Polymers

20 pages, 8758 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visual, Non-Destructive, and Destructive Investigations of Polyethylene Pipes with Inhomogeneous Carbon Black Distribution for Assessing Degradation of Structural Integrity

by Taesik Kim, Suleyman Deveci, Inmo Yang, Bob Stakenborghs and Sunwoong Choi

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1067; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051067 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2427

Abstract

Carbon black (CB) is used in polyethylene (PE) pipes to protect against thermal and photooxidation. However, when CB is not properly dispersed in the PE matrix during processing, white regions having little or no CB concentration, known as “windows,” appear within the CB/PE [...] Read more.

Carbon black (CB) is used in polyethylene (PE) pipes to protect against thermal and photooxidation. However, when CB is not properly dispersed in the PE matrix during processing, white regions having little or no CB concentration, known as “windows,” appear within the CB/PE mixed black compound. In some cases, windows can drastically affect the structural integrity of both the pipe and butt fusion joint. In this work, PE pipes with varying amounts of windows were investigated for their characteristic window patterns, as well as quantifying the area fraction of windows (% windows). Tensile test on specimens with known % windows determined a critical limit above which the fracture strain rapidly degrades. Micro-tensile and micro-indentation results showed tear initiation at the window–black PE matrix boundary; however, they did not confirm the mechanism of tear initiation. In support of this work, a method of making thin shavings of a whole pipe cross section was developed, and the best viewing windows under cross-polarized monochromatic light were identified. In addition, a phased array ultrasonic test (PAUT) and microwave imaging (MWI) were directly applied to the pipe and confirmed the presence and patterns of the windows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical and Fracture Behavior of Polymers and Composites)

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27 pages, 11097 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Low-Cost Filament Winding Technology for University Laboratories and Startups

by Artem Andrianov, Erika Kamada Tomita, Carlos Alberto Gurgel Veras and Bruno Telles

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1066; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051066 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5092

Abstract

This paper systematically explains the methodology and results of empirical work on the development of a low-cost filament winding technology for manufacturing axisymmetric polymer composite structures with a high length-to-diameter ratio, such as tubes, motor casings, and pressure vessels. The principal objective was [...] Read more.

This paper systematically explains the methodology and results of empirical work on the development of a low-cost filament winding technology for manufacturing axisymmetric polymer composite structures with a high length-to-diameter ratio, such as tubes, motor casings, and pressure vessels. The principal objective was to examine the experiences and most optimal practices in the development of computer-controlled equipment and auxiliary tooling for the wet filament-winding process. To preclude expensive commercial software for the automated control of a winding machine, analytical equations were derived for the winding trajectory of a four-axis filament-winding machine. The feasibility of the proposed equations was successfully validated by laying the fiber along the geodesic path marked on the surface of a cylindrical mandrel with hemispherical ends. Moreover, the carbon/epoxy cylindrical casings with hemispherical ends and port openings of the same diameter were wound to determine the thickness distribution in the hemispherical dome. The fiber volume ratio in the wound composite parts was evaluated using an optical technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composite Materials: Processing, Modeling, Properties and Applications)

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22 pages, 1007 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comparison of Protein Content, Availability, and Different Properties of Plant Protein Sources with Their Application in Packaging

by Anupriya Senthilkumaran, Amin Babaei-Ghazvini, Michael T. Nickerson and Bishnu Acharya

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051065 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5297

Abstract

Plant-based proteins are considered to be one of the most promising biodegradable polymers for green packaging materials. Despite this, the practical application of the proteins in the packaging industry on a large scale has yet to be achieved. In the following review, most [...] Read more.

Plant-based proteins are considered to be one of the most promising biodegradable polymers for green packaging materials. Despite this, the practical application of the proteins in the packaging industry on a large scale has yet to be achieved. In the following review, most of the data about plant protein-based packaging materials are presented in two parts. Firstly, the crude protein content of oilseed cakes and meals, cereals, legumes, vegetable waste, fruit waste, and cover crops are indexed, along with the top global producers. In the second part, we present the different production techniques (casting, extrusion, and molding), as well as compositional parameters for the production of bioplastics from the best protein sources including sesame, mung, lentil, pea, soy, peanut, rapeseed, wheat, corn, amaranth, sunflower, rice, sorghum, and cottonseed. The inclusion of these protein sources in packaging applications is also evaluated based on their various properties such as barrier, thermal, and mechanical properties, solubility, surface hydrophobicity, water uptake capacity, and advantages. Having this information could assist the readers in exercising judgement regarding the right source when approving the applications of these proteins as biodegradable packaging material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Bioplastics)

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13 pages, 56728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Konjac Glucomannan Induced Retarding Effects on the Early Hydration of Cement

by Yushan Chen, Pengfei Tang, Chen Zhong, Laibao Liu, Yunsheng Zhang, Youhong Tang and Hongping Zhang

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1064; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051064 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1913

Abstract

Customarily, retarders serve as the setting time regulators of cement-based composites to meet the demands of various construction environments. However, the limited ability to adjust the setting time restricts the application of polysaccharides in special environments. In this study, we reported a naturally [...] Read more.

Customarily, retarders serve as the setting time regulators of cement-based composites to meet the demands of various construction environments. However, the limited ability to adjust the setting time restricts the application of polysaccharides in special environments. In this study, we reported a naturally high-efficiency retarder, konjac glucomannan (KGM), and studied the mechanism of its effect on the hydration of ordinary Portland cement. Incorporating KGM could significantly prolong cement hydration without strength damage. Furthermore, the active hydroxyl group (−OH, rich in KGM) could chelate with Ca²⁺ (released from cement hydration) to form a cross-linking network, which is adsorbed on the surface of cement clinker, thereby being conducive to delaying the process of cement hydration and reducing the heat of hydration. The findings of this study are critical to the ongoing efforts to develop polysaccharide-cement-based composite materials for application in various special environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)

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11 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Birefringence of Thin Uniaxial Polymer Films Estimated Using the Light Polarization Ellipse

by Mihai Postolache, Dan Gheorghe Dimitriu, Cristina Delia Nechifor, Simona Condurache Bota, Valentina Closca and Dana Ortansa Dorohoi

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1063; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051063 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2329

Abstract

A simple method for determining the linear birefringence of the thin layers based on the determination of the orientation of the polarization ellipse of totally polarized light is proposed and it is applied to PVA thin foils. Theoretical notions and the experimental procedure [...] Read more.

