Brain Sciences

22 pages, 3460 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bridging the Gap between Psychophysiological and Audiological Factors in the Assessment of Tinnitus: An EEG Investigation in the Beta Band

by Bianca Maria Serena Inguscio, Dario Rossi, Giovanna Giliberto, Alessia Vozzi, Gianluca Borghini, Fabio Babiloni, Antonio Greco, Giuseppe Attanasio and Giulia Cartocci

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060570 (registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024

Abstract

Background: Despite substantial progress in investigating its psychophysical complexity, tinnitus remains a scientific and clinical enigma. The present study, through an ecological and multidisciplinary approach, aims to identify associations between electroencephalographic (EEG) and psycho-audiological variables. Methods: EEG beta activity, often related to stress [...] Read more.

Background: Despite substantial progress in investigating its psychophysical complexity, tinnitus remains a scientific and clinical enigma. The present study, through an ecological and multidisciplinary approach, aims to identify associations between electroencephalographic (EEG) and psycho-audiological variables. Methods: EEG beta activity, often related to stress and anxiety, was acquired from 12 tinnitus patients (TIN group) and 7 controls (CONT group) during an audio cognitive task and at rest. We also investigated psychological (SCL-90-R; STAI-Y; BFI-10) and audiological (THI; TQ12-I; Hyperacusis) variables using non-parametric statistics to assess differences and relationships between and within groups. Results: In the TIN group, frontal beta activity positively correlated with hyperacusis, parietal activity, and trait anxiety; the latter is also associated with depression in CONT. Significant differences in paranoid ideation and openness were found between groups. Conclusions: The connection between anxiety trait, beta activity in the fronto-parietal cortices and hyperacusis provides insights into brain functioning in tinnitus patients, offering quantitative descriptions for clinicians and new multidisciplinary treatment hypotheses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Tinnitus and Hearing Disorders)

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13 pages, 771 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Androgen Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate Shows a Greater Relationship with Impulsivity than Testosterone in a Healthy Male Sample

by Anton Aluja, Ferran Balada, Óscar García, Neus Aymamí and Luis F. García

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 569; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060569 (registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study was designed to examine the relationships among the impulsivity construct as a personality trait, the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and testosterone in a sample of 120 healthy middle-aged males (M_age = 44.39; SD = 12.88). The sum of the three BIS-11 [...] Read more.

This study was designed to examine the relationships among the impulsivity construct as a personality trait, the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and testosterone in a sample of 120 healthy middle-aged males (M_age = 44.39; SD = 12.88). The sum of the three BIS-11 scales, the SR, and the five UPPS-P scales correlated with DHEA-S 0.23 (p < 0.006) and testosterone 0.19 (p < 0.04), controlling for age. Partial correlations showed that DHEA-S was significantly related to motor impulsivity (0.24; p < 0.008), Sensitivity to Reward (0.29; p < 0.002), Lack of Premeditation (0.26; p < 0.05), and, to a lesser extent, Sensation Seeking (0.19; p < 0.04) and Positive Urgency (0.19; p < 0.04). Testosterone correlated with attention impulsivity (0.18; p < 0.04), Sensation Seeking (0.18; p < 0.04), and Positive Urgency (0.22; p < 0.01). Sensitivity to Reward, Negative Urgency, and Positive Urgency were significant predictors of DHEA-S (R² = 0.28), and Positive Urgency for testosterone (R² = 0.09). Non-parametric LOESS graphical analyses for local regression allowed us to visualize the non-linear relationships between the impulsivity scales with the two androgens, including non-significant trends. We discuss the implications of these results for impulsive biological personality traits, the limitations of our analyses, and the possible development of future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unraveling the Neurobiology and Neuromodulation of Aggression and Violence)

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15 pages, 1079 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative–Qualitative Assessment of Dream Reports in Schizophrenia and Their Correlations with Illness Severity

by Gianluca Ficca, Oreste De Rosa, Davide Giangrande, Tommaso Mazzei, Salvatore Marzolo, Benedetta Albinni, Alessia Coppola, Alessio Lustro and Francesca Conte

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 568; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060568 (registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024

Abstract

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia have been proposed to be an intrusion of dreaming in wakefulness; conversely, psychotic patients’ abnormal cognitive and behavioral features could overflow into sleep, so that their dreams would differ from those of healthy people. Here we assess this hypothesis [...] Read more.

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia have been proposed to be an intrusion of dreaming in wakefulness; conversely, psychotic patients’ abnormal cognitive and behavioral features could overflow into sleep, so that their dreams would differ from those of healthy people. Here we assess this hypothesis by comparing dream features of 46 patients affected by schizophrenic spectrum disorders to those of 28 healthy controls. In patients, we also investigated correlations of dream variables with symptom severity and verbal fluency. Overall, patients reported fewer and shorter dreams, with a general impoverishment of content (including characters, settings, interactions) and higher spatiotemporal bizarreness. The number of emotions, mainly negative ones, was lower in patients’ reports and correlated inversely with symptom severity. Verbal fluency correlated positively with dream report length and negatively with perceptive bizarreness. In conclusion, our data show a significant impoverishment of dream reports in psychotic patients versus controls. Future research should investigate to what extent this profile of results depends on impaired verbal fluency or on impaired mechanisms of dream generation in this population. Moreover, in line with theories on the role of dreaming in emotion regulation, our data suggest that this function could be impaired in psychoses and related to symptom severity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dreaming and Sleep-Related Metacognitions)

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14 pages, 1958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Görsev Yener, İlayda Kıyı, Seren Düzenli-Öztürk and Deniz Yerlikaya

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060567 (registering DOI) - 3 Jun 2024

Abstract

Earlier research has suggested gender differences in event-related potentials/oscillations (ERPs/EROs). Yet, the alteration in event-related oscillations (EROs) in the delta and theta frequency bands have not been explored between genders across the three age groups of adulthood, i.e., 18–50, 51–65, and >65 years. [...] Read more.

