Cells

21 pages, 6314 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms of Activation of Brain’s Drainage during Sleep: The Nightlife of Astrocytes

by Dmitry Postnov, Oxana Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya, Elena Litvinenko, Jürgen Kurths and Thomas Penzel

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2667; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222667 - 20 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1246

Abstract

The study of functions, mechanisms of generation, and pathways of movement of cerebral fluids has a long history, but the last decade has been especially productive. The proposed glymphatic hypothesis, which suggests a mechanism of the brain waste removal system (BWRS), caused an [...] Read more.

The study of functions, mechanisms of generation, and pathways of movement of cerebral fluids has a long history, but the last decade has been especially productive. The proposed glymphatic hypothesis, which suggests a mechanism of the brain waste removal system (BWRS), caused an active discussion on both the criticism of some of the perspectives and our intensive study of new experimental facts. It was especially found that the intensity of the metabolite clearance changes significantly during the transition between sleep and wakefulness. Interestingly, at the cellular level, a number of aspects of this problem have been focused on, such as astrocytes–glial cells, which, over the past two decades, have been recognized as equal partners of neurons and perform many important functions. In particular, an important role was assigned to astrocytes within the framework of the glymphatic hypothesis. In this review, we return to the “astrocytocentric” view of the BWRS function and the explanation of its activation during sleep from the viewpoint of new findings over the last decade. Our main conclusion is that the BWRS’s action may be analyzed both at the systemic (whole-brain) and at the local (cellular) level. The local level means here that the neuro-glial-vascular unit can also be regarded as the smallest functional unit of sleep, and therefore, the smallest functional unit of the BWRS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Emerging Role of Astrocytes in Health and Neurological Diseases)

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20 pages, 4444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Administration of Rhamnan Sulfate from Monostroma nitidum Suppresses Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

by Masahiro Terasawa, Liqing Zang, Keiichi Hiramoto, Yasuhito Shimada, Mari Mitsunaka, Ryota Uchida, Kaoru Nishiura, Koichi Matsuda, Norihiro Nishimura and Koji Suzuki

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2666; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222666 - 20 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1575

Abstract

Oral administration of rhamnan sulfate (RS), derived from the seaweed Monostroma nitidum, markedly suppresses inflammatory damage in the vascular endothelium and organs of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. This study aimed to analyze whether orally administered RS inhibits the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammation [...] Read more.

Oral administration of rhamnan sulfate (RS), derived from the seaweed Monostroma nitidum, markedly suppresses inflammatory damage in the vascular endothelium and organs of lipopolysaccharide-treated mice. This study aimed to analyze whether orally administered RS inhibits the development of atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammation of the arteries. ApoE-deficient female mice were fed a normal or high-fat diet (HFD) with or without RS for 12 weeks. Immunohistochemical and mRNA analyses of atherosclerosis-related genes were performed. The effect of RS on the migration of RAW264.7 cells was also examined in vitro. RS administration suppressed the increase in blood total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. In the aorta of HFD-fed mice, RS reduced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage accumulation, and elevation of VCAM-1 and inhibited the reduction of Robo4. Increased mRNA levels of Vcam1, Mmp9, and Srebp1 in atherosclerotic areas of HFD-fed mice were also suppressed with RS. Moreover, RS directly inhibited the migration of RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Thus, in HFD-fed ApoE-deficient mice, oral administration of RS ameliorated abnormal lipid metabolism and reduced vascular endothelial inflammation and hyperpermeability, macrophage infiltration and accumulation, and smooth muscle cell proliferation in the arteries leading to atherosclerosis. These results suggest that RS is an effective functional food for the prevention of atherosclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Advances Related to Cardiovascular System)

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27 pages, 14734 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fluid and Bubble Flow Detach Adherent Cancer Cells to Form Spheroids on a Random Positioning Machine

by José Luis Cortés-Sánchez, Daniela Melnik, Viviann Sandt, Stefan Kahlert, Shannon Marchal, Ian R. D. Johnson, Marco Calvaruso, Christian Liemersdorf, Simon L. Wuest, Daniela Grimm and Marcus Krüger

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2665; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222665 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2162

Abstract

In preparing space and microgravity experiments, the utilization of ground-based facilities is common for initial experiments and feasibility studies. One approach to simulating microgravity conditions on Earth is to employ a random positioning machine (RPM) as a rotary bioreactor. Combined with a suitable [...] Read more.

In preparing space and microgravity experiments, the utilization of ground-based facilities is common for initial experiments and feasibility studies. One approach to simulating microgravity conditions on Earth is to employ a random positioning machine (RPM) as a rotary bioreactor. Combined with a suitable low-mass model system, such as cell cultures, these devices simulating microgravity have been shown to produce results similar to those obtained in a space experiment under real microgravity conditions. One of these effects observed under real and simulated microgravity is the formation of spheroids from 2D adherent cancer cell cultures. Since real microgravity cannot be generated in a laboratory on Earth, we aimed to determine which forces lead to the detachment of individual FTC-133 thyroid cancer cells and the formation of tumor spheroids during culture with exposure to random positioning modes. To this end, we subdivided the RPM motion into different static and dynamic orientations of cell culture flasks. We focused on the molecular activation of the mechanosignaling pathways previously associated with spheroid formation in microgravity. Our results suggest that RPM-induced spheroid formation is a two-step process. First, the cells need to be detached, induced by the cell culture flask’s rotation and the subsequent fluid flow, as well as the presence of air bubbles. Once the cells are detached and in suspension, random positioning prevents sedimentation, allowing 3D aggregates to form. In a comparative shear stress experiment using defined fluid flow paradigms, transcriptional responses were triggered comparable to exposure of FTC-133 cells to the RPM. In summary, the RPM serves as a simulator of microgravity by randomizing the impact of Earth’s gravity vector especially for suspension (i.e., detached) cells. Simultaneously, it simulates physiological shear forces on the adherent cell layer. The RPM thus offers a unique combination of environmental conditions for in vitro cancer research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cells in Space and on Earth)

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20 pages, 3139 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chromophore-Targeting Precision Antimicrobial Phototherapy

by Sebastian Jusuf and Pu-Ting Dong

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2664; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222664 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1341

Abstract

Phototherapy, encompassing the utilization of both natural and artificial light, has emerged as a dependable and non-invasive strategy for addressing a diverse range of illnesses, diseases, and infections. This therapeutic approach, primarily known for its efficacy in treating skin infections, such as herpes [...] Read more.

