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14 pages, 301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Developmental and Nutritional Changes in Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition Provided with n-3 Fatty Acids Improved Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food and Psychosocial Support: A Pilot Study in Tanzania

by Fredrick Cyprian Mwita, George PrayGod, Erica Sanga, Theresia Setebe, Gaudensia Joseph, Happyness Kunzi, Jayne Webster, Melissa Gladstone, Rebecca Searle, Maimuna Ahmed, Adolfine Hokororo, Suzanne Filteau, Henrik Friis, André Briend and Mette Frahm Olsen

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 692; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050692 - 28 Feb 2024

Viewed by 962

Abstract

Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are at high risk of impaired development. Contributing causes include the inadequate intake of specific nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a lack of adequate stimulation. We conducted a pilot study assessing developmental and nutritional [...] Read more.

Children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are at high risk of impaired development. Contributing causes include the inadequate intake of specific nutrients such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and a lack of adequate stimulation. We conducted a pilot study assessing developmental and nutritional changes in children with SAM provided with a modified ready-to-use therapeutic food and context-specific psychosocial intervention in Mwanza, Tanzania. We recruited 82 children with SAM (6–36 months) and 88 sex- and age-matched non-malnourished children. We measured child development, using the Malawi Development Assessment Tool (MDAT), measures of family and maternal care for children, and whole-blood PUFA levels. At baseline, the mean total MDAT z-score of children with SAM was lower than non-malnourished children; −2.37 (95% confidence interval: −2.92; −1.82), as were their total n-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels. After 8 weeks of intervention, MDAT z-scores improved in all domains, especially fine motor, among children with SAM. Total n-3 and EPA levels increased, total n-6 fatty acids decreased, and DHA remained unchanged. Family and maternal care also improved. The suggested benefits of the combined interventions on the developmental and nutritional status of children with SAM will be tested in a future trial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

16 pages, 14779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Maternal Diet Associates with Offspring Bone Mineralization, Fracture Risk and Enamel Defects in Childhood and Influences the Prenatal Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation

by Min Kim, Pia E. Nørrisgaard, Nilo Vahman, Olivier N. F. Cexus, Paul A. Townsend, Jakob Stokholm, Klaus Bønnelykke, Bo Chawes and Nicklas Brustad

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030405 - 30 Jan 2024

Viewed by 878

Abstract

We previously demonstrated a beneficial effect of high-dose vitamin D in pregnancy on offspring bone and dental health. Here, we investigated the effect of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy on the risk of bone fractures, bone mineralization and enamel defects until age 6 [...] Read more.

We previously demonstrated a beneficial effect of high-dose vitamin D in pregnancy on offspring bone and dental health. Here, we investigated the effect of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy on the risk of bone fractures, bone mineralization and enamel defects until age 6 years in the offspring. Further, the influence of diet on the effect of high-dose vitamin D was analyzed in the COPSAC₂₀₁₀ mother–child cohort including 623 mother–child pairs. A weighted network analysis on FFQs revealed three specific maternal dietary patterns that associated (Bonferroni p < 0.05) with both offspring bone and dental health. The effect of prenatal high-dose (2800 IU/day) vs. standard-dose (400 IU/day) vitamin D on offspring bone mineral content (adjusted mean difference (aMD): 33.29 g, 95% CI: 14.48–52.09, p < 0.001), bone mineral density (aMD: 0.02 g/cm² (0.01–0.04), p < 0.001), fracture risk (adjusted incidence rate ratio: 0.36 (0.16–0.84), p = 0.02), and enamel defects in primary (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.13 (0.03–0.58), p < 0.01) and permanent molars (aOR: 0.25; (0.10–0.63), p < 0.01) was most pronounced when mothers had lower intake of fruit, vegetables, meat, eggs, sweets, whole grain, offal and fish. This study suggests that prenatal dietary patterns influence offspring bone and dental development, and should be considered in order to obtain the full benefits of vitamin D to enhance personalized supplementation strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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16 pages, 1343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Micronutrients and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Levels in Nutritionally Deprived Children—A Tertiary Care Hospital-Based Study

by Malvika Mishra, Alok Raghav, Prashant Tripathi, Yashwant Kumar Rao and Desh Deepak Singh

Nutrients 2023, 15(23), 4865; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234865 - 22 Nov 2023

Viewed by 831

Abstract

Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a significant public health problem in developing countries, including India, where a significant proportion of children suffer from malnutrition. Objective: This research aims to investigate the factors contributing to severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Additionally, the study seeks [...] Read more.