Earlier research has suggested gender differences in event-related potentials/oscillations (ERPs/EROs). Yet, the alteration in event-related oscillations (EROs) in the delta and theta frequency bands have not been explored between genders across the three age groups of adulthood, i.e., 18–50, 51–65, and >65 years. Data from 155 healthy elderly participants who underwent a neurological examination, comprehensive neuropsychological assessment (including attention, memory, executive function, language, and visuospatial skills), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from past studies were used. The delta and theta ERO powers across the age groups and between genders were compared and correlational analyses among the ERO power, age, and neuropsychological tests were performed. The results indicated that females displayed higher theta ERO responses than males in the frontal, central, and parietal regions but not in the occipital location between 18 and 50 years of adulthood. The declining theta power of EROs in women reached that of men after the age of 50 while the theta ERO power was more stable across the age groups in men. Our results imply that the cohorts must be recruited at specified age ranges across genders, and clinical trials using neurophysiological biomarkers as an intervention endpoint should take gender into account in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan)

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12 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationships between Sensory Processing and Executive Functions in Children with Combined ASD and ADHD Compared to Typically Developing and Single Disorder Groups

by Zhi Huang, Fang Wang, Leran Xue, Huilin Zhu and Xiaobing Zou

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 566; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060566 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2024

Abstract

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasing, with a tendency for co-occurrence. Some studies indicate a connection between atypical sensory processing and executive function. This study aims to explore the distinctive etiology of executive function deficits in [...] Read more.

The prevalence of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasing, with a tendency for co-occurrence. Some studies indicate a connection between atypical sensory processing and executive function. This study aims to explore the distinctive etiology of executive function deficits in children with ASD+ADHD by investigating the relationship between sensory processing and executive function, comparing children with ASD, ASD+ADHD, ADHD, and typically developing children (TD). Method: Sensory Profile 2 (SP-2) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function 2 (BRIEF-2) were measured in 120 school-aged children. The results of the above scales were compared across these four groups, and correlation and regression analyses between BRIEF2 and SP2 were conducted. Results: Our research revealed varying levels of atypical sensory processing and executive function anomalies across the three neurodevelopmental disorder groups compared to the TD group. The ASD+ADHD group showed particularly significant differences. The heightened emotional problems observed in ASD+ADHD children may be associated with more prominent atypical sensory processing. Variance analysis of inhibitory function revealed differences between ASD+ADHD and ADHD children, suggesting distinct etiological mechanisms for attention issues between ASD+ADHD and ADHD. Conclusions: ASD+ADHD represents a phenotype distinct from both ASD and ADHD. Special consideration should be given to interventions for children with ASD+ADHD. The results of this study may offer a new perspective on understanding the occurrence of ASD+ADHD and potential individualized intervention methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensory and Motor Neuroscience)

17 pages, 7786 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Threshold Recurrence Rate Plot: A Novel Methodology for EEG Analysis in Alzheimer’s Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia

by Huang Zheng, Xingliang Xiong and Xuejun Zhang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 565; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060565 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2024

Abstract

This study introduces Multi-Threshold Recurrence Rate Plots (MTRRP), a novel methodology for analyzing dynamic patterns in complex systems, such as those influenced by neurodegenerative diseases in brain activity. MTRRP characterizes how recurrence rates evolve with increasing recurrence thresholds. A key innovation of our [...] Read more.

This study introduces Multi-Threshold Recurrence Rate Plots (MTRRP), a novel methodology for analyzing dynamic patterns in complex systems, such as those influenced by neurodegenerative diseases in brain activity. MTRRP characterizes how recurrence rates evolve with increasing recurrence thresholds. A key innovation of our approach, Recurrence Complexity, captures structural complexity by integrating local randomness and global structural features through the product of Recurrence Rate Gradient and Recurrence Hurst, both derived from MTRRP. We applied this technique to resting-state EEG data from patients diagnosed with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD), and age-matched healthy controls. The results revealed significantly higher recurrence complexity in the occipital areas of AD and FTD patients, particularly pronounced in the Alpha and Beta frequency bands. Furthermore, EEG features derived from MTRRP were evaluated using a Support Vector Machine with leave-one-out cross-validation, achieving a classification accuracy of 87.7%. These findings not only underscore the utility of MTRRP in detecting distinct neurophysiological patterns associated with neurodegenerative diseases but also highlight its broader applicability in time series analysis, providing a substantial tool for advancing medical diagnostics and research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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15 pages, 18420 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Spatiotemporal Expression of SOCS3 in the Brainstem and Spinal Cord of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Mice

by Ching-Yi Lin, Veronica Vanoverbeke, David Trent, Kathryn Willey and Yu-Shang Lee

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060564 - 31 May 2024

Abstract

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons from the brain and spinal cord. The excessive neuroinflammation is thought to be a common determinant of ALS. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) is pathologically upregulated after injury/diseases to negatively [...] Read more.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons from the brain and spinal cord. The excessive neuroinflammation is thought to be a common determinant of ALS. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3) is pathologically upregulated after injury/diseases to negatively regulate a broad range of cytokines/chemokines that mediate inflammation; however, the role that SOCS3 plays in ALS pathogenesis has not been explored. Here, we found that SOCS3 protein levels were significantly increased in the brainstem of the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1)-G93A ALS mice, which is negatively related to a progressive decline in motor function from the pre-symptomatic to the early symptomatic stage. Moreover, SOCS3 levels in both cervical and lumbar spinal cords of ALS mice were also significantly upregulated at the pre-symptomatic stage and became exacerbated at the early symptomatic stage. Concomitantly, astrocytes and microglia/macrophages were progressively increased and reactivated over time. In contrast, neurons were simultaneously lost in the brainstem and spinal cord examined over the course of disease progression. Collectively, SOCS3 was first found to be upregulated during ALS progression to directly relate to both increased astrogliosis and increased neuronal loss, indicating that SOCS3 could be explored to be as a potential therapeutic target of ALS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurobiology Research on Neurodegenerative Disorders)

20 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Depression Related to COVID-19, Coping, and Hopelessness in Sports Students

by Laura Rodica Giurgiu, Cosmin Damian, Anca Maria Sabău, Tudor Caciora and Floricica Mariana Călin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 563; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060563 - 31 May 2024