Phototherapy, encompassing the utilization of both natural and artificial light, has emerged as a dependable and non-invasive strategy for addressing a diverse range of illnesses, diseases, and infections. This therapeutic approach, primarily known for its efficacy in treating skin infections, such as herpes and acne lesions, involves the synergistic use of specific light wavelengths and photosensitizers, like methylene blue. Photodynamic therapy, as it is termed, relies on the generation of antimicrobial reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the interaction between light and externally applied photosensitizers. Recent research, however, has highlighted the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of light itself, marking a paradigm shift in focus from exogenous agents to the inherent photosensitivity of molecules found naturally within pathogens. Chemical analyses have identified specific organic molecular structures and systems, including protoporphyrins and conjugated C=C bonds, as pivotal components in molecular photosensitivity. Given the prevalence of these systems in organic life forms, there is an urgent need to investigate the potential impact of phototherapy on individual molecules expressed within pathogens and discern their contributions to the antimicrobial effects of light. This review delves into the recently unveiled key molecular targets of phototherapy, offering insights into their potential downstream implications and therapeutic applications. By shedding light on these fundamental molecular mechanisms, we aim to advance our understanding of phototherapy’s broader therapeutic potential and contribute to the development of innovative treatments for a wide array of microbial infections and diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunopathogenesis of Bacterial Infection)

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21 pages, 697 KiB

Open AccessReview

Liquid Biopsy in Head and Neck Cancer: Its Present State and Future Role in Africa

by Dada Oluwaseyi Temilola, Henry Ademola Adeola, Johan Grobbelaar and Manogari Chetty

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2663; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222663 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1450

Abstract

The rising mortality and morbidity rate of head and neck cancer (HNC) in Africa has been attributed to factors such as the poor state of health infrastructures, genetics, and late presentation resulting in the delayed diagnosis of these tumors. If well harnessed, emerging [...] Read more.

The rising mortality and morbidity rate of head and neck cancer (HNC) in Africa has been attributed to factors such as the poor state of health infrastructures, genetics, and late presentation resulting in the delayed diagnosis of these tumors. If well harnessed, emerging molecular and omics diagnostic technologies such as liquid biopsy can potentially play a major role in optimizing the management of HNC in Africa. However, to successfully apply liquid biopsy technology in the management of HNC in Africa, factors such as genetic, socioeconomic, environmental, and cultural acceptability of the technology must be given due consideration. This review outlines the role of circulating molecules such as tumor cells, tumor DNA, tumor RNA, proteins, and exosomes, in liquid biopsy technology for the management of HNC with a focus on studies conducted in Africa. The present state and the potential opportunities for the future use of liquid biopsy technology in the effective management of HNC in resource-limited settings such as Africa is further discussed. Full article

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21 pages, 9758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

De-Suppression of Mesenchymal Cell Identities and Variable Phenotypic Outcomes Associated with Knockout of Bbs1

by Grace Mercedes Freke, Tiago Martins, Rosalind Jane Davies, Tina Beyer, Marian Seda, Emma Peskett, Naila Haq, Avishek Prasai, Georg Otto, Jeshmi Jeyabalan Srikaran, Victor Hernandez, Gaurav D. Diwan, Robert B. Russell, Marius Ueffing, Martina Huranova, Karsten Boldt, Philip L. Beales and Dagan Jenkins

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2662; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222662 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 966

Abstract

Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an archetypal ciliopathy caused by dysfunction of primary cilia. BBS affects multiple tissues, including the kidney, eye and hypothalamic satiety response. Understanding pan-tissue mechanisms of pathogenesis versus those which are tissue-specific, as well as gauging their associated inter-individual variation [...] Read more.

Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is an archetypal ciliopathy caused by dysfunction of primary cilia. BBS affects multiple tissues, including the kidney, eye and hypothalamic satiety response. Understanding pan-tissue mechanisms of pathogenesis versus those which are tissue-specific, as well as gauging their associated inter-individual variation owing to genetic background and stochastic processes, is of paramount importance in syndromology. The BBSome is a membrane-trafficking and intraflagellar transport (IFT) adaptor protein complex formed by eight BBS proteins, including BBS1, which is the most commonly mutated gene in BBS. To investigate disease pathogenesis, we generated a series of clonal renal collecting duct IMCD3 cell lines carrying defined biallelic nonsense or frameshift mutations in Bbs1, as well as a panel of matching wild-type CRISPR control clones. Using a phenotypic screen and an unbiased multi-omics approach, we note significant clonal variability for all assays, emphasising the importance of analysing panels of genetically defined clones. Our results suggest that BBS1 is required for the suppression of mesenchymal cell identities as the IMCD3 cell passage number increases. This was associated with a failure to express epithelial cell markers and tight junction formation, which was variable amongst clones. Transcriptomic analysis of hypothalamic preparations from BBS mutant mice, as well as BBS patient fibroblasts, suggested that dysregulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes is a general predisposing feature of BBS across tissues. Collectively, this work suggests that the dynamic stability of the BBSome is essential for the suppression of mesenchymal cell identities as epithelial cells differentiate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Role of Cilium-Generated Signaling)

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21 pages, 2863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical and Genetic Modulation of Complex I of the Electron Transport Chain Enhances the Biotherapeutic Protein Production Capacity of CHO Cells

by Corey Kretzmer, Kelsey Reger, Vincent Balassi, Quang Long Pham, Michael Johns, Samuel T. Peters, Amber Petersen, Jana Mahadevan, Jason Gustin, Trissa Borgschulte and David Razafsky

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2661; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222661 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1268

Abstract

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the cell line of choice for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins. Despite improvements in production processes, reducing manufacturing costs remains a key driver in the search for more productive clones. To identify media additives capable of increasing protein [...] Read more.

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the cell line of choice for producing recombinant therapeutic proteins. Despite improvements in production processes, reducing manufacturing costs remains a key driver in the search for more productive clones. To identify media additives capable of increasing protein production, CHOZN^® GS^−/− cell lines were screened with 1280 small molecules, and two were identified, forskolin and BrdU, which increased productivity by ≥40%. While it is possible to incorporate these small molecules into a commercial-scale process, doing so may not be financially feasible or could raise regulatory concerns related to the purity of the final drug substance. To circumvent these issues, RNA-Seq was performed to identify transcripts which were up- or downregulated upon BrdU treatment. Subsequent Reactome pathway analysis identified the electron transport chain as an affected pathway. CRISPR/Cas9 was utilized to create missense mutations in two independent components of the electron transport chain and the resultant clones partially recapitulated the phenotypes observed upon BrdU treatment, including the productivity of recombinant therapeutic proteins. Together, this work suggests that BrdU can enhance the productivity of CHO cells by modulating cellular energetics and provides a blueprint for translating data from small molecule chemical screens into genetic engineering targets to improve the performance of CHO cells. This could ultimately lead to more productive host cell lines and a more cost-effective method of supplying medication to patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mitochondria)

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35 pages, 8372 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploration of the Noncoding Genome for Human-Specific Therapeutic Targets—Recent Insights at Molecular and Cellular Level

by Wolfgang Poller, Susmita Sahoo, Roger Hajjar, Ulf Landmesser and Anna M. Krichevsky

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2660; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222660 - 20 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1149

Abstract

While it is well known that 98–99% of the human genome does not encode proteins, but are nevertheless transcriptionally active and give rise to a broad spectrum of noncoding RNAs [ncRNAs] with complex regulatory and structural functions, specific functions have so far been [...] Read more.

