Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Catalysts catalysts	3.9	6.3	2011	14.3 Days	CHF 2700
Materials materials	3.4	5.2	2008	13.9 Days	CHF 2600
Nanomaterials nanomaterials	5.3	7.4	2010	13.6 Days	CHF 2900
Polymers polymers	5.0	6.6	2009	13.7 Days	CHF 2700
Sustainability sustainability	3.9	5.8	2009	18.8 Days	CHF 2400

3 pages, 168 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

by John Vakros, Evroula Hapeshi, Catia Cannilla and Giuseppe Bonura

Sustainability 2024, 16(1), 368; https://doi.org/10.3390/su16010368 - 31 Dec 2023

Viewed by 811

The commonly applied resource management strategies are rarely characterized by medium–long term sustainability, but an indispensable and urgent shift is necessary according to a circular economy approach that includes actions aimed at saving and reusing resources [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

7 pages, 201 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future

by John Vakros, Evroula Hapeshi, Catia Cannilla and Giuseppe Bonura

Polymers 2024, 16(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16010124 - 29 Dec 2023

Viewed by 535

Abstract

The current era has been defined as “The Plastic Era”, considering that over the past 50 years the role and importance of polymeric materials in our economy has steadily grown, reaching a production of around a few hundred million tons per year which [...] Read more.

The current era has been defined as “The Plastic Era”, considering that over the past 50 years the role and importance of polymeric materials in our economy has steadily grown, reaching a production of around a few hundred million tons per year which may even double in the next 20 years [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

8 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future

by John Vakros, Evroula Hapeshi, Catia Cannilla and Giuseppe Bonura

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(13), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13131929 - 25 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 794

Abstract

Today, sustainability represents the key factor for economic progress in compliance with social advancement and environmental protection, driving innovation in materials, processes and technologies [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

21 pages, 6125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of the Nature of Aminoalcohol on ZnO Films Formed by Sol-Gel Methods

by Anna Vilà, Alberto Gómez-Núñez, Xavier Alcobé, Sergi Palacios, Teo Puig Walz and Concepción López

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(6), 1057; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13061057 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1468

Abstract

Here we present comparative studies of: (i) the formation of ZnO thin films via the sol-gel method using zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD), 2-methoxyethanol (ME) as solvent, and the aminoalcohols (AA): ethanolamine, (S)-(+)-2-amino-1-propanol, (S)-(+)-2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-aminophenol, and aminobenzyl alcohol, and (ii) [...] Read more.

Here we present comparative studies of: (i) the formation of ZnO thin films via the sol-gel method using zinc acetate dihydrate (ZAD), 2-methoxyethanol (ME) as solvent, and the aminoalcohols (AA): ethanolamine, (S)-(+)-2-amino-1-propanol, (S)-(+)-2-amino-3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-aminophenol, and aminobenzyl alcohol, and (ii) elemental analyses, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, absorption and emission spectra of films obtained after deposition by drop coating on glass surface, and thermal treatments at 300, 400, 500 and 600 °C. The results obtained provide conclusive evidences of the influence of the AA used (aliphatic vs. aromatic) on the ink stability (prior to deposition), and on the composition, structures, morphologies, and properties of films after calcination, in particular, those due to the different substituents, H, Me, or ⁱPr, and to the presence or the absence of a –CH₂ unit. Aliphatic films, more stable and purer than aromatic ones, contained the ZnO wurtzite form for all annealing temperatures, while the cubic sphalerite (zinc-blende) form was also detected after using aromatic AAs. Films having frayed fibers or quartered layers or uniform yarns evolved to “neuron-like” patterns. UV and photoluminescence studies revealed that these AAs also affect the optical band gap, the structural defects, and photo-optical properties of the films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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14 pages, 2485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Piezo-Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of the Electrospun Fibrous Magnetic PVDF/BiFeO₃ Membrane

by Farid Orudzhev, Dinara Sobola, Shikhgasan Ramazanov, Klára Částková, Nikola Papež, Daud A. Selimov, Magomed Abdurakhmanov, Abdulatip Shuaibov, Alina Rabadanova, Rashid Gulakhmedov and Vladimír Holcman

Polymers 2023, 15(1), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15010246 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3296

Abstract

Creating stimulus-sensitive smart catalysts capable of decomposing organic dyes with high efficiency is a critical task in ecology. Combining the advantages of photoactive piezoelectric nanomaterials and ferroelectric polymers can effectively solve this problem by collecting mechanical vibrations and light energy. Using the electrospinning [...] Read more.