Background: Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a significant public health problem in developing countries, including India, where a significant proportion of children suffer from malnutrition. Objective: This research aims to investigate the factors contributing to severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Additionally, the study seeks to explore the relationship between micronutrient levels and pro-inflammatory cytokines in SAM children with and without clinical complications. Furthermore, the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment in SAM children without complications is evaluated. Methods: The study involved three groups comprising 66 subjects each: a healthy control group, SAM children with complications, and SAM children without complications. Blood samples were collected, and various analyses were conducted, including biochemical, hematological, micronutrient, and pro-inflammatory marker quantification. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. Results: The results indicate that the levels of IL-6, CRP, and TNF-α were significantly higher in the SAM group with complications compared to both the control group and the SAM group without complications. Zinc and copper levels were significantly lower in both SAM groups compared to the control group, and a negative correlation was observed between zinc levels and inflammatory markers. The study also assessed the efficacy of antibiotic treatment in SAM children without complications by comparing their weight, height, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age at baseline and after a 15-day follow-up period. Significant improvements in these parameters were observed in both the group receiving antibiotic treatment and the group not receiving antibiotic treatment. Conclusion: The findings suggest that a combination of antibiotic treatment and nutritional support can lead to significant clinical improvements in SAM children without complications. This study has important implications for the management and treatment of SAM in India and other developing countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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12 pages, 1464 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption and Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity with Childhood and Adolescent Overweight/Obesity: Findings from a Surveillance Project in Jiangsu Province of China

by Jinxia Yu, Feng Huang, Xiyan Zhang, Hui Xue, Xiaoyan Ni, Jie Yang, Zhiyong Zou and Wei Du

Nutrients 2023, 15(19), 4164; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15194164 - 27 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1190

Abstract

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and inadequate moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) have been suggested as potential contributors to overweight/obesity during childhood or adolescence; however, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. It was crucial to estimate the independent and joint association of SSB consumption [...] Read more.

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and inadequate moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) have been suggested as potential contributors to overweight/obesity during childhood or adolescence; however, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. It was crucial to estimate the independent and joint association of SSB consumption and inadequate MVPA for childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity. The “Surveillance for Common Disease and Health Risk Factors Among Students in Jiangsu Province 2021–2022” initiative provided us with representative population-based data that we studied. SSB consumption and inadequate MVPA were determined by self-reported SSB habit and MVPA frequency (days/week). The body mass index for each gender and age subgroup was used to identify those who were overweight or obese. With stratified analyses to ascertain differences in age or gender, we employed the logistic regression model to assess the association of SSB and MVPA with overweight/obesity and applied the likelihood ratio test to explore the interactions. Approximately 38.2% of the study population (119,467 students aged 8–17) were overweight/obese. After adjusting covariates, SSB consumption or inadequate MVPA was associated with overweight/obesity (OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.07; and OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.03–1.10). In comparison to students with “no SSB consumption and adequate MVPA”, those with “SSB consumption and inadequate MVPA” had a higher risk of being overweight/obese (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.08–1.18). Regardless of age and gender subgroups, the correlation of SSB and MVPA alone and together with being overweight/obese was generally similar, with the adolescent group aged 13–17 years (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.09–1.22) and females (OR = 1.09, 95% CI = 1.02–1.17) being more susceptible. Moreover, there was a significant interaction between SSB consumption and gender (p < 0.001), as well as between SSB consumption and inadequate MVPA (p = 0.008). Hence, SSB consumption in students is significantly associated with overweight/obesity, especially when MVPA is inadequate. In light of the rapidly expanding childhood and adolescent obesity epidemic, proper attention should be given to these modifiable behaviors, particularly SSB and MVPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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16 pages, 660 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Selected Antioxidant Parameters in Ready-to-Eat Food for Infants and Young Children

by Anita Żmudzińska, Anna Puścion-Jakubik, Jolanta Soroczyńska and Katarzyna Socha

Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3160; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143160 - 16 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1122

Abstract

Infants and young children have diverse dietary needs, so conducting a detailed analysis of the food they consume in terms of antioxidant activity and the content of antioxidant elements is of utmost importance. The aim of the study was to assess the antioxidant [...] Read more.

Infants and young children have diverse dietary needs, so conducting a detailed analysis of the food they consume in terms of antioxidant activity and the content of antioxidant elements is of utmost importance. The aim of the study was to assess the antioxidant properties and the content of Cu (copper), Se (selenium), and Zn (zinc) in baby products. A total of 398 samples of ready-to-eat food consumed by children were tested. To evaluate the antioxidant activity (338 samples, without dairy), the Folin-Ciocalteu method and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging test (DPPH) were employed to determine the total phenolic content (TPC). For the determination of mineral component content (398 samples), atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) was used to analyze the levels of Cu and Zn, while inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was utilized for the quantification of Se. Fruit and vegetable mousses exhibited the highest average total phenolic content (TPC) and the highest percentage of free radical scavenging in the DPPH test. In terms of mineral content, the group of dairy products recorded the highest average levels of Cu and Se, while porridges contained the highest content of Zn. Notably, only organic baby food contained significantly more Zn compared to conventional food (12.2 ± 13.9 mg/kg vs. 10.7 ± 14.4 mg/kg). Ready-to-eat products designed for consumption by children provide antioxidant properties, and the presence of Zn, Cu, and Se can contribute to supporting antioxidant processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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12 pages, 7574 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sex-Specific Differences in Left Ventricular Mass and Volumes with Body Mass Index among Children Aged 6 to 8: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

by Huidi Xiao, Wen Shu, Menglong Li, Liyuan Xu, Nubiya Amaerjiang, Jiawulan Zunong, Sten H. Vermund, Dayong Huang, Mei Chong and Yifei Hu

Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 3066; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133066 - 07 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1469

Abstract

Few studies have examined the sex differences in left ventricle (LV) structure and physiology from early life stages. We aimed to assess the role of sex and overweight/obesity on left ventricular mass (LVM) and LV volume in Chinese children without preexisting cardiovascular risk [...] Read more.