While it is well known that 98–99% of the human genome does not encode proteins, but are nevertheless transcriptionally active and give rise to a broad spectrum of noncoding RNAs [ncRNAs] with complex regulatory and structural functions, specific functions have so far been assigned to only a tiny fraction of all known transcripts. On the other hand, the striking observation of an overwhelmingly growing fraction of ncRNAs, in contrast to an only modest increase in the number of protein-coding genes, during evolution from simple organisms to humans, strongly suggests critical but so far essentially unexplored roles of the noncoding genome for human health and disease pathogenesis. Research into the vast realm of the noncoding genome during the past decades thus lead to a profoundly enhanced appreciation of the multi-level complexity of the human genome. Here, we address a few of the many huge remaining knowledge gaps and consider some newly emerging questions and concepts of research. We attempt to provide an up-to-date assessment of recent insights obtained by molecular and cell biological methods, and by the application of systems biology approaches. Specifically, we discuss current data regarding two topics of high current interest: (1) By which mechanisms could evolutionary recent ncRNAs with critical regulatory functions in a broad spectrum of cell types (neural, immune, cardiovascular) constitute novel therapeutic targets in human diseases? (2) Since noncoding genome evolution is causally linked to brain evolution, and given the profound interactions between brain and immune system, could human-specific brain-expressed ncRNAs play a direct or indirect (immune-mediated) role in human diseases? Synergistic with remarkable recent progress regarding delivery, efficacy, and safety of nucleic acid-based therapies, the ongoing large-scale exploration of the noncoding genome for human-specific therapeutic targets is encouraging to proceed with the development and clinical evaluation of novel therapeutic pathways suggested by these research fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evolutionary Impact of the Noncoding Genome in Higher Organisms – Recent Insights Obtained from the Molecular and Cellular Level to Systems Biology)

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17 pages, 4612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neuroprotective Action of Tacrolimus before and after Onset of Neonatal Hypoxic–Ischaemic Brain Injury in Rats

by Madeleine J. Smith, Tayla Penny, Yen Pham, Amy E. Sutherland, Graham Jenkin, Michael C. Fahey, Madison C. B. Paton, Megan Finch-Edmondson, Suzanne L. Miller and Courtney A. McDonald

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2659; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222659 - 20 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 898

Abstract

(1) Background: Neonatal brain injury can lead to permanent neurodevelopmental impairments. Notably, suppressing inflammatory pathways may reduce damage. To determine the role of neuroinflammation in the progression of neonatal brain injury, we investigated the effect of treating neonatal rat pups with the immunosuppressant [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Neonatal brain injury can lead to permanent neurodevelopmental impairments. Notably, suppressing inflammatory pathways may reduce damage. To determine the role of neuroinflammation in the progression of neonatal brain injury, we investigated the effect of treating neonatal rat pups with the immunosuppressant tacrolimus at two time points: before and after hypoxic–ischaemic (HI)-induced injury. (2) Methods: To induce HI injury, postnatal day (PND) 10 rat pups underwent single carotid artery ligation followed by hypoxia (8% oxygen, 90 min). Pups received daily tacrolimus (or a vehicle) starting either 3 days before HI on PND 7 (pre-HI), or 12 h after HI (post-HI). Four doses were tested: 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.25 mg/kg/day. Pups were euthanised at PND 17 or PND 50. (3) Results: All tacrolimus doses administered pre-HI significantly reduced brain infarct size and neuronal loss, increased the number of resting microglia and reduced cellular apoptosis (p < 0.05 compared to control). In contrast, only the highest dose of tacrolimus administered post-HI (0.25 mg/kg/day) reduced brain infarct size (p < 0.05). All doses of tacrolimus reduced pup weight compared to the controls. (4) Conclusions: Tacrolimus administration 3 days pre-HI was neuroprotective, likely mediated through neuroinflammatory and cell death pathways. Tacrolimus post-HI may have limited capacity to reduce brain injury, with higher doses increasing rat pup mortality. This work highlights the benefits of targeting neuroinflammation during the acute injurious period. More specific targeting of neuroinflammation, e.g., via T-cells, warrants further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Neuroinflammation)

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21 pages, 2428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

LGR5 Expression Predicting Poor Prognosis Is Negatively Correlated with WNT5A in Colon Cancer

by Lubna M. Mehdawi, Souvik Ghatak, Payel Chakraborty, Anita Sjölander and Tommy Andersson

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2658; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222658 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1343

Abstract

WNT/β-catenin signaling is essential for colon cancer development and progression. WNT5A (ligand of non-canonical WNT signaling) and its mimicking peptide Foxy5 impair β-catenin signaling in colon cancer cells via unknown mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated whether and how WNT5A signaling affects two promoters of [...] Read more.

WNT/β-catenin signaling is essential for colon cancer development and progression. WNT5A (ligand of non-canonical WNT signaling) and its mimicking peptide Foxy5 impair β-catenin signaling in colon cancer cells via unknown mechanisms. Therefore, we investigated whether and how WNT5A signaling affects two promoters of β-catenin signaling: the LGR5 receptor and its ligand RSPO3, as well as β-catenin activity and its target gene VEGFA. Protein and gene expression in colon cancer cohorts were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR, respectively. Three colon cancer cell lines were used for in vitro and one cell line for in vivo experiments and results were analyzed by Western blotting, RT-PCR, clonogenic and sphere formation assays, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Expression of WNT5A (a tumor suppressor) negatively correlated with that of LGR5/RSPO3 (tumor promoters) in colon cancer cohorts. Experimentally, WNT5A signaling suppressed β-catenin activity, LGR5, RSPO3, and VEGFA expression, and colony and spheroid formations. Since β-catenin signaling promotes colon cancer stemness, we explored how WNT5A expression is related to that of the cancer stem cell marker DCLK1. DCLK1 expression was negatively correlated with WNT5A expression in colon cancer cohorts and was experimentally reduced by WNT5A signaling. Thus, WNT5A and Foxy5 decrease LGR5/RSPO3 expression and β-catenin activity. This inhibits stemness and VEGFA expression, suggesting novel treatment strategies for the drug candidate Foxy5 in the handling of colon cancer patients. Full article

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0 pages, 2223 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Posttraumatic Increase of the Adhesion GPCR EMR2/ADGRE2 on Circulating Neutrophils Is Not Related to Injury Severity

by Leyu Zheng, Moujie Rang, Carolin Fuchs, Annette Keß, Mandy Wunsch, Julia Hentschel, Cheng-Chih Hsiao, Christian Kleber, Georg Osterhoff and Gabriela Aust

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2657; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222657 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 921

Abstract

Trauma triggers a rapid innate immune response to aid the clearance of damaged/necrotic cells and their released damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Here, we monitored the expression of EMR2/ADGRE2, involved in the functional regulation of innate immune cells, on circulating neutrophils in [...] Read more.