A simple method for determining the linear birefringence of the thin layers based on the determination of the orientation of the polarization ellipse of totally polarized light is proposed and it is applied to PVA thin foils. Theoretical notions and the experimental procedure are described. The linear birefringence of polymer thin foils with different degrees of stretching is determined and the applicability of the method is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectroelectrochemistry of Electroactive Polymer Materials)

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14 pages, 4908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Compression Performance and Deformation Behavior of 3D-Printed PLA-Based Lattice Structures

by Dongxue Qin, Lin Sang, Zihui Zhang, Shengyuan Lai and Yiping Zhao

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1062; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051062 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4212

Abstract

The aim of this study is to fabricate biodegradable PLA-based composite filaments for 3D printing to manufacture bear-loading lattice structures. First, CaCO₃ and TCP as inorganic fillers were incorporated into a PLA matrix to fabricate a series of composite filaments. The material [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is to fabricate biodegradable PLA-based composite filaments for 3D printing to manufacture bear-loading lattice structures. First, CaCO₃ and TCP as inorganic fillers were incorporated into a PLA matrix to fabricate a series of composite filaments. The material compositions, mechanical properties, and rheology behavior of the PLA/CaCO₃ and PLA/TCP filaments were evaluated. Then, two lattice structures, cubic and Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces-Diamond (TPMS-D), were geometrically designed and 3D-printed into fine samples. The axial compression results indicated that the addition of CaCO₃ and TCP effectively enhances the compressive modulus and strength of lattice structures. In particular, the TPMS-D structure showed superior load-carrying capacity and specific energy absorption compared to those of its cubic counterparts. Furthermore, the deformation behavior of these two lattice structures was examined by image recording during compression and computed tomography (CT) scanning of samples after compression. It was observed that pore structure could be well held in TPMS-D, while that in cubic structure was destroyed due to the fracture of vertical struts. Therefore, this paper highlights promising 3D-printed biodegradable lattice structures with excellent energy-absorption capacity and high structural stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymeric Materials as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering)

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12 pages, 8107 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adulterant Detection in Peppermint Oil by Means of Holographic Photopolymers Based on Composite Materials with Liquid Crystal

by Wafaa Miloua, Manuel Ortuño, Víctor Navarro-Fuster, Augusto Beléndez and Inmaculada Pascual

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1061; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051061 - 07 Mar 2022

Viewed by 3365

Abstract

Diffraction gratings are recorded in a holographic photopolymer containing nematic liquid crystal and peppermint oil. The presence of the oil modifies the polymerization and the holographic response. The composite containing oil adulterated with triethyl citrate obtains a diffraction efficiency related to the oil’s [...] Read more.

Diffraction gratings are recorded in a holographic photopolymer containing nematic liquid crystal and peppermint oil. The presence of the oil modifies the polymerization and the holographic response. The composite containing oil adulterated with triethyl citrate obtains a diffraction efficiency related to the oil’s purity. The results obtained suggest the possibility of developing a holographic chemical analysis method for quality control of raw materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photopolymerization in Advanced Materials)

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30 pages, 16232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Velocity Impact Behavior of Foam Core Sandwich Panels with Inter-Ply and Intra-Ply Carbon/Kevlar/Epoxy Hybrid Face Sheets

by Stanley Samlal and R. Santhanakrishnan

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1060; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051060 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3050

Abstract

Sandwich composites are extensively employed in a variety of applications because their bending stiffness affords a greater advantage than composite materials. However, the aspect limiting the application of the sandwich material is its poor impact resistance. Therefore, understanding the impact properties of the [...] Read more.

Sandwich composites are extensively employed in a variety of applications because their bending stiffness affords a greater advantage than composite materials. However, the aspect limiting the application of the sandwich material is its poor impact resistance. Therefore, understanding the impact properties of the sandwich structure will determine the ways in which it can be used under the conditions of impact loading. Sandwich panels with different combinations of carbon/Kevlar woven monolithic face sheets, inter-ply face sheets and intra-ply face sheets were fabricated, using the vacuum-assisted resin transfer process. Instrumented low-velocity impact tests were performed using different energy levels of 5 J, 10 J, 20 J, 30 J and 40 J on a variety of samples and the results were assessed. The damage caused by the modes of failure in the sandwich structure include fiber breakage, matrix cracking, foam cracking and debonding. In sandwich panels with thin face sheets, the maximum peak load was achieved for the inter-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel in which Kevlar was present towards the outer surface and carbon in the inner surface of the face sheet. At an impact energy of 40 J, the maximum peak load for the inter-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel was 31.57% higher than for the sandwich structure in which carbon is towards the outer surface and Kevlar is in the inner surface of the face sheet. The intra-ply hybrid foam core sandwich panel subjected to 40 J impact energy demonstrated a 13.17% higher maximum peak load compared to the carbon monolithic face sheet sandwich panel. The experimental measurements and numerical predictions are in close agreement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Epoxy-Based Materials II)

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27 pages, 3958 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Halide Materials for Photovoltaics towards Their Commercialization

by Luke Jonathan, Lina Jaya Diguna, Omnia Samy, Muqoyyanah Muqoyyanah, Suriani Abu Bakar, Muhammad Danang Birowosuto and Amine El Moutaouakil

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051059 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 5312

Abstract

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite (HOIP) photovoltaics have emerged as a promising new technology for the next generation of photovoltaics since their first development 10 years ago, and show a high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 29.3%. The power-conversion efficiency of these perovskite photovoltaics depends [...] Read more.