Abstract

This study aimed to explore the impact of the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and physical states of sports students from Romania and also to compare the differences according to gender and the type of sport. Initially, in [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore the impact of the first two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental and physical states of sports students from Romania and also to compare the differences according to gender and the type of sport. Initially, in order to collect demographic data and health reports, a cross-sectional survey was developed to evaluate the emotional needs of sports students during the pandemic. After the second wave, the coping strategies used by the participants to fight negative emotions were assessed using the CERQ questionnaire. The results indicate that depression symptoms are the most reported psychological issues among the participants and that there are differences according to gender concerning the cognitive schemas they use in order to reduce the symptoms. Also, it was found that there are differences, corresponding to the type of sport, in choosing adaptive coping mechanisms. Ultimately, it was confirmed that higher levels of hopelessness among sports students are associated with increased vulnerability to substance use, with the correlation between those two indicators being strong. Delving deeper into this relationship can help identify critical points for intervention to prevent substance abuse. At the same time, the dichotomic analysis of the results found as moderators—the gender and the type of sport in decreasing the severity of depression could be an important aspect of the next counseling interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of COVID-19 on Youth Mental Health)

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15 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neural Similarity and Synchrony among Friends

by Chao Ma and Yi Liu

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 562; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060562 - 30 May 2024

Abstract

Researchers have long recognized that friends tend to exhibit behaviors that are more similar to each other than to those of non-friends. In recent years, the concept of neural similarity or neural synchrony among friends has garnered significant attention. This body of research [...] Read more.

Researchers have long recognized that friends tend to exhibit behaviors that are more similar to each other than to those of non-friends. In recent years, the concept of neural similarity or neural synchrony among friends has garnered significant attention. This body of research bifurcates into two primary areas of focus: the specificity of neural similarity among friends (vs. non-friends) and the situational factors that influence neural synchrony among friends. This review synthesizes the complex findings to date, highlighting consistencies and identifying gaps in the current understanding. It aims to provide a coherent overview of the nuanced interplay between social relationships and neural processes, offering valuable insights for future investigations in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Cognition and Social Interaction from a Neuroscience Perspective)

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17 pages, 1466 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Face Feature Change Detection Ability in Developmental Prosopagnosia and Super-Recognisers

by Jodie Davies-Thompson, Daniel Morgan, Josh P Davis and John R. Towler

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 561; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060561 - 30 May 2024

Viewed by 47

Abstract

In non-clinical populations, facial features (eyes, nose, mouth) may vary in their contribution to face identity perception. Changes to whole faces are easier to detect than changes to individual features, and eye changes are typically easier to detect than mouth changes, which in [...] Read more.

In non-clinical populations, facial features (eyes, nose, mouth) may vary in their contribution to face identity perception. Changes to whole faces are easier to detect than changes to individual features, and eye changes are typically easier to detect than mouth changes, which in turn are easier to detect than nose changes. However, how this differs for people with face recognition difficulties (developmental prosopagnosia; DP) and for individuals with superior face recognition abilities (super-recognisers; SR) is not clear; although findings from previous studies have suggested differences, the nature of this difference is not understood. The aim of this study was to examine whether differences in the ability to detect feature changes in DPs and SRs were (a) quantitative, meaning that the pattern across feature changes remained the same but there was an overall upwards or downwards shift in performance, or (b) qualitative, meaning that the pattern across feature changes was different. Using a change detection task in which individual face features (eyes, nose, mouth) changed between sequentially presented faces, we found that while prosopagnosics showed a quantitative difference in performance with a downwards shift across all conditions, super-recognisers only showed qualitative differences: they were better able to detect when the face was the same and were marginally (but not non-significantly) worse at detecting when the eyes changed. Further, the only condition which distinguished between the three groups was the ability to identify when the same face was presented, with SRs being better than controls, and controls being better than DPs. Our findings suggest that, in feature-matching tasks, differences for DPs are due to them being overall worse at the task, while SRs use a qualitatively different strategy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insights into Developmental Prosopagnosia)

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20 pages, 1929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Socioeconomic Inequalities Affect Brain Responses of Infants Growing Up in Germany

by Annika Susann Wienke and Birgit Mathes

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 560; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060560 - 30 May 2024

Viewed by 76

Abstract

Developmental changes in functional neural networks are sensitive to environmental influences. This EEG study investigated how infant brain responses relate to the social context that their families live in. Event-related potentials of 255 healthy, awake infants between six and fourteen months were measured [...] Read more.

Developmental changes in functional neural networks are sensitive to environmental influences. This EEG study investigated how infant brain responses relate to the social context that their families live in. Event-related potentials of 255 healthy, awake infants between six and fourteen months were measured during a passive auditory oddball paradigm. Infants were presented with 200 standard tones and 48 randomly distributed deviants. All infants are part of a longitudinal study focusing on families with socioeconomic and/or cultural challenges (Bremen Initiative to Foster Early Childhood Development; BRISE; Germany). As part of their familial socioeconomic status (SES), parental level of education and infant’s migration background were assessed with questionnaires. For 30.6% of the infants both parents had a low level of education (≤10 years of schooling) and for 43.1% of the infants at least one parent was born abroad. The N2–P3a complex is associated with unintentional directing of attention to deviant stimuli and was analysed in frontocentral brain regions. Age was utilised as a control variable. Our results show that tone deviations in infants trigger an immature N2–P3a complex. Contrary to studies with older children or adults, the N2 amplitude was more positive for deviants than for standards. This may be related to an immature superposition of the N2 with the P3a. For infants whose parents had no high-school degree and were born abroad, this tendency was increased, indicating that facing multiple challenges as a young family impacts on the infant’s early neural development. As such, attending to unexpected stimulus changes may be important for early learning processes. Variations of the infant N2–P3a complex may, thus, relate to early changes in attentional capacity and learning experiences due to familial challenges. This points towards the importance of early prevention programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan)

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25 pages, 4342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Analysis of the Novel Conditional Deep Convolutional Neural Network Model, Using Conditional Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network-Generated Synthetic and Augmented Brain Tumor Datasets for Image Classification

by Efe Precious Onakpojeruo, Mubarak Taiwo Mustapha, Dilber Uzun Ozsahin and Ilker Ozsahin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 559; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060559 - 30 May 2024

Abstract

Disease prediction is greatly challenged by the scarcity of datasets and privacy concerns associated with real medical data. An approach that stands out to circumvent this hurdle is the use of synthetic data generated using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). GANs can increase data [...] Read more.