Creating stimulus-sensitive smart catalysts capable of decomposing organic dyes with high efficiency is a critical task in ecology. Combining the advantages of photoactive piezoelectric nanomaterials and ferroelectric polymers can effectively solve this problem by collecting mechanical vibrations and light energy. Using the electrospinning method, we synthesized hybrid polymer-inorganic nanocomposite fiber membranes based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and bismuth ferrite (BFO). The samples were studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), total transmittance and diffuse reflectance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM), and piezopotential measurements. It has been demonstrated that the addition of BFO leads to an increase in the proportion of the polar phase from 86.5% to 96.1% due to the surface ion–dipole interaction. It is shown that the composite exhibits anisotropy of magnetic properties depending on the orientation of the magnetic field. The results of piezo-photocatalytic experiments showed that under the combined action of ultrasonic treatment and irradiation with both visible and UV light, the reaction rate increased in comparison with photolysis, sonolysis, and piezocatalysis. Moreover, for PVDF/BFO, which does not exhibit photocatalytic activity, under the combined action of light and ultrasound, the reaction rate increases by about 3× under UV irradiation and by about 6× under visible light irradiation. This behavior is explained by the piezoelectric potential and the narrowing of the band gap of the composite due to mechanical stress caused by the ultrasound. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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14 pages, 2411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaporative and Wicking Functionalities at Hot Airflows of Laser Nano-/Microstructured Ti-6Al-4V Material

by Ranran Fang, Zhonglin Pan, Jiangen Zheng, Xiaofa Wang, Rui Li, Chen Yang, Lianrui Deng and Anatoliy Y. Vorobyev

Nanomaterials 2023, 13(1), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13010218 - 03 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1671

Abstract

A novel multifunctional material with efficient wicking and evaporative functionalities was fabricated using hierarchical surface nano-/microstructuring by femtosecond laser micromachining. The created material exhibits excellent multifunctional performance. Our experiments in a wind tunnel demonstrate its good wicking and evaporative functionalities under the conditions [...] Read more.

A novel multifunctional material with efficient wicking and evaporative functionalities was fabricated using hierarchical surface nano-/microstructuring by femtosecond laser micromachining. The created material exhibits excellent multifunctional performance. Our experiments in a wind tunnel demonstrate its good wicking and evaporative functionalities under the conditions of high-temperature airflows. An important finding of this work is the significantly enhanced evaporation rate of the created material compared with the free water surface. The obtained results provide a platform for the practical implementation of Maisotsenko-cycle cooling technologies for substantially increasing efficiency in power generation, thermal management, and other evaporation-based technologies. The developed multifunctional material demonstrates long-lasting wicking and evaporative functionalities that are resistant to degradation under high-temperature airflows, indicating its suitability for practical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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21 pages, 5451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reinforcement of Calcareous Sands by Stimulation of Native Microorganisms Induced Mineralization

by Gangqiang Shen, Shiyu Liu, Yuhan He, Muzhi Pan, Jin Yu and Yanyan Cai

Materials 2023, 16(1), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16010251 - 27 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1364

Abstract

Calcareous sand is a special soil formed by the accumulation of carbonate fragments. Its compressibility is caused by a high void ratio and breakable particles. Because of its high carbonate content and weak cementation, its load-bearing capacity is limited. In this study, the [...] Read more.