Few studies have examined the sex differences in left ventricle (LV) structure and physiology from early life stages. We aimed to assess the role of sex and overweight/obesity on left ventricular mass (LVM) and LV volume in Chinese children without preexisting cardiovascular risk factors. We selected 934 healthy children aged 6–8 years from an existing cohort in Beijing, China. Linear regression models were used to regress body mass index (BMI), fat mass, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, and visceral fat area (VFA) with LVM, left ventricle end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and end-systolic volume (LVESV). Higher BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, VFA, and stroke volume (SV) predicted higher LVM, LVEDV, and LVESV in both sexes. Multivariable analysis showed that boys with an elevated BMI had greater LV hypertrophy. LVEDV and LVESV were higher among boys than among girls and increased with higher BMI in both boys and girls. LVEDV and LVESV were associated with VFA in boys. We observed sex differences in LVM, LVESV, and LVEDV among prepubertal children, independent of obesity, with higher values observed in boys. Sex differences in cardiac structure in children may help explain the higher incidence of cardiovascular disease in male adults. Whether interventions to reduce childhood obesity can improve the trajectory of cardiac dynamics is worth investigating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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16 pages, 659 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Recovery Relapse of Children Treated with a Simplified, Combined Nutrition Treatment Protocol in Mali: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Suvi T. Kangas, Issa Niamanto Coulibaly, Zachary Tausanovitch, Bareye Ouologuem, Bethany Marron, Elizabeth Radin, Christian Ritz, Salimou Dembele, Césaire T. Ouédraogo and Jeanette Bailey

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2636; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112636 - 05 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1756

Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the 6-month incidence of relapse and associated factors among children who recovered from acute malnutrition (AM) following mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-based simplified combined treatment using the ComPAS protocol. A prospective cohort of 420 children who had reached [...] Read more.

The present study aimed to determine the 6-month incidence of relapse and associated factors among children who recovered from acute malnutrition (AM) following mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-based simplified combined treatment using the ComPAS protocol. A prospective cohort of 420 children who had reached a MUAC ≥ 125 mm for two consecutive measures was monitored between December 2020 and October 2021. Children were seen at home fortnightly for 6 months. The overall 6-month cumulative incidence of relapse [95%CI] into MUAC < 125 mm and/or edema was 26.1% [21.7; 30.8] and 1.7% [0.6; 3.6] to MUAC < 115 mm and/or edema. Relapse was similar among children initially admitted to treatment with a MUAC < 115 mm and/or oedema and among those with a MUAC ≥ 115 mm but <125 mm. Relapse was predicted by lower anthropometry both at admission to and discharge from treatment, and a higher number of illness episodes per month of follow-up. Having a vaccination card, using an improved water source, having agriculture as the main source of income, and increases in caregiver workload during follow-up all protected from relapse. Children discharged as recovered from AM remain at risk of relapsing into AM. To achieve reduction in relapse, recovery criteria may need to be revised and post-discharge strategies tested. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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14 pages, 633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Nutritional Knowledge and Type of Diet as the Key Factors Influencing the Safety of Vegetarian Diets for Children Aged 12–36 Months

by Malgorzata Kostecka, Julianna Kostecka, Izabella Jackowska and Katarzyna Iłowiecka

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2244; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102244 - 09 May 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2340

Abstract

There are some concerns about the adequacy of vegetarian diets for pregnant women, infants, and young children because diets that exclude meat and other animal-based products increase the risk of nutrient deficiencies. The aim of the present study was to assess the nutritional [...] Read more.

There are some concerns about the adequacy of vegetarian diets for pregnant women, infants, and young children because diets that exclude meat and other animal-based products increase the risk of nutrient deficiencies. The aim of the present study was to assess the nutritional knowledge of parents raising 12- to 36-month-old children on vegetarian diets and to evaluate the children’s diets based on the recommendations formulated in the model food ration. The study involved a questionnaire survey that was completed by 326 women raising their children on various types of vegetarian diets and 198 women raising their children on an omnivorous diet. Mothers raising children on a lacto-ovo-vegetarian diet had the highest nutritional knowledge scores (15.8 points on average), whereas control group mothers and women raising children on a vegan diet had the lowest nutritional knowledge scores (average of 13.6 points). Parents who raised their children on more restrictive vegetarian diets were more aware of the risk of nutritional deficiencies and administered dietary supplements more frequently. A vegetarian diet can be safe for young children, but parents should be educated about the risk of nutritional deficiencies and the principles of healthy nutrition regardless of the administered diet, and effective communication between parents, pediatricians, and dietitians should be the cornerstone of every nutritional strategy in the management of vegetarian children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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10 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Patterns and Associations with Myopia in Chinese Children

by Chunjie Yin, Qian Gan, Peipei Xu, Titi Yang, Juan Xu, Wei Cao, Hongliang Wang, Hui Pan, Zhibin Ren, Hui Xiao, Kai Wang, Ying Xu and Qian Zhang

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081946 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2223

Abstract

Dietary shifts in populations undergoing rapid economic transitions have been proposed as partly contributing toward the rapid intergenerational rise in myopia prevalence; however, empirical evidence of the effect of dietary factors on myopia is limited. This study investigated the association between dietary factors [...] Read more.