Trauma triggers a rapid innate immune response to aid the clearance of damaged/necrotic cells and their released damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). Here, we monitored the expression of EMR2/ADGRE2, involved in the functional regulation of innate immune cells, on circulating neutrophils in very severely and moderately/severely injured patients up to 240 h after trauma. Notably, neutrophilic EMR2 showed a uniform, injury severity- and type of injury-independent posttraumatic course in all patients. The percentage of EMR2⁺ neutrophils and their EMR2 level increased and peaked 48 h after trauma. Afterwards, they declined and normalized in some, but not all, patients. Circulating EMR2⁺ compared to EMR2⁻ neutrophils express less CD62L and more CD11c, a sign of activation. Neutrophilic EMR2 regulation was verified in vitro. Remarkably, it increased, depending on extracellular calcium, in controls as well. Cytokines, enhanced in patients immediately after trauma, and sera of patients did not further affect this neutrophilic EMR2 increase, whereas apoptosis induction disrupted it. Likely the damaged/necrotic cells/DAMPs, unavoidable during neutrophil culture, stimulate the neutrophilic EMR2 increase. In summary, the rapidly increased absolute number of neutrophils, especially present in very severely injured patients, together with upregulated neutrophilic EMR2, may expand our in vivo capacity to react to and finally clear damaged/necrotic cells/DAMPs after trauma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structures, Regulation, Signaling, and Physiological Functions of Adhesion G-Protein Coupled Receptors)

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16 pages, 1589 KiB

Open AccessReview

Histopathological Markers for Target Therapies in Primary Cutaneous Lymphomas

by Benedetta Sonego, Adalberto Ibatici, Giulia Rivoli, Emanuele Angelucci, Simona Sola and Cesare Massone

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2656; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222656 - 20 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1031

Abstract

In recent years, targeted (biological) therapies have become available also for primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (PCTCLs) including anti-CD30 (brentuximab vedotin) in mycosis fungoides, primary cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma, lymphomatoid papulosis; anti-CCR4 (mogamulizumab) in Sezary syndrome; anti-CD123 (tagraxofusp) in blastic plasmocytoid cell neoplasm. [...] Read more.

In recent years, targeted (biological) therapies have become available also for primary cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (PCTCLs) including anti-CD30 (brentuximab vedotin) in mycosis fungoides, primary cutaneous anaplastic large T-cell lymphoma, lymphomatoid papulosis; anti-CCR4 (mogamulizumab) in Sezary syndrome; anti-CD123 (tagraxofusp) in blastic plasmocytoid cell neoplasm. Moreover, anti-PD1 (nivolumab), anti-PDL1 (pembrolizumab, atezolizumab), anti-CD52 (alemtuzumab), anti-KIR3DL2-CD158k (lacutamab), and anti-CD70 (cusatuzumab) have been tested or are under investigations in phase II trials. The expression of these epitopes on neoplastic cells in skin biopsies or blood samples plays a central role in the management of PCTCL patients. This narrative review aims to provide readers with an update on the latest advances in the newest therapeutic options for PCTCLs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biomarkers and Signaling Pathways for Skin Cancer Screening, Diagnosis and Therapy)

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33 pages, 2457 KiB

Open AccessReview

Molecular Mechanisms Associated with Antifungal Resistance in Pathogenic Candida Species

by Karolina M. Czajka, Krishnan Venkataraman, Danielle Brabant-Kirwan, Stacey A. Santi, Chris Verschoor, Vasu D. Appanna, Ravi Singh, Deborah P. Saunders and Sujeenthar Tharmalingam

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2655; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222655 - 19 Nov 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3137

Abstract

Candidiasis is a highly pervasive infection posing major health risks, especially for immunocompromised populations. Pathogenic Candida species have evolved intrinsic and acquired resistance to a variety of antifungal medications. The primary goal of this literature review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms associated [...] Read more.

Candidiasis is a highly pervasive infection posing major health risks, especially for immunocompromised populations. Pathogenic Candida species have evolved intrinsic and acquired resistance to a variety of antifungal medications. The primary goal of this literature review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms associated with antifungal resistance in Candida species. Resistance can be conferred via gain-of-function mutations in target pathway genes or their transcriptional regulators. Therefore, an overview of the known gene mutations is presented for the following antifungals: azoles (fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole and itraconazole), echinocandins (caspofungin, anidulafungin and micafungin), polyenes (amphotericin B and nystatin) and 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC). The following mutation hot spots were identified: (1) ergosterol biosynthesis pathway mutations (ERG11 and UPC2), resulting in azole resistance; (2) overexpression of the efflux pumps, promoting azole resistance (transcription factor genes: tac1 and mrr1; transporter genes: CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, PDR16 and SNQ2); (3) cell wall biosynthesis mutations (FKS1, FKS2 and PDR1), conferring resistance to echinocandins; (4) mutations of nucleic acid synthesis/repair genes (FCY1, FCY2 and FUR1), resulting in 5-FC resistance; and (5) biofilm production, promoting general antifungal resistance. This review also provides a summary of standardized inhibitory breakpoints obtained from international guidelines for prominent Candida species. Notably, N. glabrata, P. kudriavzevii and C. auris demonstrate fluconazole resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fungal Infections and Resistance)

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19 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessReview

Gut Microbiota, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Cancer: The Role of Guardians of Innate Immunity

by Vincenzo Giambra, Danilo Pagliari, Pierluigi Rio, Beatrice Totti, Chiara Di Nunzio, Annalisa Bosi, Cristina Giaroni, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Gambassi and Rossella Cianci

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2654; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222654 - 19 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1846

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by a persistent low-grade inflammation that leads to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Several factors are implicated in this pathogenetic pathway, such as innate and adaptive immunity, gut microbiota, environment, and xenobiotics. At the [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by a persistent low-grade inflammation that leads to an increased risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) development. Several factors are implicated in this pathogenetic pathway, such as innate and adaptive immunity, gut microbiota, environment, and xenobiotics. At the gut mucosa level, a complex interplay between the immune system and gut microbiota occurs; a disequilibrium between these two factors leads to an alteration in the gut permeability, called ‘leaky gut’. Subsequently, an activation of several inflammatory pathways and an alteration of gut microbiota composition with a proliferation of pro-inflammatory bacteria, known as ‘pathobionts’, take place, leading to a further increase in inflammation. This narrative review provides an overview on the principal Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), focusing on their recognition mechanisms, signaling pathways, and contributions to immune responses. We also report the genetic polymorphisms of TLRs and dysregulation of NLR signaling pathways that can influence immune regulation and contribute to the development and progression of inflammatory disease and cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Disease)

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13 pages, 1332 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Everolimus in Modulating the Host Immune Responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

by Anmol Raien, Sofia Davis, Michelle Zhang, David Zitser, Michelle Lin, Graysen Pitcher, Krishna Bhalodia, Selvakumar Subbian and Vishwanath Venketaraman

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2653; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222653 - 18 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1281

Abstract

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (P13K/AKT/mTOR) pathway plays a key role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis and infection. While the activity levels of this pathway during active infection are still debated, manipulating this pathway shows potential benefit for host-directed therapies. Some [...] Read more.