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite (HOIP) photovoltaics have emerged as a promising new technology for the next generation of photovoltaics since their first development 10 years ago, and show a high-power conversion efficiency (PCE) of about 29.3%. The power-conversion efficiency of these perovskite photovoltaics depends on the base materials used in their development, and methylammonium lead iodide is generally used as the main component. Perovskite materials have been further explored to increase their efficiency, as they are cheaper and easier to fabricate than silicon photovoltaics, which will lead to better commercialization. Even with these advantages, perovskite photovoltaics have a few drawbacks, such as their stability when in contact with heat and humidity, which pales in comparison to the 25-year stability of silicon, even with improvements are made when exploring new materials. To expand the benefits and address the drawbacks of perovskite photovoltaics, perovskite–silicon tandem photovoltaics have been suggested as a solution in the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. This tandem photovoltaic results in an increased PCE value by presenting a better total absorption wavelength for both perovskite and silicon photovoltaics. In this work, we summarized the advances in HOIP photovoltaics in the contact of new material developments, enhanced device fabrication, and innovative approaches to the commercialization of large-scale devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Films for Photovoltaic Applications)

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16 pages, 5149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Properties and Dynamic Characteristics of Electrospun Polylactide/Natural Rubber Fibers during Disintegration in Soil

by Yulia V. Tertyshnaya, Svetlana G. Karpova, Maria V. Podzorova, Anatoliy V. Khvatov and Maksim N. Moskovskiy

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1058; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051058 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1986

Abstract

In this work, PLA/NR electrospun fibers were used as substrates for growing basil. Thermal characteristics of initial samples and after 60 and 220 days of degradation were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. In the process of disintegration, the melting and glass transition temperatures [...] Read more.

In this work, PLA/NR electrospun fibers were used as substrates for growing basil. Thermal characteristics of initial samples and after 60 and 220 days of degradation were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. In the process of disintegration, the melting and glass transition temperatures in PLA/NR composites decreased, and in PLA fibers these values increased slightly. TGA analysis in an argon environment confirmed the effect of NR on the thermal degradation of PLA/NR fibers. After exposure to the soil for 220 days, the beginning of degradation shifted to the low-temperature region. The dynamic characteristics of the fibers were determined by the EPR method. A decrease in the correlation time of the probe-radical in comparison with the initial samples was shown. FTIR spectroscopy was used to analyze the chemical structure before and after degradation in soil. In PLA/NR fibrous substrates, there was a decrease in the intensity of the bands corresponding to the PLA matrix and the appearance of N-H C-N groups due to biodegradation by soil microorganisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Electrospinning Fibers)

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20 pages, 7831 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Decomposition of Waste Rubber from the Shoe Industry by the Combination of Thermal Process and Mechanical Grinding

by Qiao Xiao, Changlin Cao, Liren Xiao, Longshan Bai, Huibin Cheng, Dandan Lei, Xiaoli Sun, Lingxing Zeng, Baoquan Huang, Qingrong Qian and Qinghua Chen

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051057 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2365

Abstract

A major challenge in waste rubber (WR) industry is achieving a high sol fraction and high molecular weight of recycled rubber at the same time. Herein, the WR from the shoe industry was thermo-mechanically ground via the torque rheometer. The effect of grinding [...] Read more.

A major challenge in waste rubber (WR) industry is achieving a high sol fraction and high molecular weight of recycled rubber at the same time. Herein, the WR from the shoe industry was thermo-mechanically ground via the torque rheometer. The effect of grinding temperature and filling rate were systematically investigated. The particle size distribution, structure evolution, and morphology of the recycled rubber were explored by laser particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), sol fraction analysis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicate that the thermo-mechanical method could reduce the particle size of WR. Moreover, the particle size distribution of WR after being ground can be described by Rosin’s equation. The oxidation reaction occurs during thermal-mechanical grinding. With the increase of the grinding temperature and filling rate, the sol fraction of the recycled WR increases. It is also found that a high sol fraction (43.7%) and high molecular weight (35,284 g/mol) of reclaimed rubber could be achieved at 80 °C with a filling rate of 85%. Moreover, the obtained recycled rubber compound with SBR show a similar vulcanization characteristics to pure SBR. Our selective decomposition of waste rubber strategy opens up a new way for upgrading WR in shoe industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Analysis and Characterization)

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21 pages, 2108 KiB

Open AccessReview

Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation for the Assessment of Polymer Layers and for the Application in Biosensing

by Ieva Plikusiene, Vincentas Maciulis, Arunas Ramanavicius and Almira Ramanaviciene

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1056; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051056 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4092

Abstract

Polymers represent materials that are applied in almost all areas of modern life, therefore, the characterization of polymer layers using different methods is of great importance. In this review, the main attention is dedicated to the non-invasive and label-free optical and acoustic methods, [...] Read more.

Polymers represent materials that are applied in almost all areas of modern life, therefore, the characterization of polymer layers using different methods is of great importance. In this review, the main attention is dedicated to the non-invasive and label-free optical and acoustic methods, namely spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The specific advantages of these techniques applied for in situ monitoring of polymer layer formation and characterization, biomolecule immobilization, and registration of specific interactions were summarized and discussed. In addition, the exceptional benefits and future perspectives of combined spectroscopic ellipsometry and QCM-D (SE/QCM-D) in one measurement are overviewed. Recent advances in the discussed area allow us to conclude that especially significant breakthroughs are foreseen in the complementary application of both QCM-D and SE techniques for the investigation of polymer structure and assessment of the interaction between biomolecules such as antigens and antibodies, receptors and ligands, and complementary DNA strands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymers in Sensors and Biosensors Design)

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17 pages, 3899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Formulation of Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Cephalexin: Physiochemical Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation

by Ameeduzzafar Zafar, Mohd Yasir, Nabil K. Alruwaili, Syed Sarim Imam, Omar Awad Alsaidan, Sultan Alshehri, Mohammed M. Ghoneim, Ali Alquraini, Alenazy Rawaf, Mohammad Javed Ansari and Udai Vir Singh Sara

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1055; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051055 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2234

Abstract

A cephalexin (CEP) self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was developed in this study to improve the drug’s oral administration. The CEP-SNEDDS was made utilizing an aqueous titration method employing Lauroglycol 90, Poloxamer 188, and Transcutol-HP. Box-Behnken design (BBD) with three factors at three [...] Read more.