Disease prediction is greatly challenged by the scarcity of datasets and privacy concerns associated with real medical data. An approach that stands out to circumvent this hurdle is the use of synthetic data generated using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). GANs can increase data volume while generating synthetic datasets that have no direct link to personal information. This study pioneers the use of GANs to create synthetic datasets and datasets augmented using traditional augmentation techniques for our binary classification task. The primary aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of our novel Conditional Deep Convolutional Neural Network (C-DCNN) model in classifying brain tumors by leveraging these augmented and synthetic datasets. We utilized advanced GAN models, including Conditional Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN), to produce synthetic data that retained essential characteristics of the original datasets while ensuring privacy protection. Our C-DCNN model was trained on both augmented and synthetic datasets, and its performance was benchmarked against state-of-the-art models such as ResNet50, VGG16, VGG19, and InceptionV3. The evaluation metrics demonstrated that our C-DCNN model achieved accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores of 99% on both synthetic and augmented images, outperforming the comparative models. The findings of this study highlight the potential of using GAN-generated synthetic data in enhancing the training of machine learning models for medical image classification, particularly in scenarios with limited data available. This approach not only improves model accuracy but also addresses privacy concerns, making it a viable solution for real-world clinical applications in disease prediction and diagnosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuro-oncology)

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25 pages, 1281 KiB

Open AccessReview

Role of Glial Cells in Neuronal Function, Mood Disorders, and Drug Addiction

by Yousef Tizabi, Bruk Getachew, Sheketha R. Hauser, Vassiliy Tsytsarev, Alex C. Manhães and Victor Diogenes Amaral da Silva

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 558; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060558 - 30 May 2024

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Abstract

Mood disorders and substance use disorder (SUD) are of immense medical and social concern. Although significant progress on neuronal involvement in mood and reward circuitries has been achieved, it is only relatively recently that the role of glia in these disorders has attracted [...] Read more.

Mood disorders and substance use disorder (SUD) are of immense medical and social concern. Although significant progress on neuronal involvement in mood and reward circuitries has been achieved, it is only relatively recently that the role of glia in these disorders has attracted attention. Detailed understanding of the glial functions in these devastating diseases could offer novel interventions. Here, following a brief review of circuitries involved in mood regulation and reward perception, the specific contributions of neurotrophic factors, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota to these diseases are highlighted. In this context, the role of specific glial cells (e.g., microglia, astroglia, oligodendrocytes, and synantocytes) on phenotypic manifestation of mood disorders or SUD are emphasized. In addition, use of this knowledge in the potential development of novel therapeutics is touched upon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glial Mechanisms in Psychiatric Disorders Focusing on Drug Addiction, Anxiety and Depression)

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13 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of Electroencephalogram-Assessed Bandwidth Power in Response to Hypnotic Analgesia

by Mark P. Jensen and Tyler D. Barrett

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 557; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060557 - 30 May 2024

Viewed by 42

Abstract

Research supports the efficacy of therapeutic hypnosis for reducing acute and chronic pain. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these effects. This paper provides a review of the evidence regarding the role that electroencephalogram-assessed bandwidth power has in identifying who might [...] Read more.

Research supports the efficacy of therapeutic hypnosis for reducing acute and chronic pain. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying these effects. This paper provides a review of the evidence regarding the role that electroencephalogram-assessed bandwidth power has in identifying who might benefit the most from hypnotic analgesia and how these effects occur. Findings are discussed in terms of the slow wave hypothesis, which posits that brain activity in slower bandwidths (e.g., theta and alpha) can facilitate hypnosis responsivity. Although the extant research is limited by small sample sizes, the findings from this research are generally consistent with the slow wave hypothesis. More research, including and especially studies with larger sample sizes, is needed to confirm these preliminary positive findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brain Mechanism of Hypnosis)

16 pages, 1220 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term Therapeutic Effect of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulations of Sleep Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial (Pilot Study)

by Eman M. Khedr, Gellan K. Ahmed, Mohammad Ahmad Korayem, Sara Ahmed Salah Hussain Elamary, Maha M. El-kholy and Nourelhoda A. Haridy

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 556; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060556 - 30 May 2024

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of rTMS in treating sleep disorders in PD. It included 24 patients with PD who had sleep disorders. Group allocations (active or sham with a ratio of 2:1) were placed in serially numbered closed envelopes. Each [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of rTMS in treating sleep disorders in PD. It included 24 patients with PD who had sleep disorders. Group allocations (active or sham with a ratio of 2:1) were placed in serially numbered closed envelopes. Each patient was evaluated with the following: MDS-UPDRS, Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and polysomnography (PSG) before and 10 days after the treatment sessions. Each session consisted of 10 trains, 20 Hz, 10 sec for each, over the parietal cortex (bilaterally). Scores of UPDRS, BDI, and PDSS improved significantly in the active group but not in the sham group. The PSG data showed that sleep onset and rapid eye movement (REM) latencies (min), REM duration, and time spent awake (both as %TST) were improved after rTMS in the active group compared with the sham group. The number of awakenings, the wake-after-sleep onset index, the arousal index, and periodic leg movements (PLMs) were all significantly reduced in the active group but not in the sham group. Ten sessions of 20 Hz rTMS over parietal cortexes improved sleep quality and PLMs in patients with PD. The improvement in PSG and PDSS were correlated with improvements in UPDRS and BDI scores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nerve Stimulation: Current Status and Future Directions)

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13 pages, 1954 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion on Neuromuscular Control of Knee

by Yuge Wu, Fanjun Qin and Xinyan Zheng

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 555; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060555 - 30 May 2024

Viewed by 157

Abstract

To date, most studies examined the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on neuromuscular control following exercise solely on measuring proprioception, no study explores changes in the brain and muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CWI following [...] Read more.