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (P13K/AKT/mTOR) pathway plays a key role in tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis and infection. While the activity levels of this pathway during active infection are still debated, manipulating this pathway shows potential benefit for host-directed therapies. Some studies indicate that pathway inhibitors may have potential for TB treatment through upregulation of autophagy, while other studies do not encourage the use of these inhibitors due to possible host tissue destruction by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) and increased infection risk. Investigating further clinical trials and their use of pathway inhibitors is necessary in order to ascertain their potential for TB treatment. This paper is particularly focused on the drug everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor. One of the first clinical trials sponsored by the Aurum Institute showed potential benefit in using everolimus as an adjunctive therapy for tuberculosis. Infection with tuberculosis is associated with a metabolic shift from oxidative phosphorylation towards glycolysis. The everolimus arm in the clinical trial showed further reduction than the control for both maximal and peak glycolytic activity. Compared with control, those receiving everolimus demonstrated increased lung function through forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) measurements, suggesting that everolimus may mitigate inflammation contributing to lung damage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Network in Human Health and Diseases 2.0)

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28 pages, 2248 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Neuropharmacological Evaluation of Seaweed: A Potential Therapeutic Source

by Khoshnur Jannat, Rengasamy Balakrishnan, Jun-Hyuk Han, Ye-Ji Yu, Ga-Won Kim and Dong-Kug Choi

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2652; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222652 - 18 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1750

Abstract

The most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), are the seventh leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. Clinical observations of NDD patients are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons in the brain [...] Read more.

The most common neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), are the seventh leading cause of mortality and morbidity in developed countries. Clinical observations of NDD patients are characterized by a progressive loss of neurons in the brain along with memory decline. The common pathological hallmarks of NDDs include oxidative stress, the dysregulation of calcium, protein aggregation, a defective protein clearance system, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and damage to cholinergic neurons. Therefore, managing this pathology requires screening drugs with different pathological targets, and suitable drugs for slowing the progression or prevention of NDDs remain to be discovered. Among the pharmacological strategies used to manage NDDs, natural drugs represent a promising therapeutic strategy. This review discusses the neuroprotective potential of seaweed and its bioactive compounds, and safety issues, which may provide several beneficial insights that warrant further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant, Algae and Fungi Cell Biology)

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14 pages, 9113 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ciliary Ultrastructure Assessed by Transmission Electron Microscopy in Adults with Bronchiectasis and Suspected Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia but Inconclusive Genotype

by Ben O. Staar, Jan Hegermann, Bernd Auber, Raphael Ewen, Sandra von Hardenberg, Ruth Olmer, Isabell Pink, Jessica Rademacher, Martin Wetzke and Felix C. Ringshausen

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2651; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222651 - 18 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1129

Abstract

Whole-exome sequencing has expedited the diagnostic work-up of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), when used in addition to clinical phenotype and nasal nitric oxide. However, it reveals variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in established PCD genes or (likely) pathogenic variants in genes of uncertain [...] Read more.

Whole-exome sequencing has expedited the diagnostic work-up of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), when used in addition to clinical phenotype and nasal nitric oxide. However, it reveals variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in established PCD genes or (likely) pathogenic variants in genes of uncertain significance in approximately 30% of tested individuals. We aimed to assess genotype–phenotype correlations in adults with bronchiectasis, clinical suspicion of PCD, and inconclusive whole-exome sequencing results using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ciliary image averaging by the PCD Detect software. We recruited 16 patients with VUS in CCDC39, CCDC40, CCDC103, DNAH5, DNAH5/CCDC40, DNAH8/HYDIN, DNAH11, and DNAI1 as well as variants in the PCD candidate genes DNAH1, DNAH7, NEK10, and NME5. We found normal ciliary ultrastructure in eight patients with VUS in CCDC39, DNAH1, DNAH7, DNAH8/HYDIN, DNAH11, and DNAI1. In six patients with VUS in CCDC40, CCDC103, DNAH5, and DNAI1, we identified a corresponding ultrastructural hallmark defect. In one patient with homozygous variant in NME5, we detected a central complex defect supporting clinical relevance. Using TEM as a targeted approach, we established important genotype–phenotype correlations and definite PCD in a considerable proportion of patients. Overall, the PCD Detect software proved feasible in support of TEM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Cilia in Health and Diseases)

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15 pages, 2238 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustained Nrf2 Overexpression-Induced Metabolic Deregulation Can Be Attenuated by Modulating Insulin/Insulin-like Growth Factor Signaling

by Sentiljana Gumeni, Maria Lamprou, Zoi Evangelakou, Maria S. Manola and Ioannis P. Trougakos

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2650; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222650 - 18 Nov 2023

Viewed by 983

Abstract

The modulation of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) is associated with altered nutritional and metabolic states. The Drosophila genome encodes eight insulin-like peptides, whose activity is regulated by a group of secreted factors, including Ecdysone-inducible gene L2 (ImpL2), which acts as [...] Read more.

The modulation of insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) is associated with altered nutritional and metabolic states. The Drosophila genome encodes eight insulin-like peptides, whose activity is regulated by a group of secreted factors, including Ecdysone-inducible gene L2 (ImpL2), which acts as a potent IIS inhibitor. We recently reported that cncC (cncC/Nrf2), the fly ortholog of Nrf2, is a positive transcriptional regulator of ImpL2, as part of a negative feedback loop aiming to suppress cncC/Nrf2 activity. This finding correlated with our observation that sustained cncC/Nrf2 overexpression/activation (cncC^OE; a condition that signals organismal stress) deregulates IIS, causing hyperglycemia, the exhaustion of energy stores in flies’ tissues, and accelerated aging. Here, we extend these studies in Drosophila by assaying the functional implication of ImpL2 in cncC^OE-mediated metabolic deregulation. We found that ImpL2 knockdown (KD) in cncC^OE flies partially reactivated IIS, attenuated hyperglycemia and restored tissue energetics. Moreover, ImpL2 KD largely suppressed cncC^OE-mediated premature aging. In support, pharmacological treatment of cncC^OE flies with Metformin, a first-line medication for type 2 diabetes, restored (dose-dependently) IIS functionality and extended cncC^OE flies’ longevity. These findings exemplify the effect of chronic stress in predisposition to diabetic phenotypes, indicating the potential prophylactic role of maintaining normal IIS functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Insulin-Like Growth Factors in Development, Cancers and Aging)

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21 pages, 1042 KiB

Open AccessReview

From CGRP to PACAP, VIP, and Beyond: Unraveling the Next Chapters in Migraine Treatment

by Masaru Tanaka, Ágnes Szabó, Tamás Körtési, Délia Szok, János Tajti and László Vécsei

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2649; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222649 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3539

Abstract

Migraine is a neurovascular disorder that can be debilitating for individuals and society. Current research focuses on finding effective analgesics and management strategies for migraines by targeting specific receptors and neuropeptides. Nonetheless, newly approved calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a [...] Read more.