A cephalexin (CEP) self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was developed in this study to improve the drug’s oral administration. The CEP-SNEDDS was made utilizing an aqueous titration method employing Lauroglycol 90, Poloxamer 188, and Transcutol-HP. Box-Behnken design (BBD) with three factors at three levels was used for optimization, and their impacts on globule size (nm), transmittance (percent), and emulsification time (s) were assessed. The optimized formulation (Opt-F3) was further tested for zeta potential, refractive index, percent transmittance, thermodynamic stability, in-vitro release, ex vivo permeability, antibacterial activity, and bioavailability. The chosen formulation (Opt-F3) had a globule size of 87.25 ± 3.16 nm, PDI of 0.25, zeta potential of −24.37 mV, self-emulsification duration of 52 ± 1.7 s, and percentage transmittance of 99.13 ± 1.5%, viscosity of 96.26 ± 2.72 cp, and refractive index of 1.29 ± 0.1. It showed a sustained release profile (94.28 ± 5.92 percent in 24 h). The Opt-F3 formulation had 3.95 times the permeability of CEP-dispersion. In comparison to CEP-dispersion, it also demonstrated greater antibacterial efficacy against tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. The oral bioavailability of Opt-F3 is 3.48 times higher than that of CEP-dispersion, according to an in-vivo investigation. It has been determined that the prepared CEP-SNEDDS may be an advantageous carrier for CEP delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Polymers and Nanocomposites)

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15 pages, 3754 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Needleless Electrospinning Polyvinyl Alcohol/Water-Soluble Chitosan Nanofibrous Membranes: Antibacterial Property and Filter Efficiency

by Ching-Wen Lou, Meng-Chen Lin, Chen-Hung Huang, Mei-Feng Lai, Bing-Chiuan Shiu and Jia-Horng Lin

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1054; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051054 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3092

Abstract

Electrospinning is an efficient method of producing nanofibers out of polymers that shows a great potential for the filtration territory. Featuring water-soluble chitosan (WS-CS), a low-pollution process and a self-made needleless machine, PVA/WS-CS nanofibrous membranes were prepared and evaluated for nanofiber diameter, bacteriostatic [...] Read more.

Electrospinning is an efficient method of producing nanofibers out of polymers that shows a great potential for the filtration territory. Featuring water-soluble chitosan (WS-CS), a low-pollution process and a self-made needleless machine, PVA/WS-CS nanofibrous membranes were prepared and evaluated for nanofiber diameter, bacteriostatic property, filtration efficiency, pressure drop, and quality factor. Test results indicate that the minimal fiber diameter was 216.58 ± 58.15 nm. Regardless of the WS-CS concentration, all of the PVA/WS-CS nanofibrous membranes attained a high porosity and a high water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), with a pore size of 12.06–22.48 nm. Moreover, the membranes also exhibit bacteriostatic efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, an optimal quality factor of 0.0825 Pa⁻¹, and a filtration efficiency as high as 97.0%, that is 72.5% higher than that of common masks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Membranes)

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20 pages, 1706 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polymer Composites with Quantum Dots as Potential Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors Application: A Review

by Himadri Tanaya Das, Paritosh Barai, Swapnamoy Dutta, Nigamananda Das, Payaswini Das, Madhusudan Roy, Md. Alauddin and Hasi Rani Barai

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1053; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051053 - 07 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4390

Abstract

Owing to the nanometer size range, Quantum Dots (QDs) have exhibited unique physical and chemical properties which are favourable for different applications. Especially, due to their quantum confinement effect, excellent optoelectronic characteristics is been observed. This considerable progress has not only uplifted the [...] Read more.

Owing to the nanometer size range, Quantum Dots (QDs) have exhibited unique physical and chemical properties which are favourable for different applications. Especially, due to their quantum confinement effect, excellent optoelectronic characteristics is been observed. This considerable progress has not only uplifted the singular usage of QDs, but also encouraged to prepare various hybrid materials to achieve superior efficiency by eliminating certain shortcomings. Such issues can be overcome by compositing QDs with polymers. Via employing polymer composite with QDs (PQDs) for supercapacitor applications, adequate conductivity, stability, excellent energy density, and better specific capacitance is been achieved which we have elaborately discussed in this review. Researchers have already explored various types of polymer nanocomposite with different QDs such as carbonaceous QDs, transition metal oxide/sulphide QDs etc. as electrode material for supercapacitor application. Synthesis, application outcome, benefits, and drawbacks of these are explained to portray a better understanding. From the existing studies it is clearly confirmed that with using PQDs electrical conductivity, electrochemical reactivity, and the charge accumulation on the surface have prominently been improved which effected the fabricated supercapacitor device performance. More comprehensive fundamentals and observations are explained in the current review which indicates their promising scopes in upcoming times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymeric Materials for Flexible Electronics Energy Storage Devices and Biosensors)

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13 pages, 4207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Durability and Performance of Encapsulant Films for Bifacial Heterojunction Photovoltaic Modules

by Marilena Baiamonte, Claudio Colletti, Antonino Ragonesi, Cosimo Gerardi and Nadka Tz. Dintcheva

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1052; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051052 - 06 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3018

Abstract

Energy recovery from renewable sources is a very attractive, and sometimes, challenging issue. To recover solar energy, the production of photovoltaic (PV) modules becomes a prosperous industrial certainty. An important material in PV modules production and correct functioning is the encapsulant material and [...] Read more.

