.36 mW cm⁻² and a prolonged cycling life of more than 650 h. This work provides avenues for the development of functional materials with enhanced properties in a variety of practical energy applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Battery Materials and Interfaces: Anode, Cathode, Separators and Electrolytes or Others)

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