Calcareous sand is a special soil formed by the accumulation of carbonate fragments. Its compressibility is caused by a high void ratio and breakable particles. Because of its high carbonate content and weak cementation, its load-bearing capacity is limited. In this study, the optimal stimulation solution was obtained with response surface methodology. Then, the effect of reinforcing calcareous sand was analysed with unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests, calcium carbonate content tests, microscopy and microbial community analyses. The components and concentrations of the optimal stimulation solution were as follows: sodium acetate (38.00 mM), ammonium chloride (124.24 mM), yeast extract (0.46 g/L), urea (333 mM), and nickel chloride (0.01 mM), and the pH was 8.75. After the calcareous sand was treated with the optimal stimulation scheme, the urease activity was 6.1891 mM urea/min, the calcium carbonate production was 8.40%, and the UCS was 770 kPa, which constituted increases of 71.41%, 35.40%, and 83.33%, respectively, compared with the initial scheme. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed that calcium carbonate crystals were formed between the particles of the calcareous sand after the reaction, and the calcium carbonate crystals were mainly calcite. Urease-producing microorganisms became the dominant species in calcareous sand after treatment. This study showed that biostimulation-induced mineralization is feasible for reinforcing calcareous sand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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20 pages, 2062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of Raw and Modified Biochars from Food Processing Wastes for the Removal of Phosphates, Nitrates, and Ammonia from Water

by Styliani E. Biliani, John Vakros and Ioannis D. Manariotis

Sustainability 2022, 14(24), 16483; https://doi.org/10.3390/su142416483 - 09 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1261

Abstract

The aim of this work was to compare the performance of biochar from various food processing wastes of different origin for the removal of different nutrients from water. Eggshells (EGS), rice husk (RH), and coffee biochars were pyrolyzed at 400 and 800 °C [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to compare the performance of biochar from various food processing wastes of different origin for the removal of different nutrients from water. Eggshells (EGS), rice husk (RH), and coffee biochars were pyrolyzed at 400 and 800 °C and were examined for the removal of phosphates, nitrates, and ammonia nitrogen. The raw materials were also modified with magnesium chloride in order to investigate their sorption behavior. The highest sorption capacity (q_max) for phosphates and ammonium was observed with EGS pyrolyzed at 800 °C and was 11.45 mg PO₄³⁻-P/g and 11.59 mg NH₃-N/g, while the highest nitrates sorption capacity was observed with the magnesium-modified RH pyrolyzed at 800 °C (5.24 mg NO₃⁻-N). The modified EGS biochars pyrolyzed at 800 °C had almost the half the sorption capacity for phosphates and nitrates compared to the unmodified materials. The modification of RH pyrolyzed at 800 °C resulted in higher sorption capacity by 34 and 158% for phosphates and ammonium, respectively. The coffee raw and modified biochars were less efficient in nutrient removal compared to the other materials. The specific surface area values of the biochars examined is not a decisive factor for nutrient sorption. The reaction between magnesium and calcium (for the eggshell samples) ions with phosphates is responsible for the higher sorption efficiency. On the other hand, the presence of magnesium and calcium ions has a detrimental effect on the sorption of NH₃-N. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 4383 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Atomic-Level Sn Doping Effect in Ga₂O₃ Films Using Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition

by Yi Shen, Hong-Ping Ma, Lin Gu, Jie Zhang, Wei Huang, Jing-Tao Zhu and Qing-Chun Zhang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(23), 4256; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12234256 - 30 Nov 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1927

Abstract

In this work, the atomic level doping of Sn into Ga₂O₃ films was successfully deposited by using a plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition method. Here, we systematically studied the changes in the chemical state, microstructure evolution, optical properties, energy band alignment, [...] Read more.

In this work, the atomic level doping of Sn into Ga₂O₃ films was successfully deposited by using a plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition method. Here, we systematically studied the changes in the chemical state, microstructure evolution, optical properties, energy band alignment, and electrical properties for various configurations of the Sn-doped Ga₂O₃ films. The results indicated that all the films have high transparency with an average transmittance of above 90% over ultraviolet and visible light wavelengths. X-ray reflectivity and spectroscopic ellipsometry measurement indicated that the Sn doping level affects the density, refractive index, and extinction coefficient. In particular, the chemical microstructure and energy band structure for the Sn-doped Ga₂O₃ films were analyzed and discussed in detail. With an increase in the Sn content, the ratio of Sn–O bonding increases, but by contrast, the proportion of the oxygen vacancies decreases. The reduction in the oxygen vacancy content leads to an increase in the valence band maximum, but the energy bandgap decreases from 4.73 to 4.31 eV. Moreover, with the increase in Sn content, the breakdown mode transformed the hard breakdown into the soft breakdown. The C-V characteristics proved that the Sn-doped Ga₂O₃ films have large permittivity. These studies offer a foundation and a systematical analysis for assisting the design and application of Ga₂O₃ film-based transparent devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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20 pages, 5049 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solid Features Modification by the Reactor Selection and US Support during Reactive Crystallization

by Magdalena Stec and Piotr Maria Synowiec

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7419; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217419 - 22 Oct 2022