Migraine is a neurovascular disorder that can be debilitating for individuals and society. Current research focuses on finding effective analgesics and management strategies for migraines by targeting specific receptors and neuropeptides. Nonetheless, newly approved calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have a 50% responder rate ranging from 27 to 71.0%, whereas CGRP receptor inhibitors have a 50% responder rate ranging from 56 to 71%. To address the need for novel therapeutic targets, researchers are exploring the potential of another secretin family peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), as a ground-breaking treatment avenue for migraine. Preclinical models have revealed how PACAP affects the trigeminal system, which is implicated in headache disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated the significance of PACAP in migraine pathophysiology; however, a few clinical trials remain inconclusive: the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide 1 receptor mAb, AMG 301 showed no benefit for migraine prevention, while the PACAP ligand mAb, Lu AG09222 significantly reduced the number of monthly migraine days over placebo in a phase 2 clinical trial. Meanwhile, another secretin family peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is gaining interest as a potential new target. In light of recent advances in PACAP research, we emphasize the potential of PACAP as a promising target for migraine treatment, highlighting the significance of exploring PACAP as a member of the antimigraine armamentarium, especially for patients who do not respond to or contraindicated to anti-CGRP therapies. By updating our knowledge of PACAP and its unique contribution to migraine pathophysiology, we can pave the way for reinforcing PACAP and other secretin peptides, including VIP, as a novel treatment option for migraines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Migraine Neuroscience: From Experimental Models to Target Therapy)

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13 pages, 684 KiB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms of Endothelial Cell Membrane Repair: Progress and Perspectives

by Duoduo Zha, Shizhen Wang, Paula Monaghan-Nichols, Yisong Qian, Venkatesh Sampath and Mingui Fu

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2648; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222648 - 17 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1234

Abstract

Endothelial cells are the crucial inner lining of blood vessels, which are pivotal in vascular homeostasis and integrity. However, these cells are perpetually subjected to a myriad of mechanical, chemical, and biological stresses that can compromise their plasma membranes. A sophisticated repair system [...] Read more.

Endothelial cells are the crucial inner lining of blood vessels, which are pivotal in vascular homeostasis and integrity. However, these cells are perpetually subjected to a myriad of mechanical, chemical, and biological stresses that can compromise their plasma membranes. A sophisticated repair system involving key molecules, such as calcium, annexins, dysferlin, and MG53, is essential for maintaining endothelial viability. These components orchestrate complex mechanisms, including exocytosis and endocytosis, to repair membrane disruptions. Dysfunctions in this repair machinery, often exacerbated by aging, are linked to endothelial cell death, subsequently contributing to the onset of atherosclerosis and the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and stroke, major causes of mortality in the United States. Thus, identifying the core machinery for endothelial cell membrane repair is critically important for understanding the pathogenesis of CVD and stroke and developing novel therapeutic strategies for combating CVD and stroke. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of endothelial cell membrane repair. The future directions of this research area are also highlighted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Multi-Organ Injury: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions)

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2 pages, 175 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Cardiovascular Biomarkers: Current Status and Future Directions

by Mark G. Filipovic and Markus M. Luedi

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2647; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222647 - 17 Nov 2023

Viewed by 756

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a global health concern of paramount significance, claiming millions of lives each year [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Biomarkers: Current Status and Future Directions)

26 pages, 7248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Elucidation of GPR55-Associated Signaling behind THC and LPI Reducing Effects on Ki67-Immunoreactive Nuclei in Patient-Derived Glioblastoma Cells

by Marc Richard Kolbe, Tim Hohmann, Urszula Hohmann, Erik Maronde, Ralph Golbik, Julian Prell, Jörg Illert, Christian Strauss and Faramarz Dehghani

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2646; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222646 - 17 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1092

Abstract

GPR55 is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In cancer, GPR55 has been described to show accelerating and decelerating effects in tumor progression resulting from distinct intracellular signaling pathways. GPR55 becomes activated by LPI and various plant-derived, endogenous, and synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabinoids [...] Read more.

GPR55 is involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In cancer, GPR55 has been described to show accelerating and decelerating effects in tumor progression resulting from distinct intracellular signaling pathways. GPR55 becomes activated by LPI and various plant-derived, endogenous, and synthetic cannabinoids. Cannabinoids such as THC exerted antitumor effects by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation or inducing apoptosis. Besides its effects through CB₁ and CB₂ receptors, THC modulates cellular responses among others via GPR55. Previously, we reported a reduction in Ki67-immunoreactive nuclei of human glioblastoma cells after GPR55 activation in general by THC and in particular by LPI. In the present study, we investigated intracellular mechanisms leading to an altered number of Ki67⁺ nuclei after stimulation of GPR55 by LPI and THC. Pharmacological analyses revealed a strongly involved PLC-IP3 signaling and cell-type-specific differences in Gα-, Gβγ-, RhoA-ROCK, and calcineurin signaling. Furthermore, immunochemical visualization of the calcineurin-dependent transcription factor NFAT revealed an unchanged subcellular localization after THC or LPI treatment. The data underline the cell-type-specific diversity of GPR55-associated signaling pathways in coupling to intracellular G proteins. Furthermore, this diversity might determine the outcome and the individual responsiveness of tumor cells to GPR55 stimulation by cannabin oids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Novel Insights into Cannabinoid Receptors, Molecular Targets, and Therapeutic Potentials)

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18 pages, 3061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Primary Human Liver Cancer Cells by Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy

by Concetta Esposito, Mohammed Janneh, Sara Spaziani, Vincenzo Calcagno, Mario Luca Bernardi, Martina Iammarino, Chiara Verdone, Maria Tagliamonte, Luigi Buonaguro, Marco Pisco, Lerina Aversano and Andrea Cusano

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2645; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222645 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 986

Abstract

We investigated the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy assisted by artificial intelligence methods to identify liver cancer cells and distinguish them from their Non-Tumor counterpart. To this aim, primary liver cells (40 Tumor and 40 Non-Tumor cells) obtained from resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [...] Read more.