Energy recovery from renewable sources is a very attractive, and sometimes, challenging issue. To recover solar energy, the production of photovoltaic (PV) modules becomes a prosperous industrial certainty. An important material in PV modules production and correct functioning is the encapsulant material and it must have a good performance and durability. In this work, accurate characterizations of performance and durability, in terms of photo- and thermo-oxidation resistance, of encapsulants based on PolyEthylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) and PolyOlefin Elastomer (POE), containing appropriate additives, before (pre-) and after (post-) lamination process have been carried out. To simulate industrial lamination processing conditions, both EVApre-lam and POEpre-lam sheets have been subjected to prolonged thermal treatment upon high pressure. To carry out an accurate characterization, differential scanning calorimetry, rheological and mechanical analysis, FTIR and UV-visible spectroscopy analyses have been performed on pre- and post-laminated EVA and POE. The durability, in terms of photo- and thermo-oxidation resistance, of pre-laminated and post-laminated EVA and POE sheets has been evaluated upon UVB exposure and prolonged thermal treatment, and the progress of degradation has been monitored by spectroscopy analysis. All obtained results agree that the lamination process has a beneficial effect on 3D-structuration of both EVA and POE sheets, and after lamination, the POE shows enhanced rigidity and appropriate ductility. Finally, although both EVA and POE can be considered good candidates as encapsulants for bifacial PV modules, it seems that the POE sheets show a better resistance to oxidation than the EVA sheets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Films for Photovoltaic Applications)

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21 pages, 5721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Failure-Mode Shift of Metal/Composite L-Joint with Grooved Structure under Compressive Load

by Zhenhang Kang, Zhu Liu, Yongpeng Lei and Jifeng Zhang

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051051 - 06 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1716

Abstract

Bond length and bond interface morphology have a great influence on the performance of metal/composite hybrid joints. In this paper, a metal/composite L-joint with groove structure was designed, and seven groups with different bonding lengths were fabricated using the VARI (Vacuum Assisted Resin [...] Read more.

Bond length and bond interface morphology have a great influence on the performance of metal/composite hybrid joints. In this paper, a metal/composite L-joint with groove structure was designed, and seven groups with different bonding lengths were fabricated using the VARI (Vacuum Assisted Resin Infusion) process to study the effect of different bonding lengths on the performance of the joint. In the simulation analysis of the metal/composite L-joint, the stiffness equivalence method was adopted, and the groove structure was equivalent to a 0-thickness element layer. The applicability of the simulation method was verified by comparing the ultimate load, displacement and failure mode of the test and simulation. Furthermore, the simulation method was used to simulate more compression experiments of metal/composite L-joints with different bonding lengths, and prediction diagrams of failure displacement and failure mode were produced. According to the prediction map, when the bonding length is 100.00 mm, the metal/composite L-joint has better compressive properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Composite Materials: Processing, Modeling, Properties and Applications)

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42 pages, 3433 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Recent Advances in Development of Waste-Based Polymer Materials: A Review

by Krzysztof Formela, Maria Kurańska and Mateusz Barczewski

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1050; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051050 - 06 Mar 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 6920

Abstract

Limited petroleum sources, suitable law regulations, and higher awareness within society has caused sustainable development of manufacturing and recycling of polymer blends and composites to be gaining increasing attention. This work aims to report recent advances in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly and [...] Read more.

Limited petroleum sources, suitable law regulations, and higher awareness within society has caused sustainable development of manufacturing and recycling of polymer blends and composites to be gaining increasing attention. This work aims to report recent advances in the manufacturing of environmentally friendly and low-cost polymer materials based on post-production and post-consumer wastes. Sustainable development of three groups of materials: wood polymer composites, polyurethane foams, and rubber recycling products were comprehensively described. Special attention was focused on examples of industrially applicable technologies developed in Poland over the last five years. Moreover, current trends and limitations in the future “green” development of waste-based polymer materials were also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Development of Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites: Recent Advances and Future Perspective)

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17 pages, 4550 KiB

Open AccessReview

Solid State NMR a Powerful Technique for Investigating Sustainable/Renewable Cellulose-Based Materials

by Mustapha El Hariri El Nokab, Mohamed H. Habib, Yasser A. Alassmy, Marwan M. Abduljawad, Khalid M. Alshamrani and Khaled O. Sebakhy

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1049; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051049 - 06 Mar 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 6179

Abstract

Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) is a powerful and attractive characterization method for obtaining insights into the chemical structure and dynamics of a wide range of materials. Current interest in cellulose-based materials, as sustainable and renewable natural polymer products, requires deep investigation [...] Read more.

Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) is a powerful and attractive characterization method for obtaining insights into the chemical structure and dynamics of a wide range of materials. Current interest in cellulose-based materials, as sustainable and renewable natural polymer products, requires deep investigation and analysis of the chemical structure, molecular packing, end chain motion, functional modification, and solvent–matrix interactions, which strongly dictate the final product properties and tailor their end applications. In comparison to other spectroscopic techniques, on an atomic level, ssNMR is considered more advanced, especially in the structural analysis of cellulose-based materials; however, due to a dearth in the availability of a broad range of pulse sequences, and time consuming experiments, its capabilities are underestimated. This critical review article presents the comprehensive and up-to-date work done using ssNMR, including the most advanced NMR strategies used to overcome and resolve the structural difficulties present in different types of cellulose-based materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Polymer Technologies)

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14 pages, 4416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Bi₂O₃ Nanoparticle Content on the γ-ray Interaction Parameters of Silicon Rubber

by Mahmoud I. Abbas, Ahmed M. El-Khatib, Mirvat Fawzi Dib, Hoda Ezzelddin Mustafa, M. I. Sayyed and Mohamed Elsafi

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051048 - 06 Mar 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 2089

Abstract

In this study, synthetic silicone rubber (SR) and Bi₂O₃ micro- and nanoparticles were purchased. The percentages for both sizes of Bi₂O₃ were 10, 20 and 30 wt% as fillers. The morphological, mechanical and shielding properties were determined [...] Read more.