Dietary shifts in populations undergoing rapid economic transitions have been proposed as partly contributing toward the rapid intergenerational rise in myopia prevalence; however, empirical evidence of the effect of dietary factors on myopia is limited. This study investigated the association between dietary factors and incident myopia in Chinese children aged 10–11 years. We evaluated dietary habits using a 72-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) among 7423 children. Myopic status was assessed using the “General Personal Information Questionnaire”. Principal component analysis was used to extract dietary patterns and investigate their association with myopia. After adjusting for potential confounders, participants with the highest adherence to dietary pattern A (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.66–0.92, p for trend = 0.007) and dietary pattern C (95% CI: 0.58–0.80, p for trend < 0.001) had a lower risk of myopia than participants with the least adherence. Both of these dietary patterns are characterized by high consumption of meats, aquatic product, dairy and its products, eggs, legumes, vegetables, fruits, grains, and potatoes. Our findings suggest that other environmental factors, such as those related to the dietary environment, may contribute to the development of myopia. These findings can serve as a reference for diet-related primary prevention of myopia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

18 pages, 2928 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Dietary Patterns and Physical Activity with Physical Fitness among Adolescents in Shandong Province, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Sizhu Wu, Xiaolei Xiu and Qing Qian

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1425; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061425 - 15 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1971

Abstract

Background: The trend of physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) among Chinese adolescents is not optimistic, and unhealthy dietary behaviors are common. PA and dietary patterns (DPs) have been linked to PF in adolescents, but the associations between DPs and PF with [...] Read more.

Background: The trend of physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) among Chinese adolescents is not optimistic, and unhealthy dietary behaviors are common. PA and dietary patterns (DPs) have been linked to PF in adolescents, but the associations between DPs and PF with PF in Chinese adolescents are rarely discussed. Methods: A total of 8796 adolescents aged 11–18 were enrolled from Shandong Province, China. The CNSPFS battery was applied to assess PF. PA levels and diet quality were determined using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and the modified Chinese Diet Quality Questionnaire, respectively. This study used factor analysis to identify DPs and linear regression models to investigate the association between PF and related factors. Results: The average PF score of the participants was 75.67. Adolescents who were girls, lived in rural areas and were active in PA performed better on the PF test (p < 0.05). Boys whose fathers were university educated or above had a higher probability of achieving higher PF scores (OR 4.36, 95% CI 1.32–14.36); however, if their mothers were university educated or above, they had a lower probability of achieving higher PF scores (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.063–0.76). Unhealthy dietary pattern was negatively correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness in boys (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.31–0.98). The association between unhealthy dietary pattern and girls’ BMI became significant after adjustment for PA (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Girls performed better in PF than boys. Highly educated fathers could contribute to improve the PF performance in boys. There were four DPs among adolescents in Shandong Province, and different DPs may have different effects on PF in boys and girls. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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13 pages, 314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges around Child-Feeding Practices with ‘Comida Chatarra’: A Qualitative Study to Understand the Role of Sociocultural Factors in Caregiver Feeding Decisions

by Florence L. Théodore, Anabelle Bonvecchio, Ana Lilia Lozada Tequeanes, Rocío Alvarado, Armando García-Guerra, María Angeles Villanueva Borbolla and Mauro Brero

Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061317 - 07 Mar 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1969

Abstract

A massive incorporation of ultra-processed products into young children’s diets worldwide and in Mexico has been documented. The aim of this study is to understand the role of sociocultural factors in principal caregivers’ decisions to give a type of ultra-processed food to children [...] Read more.

A massive incorporation of ultra-processed products into young children’s diets worldwide and in Mexico has been documented. The aim of this study is to understand the role of sociocultural factors in principal caregivers’ decisions to give a type of ultra-processed food to children under age five, called ‘comida chatarra’ (‘junk food’ in English), usually includes sugar-sweetened beverages, sweet and salty snacks, and sweet breakfast cereals. We conducted a descriptive, observational qualitative study. The research was conducted in urban and rural communities in two Mexican states. Twenty-four principal caregivers were equally distributed between the two states and types of communities. They were interviewed in person. Phenomenology underpinned this study. Results highlight the preponderant role of culture in food choices and feeding practices with junk food. Local culture influences child-feeding with ultra-processed products through social norms, knowledge, or socially constructed attitudes. These social norms, built in the context of abundant ultra-processed products and omnipresent marketing, ‘justify’ children’s consumption of junk food. They acquire these products from the principal caregivers, family members, and neighbors, among others, who reward and pamper them. These actors also define what amount (small amounts) and when (after meals as snacks) children are given these products. Cultural factors must be considered in the development of effective public policies and programs that aim to change the culture around ultra-processed products among children and avoid their consumption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

11 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Food Categories for Breakfast and Mental Health among Children in Japan: Results from the A-CHILD Study

by Yukako Tani, Aya Isumi, Satomi Doi and Takeo Fujiwara

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1091; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051091 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1478

Abstract

There is limited evidence that what children eat for breakfast contributes to their mental health. This study aimed to examine the associations between food categories for breakfast and mental health among children in Japan. A proportion of participants aged 9–10 years in the [...] Read more.