We investigated the possibility of using Raman spectroscopy assisted by artificial intelligence methods to identify liver cancer cells and distinguish them from their Non-Tumor counterpart. To this aim, primary liver cells (40 Tumor and 40 Non-Tumor cells) obtained from resected hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor tissue and the adjacent non-tumor area (negative control) were analyzed by Raman micro-spectroscopy. Preliminarily, the cells were analyzed morphologically and spectrally. Then, three machine learning approaches, including multivariate models and neural networks, were simultaneously investigated and successfully used to analyze the cells’ Raman data. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted Raman spectroscopy for Tumor cell classification and prediction with an accuracy of nearly 90% of correct predictions on a single spectrum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Computational Imaging for Biophotonics and Biomedicine)

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14 pages, 5620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

SMYD3 Modulates AMPK-mTOR Signaling Balance in Cancer Cell Response to DNA Damage

by Martina Lepore Signorile, Paola Sanese, Elisabetta Di Nicola, Candida Fasano, Giovanna Forte, Katia De Marco, Vittoria Disciglio, Marialaura Latrofa, Antonino Pantaleo, Greta Varchi, Alberto Del Rio, Valentina Grossi and Cristiano Simone

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2644; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222644 - 17 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1037

Abstract

Cells respond to DNA damage by activating a complex array of signaling networks, which include the AMPK and mTOR pathways. After DNA double-strand breakage, ATM, a core component of the DNA repair system, activates the AMPK-TSC2 pathway, leading to the inhibition of the [...] Read more.

Cells respond to DNA damage by activating a complex array of signaling networks, which include the AMPK and mTOR pathways. After DNA double-strand breakage, ATM, a core component of the DNA repair system, activates the AMPK-TSC2 pathway, leading to the inhibition of the mTOR cascade. Recently, we showed that both AMPK and mTOR interact with SMYD3, a methyltransferase involved in DNA damage response. In this study, through extensive molecular characterization of gastrointestinal and breast cancer cells, we found that SMYD3 is part of a multiprotein complex that is involved in DNA damage response and also comprises AMPK and mTOR. In particular, upon exposure to the double-strand break-inducing agent neocarzinostatin, SMYD3 pharmacological inhibition suppressed AMPK cascade activation and thereby promoted the mTOR pathway, which reveals the central role played by SMYD3 in the modulation of AMPK-mTOR signaling balance during cancer cell response to DNA double-strand breaks. Moreover, we found that SMYD3 can methylate AMPK at the evolutionarily conserved residues Lys411 and Lys424. Overall, our data revealed that SMYD3 can act as a bridge between the AMPK and mTOR pathways upon neocarzinostatin-induced DNA damage in gastrointestinal and breast cancer cells. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue DNA Damage and DNA Repair: What’s New in Biology and Cancer Therapeutics?)

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14 pages, 3554 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Differentiate between Resistant and Susceptible Wheat Cultivars for Leaf Rust Fungi Using Antioxidant Enzymes and Histological and Molecular Studies?

by Reda I. Omara, Omar Abdullah Alkhateeb, Ahmed Hassan Abdou, Gabr A. El-Kot, Atef A. Shahin, Heba I. Saad-El-Din, Rady Abdelghany, Wasimah B. AL-Shammari, Muayad Albadrani, Yaser Hafez and Khaled Abdelaal

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2643; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222643 - 17 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 926

Abstract

Eight wheat cultivars, Sakha-94, Giza-171, Sids-1, Sids-12, Sids-13, Shandweel-1, Misr-1, and Misr-2, were evaluated for leaf rust at the seedling and adult stages in the 2021 and 2022 seasons. Biochemical, histological, and genetic analyses were performed to determine the link between cultivars that [...] Read more.

Eight wheat cultivars, Sakha-94, Giza-171, Sids-1, Sids-12, Sids-13, Shandweel-1, Misr-1, and Misr-2, were evaluated for leaf rust at the seedling and adult stages in the 2021 and 2022 seasons. Biochemical, histological, and genetic analyses were performed to determine the link between cultivars that were either sensitive or resistant to the disease. Misr-2 and Giza-171 cultivars had the highest levels of resistance to leaf rust races in 2021 (LTCGT, STSJT, and TTTST) and 2022 (MBGJT, TTTKS, and TTTTT) at the seedling stage. However, at the adult stage, Sakha-94, Giza-171, Misr-1, and Misr-2 cultivars had the highest levels of resistance; consequently, they had the lowest final disease severity and the lowest values of AUDPC. The correlation between the seedling reaction and adult reaction was non-significant, with values of 0.4401 and 0.4793 in the 2021 and 2022 seasons, respectively. Throughout the biochemical, histological, and genetic analyses, it was observed that catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase activities significantly increased in the resistant cultivars. The discoloration of superoxide (O₂-) and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) significantly decreased in resistant and moderately resistant wheat cultivars (Sakha-94, Giza-171, Misr-1, and Misr-2); higher hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and superoxide (O₂-) levels were recorded for the susceptible cultivars compared to the resistant cultivars. Molecular markers proved that the Lr50 gene was detected in the resistant cultivars. Puccinia triticina infections negatively affected most histological characteristics of flag leaves, especially in susceptible cultivars. The thickness of the blade (µ), the thickness of the upper and lower epidermis (UE and LE), the thickness of mesophyll tissue (MT), and bundle length and width in the midrib were decreased in susceptible cultivars such as Sids-1, Sids-13, and Shandwel-1 compared with resistant cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Redox Homeostasis of Plant Development)

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17 pages, 34243 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The MYST Family Histone Acetyltransferase SasC Governs Diverse Biological Processes in Aspergillus fumigatus

by Jae-Yoon Kwon, Young-Ho Choi, Min-Woo Lee, Jae-Hyuk Yu and Kwang-Soo Shin

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2642; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222642 - 16 Nov 2023

Viewed by 810

Abstract

The conserved MYST proteins form the largest family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) that acetylate lysines within the N-terminal tails of histone, enabling active gene transcription. Here, we have investigated the biological and regulatory functions of the MYST family HAT SasC in the opportunistic [...] Read more.

The conserved MYST proteins form the largest family of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) that acetylate lysines within the N-terminal tails of histone, enabling active gene transcription. Here, we have investigated the biological and regulatory functions of the MYST family HAT SasC in the opportunistic human pathogenic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus using a series of genetic, biochemical, pathogenic, and transcriptomic analyses. The deletion (Δ) of sasC results in a drastically reduced colony growth, asexual development, spore germination, response to stresses, and the fungal virulence. Genome-wide expression analyses have revealed that the ΔsasC mutant showed 2402 significant differentially expressed genes: 1147 upregulated and 1255 downregulated. The representative upregulated gene resulting from ΔsasC is hacA, predicted to encode a bZIP transcription factor, whereas the UV-endonuclease UVE-1 was significantly downregulated by ΔsasC. Furthermore, our Western blot analyses suggest that SasC likely catalyzes the acetylation of H3K9, K3K14, and H3K29 in A. fumigatus. In conclusion, SasC is associated with diverse biological processes and can be a potential target for controlling pathogenic fungi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant, Algae and Fungi Cell Biology)

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23 pages, 1256 KiB

Open AccessReview

Examining the Role of a Functional Deficiency of Iron in Lysosomal Storage Disorders with Translational Relevance to Alzheimer’s Disease

by Steven M. LeVine

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2641; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222641 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1826

Abstract

The recently presented Azalea Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease asserts that iron becomes sequestered, leading to a functional iron deficiency that contributes to neurodegeneration. Iron sequestration can occur by iron being bound to protein aggregates, such as amyloid β and tau, iron-rich structures not [...] Read more.