In this study, synthetic silicone rubber (SR) and Bi₂O₃ micro- and nanoparticles were purchased. The percentages for both sizes of Bi₂O₃ were 10, 20 and 30 wt% as fillers. The morphological, mechanical and shielding properties were determined for all the prepared samples. The Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) values of the silicon rubber (SR) without Bi₂O₃ and with 5, 10, 30 and 30% Bi₂O₃ (in micro and nano sizes) were experimentally measured using different radioactive point sources in the energy range varying from 0.06 to 1.333 MeV. Additionally, we theoretically calculated the LAC for SR with micro-Bi₂O₃ using XCOM software. A good agreement was noticed between the two methods. The NaI (Tl) scintillation detector and four radioactive point sources (Am-241, Ba-133, Cs-137 and Co-60) were used in the measurements. Other shielding parameters were calculated for the prepared samples, such as the Half Value Layer (HVL), Mean Free Path (MFP) and Radiation Protection Efficiency (RPE), all of which proved that adding nano-Bi₂O₃ ratios of SR produces higher shielding efficiency than its micro counterpart. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials II)

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14 pages, 2522 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effect of Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO₂) Nanoparticles Addition on the Mechanical Parameters of Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Experimental Studies

by Kamila Chęcińska, Maciej Chęciński, Maciej Sikora, Zuzanna Nowak, Sławomir Karwan and Dariusz Chlubek

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1047; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051047 - 06 Mar 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3602

Abstract

The number of studies on the subject of effects of zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) nanoparticles addition on the mechanical parameters of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is still very limited. Therefore, in this research, the authors wanted to assess PMMA modified with the nano-ZrO [...] Read more.

The number of studies on the subject of effects of zirconium dioxide (ZrO₂) nanoparticles addition on the mechanical parameters of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is still very limited. Therefore, in this research, the authors wanted to assess PMMA modified with the nano-ZrO₂ additive in terms of changes in flexural, impact and tensile strength values in relation to PMMA without such component. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to evaluate the effect of incorporating nano-ZrO₂ into PMMA on individual types of material strength. The obtained numerical data were tabulated and analyzed in the search for percentage changes in those parameters. It was then calculated for each set and the procured model was examined using residual sum of squares (RSS) to assess the discrepancy between the data and the estimation model whilst mean absolute deviation (MAD) was employed to determine robustness. The results of the systematic review were composed of data obtained from individual studies presented in eight independent articles. Overall, the addition of nano-ZrO₂ increases the flexural strength of the composite with the PMMA matrix depending on the size of the ZrO₂ grains administered. Unfortunately, these conclusions are based on a very limited amount of research and require further verification, especially regarding tensile strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Polymer Materials and Nanomaterials: Bioapplications and Beyond)

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11 pages, 3789 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Graphene with Ni-Grid as Semitransparent Electrode for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells (BHJ-SCs)

by Martina Dianetti, Gianpaolo Susanna, Emanuele Calabrò, Giuseppina Polino, Martin Otto, Daniel Neumaier, Andrea Reale and Francesca Brunetti

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051046 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of bulk-heterojunction solar cells on monolayer graphene (MLG) with nickel-grids (Ni-grid) as semitransparent conductive electrode. The electrodes showed a maximum transmittance of 90% (calculated in 300–800 nm range) and a sheet resistance down to [...] Read more.

In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of bulk-heterojunction solar cells on monolayer graphene (MLG) with nickel-grids (Ni-grid) as semitransparent conductive electrode. The electrodes showed a maximum transmittance of 90% (calculated in 300–800 nm range) and a sheet resistance down to 35 Ω/□. On these new anodes, we fabricated TCO free BHJ-SCs using PTB7 blended with PC70BM fullerene derivative as active layer. The best device exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.2% in direct configuration and 3.6% in inverted configuration. The reference solar cell, realized on the ITO glass substrate, achieved a PCE of 6.1% and 6.7% in direct and inverted configuration respectively; for comparison we also tested OSCs only with simple Ni-grid as semitransparent and conductive electrode, obtaining a low PCE of 0.7%. The proposed approach to realize graphene-based electrodes could be a possible route to reduce the overall impact of the sheet resistance of this type of electrodes allowing their use in several optoelectronic devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Polymers in (Photo)electrochemical Devices: From Solar Cells to Batteries)

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11 pages, 2124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of High-Durability Polypropylene Composites via Reutilization of SiO₂ In-Situ-Synthesized Waste Printed Circuit Board Powder

by Shenghui Tian, Baixue Li, Hui He, Xinlu Liu, Xin Wen and Zuolu Zhang

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051045 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1554

Abstract

This paper focuses on the characterization of the physico-chemical properties, surface modification, residual copper content and in situ hybrid inorganic particle modification of polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced by waste printed circuit board powder (WPCBP). A series of WPCBP/SiO₂ hybrids (TSW) were prepared [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the characterization of the physico-chemical properties, surface modification, residual copper content and in situ hybrid inorganic particle modification of polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced by waste printed circuit board powder (WPCBP). A series of WPCBP/SiO₂ hybrids (TSW) were prepared by a sol–gel method at different pH values. Characterization results revealed the in situ generation of SiO₂ on the surface of WPCBP, and showed that with an increase in pH value, the size of SiO₂ particles increased gradually and the copper content decreased in the TSW powder. The mechanical properties, oxidation induction time (OIT) and thermal properties of PP composites were improved by reinforcement with TSW, which might be ascribed to the formation of serrated interfaces. This work not only develops a powerful method to enhance the properties of PP/WPCBP composites, but also provides an environmentally sustainable approach to the high-added-value reutilization of WPCBP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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19 pages, 4377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Printing for Cartilage Replacement: A Preliminary Study to Explore New Polymers

by Gonçalo F. Delgado, Ana C. Pinho and Ana P. Piedade

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1044; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051044 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2540

Abstract

The use of additive manufacturing technologies for biomedical applications must begin with the knowledge of the material to be used, by envisaging a very specific application rather than a more general aim. In this work, the preliminary study was focused on considering the [...] Read more.