To date, most studies examined the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) on neuromuscular control following exercise solely on measuring proprioception, no study explores changes in the brain and muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CWI following exercise on knee neuromuscular control capacity, and physiological and perceptual responses. In a crossover control design, fifteen participants performed an exhaustion exercise. Subsequently, they underwent a 10 min recovery intervention, either in the form of passively seated rest (CON) or CWI at 15 °C. The knee proprioception, oxygenated cerebral hemoglobin concentrations (Δ[HbO]), and muscle activation during the proprioception test, physiological and perceptual responses were measured. CWI did not have a significant effect on proprioception at the post-intervention but attenuated the reductions in Δ[HbO] in the primary sensory cortex and posterior parietal cortex (p < 0.05). The root mean square of vastus medialis was higher in the CWI compared to the CON. CWI effectively reduced core temperature and mean skin temperature and improved the rating of perceived exertion and thermal sensation. These results indicated that 10 min of CWI at 15 °C post-exercise had no negative effect on the neuromuscular control of the knee joint but could improve subjective perception and decrease body temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neuromuscular and Movement Disorders)

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22 pages, 1217 KiB

Open AccessReview

Protein Kinase C (PKC) in Neurological Health: Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease and Chronic Alcohol Consumption

by Nishtha Singh, Shouvik Kumar Nandy, Anupam Jyoti, Juhi Saxena, Aditi Sharma, Arif Jamal Siddiqui and Lalit Sharma

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 554; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060554 - 29 May 2024

Viewed by 125

Abstract

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a diverse enzyme family crucial for cell signalling in various organs. Its dysregulation is linked to numerous diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological problems. In the brain, PKC plays pivotal roles in synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and [...] Read more.

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a diverse enzyme family crucial for cell signalling in various organs. Its dysregulation is linked to numerous diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurological problems. In the brain, PKC plays pivotal roles in synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, and neuronal survival. Specifically, PKC’s involvement in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) pathogenesis is of significant interest. The dysregulation of PKC signalling has been linked to neurological disorders, including AD. This review elucidates PKC’s pivotal role in neurological health, particularly its implications in AD pathogenesis and chronic alcohol addiction. AD, characterised by neurodegeneration, implicates PKC dysregulation in synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline. Conversely, chronic alcohol consumption elicits neural adaptations intertwined with PKC signalling, exacerbating addictive behaviours. By unravelling PKC’s involvement in these afflictions, potential therapeutic avenues emerge, offering promise for ameliorating their debilitating effects. This review navigates the complex interplay between PKC, AD pathology, and alcohol addiction, illuminating pathways for future neurotherapeutic interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Addiction and Neuroinflammation)

22 pages, 3262 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unraveling the Epigenetic Landscape: Insights into Parkinson’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Multiple Sclerosis

by Pierpaolo Di Martino, Valentina Marcozzi, Sandra Bibbò, Barbara Ghinassi, Angela Di Baldassarre, Giulia Gaggi and Andrea Di Credico

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 553; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060553 - 29 May 2024

Viewed by 187

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are examples of neurodegenerative movement disorders (NMDs), which are defined by a gradual loss of motor function that is frequently accompanied by cognitive decline. Although genetic abnormalities have long been acknowledged as [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are examples of neurodegenerative movement disorders (NMDs), which are defined by a gradual loss of motor function that is frequently accompanied by cognitive decline. Although genetic abnormalities have long been acknowledged as significant factors, new research indicates that epigenetic alterations are crucial for the initiation and development of disease. This review delves into the complex interactions that exist between the pathophysiology of NMDs and epigenetic mechanisms such DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. Here, we examine how these epigenetic changes could affect protein aggregation, neuroinflammation, and gene expression patterns, thereby influencing the viability and functionality of neurons. Through the clarification of the epigenetic terrain underpinning neurodegenerative movement disorders, this review seeks to enhance comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of the illness and augment the creation of innovative therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurodegenerative Diseases)

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13 pages, 1877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neonatal Physical Growth Predicts Electroencephalography Power in Rural South African Children

by Amanda R. Tarullo, Denise Evans, Lezanie Coetzee, Diana C. Lopera-Perez, Shaina P. Brady, Laurel J. Gabard-Durnam, Günther Fink, Davidson H. Hamer, Aisha K. Yousafzai and Peter C. Rockers

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060552 - 29 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 193

Abstract

Anthropometric measures at birth, indexing prenatal growth, are associated with later cognitive development. Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are at elevated risk for impaired prenatal and early postnatal growth and enduring cognitive deficits. However, the associations of neonatal physical growth with [...] Read more.

Anthropometric measures at birth, indexing prenatal growth, are associated with later cognitive development. Children in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) are at elevated risk for impaired prenatal and early postnatal growth and enduring cognitive deficits. However, the associations of neonatal physical growth with neural activity are not well-characterized in LMIC contexts, given the dearth of early childhood neuroimaging research in these settings. The current study examined birth length, weight, and head circumference as predictors of EEG relative power over the first three years of life in rural Limpopo Province, South Africa, controlling for postnatal growth and socioeconomic status (SES). A larger head circumference at birth predicted lower relative gamma power, lower right hemisphere relative beta power, and higher relative alpha and theta power. A greater birth length also predicted lower relative gamma power. There were interactions with timepoints such that the associations of birth head circumference and length with EEG power were most pronounced at the 7-month assessment and were attenuated at the 17- and 36-month assessments. The results identify birth head circumference and length as specific predictors of infant neural activity within an under-resourced context. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan)

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11 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Absence of Attentional Bias to Low-Calorie Food Stimuli in Restrictive Dieters: Differences in the Allocation of Attentional Resources to High-Calorie Foods

by Wu Jiang, Huan Zhang, Haoping Yang, Zonghao Zhang and Aijun Wang

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 551; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060551 - 29 May 2024

Viewed by 189

Abstract

Restrictive dieters are those who expect to achieve body shape and weight control through dieting. However, they often have difficulty suppressing the desire to consume food when confronted with it. It has been shown that when high- and low-calorie foods are presented together, [...] Read more.