There is limited evidence that what children eat for breakfast contributes to their mental health. This study aimed to examine the associations between food categories for breakfast and mental health among children in Japan. A proportion of participants aged 9–10 years in the Adachi Child Health Impact of Living Difficulty (A-CHILD) study in Japan who consumed breakfast daily were included (n = 281). Foods eaten for breakfast were reported by the children each morning for 7 consecutive days, and defined according to the food categories in the Japanese Food Guide Spinning Top. Child mental health was assessed by caregivers using the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. The mean intake frequencies per week were six times for grain dishes, two times for milk products, and one time for fruits. Linear regression analysis revealed an inverse association between the frequent intake of grain dishes, whether rice or bread, and problem behaviors after adjustment for potential confounders. However, confectionaries, which mainly consisted of sweet breads or pastries, were not associated with problem behaviors. The intake of non-sweet grain dishes at breakfast may be effective for preventing behavioral problems in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

14 pages, 9990 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Artificial Light-at-Night Exposure and Overweight and Obesity across GDP Levels among Chinese Children and Adolescents

by Jiajia Dang, Di Shi, Xi Li, Ning Ma, Yunfei Liu, Panliang Zhong, Xiaojin Yan, Jingshu Zhang, Patrick W. C. Lau, Yanhui Dong, Yi Song and Jun Ma

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040939 - 13 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2372

Abstract

Background: Evidence in adults suggests that exposure to artificial light-at-night (ALAN) leads to obesity. However, little is known about whether this effect exists in children and adolescents. We aimed to investigate whether ALAN exposure was associated with overweight and obesity in school-aged children [...] Read more.

Background: Evidence in adults suggests that exposure to artificial light-at-night (ALAN) leads to obesity. However, little is known about whether this effect exists in children and adolescents. We aimed to investigate whether ALAN exposure was associated with overweight and obesity in school-aged children and adolescents and whether this association varied with socioeconomic status. Methods: Data on the height and weight of 129,500 children and adolescents aged 10–18 years from 72 cities were extracted from the 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health (CNSSCH). The ALAN area percentage and average ALAN intensity were calculated using the Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite. The subjects were separated into three categories based on the cities’ gross domestic product per capita (GDPPC). A mixed-effect logistic regression model and generalized additive model (GAM) were utilized to evaluate the association between ALAN exposure and overweight and obesity in children and adolescents stratified by municipal GDPPC. Results: Both ALAN area (OR = 1.194, 95% CI: 1.175–1.212) and ALAN intensity (OR = 1.019, 95% CI: 1.017–1.020) were positively associated with overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, and the associations remained robust after adjusting for covariates. ORs for overweight and obesity and ALAN area decreased as GDPPC level increased (first tertile: OR = 1.457, 95% CI: 1.335–1.590; second tertile: OR = 1.350, 95% CI: 1.245–1.464; third tertile: OR = 1.100, 95% CI: 1.081–1.119). Similar results were observed for ALAN intensity. In the GAM models, thresholds existed in almost all these spline trends, indicating that ALAN might have a nonlinear association with overweight and obesity. Conclusions: ALAN contributed to the development of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents and this effect differed with GDPPC. Future longitudinal studies should confirm the causal relationship between ALAN and obesity. Moreover, reducing unnecessary exposure to artificial light at night may have beneficial implications for controlling childhood and adolescent obesity, particularly in low-income areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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14 pages, 5289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Is Related to Higher Trans Fatty Acids, Sugar Intake, and Micronutrient-Impaired Status in Schoolchildren of Bahia, Brazil

by Camilla Almeida Menezes, Letícia Bastos Magalhães, Jacqueline Tereza da Silva, Renata Maria Rabello da Silva Lago, Alexvon Nunes Gomes, Ana Marice Teixeira Ladeia, Nelzair Araújo Vianna and Ricardo Riccio Oliveira

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020381 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2689

Abstract

Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption impacts nutrient intake and plays an important role in non-communicable diseases (NCD), even among schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the food consumption of this population and its relationship with laboratory and anthropometric aspects. A sample of 190 [...] Read more.

Ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption impacts nutrient intake and plays an important role in non-communicable diseases (NCD), even among schoolchildren. This cross-sectional study aimed to characterize the food consumption of this population and its relationship with laboratory and anthropometric aspects. A sample of 190 subjects aged 5 to 19 y was randomly selected for dietary, laboratory, and anthropometric assessment. Statistical inference was calculated using Spearman’s correlation. Excess weight was observed in 34%, a high Waist-to-Height Ratio in 9%, and hypertriglyceridemia in 17% of the subjects, higher among those from urban schools (45%, p = 0.011; 15%, p = 0.015; 24%, p = 0.026, respectively). UPF consumption represented 21% of caloric intake and showed a positive correlation with trans fatty acids (r = 0.70) and sugar (r = 0.59) intake. Unprocessed food consumption showed a weak, but significant, correlation with Body Mass Index (r = 0.22) and Waist Circumference (r = 0.23), while processed meat showed a negative correlation with serum ferritin (r = −0.16) and vitamins D (r = −0.20) and B₁₂ (r = −0.15). These findings highlight the need for public policies to promote Food and Nutritional Security for schoolchildren to prevent NCD and nutritional deficiencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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11 pages, 743 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Oral Iron Supplementation on Cognitive Function among Children and Adolescents in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Zekun Chen, Huanhuan Yang, Dongqing Wang, Christopher R. Sudfeld, Ai Zhao, Yiqian Xin, Jiawen Carmen Chen, Wafaie W. Fawzi, Yan Xing and Zhihui Li

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5332; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245332 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2878

Abstract

Background: There is abundant evidence showing that iron deficiency is closely linked with delayed brain development, worse school performance, and behavioral abnormalities. However, evidence on the impact of iron supplementation among children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been inconsistent. [...] Read more.

Background: There is abundant evidence showing that iron deficiency is closely linked with delayed brain development, worse school performance, and behavioral abnormalities. However, evidence on the impact of iron supplementation among children and adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has been inconsistent. This study aims to examine the effect of oral iron supplementation on cognitive function among children and adolescents in LMICs. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the impact of iron supplementation on cognitive function (including intelligence, attention, short-term memory, long-term memory, and school performance) among children and adolescents aged 5 to 19. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and references of related articles published from the inception of the databases to 1 May 2022. Random-effects pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the effect of iron supplementation on cognitive function. We also investigated the heterogeneity of the effects using subgroup and meta-regression analyses. This review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020179064). Results: Nine studies with 1196 individual participants from five countries were identified and included. Iron had a positive impact on intelligence test scores among children and adolescents (SMD = 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.10, 0.83). Meta-regression showed that the intelligence test scores improved with increasing the iron supplement dose (odds ratio [CI] = 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.04). There were no significant effects on attention, short-term memory, long-term memory, or school performance. Conclusions: Oral iron intake can improve the intelligence test scores of children and adolescents in LMICs and should be considered for future nutritional interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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9 pages, 1217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unfavorable Behaviors in Children Run in Packs! Dietary and Non-Dietary Modulators of Attentional Capacity

by Alina Drozdowska, Michael Falkenstein, Thomas Lücke, Mathilde Kersting, Gernot Jendrusch, Petra Platen and Kathrin Sinningen

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245264 - 09 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1761

Abstract

Children’s cognitive performance can be influenced by behaviors such as eating breakfast in the morning. The aim of this analysis was to investigate the mediating effects of breakfast behavior and other lifestyle habits on eye-hand coordination and attention. In a secondary analysis of [...] Read more.

Children’s cognitive performance can be influenced by behaviors such as eating breakfast in the morning. The aim of this analysis was to investigate the mediating effects of breakfast behavior and other lifestyle habits on eye-hand coordination and attention. In a secondary analysis of the CogniDROP study, children from the 5th and 6th grade of a comprehensive school in Germany (n = 223) performed a simple computerized Visual Attention Task and answered a questionnaire about behavioral patterns, i.e., skipping breakfast on a school day, frequency of physical activity (PA) outside school, and nighttime sleep. An association matrix was constructed to show the relationship between the variables. Almost 11% of children left home in the morning without breakfast, more than 9.5% of children reported poor sleep quality, 24.9% slept less than the recommended 9 h, and girls were insufficiently physically active. Sleep duration, bedtime, and PA correlated with skipping breakfast. Better sleep quality was positively related to reaction time in the Visual Attention Task. Overall, the data suggest that unfavorable behaviors in children tend to run in packs, just as skipping breakfast in the morning seems to be associated with other unfavorable habits, which impairs children’s eye-hand coordination and attention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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13 pages, 317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Acute Malnutrition Treatment at Health Center and Community Levels with a Simplified, Combined Protocol in Mali: An Observational Cohort Study

by Suvi T. Kangas, Bethany Marron, Zachary Tausanovitch, Elizabeth Radin, Josiane Andrianarisoa, Salimou Dembele, Césaire T. Ouédraogo, Issa Niamanto Coulibaly, Marie Biotteau, Bareye Ouologuem, Soumaila Daou, Fatoumata Traoré, Issiaka Traoré, Marc Nene and Jeanette Bailey

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4923; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224923 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3698

Abstract

A simplified, combined protocol was created that admits children with a mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) of <125 mm or edema to malnutrition treatment with ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) that involves prescribing two daily RUTF sachets to children with MUAC < 115 mm or edema [...] Read more.