The use of additive manufacturing technologies for biomedical applications must begin with the knowledge of the material to be used, by envisaging a very specific application rather than a more general aim. In this work, the preliminary study was focused on considering the cartilaginous tissue. This biological tissue exhibits different characteristics, such as thickness and mechanical properties, depending on its specific function in the body. Due to the lack of vascularization, cartilage is a supporting connective tissue with limited capacity for recovery and regeneration. For this reason, any approach, whether to repair/regenerate or as a total replacement, needs to fulfill the adequate mechanical and chemical properties of the surrounding native cartilage to be successful. This work aims to explore the possibility of using new polymers for cartilage total replacement approaches with polymeric materials processed with the specific 3D printing technique of fused filament fabrication (FFF). The materials studied were Nylon^® 12 (PA12), already described for this purpose, and LAY-FOMM^® 60 (FOMM). FOMM has not been described in the literature for biomedical purposes. Therefore, the chemical, thermal, swelling capacity, and mechanical properties of the filaments were thoroughly characterized to better understand the structure–properties–application relationships of this new polymer. In addition, as the FFF technology is temperature based, the properties were also evaluated in the printed specimens. Due to the envisaged application, the specimens were also characterized in the wet state. When comparing the obtained results with the properties of native cartilage, it was possible to conclude that: (i) PA12 exhibits low swelling capacity, while FOMM, in its dry and wet forms, has a higher swelling capacity, closer to that of native cartilage; (ii) the mechanical properties of the polymeric materials, especially PA12, are higher than those of native cartilage; and (iii) from the mechanical properties evaluated by ultra-micro hardness tests, the values for FOMM indicate that this material could be a good alternative for cartilage replacement in older patients. This preliminary study, essentially devoted to expanding the frontiers of the current state of the art of new polymeric materials, provides valuable indications for future work targeting the envisaged applications. Full article

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15 pages, 6073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Simulation on the Effect of Self-Resistance Electric Heating on Carbon Fiber Surface Chemical Properties and Fiber/PP Interfacial Behavior

by Qingzhu He, Jiaqing Liu, Muhan Zhang, Zhanyu Zhai and Bingyan Jiang

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1043; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051043 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2408

Abstract

Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRT) composites have been dramatically employed in the automotive field on account of their superior performances, such as being light weight and high-strength. Self-resistance electric (SRE) heating provides a solution to the problem of high energy consumption in the conventional [...] Read more.

Carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRT) composites have been dramatically employed in the automotive field on account of their superior performances, such as being light weight and high-strength. Self-resistance electric (SRE) heating provides a solution to the problem of high energy consumption in the conventional process of CFRT composites. The effect of SRE heating on the surface chemical properties of carbon fiber (CF) was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS analysis suggests that the C-O-C epoxy group, the CF surface, would be degraded after SRE heating with strong current intensity, while there are weak changes in the content of -C-OH, -C-O-C-, -C-NH₂ and -COOH groups with current intensity. The interfacial bonding properties and the radial distribution function (RDF) of CF–PP interfaces were carried out by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The simulation results show that the adhesion between the PP and the E44 sizing agent is weaker than that between CF and PP. There are no interaction modes between the PP and E44 sizing agent except van der Waals and electrostatic adsorption. The presence of the E44 sizing agent does not change the bonding mechanism at the interface of CF/PP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polymers)

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12 pages, 6576 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of the Spinneret Rotation Speed and Airflow Parameters for the Nozzleless Forcespinning of a Polymer Solution

by Josef Skrivanek, Pavel Holec, Ondrej Batka, Martin Bilek and Pavel Pokorny

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1042; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051042 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2216

Abstract

This paper addresses the changing of the process parameters of nozzleless centrifugal spinning (forcespinning). The primary aim of this study was to determine the dependence of the final product on the dosing of the polymer, the rotation speed of the spinneret and the [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the changing of the process parameters of nozzleless centrifugal spinning (forcespinning). The primary aim of this study was to determine the dependence of the final product on the dosing of the polymer, the rotation speed of the spinneret and the airflow in order to determine the extent of the technological applicability of aqueous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and its modifications. PVA was chosen because it is a widely used polymeric solution with environmentally friendly properties and good biodegradability. It is used in the health care and food packaging sectors. The nanofibrous layers were produced by means of a mobile handheld spinning device of our own construction. This mobile application of the spinning machine has several limitations compared to stationary laboratory equipment, mainly due to dimensional limitations. The uniqueness of our device lies in the possibility of its actual use outside the laboratory. In addition to improved mobility, another exciting feature is the combination of nozzleless forcespinning and fiber application using airflow. Dosing, the rotation speed of the spinnerets and the targeted and controlled use of air comprise the fundamental technological parameters for many devices that operate on a centrifugal force system. The rotation rate of the spinnerets primarily affects the production of fibers and their quality, while the airflow acts as a fiber transport and drying medium. The quality of the fibers was evaluated following the preparation of a testing set for the fiber layers. The most suitable combinations of rotation speed and airflow were then used in subsequent experiments to determine the ideal settings for the device. The solution was then modified by reducing the concentration to 16% and adding a surfactant, thus leading to a reduction in the diameters of the resulting fibers. The nanofiber layers so produced were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in order to analyze the number of defects and to statistically evaluate the fiber diameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Polymeric Electrospinning)

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15 pages, 3951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Geometric Parameters of Conical Acrylic Portholes on Their Stress–Strain Behaviour

by Vladimir Kochanov, Václav Píštěk, Andrii Kondratiev, Tetyana Yuresko and Pavel Kučera

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1041; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051041 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1706

Abstract

Translucent elements in the form of truncated cones, which are made of organic glass, are widely used in the structures of portholes, submersible vessels, space vehicles, pressure chambers, teleboxes and other types of technical equipment. The decisive factor in designing portholes is to [...] Read more.