Restrictive dieters are those who expect to achieve body shape and weight control through dieting. However, they often have difficulty suppressing the desire to consume food when confronted with it. It has been shown that when high- and low-calorie foods are presented together, the attention of restrictive eaters is preferentially directed to high-calorie foods. However, whether attentional bias occurs when low-calorie foods are present alone and whether the allocation of attentional resources is consistent with that for high-calorie foods has yet to be explored. The present study focused on the effects of high-/low-calorie foods on attentional bias in restrictive dieters. Seventy-eight participants were recruited to participate in the experiment via the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) scale, which is administered in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. The results revealed that failed restrictive dieters had the lowest percentage of correct answers at the lag2 level, indicating attentional bias. Failed restrictive dieters allocated more attentional resources to high-calorie foods than to low-calorie foods. Restrictive dieters showed no attentional bias when low-calorie foods were presented alone. The results suggest that low-calorie foods do not elicit an attentional bias in restrictive dieters and that the allocation of attentional resources is not consistent when compared to that for high-calorie foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Neuroscience)

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9 pages, 1379 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Stroke Caused by Vasculitis Induced by Periodontitis-Associated Oral Bacteria after Wisdom Teeth Extraction

by David Kiramira, Timo Uphaus, Ahmed Othman, Ralf Heermann, James Deschner and Lena Katharina Müller-Heupt

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 550; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060550 - 28 May 2024

Viewed by 221

Abstract

Invasive dental procedures, such as wisdom teeth removal, have been identified as potential triggers for vascular events due to the entry of oral bacteria into the bloodstream, leading to acute vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This study presents the case of a 27-year-old [...] Read more.

Invasive dental procedures, such as wisdom teeth removal, have been identified as potential triggers for vascular events due to the entry of oral bacteria into the bloodstream, leading to acute vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. This study presents the case of a 27-year-old healthy male who developed ischemic stroke resulting from bacteremia after undergoing wisdom teeth extraction. Initially, the patient experienced fever and malaise, which were followed by right-sided hemiplegia. Diagnostic imaging, including a CT scan, identified a subacute infarction in the posterior crus of the left internal capsule, and MRI findings indicated inflammatory changes in the masticatory muscles. Further investigations involving biopsies of the masticatory muscles, along with blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples, confirmed bacterial meningitis with associated vasculitis. Notably, oral bacteria linked to periodontitis, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerella forsythia, and Parvimonas micra, were found in the biopsies and microbiological analyses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case showing that bacteremia following dental procedures can lead to such severe neurological outcomes. This case underscores the importance of recognizing bacteremia-induced vasculitis in patients presenting with neurological symptoms post-dental procedures, emphasizing the broader implications of oral infections in such pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers of Vascular Changes in Neurological Diseases)

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16 pages, 585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two Sides of the Same Coin in Female Borderline Personality Disorder: Self-Reported Guilt and Shame and Their Neurofunctional Correlates

by Parpart Hella, Jakob Blass, Thomas Meindl, Janusch Blautzik, Michl Petra, Thomas Beblo, Rolf Engel, Maximilian Reiser, Peter Falkai, Hans-Juergen Moeller, Martin Driessen and Kristina Hennig-Fast

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 549; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060549 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 154

Abstract

Objective: Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) report to be especially prone to social emotions like shame and guilt. At the same time, these emotions seem to play an important role in BPD pathology. The present study aimed to deepen the knowledge about [...] Read more.

Objective: Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) report to be especially prone to social emotions like shame and guilt. At the same time, these emotions seem to play an important role in BPD pathology. The present study aimed to deepen the knowledge about the processes behind shame and guilt in patients with BPD. Methods: Twenty patients with BPD and twenty healthy controls (HCs) took part in an experiment that induced shame and guilt by imagining scenarios during scanning using functional brain imaging. Participants also filled out self-report questionnaires and took part in diagnostic interviews. Results: BPD patients reported more proneness to guilt but not to shame than the HCs. There was no difference in the self-reported intensity rating of experimentally induced emotions between the groups. Between-group contrast of neural signals in the shame condition revealed a stronger activation of cingulate and fusiform gyrus for the BPD patients compared to the controls, and a more pronounced activation in the lingual gyrus and cuneus for the HCs. In the guilt condition, activation in the caudate nucleus, the fusiform gyrus, and the posterior cingulate cortex was stronger in BPD patients, while HC showed stronger activations in cuneus, lingual gyrus, and fronto-temporal regions. Conclusions: Differences in the neuro-functional processes between BPD patients and HC were found, even though the two groups did not differ in their self-report of subjective proneness to guilt and emotional intensity of shame and guilt during the experiment. While the HCs may be engaged more by the emotional scenarios themselves, the BPD patients may be more occupied with cognitive regulatory and self-referential processing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Brain Imaging in Mental Illness)

17 pages, 670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Subjective Cognitive Impairment Can Be Detected from the Decline of Complex Cognition: Findings from the Examination of Remedes 4 Alzheimer’s (R4Alz) Structural Validity

by Eleni Poptsi, Despina Moraitou, Emmanouil Tsardoulias, Andreas L. Symeonidis and Magda Tsolaki

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 548; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060548 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 221

Abstract

R4Alz is utilized for the early detection of minor neurocognitive disorders. It was designed to assess three main dimensions of cognitive-control abilities: working-memory capacity, attentional control, and executive functioning. Objectives: To reveal the cognitive-control dimensions that can differentiate between adults and older [...] Read more.

R4Alz is utilized for the early detection of minor neurocognitive disorders. It was designed to assess three main dimensions of cognitive-control abilities: working-memory capacity, attentional control, and executive functioning. Objectives: To reveal the cognitive-control dimensions that can differentiate between adults and older adults with healthy cognition, people with subjective cognitive impairment, and people diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment by examining the factorial structure of the R4Alz tool. Methods: The study comprised 404 participants: (a) healthy adults (n = 192), (b) healthy older adults (n = 29), (c) people with SCI (n = 74), and (d) people diagnosed with MCI (n = 109). The R4Alz battery was administered to all participants, including tests that assess short-term memory storage, information processing, information updating in working memory, and selective, sustained and divided attention), task/rule-switching, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility. Results: A two-factorial structural model was confirmed for R4Alz, with the first factor representing “fluid intelligence (FI)” and the second factor reflecting “executive functions (EF)”. Both FI and EFs discriminate among all groups. Conclusions: The R4Alz battery presents sound construct validity, evaluating abilities in FI and EF. Both abilities can differentiate very early cognitive impairment (SCI) from healthy cognitive aging and MCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ageing and Geriatric Neuropsychology: Assessment and Intervention)

17 pages, 2309 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Cost 3D Models for Cervical Spine Tumor Removal Training for Neurosurgery Residents

by Albert Sufianov, Carlos Salvador Ovalle, Omar Cruz, Javier Contreras, Emir Begagić, Siddarth Kannan, Andreina Rosario Rosario, Gennady Chmutin, Garifullina Nargiza Askatovna, Jesus Lafuente, Jose Soriano Sanchez, Renat Nurmukhametov, Manuel Eduardo Soto García, Nikolay Peev, Mirza Pojskić, Gervith Reyes-Soto, Ismail Bozkurt and Manuel De Jesus Encarnación Ramírez