Viewed by 1157

Abstract

The use of materials requires adjusting their features to current applications/needs. In crystallization, the production methods leading directly to the product with pre-determined characteristics are being sought. The research focuses on the abilities of “shaping” the solid product (CSD, shape, form, etc.) and [...] Read more.

The use of materials requires adjusting their features to current applications/needs. In crystallization, the production methods leading directly to the product with pre-determined characteristics are being sought. The research focuses on the abilities of “shaping” the solid product (CSD, shape, form, etc.) and is based on experimental work carried out in the ultrasound (US)-assisted Koflo static mixer (STM). As the model reaction calcium fluoride precipitation has been used as a “common denominator” that complements the previous authors’ studies, providing comprehensive knowledge and a more general look at the mentioned problem. It has been shown that it is possible to obtain crystals with the desired characteristics; however, one should be aware of the used reactors’ limitations. The conscious selection of operating conditions, as well as US parameters (if they are used), is also essential. It has been revealed that the introduction of US to the STM only affects the turbulence intensity, but it doesn’t change the mixing profile. The kinetics of crystallization remain unchanged, but crystals are subjected to greater attrition. In the stirred tank reactors, one might significantly improve the homogeneity of the unit mixing distribution by the selection of the relative input power ε_rel and, thus, affect the kinetics of crystallization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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17 pages, 2201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Quaternary Ammonium Salt Functionalized Chitosan Additive as Sustainable Filler for High-Density Polyethylene Composites

by Maria José G. de Araújo, Francivandi C. Barbosa, Marcus Vinícius L. Fook, Suédina Maria L. Silva and Itamara F. Leite

Materials 2022, 15(21), 7418; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15217418 - 22 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1134

Abstract

In this study, an antimicrobial packaging material was successfully developed with blends of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and chitosan (CS) made by melt processing. In the different HDPE/CS composites, the CS content effect (up to 40%), and the addition of quaternary ammonium salt functionalized [...] Read more.

In this study, an antimicrobial packaging material was successfully developed with blends of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and chitosan (CS) made by melt processing. In the different HDPE/CS composites, the CS content effect (up to 40%), and the addition of quaternary ammonium salt functionalized chitosan (CS-CTAB) as an additive were evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyses (TG), tensile strength, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and antimicrobial activity. When analyzing the effect of the additive in the different HDPE/CS composites, it was observed that the compositions with 10 and 20 %wt of chitosan showed better elongation values (~13% and 10%) as well as a higher decomposition temperature at 20% mass loss (T20) varying from (321–332 °C and 302–312 °C), respectively, in relation to the other compositions, regardless of the type of additive used, it acted as an antimicrobial agent, promoting inhibition of microbial growth against the strains gram-positive and gram-negative used in this work, making the different HDPE/CS composites suitable candidates for use in food packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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23 pages, 6684 KiB

Open AccessReview

Covalent Organic Frameworks with Ionic Liquid-Moieties (ILCOFs): Structures, Synthesis, and CO₂ Conversion

by Ruina Zhang, Zekai Zhang, Quanli Ke, Bing Zhou, Guokai Cui and Hanfeng Lu

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(20), 3615; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12203615 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3251

Abstract

CO₂, an acidic gas, is usually emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels and leads to the formation of acid rain and greenhouse effects. CO₂ can be used to produce kinds of value-added chemicals from a viewpoint based on carbon [...] Read more.