Translucent elements in the form of truncated cones, which are made of organic glass, are widely used in the structures of portholes, submersible vessels, space vehicles, pressure chambers, teleboxes and other types of technical equipment. The decisive factor in designing portholes is to ensure the strength of their translucent elements. In order to reduce the weight of portholes and, accordingly, to increase the payload, it is necessary to optimise the geometric parameters of the translucent elements, which include the tapering angle and the ratio of thickness to radius of the smaller base. The paper deals with development of the applied (engineering) method for determining the stress–strain behaviour of the conical translucent elements of portholes made of organic glass under the action of a uniform hydrostatic pressure. Finite-element modelling of the translucent element of the conical porthole is performed, with the calculation of its stress–strain behaviour. External hydrostatic pressure of 10 MPa, absence of loads from the inside and continuous sliding of the translucent element with friction along the conical supporting surface of the porthole metal body are the boundary conditions for the computational model. Full-scale tests of translucent elements of portholes made of organic glass were performed under the action of uniform hydrostatic pressure. Analysis of the influence of geometric characteristics of the portholes on stress–strain behaviour showed that the increase in the tapering angle at the constant relative thickness of the translucent element reduced its axial displacement in all cases. Equivalent stresses acquire minimum values when the tapering angle is in the range from 75° to 105° (when the relative thickness increases, the optimal tapering angle becomes smaller). It is shown that the developed method for determination of the stress–strain behaviour of the conical translucent elements of portholes made of organic glass reflects the real picture of deformation and agrees with the results of full-scale tests. Results of the work allow us to choose the rational parameters of the translucent element for increasing the reliability of portholes through the creation of an effective distribution of stresses and strains in the translucent element, and improving its optical characteristics due to a relatively small deflection in operation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Physics and Theory)

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14 pages, 5128 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Establishment of Thermal Conductivity Model for Linear Low-Density Polyethylene/Alumina Composites Considering the Interface Thermal Resistance

by Guo Li, Yanghui Wang, Huihao Zhu, Yulu Ma, Huajian Ji, Yu Wang, Tao Chen and Linsheng Xie

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1040; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051040 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1883

Abstract

An optimized thermal conductivity model of spherical particle-filled polymer composites considering the influence of interface layer was established based on the classic series and parallel models. ANSYS software was used to simulate the thermal transfer process. Meanwhile, linear low-density polyethylene/alumina (LLDPE/Al₂O [...] Read more.

An optimized thermal conductivity model of spherical particle-filled polymer composites considering the influence of interface layer was established based on the classic series and parallel models. ANSYS software was used to simulate the thermal transfer process. Meanwhile, linear low-density polyethylene/alumina (LLDPE/Al₂O₃) composites with different volume fractions and Al₂O₃ particle sizes were prepared with the continuous mixer, and the effects of Al₂O₃ particle size and volume fraction on the thermal conductivity of the composites were discussed. Finally, the test result of the thermal conductivity was analyzed and compared with ANSYS simulations and the model prediction. The results proved that the thermal conductivity model considering the influence of the interface layer could predict the thermal conductivity of LLDPE/Al₂O₃ composites more precisely. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites and Nanocomposites)

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15 pages, 38713 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Silica/PMMA Interface Shear Behavior

by Koochul Ji, Lauren K. Stewart and Chloe Arson

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051039 - 04 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2076

Abstract

The mechanical properties of cementitious materials injected by epoxy have seldom been modeled quantitatively, and the atomic origin of the shear strength of polymer/concrete interfaces is still unknown. To understand the main parameters that affect crack filling and interface strength in mode II, [...] Read more.

The mechanical properties of cementitious materials injected by epoxy have seldom been modeled quantitatively, and the atomic origin of the shear strength of polymer/concrete interfaces is still unknown. To understand the main parameters that affect crack filling and interface strength in mode II, we simulated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) injection and PMMA/silica interface shear deformation with Molecular Dynamics (MD). Injection simulation results indicate that the notch filling ratio increases with injection pressure (100 MPa–500 MPa) and temperature (200 K–400 K) and decreases with the chain length (4–16). Interface shear strength increases with the strain rate (

1 \times 10^{8}

s

^{- 1}

–

1 \times 10^{9}

s

^{- 1}

). Smooth interfaces have lower shear strengths than polymer alone, and under similar injection conditions, rough interfaces tend to be stronger than smooth ones. The shear strength of rough interfaces increases with the filling ratio and the length of the polymer chains; it is not significantly affected by temperatures under 400 K, but it drops dramatically when the temperature reaches 400 K, which corresponds to the PMMA melting temperature for the range of pressures tested. For the same injection work input, a higher interface shear strength can be achieved with the entanglement of long molecule chains rather than with asperity filling by short molecule chains. Overall, the mechanical work needed to break silica/PMMA interfaces in mode II is mainly contributed by van der Waals forces, but it is noted that interlocking forces play a critical role in interfaces created with long polymer chains, in which less non-bond energy is required to reach failure in comparison to an interface with the same shear strength created with shorter polymer chains. In general, rough interfaces with low filling ratios and long polymer chains perform better than rough interfaces with high filling ratios and short polymer chains, indicating that for the same injection work input, it is more efficient to use polymers with high polymerization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Physics and Theory)

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25 pages, 5532 KiB

Open AccessReview

Fabrication of Polymer/Graphene Biocomposites for Tissue Engineering

by João Meneses, Tom van de Kemp, Raquel Costa-Almeida, Rúben Pereira, Fernão D. Magalhães, Miguel Castilho and Artur M. Pinto

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1038; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051038 - 04 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2777

Abstract

Graphene-based materials (GBM) are considered one of the 21st century’s most promising materials, as they are incredibly light, strong, thin and have remarkable electrical and thermal properties. As a result, over the past decade, their combination with a diverse range of synthetic polymers [...] Read more.

Graphene-based materials (GBM) are considered one of the 21st century’s most promising materials, as they are incredibly light, strong, thin and have remarkable electrical and thermal properties. As a result, over the past decade, their combination with a diverse range of synthetic polymers has been explored in tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine (RM). In addition, a wide range of methods for fabricating polymer/GBM scaffolds have been reported. This review provides an overview of the most recent advances in polymer/GBM composite development and fabrication, focusing on methods such as electrospinning and additive manufacturing (AM). As a future outlook, this work stresses the need for more in vivo studies to validate polymer/GBM composite scaffolds for TE applications, and gives insight on their fabrication by state-of-the-art processing technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Graphene-Polymer Composites III)

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