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 547; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060547 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 250

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Spinal surgery, particularly for cervical pathologies such as myelopathy and radiculopathy, requires a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skill. The complexity of these conditions, often necessitating surgical intervention, underscores the need for intricate understanding and precision in execution. Advancements [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Spinal surgery, particularly for cervical pathologies such as myelopathy and radiculopathy, requires a blend of theoretical knowledge and practical skill. The complexity of these conditions, often necessitating surgical intervention, underscores the need for intricate understanding and precision in execution. Advancements in neurosurgical training, especially with the use of low-cost 3D models for simulating cervical spine tumor removal, are revolutionizing this field. These models provide the realistic and hands-on experience crucial for mastering complex neurosurgical techniques, filling gaps left by traditional educational methods. Materials and Methods: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of 3D-printed cervical vertebrae models in enhancing surgical skills, focusing on tumor removal, and involving 20 young neurosurgery residents. These models, featuring silicone materials to simulate the spinal cord and tumor tissues, provided a realistic training experience. The training protocol included a laminectomy, dural incision, and tumor resection, using a range of microsurgical tools, focusing on steps usually performed by senior surgeons. Results: The training program received high satisfaction rates, with 85% of participants extremely satisfied and 15% satisfied. The 3D models were deemed very realistic by 85% of participants, effectively replicating real-life scenarios. A total of 80% found that the simulated pathologies were varied and accurate, and 90% appreciated the models’ accurate tactile feedback. The training was extremely useful for 85% of the participants in developing surgical skills, with significant post-training confidence boosts and a strong willingness to recommend the program to peers. Conclusions: Continuing laboratory training for residents is crucial. Our model offers essential, accessible training for all hospitals, regardless of their resources, promising improved surgical quality and patient outcomes across various pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends and Technologies in Modern Neurosurgery)

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15 pages, 1501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of an Artificial Intelligence Video Analysis-Based Web Application to Diagnose Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Pilot Study

by Chang-Won Jeong, Chung-Sub Lee, Dong-Wook Lim, Si-Hyeong Noh, Hee-Kyung Moon, Chul Park and Min-Su Kim

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 546; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060546 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 202

Abstract

The gold standard test for diagnosing dysphagia is the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). However, the accuracy of this test varies depending on the specialist’s skill level. We proposed a VFSS-based artificial intelligence (AI) web application to diagnose dysphagia. Video from the VFSS consists [...] Read more.

The gold standard test for diagnosing dysphagia is the videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS). However, the accuracy of this test varies depending on the specialist’s skill level. We proposed a VFSS-based artificial intelligence (AI) web application to diagnose dysphagia. Video from the VFSS consists of multiframe data that contain approximately 300 images. To label the data, the server separated them into frames during the upload and stored them as a video for analysis. Then, the separated data were loaded into a labeling tool to perform the labeling. The labeled file was downloaded, and an AI model was developed by training with You Only Look Once (YOLOv7). Using a utility called SplitFolders, the entire dataset was divided according to a ratio of training (70%), test (10%), and validation (20%). When a VFSS video file was uploaded to an application equipped with the developed AI model, it was automatically classified and labeled as oral, pharyngeal, or esophageal. The dysphagia of a person was categorized as either penetration or aspiration, and the final analyzed result was displayed to the viewer. The following labeling datasets were created for the AI learning: oral (n = 2355), pharyngeal (n = 2338), esophageal (n = 1480), penetration (n = 1856), and aspiration (n = 1320); the learning results of the YOLO model, which analyzed dysphagia using the dataset, were predicted with accuracies of 0.90, 0.82, 0.79, 0.92, and 0.96, respectively. This is expected to help clinicians more efficiently suggest the proper dietary options for patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stroke and Acute Stroke Care: Looking Ahead)

25 pages, 4494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An In Vivo and In Silico Approach Reveals Possible Sodium Channel Nav1.2 Inhibitors from Ficus religiosa as a Novel Treatment for Epilepsy

by Aqsa Ashraf, Abrar Ahmed, André H. Juffer and Wayne G. Carter

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 545; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060545 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 337

Abstract

Epilepsy is a neurological disease that affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Despite an existing abundance of antiepileptic drugs, lifelong disease treatment is often required but could be improved with alternative drugs that have fewer side effects. Given that epileptic seizures stem from [...] Read more.

Epilepsy is a neurological disease that affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Despite an existing abundance of antiepileptic drugs, lifelong disease treatment is often required but could be improved with alternative drugs that have fewer side effects. Given that epileptic seizures stem from abnormal neuronal discharges predominately modulated by the human sodium channel Nav1.2, the quest for novel and potent Nav1.2 blockers holds promise for epilepsy management. Herein, an in vivo approach was used to detect new antiepileptic compounds using the maximum electroshock test on mice. Pre-treatment of mice with extracts from the Ficus religiosa plant ameliorated the tonic hind limb extensor phase of induced convulsions. Subsequently, an in silico approach identified potential Nav1.2 blocking compounds from F. religiosa using a combination of computational techniques, including molecular docking, prime molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area (MM/GBSA) analysis, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies. The molecular docking and MM/GBSA analysis indicated that out of 82 compounds known to be present in F. religiosa, seven exhibited relatively strong binding affinities to Nav1.2 that ranged from −6.555 to −13.476 kcal/mol; similar or with higher affinity than phenytoin (−6.660 kcal/mol), a known Na⁺-channel blocking antiepileptic drug. Furthermore, MD simulations revealed that two compounds: 6-C-glucosyl-8-C-arabinosyl apigenin and pelargonidin-3-rhamnoside could form stable complexes with Nav1.2 at 300 K, indicating their potential as lead antiepileptic agents. In summary, the combination of in vivo and in silico approaches supports the potential of F. religiosa phytochemicals as natural antiepileptic therapeutic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience)

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13 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sound-Evoked Neural Activity in Normal-Hearing Tinnitus: Effects of Frequency and Stimulated Ear Side

by Shahin Safazadeh, Marc Thioux, Remco J. Renken and Pim van Dijk

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 544; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060544 - 27 May 2024

Viewed by 284

Abstract

Tinnitus is a common phantom auditory percept believed to be related to plastic changes in the brain due to hearing loss. However, tinnitus can also occur in the absence of any clinical hearing loss. In this case, since there is no hearing loss, [...] Read more.