The recently presented Azalea Hypothesis for Alzheimer’s disease asserts that iron becomes sequestered, leading to a functional iron deficiency that contributes to neurodegeneration. Iron sequestration can occur by iron being bound to protein aggregates, such as amyloid β and tau, iron-rich structures not undergoing recycling (e.g., due to disrupted ferritinophagy and impaired mitophagy), and diminished delivery of iron from the lysosome to the cytosol. Reduced iron availability for biochemical reactions causes cells to respond to acquire additional iron, resulting in an elevation in the total iron level within affected brain regions. As the amount of unavailable iron increases, the level of available iron decreases until eventually it is unable to meet cellular demands, which leads to a functional iron deficiency. Normally, the lysosome plays an integral role in cellular iron homeostasis by facilitating both the delivery of iron to the cytosol (e.g., after endocytosis of the iron–transferrin–transferrin receptor complex) and the cellular recycling of iron. During a lysosomal storage disorder, an enzyme deficiency causes undigested substrates to accumulate, causing a sequelae of pathogenic events that may include cellular iron dyshomeostasis. Thus, a functional deficiency of iron may be a pathogenic mechanism occurring within several lysosomal storage diseases and Alzheimer’s disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cellular Pathology)

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15 pages, 3633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proline and Proline Analogues Improve Development of Mouse Preimplantation Embryos by Protecting Them against Oxidative Stress

by Madeleine L. M. Hardy, Dheerja Lakhiani, Michael B. Morris and Margot L. Day

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2640; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222640 - 16 Nov 2023

Viewed by 915

Abstract

The culture of embryos in the non-essential amino acid L-proline (Pro) or its analogues pipecolic acid (PA) and L-4-thiazolidine carboxylic acid (L4T) improves embryo development, increasing the percentage that develop to the blastocyst stage and hatch. Staining of 2-cell and 4-cell embryos with [...] Read more.

The culture of embryos in the non-essential amino acid L-proline (Pro) or its analogues pipecolic acid (PA) and L-4-thiazolidine carboxylic acid (L4T) improves embryo development, increasing the percentage that develop to the blastocyst stage and hatch. Staining of 2-cell and 4-cell embryos with tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate showed that the culture of embryos in the presence of Pro, or either of these analogues, reduced mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS), respectively, indicating potential mechanisms by which embryo development is improved. Inhibition of the Pro metabolism enzyme, proline oxidase, by tetrahydro-2-furoic-acid prevented these reductions and concomitantly prevented the improved development. The ways in which Pro, PA and L4T reduce mitochondrial activity and ROS appear to differ, despite their structural similarity. Specifically, the results are consistent with Pro reducing ROS by reducing mitochondrial activity while PA and L4T may be acting as ROS scavengers. All three may work to reduce ROS by contributing to the GSH pool. Overall, our results indicate that reduction in mitochondrial activity and oxidative stress are potential mechanisms by which Pro and its analogues act to improve pre-implantation embryo development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Clinical Advances in Understanding Early Embryo Development—Volume II)

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16 pages, 5929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Throughput, High-Containment Human Primary Epithelial Airway Organ-on-Chip Platform for SARS-CoV-2 Therapeutic Screening

by Christine R. Fisher, Felix Mba Medie, Rebeccah J. Luu, Robert B. Gaibler, Thomas J. Mulhern, Caitlin R. Miller, Chelsea J. Zhang, Logan D. Rubio, Elizabeth E. Marr, Vidhya Vijayakumar, Elizabeth P. Gabriel, Landys Lopez Quezada, Chun-Hui Zhang, Karen S. Anderson, William L. Jorgensen, Jehan W. Alladina, Benjamin D. Medoff, Jeffrey T. Borenstein and Ashley L. Gard

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2639; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222639 - 16 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1235

Abstract

COVID-19 emerged as a worldwide pandemic in early 2020, and while the rapid development of safe and efficacious vaccines stands as an extraordinary achievement, the identification of effective therapeutics has been less successful. This process has been limited in part by a lack [...] Read more.

COVID-19 emerged as a worldwide pandemic in early 2020, and while the rapid development of safe and efficacious vaccines stands as an extraordinary achievement, the identification of effective therapeutics has been less successful. This process has been limited in part by a lack of human-relevant preclinical models compatible with therapeutic screening on the native virus, which requires a high-containment environment. Here, we report SARS-CoV-2 infection and robust viral replication in PREDICT96-ALI, a high-throughput, human primary cell-based organ-on-chip platform. We evaluate unique infection kinetic profiles across lung tissue from three human donors by immunofluorescence, RT-qPCR, and plaque assays over a 6-day infection period. Enabled by the 96 devices/plate throughput of PREDICT96-ALI, we also investigate the efficacy of Remdesivir and MPro61 in a proof-of-concept antiviral study. Both compounds exhibit an antiviral effect against SARS-CoV-2 in the platform. This demonstration of SARS-CoV-2 infection and antiviral dosing in a high-throughput organ-on-chip platform presents a critical capability for disease modeling and therapeutic screening applications in a human physiology-relevant in vitro system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in 3D Cell Culture)

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20 pages, 4408 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Level Production of scFv-Fc Antibody Using an Artificial Promoter System with Transcriptional Positive Feedback Loop of Transactivator in CHO Cells

by Binbin Ying, Yoshinori Kawabe, Feiyang Zheng, Yuki Amamoto and Masamichi Kamihira

Cells 2023, 12(22), 2638; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12222638 - 16 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1462

Abstract

With the increasing demand for therapeutic antibodies, CHO cells have become the de facto standard as producer host cells for biopharmaceutical production. High production yields are required for antibody production, and developing a high-titer production system is increasingly crucial. This study was established [...] Read more.

With the increasing demand for therapeutic antibodies, CHO cells have become the de facto standard as producer host cells for biopharmaceutical production. High production yields are required for antibody production, and developing a high-titer production system is increasingly crucial. This study was established to develop a high-production system using a synthetic biology approach by designing a gene expression system based on an artificial transcription factor that can strongly induce the high expression of target genes in CHO cells. To demonstrate the functionality of this artificial gene expression system and its ability to induce the high expression of target genes in CHO cells, a model antibody (scFv-Fc) was produced using this system. Excellent results were obtained with the plate scale, and when attempting continuous production in semi-continuous cultures using bioreactor tubes with high-cell-density suspension culture using a serum-free medium, high-titer antibody production at the gram-per-liter level was achieved. Shifting the culture temperature to a low temperature of 33 °C achieved scFv-Fc concentrations of up to 5.5 g/L with a specific production rate of 262 pg/(cell∙day). This artificial gene expression system should be a powerful tool for CHO cell engineering aimed at constructing high-yield production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Cell Culture and Tissue Engineering)

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