A simplified, combined protocol was created that admits children with a mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) of <125 mm or edema to malnutrition treatment with ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) that involves prescribing two daily RUTF sachets to children with MUAC < 115 mm or edema and one daily sachet to those with 115 mm ≤ MUAC < 125 mm. This treatment was previously shown to result in non-inferior programmatic outcomes compared with standard treatment. We aimed at observing its effectiveness in a routine setting at scale, including via delivery by community health workers (CHWs). A total of 27,800 children were admitted to the simplified, combined treatment. Treatment resulted in a 92% overall recovery, with a mean length of stay of 40 days and a mean RUTF consumption of 62 sachets per child treated. Among children admitted with MUAC < 115 mm or edema, 87% recovered with a mean length of stay of 55 days and consuming an average of 96 RUTF sachets. The recovery in all sub-groups studied exceeded 85%. Treatment by CHWs resulted in a similar (94%) recovery to treatment by formal healthcare workers (92%). The simplified, combined protocol resulted in high recovery and low RUTF consumption per child treated and can safely be adopted by CHWs to provide treatment at the community level. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

Review

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22 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessReview

Risk of Excess Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation in Offspring

by Xiguang Xu, Ziyu Zhang, Yu Lin and Hehuang Xie

Nutrients 2024, 16(5), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050755 - 06 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1494

Abstract

Folate, also known as vitamin B9, facilitates the transfer of methyl groups among molecules, which is crucial for amino acid metabolism and nucleotide synthesis. Adequate maternal folate supplementation has been widely acknowledged for its pivotal role in promoting cell proliferation and preventing neural [...] Read more.

Folate, also known as vitamin B9, facilitates the transfer of methyl groups among molecules, which is crucial for amino acid metabolism and nucleotide synthesis. Adequate maternal folate supplementation has been widely acknowledged for its pivotal role in promoting cell proliferation and preventing neural tube defects. However, in the post-fortification era, there has been a rising concern regarding an excess maternal intake of folic acid (FA), the synthetic form of folate. In this review, we focused on recent advancements in understanding the influence of excess maternal FA intake on offspring. For human studies, we summarized findings from clinical trials investigating the effects of periconceptional FA intake on neurodevelopment and molecular-level changes in offspring. For studies using mouse models, we compiled the impact of high maternal FA supplementation on gene expression and behavioral changes in offspring. In summary, excessive maternal folate intake could potentially have adverse effects on offspring. Overall, we highlighted concerns regarding elevated maternal folate status in the population, providing a comprehensive perspective on the potential adverse effects of excessive maternal FA supplementation on offspring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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18 pages, 497 KiB

Open AccessReview

Epidemiological Impact of Metabolic Syndrome in Overweight and Obese European Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review

by Francesca Orsini, Floriana D’Ambrosio, Anna Scardigno, Roberto Ricciardi and Giovanna Elisa Calabrò

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 3895; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183895 - 07 Sep 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1208

Abstract

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is continuously increasing, both in the adult and pediatric populations, posing a substantial challenge to public health. Understanding the epidemiological burden of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among children, particularly regarding its complications and long-term effects in adulthood, is [...] Read more.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is continuously increasing, both in the adult and pediatric populations, posing a substantial challenge to public health. Understanding the epidemiological burden of metabolic syndrome (MetS) among children, particularly regarding its complications and long-term effects in adulthood, is crucial for identifying effective preventive measures and enhancing the clinical care of obese children. Therefore, by searching two databases, a systematic review was conducted in order to evaluate studies that specifically addressed the epidemiological MetS impact among overweight/obese European children and adolescents. Overall, 15 studies were considered. The epidemiological data concerning the MetS impact were contingent on the diagnostic criteria used and varied across countries, resulting in a prevalence range of 1.44% to 55.8%. Spanish studies were the most numerous (34%), revealing a country prevalence rate ranging from 2.5% to 19.6%. Males (prevalence range: 1.4–55.8%) and subjects with overweight/obesity (prevalence range: 12.9–55.8%) were mainly affected. Obesity emerged as the main risk factor in the MetS development and the consequent onset of cardiovascular complications and diabetes. Knowing the MetS burden and its risk factors could improve their prevention, detection, and treatment, and guide the development of targeted public health interventions to appropriately address the health needs of younger patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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13 pages, 1204 KiB

Open AccessReview

Standard vs. Nutrient-Enriched Cow’s Milk and Its Impacts on Child Growth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Darwish Mohd Isa, Raanita Krishnamoorthy and Hazreen Abdul Majid

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1124; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051124 - 23 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2206

Abstract

Stunting among children indicates malnutrition or undernutrition, hindering their growth and development. This will have negative effects on the overall health of children. This review investigates the effects of different types of cow’s milk and their impacts on children’s growth. A web-based search [...] Read more.