Tinnitus is a common phantom auditory percept believed to be related to plastic changes in the brain due to hearing loss. However, tinnitus can also occur in the absence of any clinical hearing loss. In this case, since there is no hearing loss, the mechanisms that drive plastic changes remain largely enigmatic. Previous studies showed subtle differences in sound-evoked brain activity associated with tinnitus in subjects with tinnitus and otherwise normal hearing, but the results are not consistent across studies. Here, we aimed to investigate these differences using monaural rather than binaural stimuli. Sound-evoked responses were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in participants with and without tinnitus. All participants had clinically normal audiograms. The stimuli were pure tones with frequencies between 353 and 8000 Hz, presented monaurally. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the response in the auditory cortex revealed no difference in tonotopic organization, which confirmed earlier studies. A GLM analysis showed hyperactivity in the lateral areas of the bilateral auditory cortex. Consistent with the tonotopic map, this hyperactivity mainly occurred in response to low stimulus frequencies. This may be related to hyperacusis. Furthermore, there was an interaction between stimulation side and tinnitus in the parahippocampus. This may reflect an interference between tinnitus and spatial orientation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Central Aspects of Tinnitus: Advances in Mechanisms and Neuromodulation)

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29 pages, 883 KiB

Open AccessReview

Are There Biological Correlates of Response to Yoga-Based Interventions in Depression? A Critical Scoping Review

by Ravi Philip Rajkumar

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 543; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060543 - 25 May 2024

Viewed by 281

Abstract

Depression is the most common mental disorder worldwide. Both antidepressants and psychotherapy are effective in treating depression, but the response to these treatments is often incomplete. Yoga-based interventions (YBIs) have been advocated by some researchers as a promising form of alternative treatment for [...] Read more.

Depression is the most common mental disorder worldwide. Both antidepressants and psychotherapy are effective in treating depression, but the response to these treatments is often incomplete. Yoga-based interventions (YBIs) have been advocated by some researchers as a promising form of alternative treatment for depression. Recent research has attempted to identify the biological mechanisms associated with the antidepressant actions of YBIs. In this scoping review, conducted according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, the PubMed and Scopus databases were searched to retrieve research on biomarkers of response to YBIs in patients with depression. These studies were also critically reviewed to evaluate their methodological quality and any sources of bias. Nineteen studies were included in the review. Based on these studies, there is preliminary evidence that YBIs may be associated with increased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and reduced serum cortisol and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in patients with depression. However, many of these changes were also observed in the control arms, and the overall quality of the research was low. At present, it cannot be concluded that there are reliable biomarkers of response to YBIs in depression, though there are some potential biological correlates. Further advances in this field will depend critically on improvements in study design, particularly the minimization of sources of bias and the selection of more specific and sensitive biomarkers based on existing evidence from other treatment modalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Advantages of Combining Therapies in Treating Psychiatric Patients)

16 pages, 678 KiB

Open AccessReview

Does Body Memory Exist? A Review of Models, Approaches and Recent Findings Useful for Neurorehabilitation

by Chiara Parma, Federica Doria, Aida Zulueta, Marilisa Boscarino, Luca Giani, Christian Lunetta, Eugenio Agostino Parati, Mario Picozzi and Davide Sattin

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 542; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060542 - 25 May 2024

Viewed by 303

Abstract

Over the past twenty years, scientific research on body representations has grown significantly, with Body Memory (BM) emerging as a prominent area of interest in neurorehabilitation. Compared to other body representations, BM stands out as one of the most obscure due to the [...] Read more.

Over the past twenty years, scientific research on body representations has grown significantly, with Body Memory (BM) emerging as a prominent area of interest in neurorehabilitation. Compared to other body representations, BM stands out as one of the most obscure due to the multifaceted nature of the concept of “memory” itself, which includes various aspects (such as implicit vs. explicit, conscious vs. unconscious). The concept of body memory originates from the field of phenomenology and has been developed by research groups studying embodied cognition. In this narrative review, we aim to present compelling evidence from recent studies that explore various definitions and explanatory models of BM. Additionally, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the empirical settings used to examine BM. The results can be categorized into two main areas: (i) how the body influences our memories, and (ii) how memories, in their broadest sense, could generate and/or influence metarepresentations—the ability to reflect on or make inferences about one’s own cognitive representations or those of others. We present studies that emphasize the significance of BM in experimental settings involving patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders, ultimately analyzing these findings from an ontogenic perspective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Neurorehabilitation)

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18 pages, 5084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of Global-Level Categorization: Frequency Tagging EEG Responses

by Stefanie Peykarjou, Stefanie Hoehl and Sabina Pauen

Brain Sci. 2024, 14(6), 541; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14060541 - 24 May 2024

Viewed by 296

Abstract

Adults and infants form abstract categories of visual objects, but little is known about the development of global categorization. This study aims to characterize the development of very fast global categorization (living and non-living objects) and to determine whether and how low-level stimulus [...] Read more.

Adults and infants form abstract categories of visual objects, but little is known about the development of global categorization. This study aims to characterize the development of very fast global categorization (living and non-living objects) and to determine whether and how low-level stimulus characteristics contribute to this response. Frequency tagging was used to characterize the development of global-level categorization in N = 69 infants (4, 7, 11 months), N = 22 children (5–6 years old), and N = 20 young adults. Images were presented in an oddball paradigm, with a category change at every fifth position (AAAABAAAABA…). Strong and significant high-level categorization was observed in all age groups, with reduced responses for phase-scrambled control sequences (R² = 0.34–0.73). No differences between the categorization of living and non-living targets were observed. These data demonstrate high-level visual categorization as living and non-living from four months to adulthood, providing converging evidence that humans are highly sensitive to broad categorical information from infancy onward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Brain Responses and Functional Brain Networks across the Lifespan)

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Brain Sci., Volume 14, Issue 6 (June 2024) – 52 articles

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