Stunting among children indicates malnutrition or undernutrition, hindering their growth and development. This will have negative effects on the overall health of children. This review investigates the effects of different types of cow’s milk and their impacts on children’s growth. A web-based search of Cochrane, Web of Science, SAGE, and Prospero was carried out using predetermined search/MESH phrases and keywords. The data extraction and analysis were carried out independently by two reviewers, who then double-checked, revised, and discussed any disagreements with a third reviewer. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria and were rated as good (N = 5) and fair quality (N = 3), which were included in the final analysis. The results illustrated that standard cow’s milk has more consistent findings than nutrient-enriched cow’s milk potentially in assisting children’s growth. However, studies on standard cow’s milk and child’s growth are still lacking for this age group. In addition, there are inconsistent findings between nutrient-enriched cow’s milk and children’s growth. It is crucial to ensure milk is included in children’s diets as per recommended nutrient intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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24 pages, 1105 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Status and Feeding Behavior of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Middle East and North Africa Region: A Systematic Review

by Monia Kittana, Asma Ahmadani, Keith E. Williams and Amita Attlee

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 711; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030711 - 30 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3761

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children is associated with increased risks of overweight/obesity and underweight, altered nutrient profile, and abnormal feeding behaviors. This systematic review aimed to elucidate the literature on the nutritional status of children with ASD in the Middle East North [...] Read more.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in children is associated with increased risks of overweight/obesity and underweight, altered nutrient profile, and abnormal feeding behaviors. This systematic review aimed to elucidate the literature on the nutritional status of children with ASD in the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region, by providing a summary and assessment of the body of evidence. A systematic review of English and Arabic publications up to November 2020 was conducted of five databases in addition to the grey literature, which include a nutrition-related parameter, from both experimental and observational study designs. Children with ASD (ASD-C) between 2 and 19 years in the MENA Region were the target population. For risk of bias, the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics’ Quality Criteria Checklist (QCC) was adopted. The number of published articles was grossly limited. Forty-three articles were included, of which only four articles reported a low risk of bias; therefore, the results were interpreted in light of methodological limitations. Both overweight and underweight were common in ASD-C, although not consistently different than typically developing children. Nutrient inadequacies of energy, protein, omega-3, and others; deficiencies in serum iron indicators and calcium, as well as vitamins B12, B9, and D levels; and higher levels of homocysteine and omega-6/omega-3 ratios were reported. Feeding behavior problems were also common in ASD-C. Understanding nutritional requirements and food preferences can guide the planning of the appropriate comprehensive interventions for ASD-C. Various nutritional and behavioral concerns were identified in the included studies; however, they were subject to methodological weaknesses, which limited the generalizability of these results. Future research is warranted that must be directed to finding strong evidence using robust study designs on nutritional status and feeding behaviors of ASD-C, with a particular emphasis on the MENA Region. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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10 pages, 1812 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unhealthy Lifestyles and Retinal Vessel Calibers among Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Dan-Lin Li, Miao Zhou, Chen-Wei Pan, Dan-Dan Chen and Meng-Jiao Liu

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010150 - 28 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2101

Abstract

The retinal vessel caliber (RVC) is an important biomarker of cardiovascular diseases, which can be semi-automatically measured by fundus photography. This review investigated the associations between the RVCs and the life styles of early life, such as physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), [...] Read more.

The retinal vessel caliber (RVC) is an important biomarker of cardiovascular diseases, which can be semi-automatically measured by fundus photography. This review investigated the associations between the RVCs and the life styles of early life, such as physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB), dietary and sleep, by summarizing the findings from studies on children and adolescents. Two databases (Medline and Embase) were searched from their inception to 30 June 2022. The selected studies were literatures on observational designs, fundus photographs, retinal vessels and lifestyles of children or adolescents. Correlation coefficients of unhealthy life styles and RVCs were transformed to Fisher’s z-scores, and the random-effects model was applied to pool data. A total of 18 observational studies were selected; the lifestyles accessed include 9 studies for PA and SB, 8 studies for dietary and 1 study for sleep. The meta-analysis on the correlation coefficients of regression models found the high level of SB (qualified by screen time, ST) was associated the narrower central retinal arteriolar equivalent (CRAE) among children (r = −0.043, 95% confidence intervals [CI] −0.078 to −0.009). By comparing the first and fourth quartiles of PA, the meta-analysis showed that more indoor PA was associated with smaller venular calibers and more outdoor PA was associated with wider CRAE (r = 0.88, 95%CI −3.33 to 0). Unhealthy lifestyles might be harmful on the retinal microcirculation among children and adolescents but their health effect seems not to be as significant as those in adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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12 pages, 976 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sleep Deprivation and Central Appetite Regulation

by Shuailing Liu, Xiya Wang, Qian Zheng, Lanyue Gao and Qi Sun

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5196; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245196 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6850

Abstract

Research shows that reduced sleep duration is related to an increased risk of obesity. The relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic diseases may be related to the imbalance of appetite regulation. To comprehensively illustrate the specific relationship [...] Read more.

Research shows that reduced sleep duration is related to an increased risk of obesity. The relationship between sleep deprivation and obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other chronic diseases may be related to the imbalance of appetite regulation. To comprehensively illustrate the specific relationship between sleep deprivation and appetite regulation, this review introduces the pathophysiology of sleep deprivation, the research cutting edge of animal models, and the central regulatory mechanism of appetite under sleep deprivation. This paper summarizes the changes in appetite-related hormones orexin, ghrelin, leptin, and insulin secretion caused by long-term sleep deprivation based on the epidemiology data and animal studies that have established sleep deprivation models. Moreover, this review analyzes the potential mechanism of associations between appetite regulation and sleep deprivation, providing more clues on further studies and new strategies to access obesity and metabolic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2023 Collection: Dietary, Lifestyle and Children Health)

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