CO₂, an acidic gas, is usually emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels and leads to the formation of acid rain and greenhouse effects. CO₂ can be used to produce kinds of value-added chemicals from a viewpoint based on carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). With the combination of unique structures and properties of ionic liquids (ILs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), covalent organic frameworks with ionic liquid-moieties (ILCOFs) have been developed as a kind of novel and efficient sorbent, catalyst, and electrolyte since 2016. In this critical review, we first focus on the structures and synthesis of different kinds of ILCOFs materials, including ILCOFs with IL moieties located on the main linkers, on the nodes, and on the side chains. We then discuss the ILCOFs for CO₂ capture and conversion, including the reduction and cycloaddition of CO₂. Finally, future directions and prospects for ILCOFs are outlined. This review is beneficial for academic researchers in obtaining an overall understanding of ILCOFs and their application of CO₂ conversion. This work will open a door to develop novel ILCOFs materials for the capture, separation, and utilization of other typical acid, basic, or neutral gases such as SO₂, H₂S, NOx, NH₃, and so on. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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18 pages, 5102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosynthesis, Characterization, Evaluation, and Shelf-Life Study of Silver Nanoparticles against Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)

by M.M. Anees, S.B. Patil, D.N. Kambrekar, S.S. Chandrashekhar and Shamarao Jahagirdar

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3511; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12193511 - 08 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1731

Abstract

Nanoparticles provide a promising and alternative platform of eco-friendly technologies that encompasses better cost-resilient remedies against one of the most economically harnessing insect pests of cotton. The main goal of this research was to provide a better management strategy through biologically synthesizing (sunlight [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles provide a promising and alternative platform of eco-friendly technologies that encompasses better cost-resilient remedies against one of the most economically harnessing insect pests of cotton. The main goal of this research was to provide a better management strategy through biologically synthesizing (sunlight exposure method) green nanoparticles from leaf extracts of Azadirachta indica and Pongamia pinnata and proving their bioefficacy on H. armigera (2nd instar). Characterization of bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles was carried out using UV-Visible spectroscopy for confirming the formation of nanoparticles, a Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) for determining the size/distribution of particles, and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) for analyzing the surface topology of nanoparticles. The results obtained from PSA analysis showed that A. indica and P. pinnata-based silver nanoparticles had an average diameter of 61.70 nm and 68.80, respectively. Topographical images obtained from SEM proved that most of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape. A. indica-based silver nanoparticles were found to be comparatively more efficient and have higher insecticidal activity compared to P. pinnata-based nanoparticles. A. indica-based AgNPs recorded larval mortality of 60.00 to 93.33 percent at the concentrations of 500 to 2000 ppm, followed by P. pinnata-based nanoparticles, with 60.00 to 90.00 percent larval mortality. Shelf-life studies revealed that A. indica-based AgNPs had the maximum negative zeta potential of −58.96 mV and could be stored for three months without losing bioefficacy and up to six months with negligible reduction in bioefficacy. Symptoms caused by silver nanoparticles were leakage of body fluids, sluggishness, inactiveness, brittleness, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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19 pages, 6404 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel ZnO Nanoparticles Enhanced Surfactant Based Viscoelastic Fluid Systems for Fracturing under High Temperature and High Shear Rate Conditions: Synthesis, Rheometric Analysis, and Fluid Model Derivation

by Mahesh Chandra Patel, Mohammed Abdalla Ayoub, Anas Mohammed Hassan and Mazlin Bt Idress

Polymers 2022, 14(19), 4023; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14194023 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1630

Abstract

Surfactant-based viscoelastic (SBVE) fluids are innovative nonpolymeric non-newtonian fluid compositions that have recently gained much attention from the oil industry. SBVE can replace traditional polymeric fracturing fluid composition by mitigating problems arising during and after hydraulic fracturing operations are performed. In this study, [...] Read more.

Surfactant-based viscoelastic (SBVE) fluids are innovative nonpolymeric non-newtonian fluid compositions that have recently gained much attention from the oil industry. SBVE can replace traditional polymeric fracturing fluid composition by mitigating problems arising during and after hydraulic fracturing operations are performed. In this study, SBVE fluid systems which are entangled with worm-like micellar solutions of cationic surfactant: cetrimonium bromide or CTAB and counterion inorganic sodium nitrate salt are synthesized. The salt reagent concentration is optimized by comparing the rheological characteristics of different concentration fluids at 25 °C. The study aims to mitigate the primary issue concerning these SBVE fluids: significant drop in viscosity at high temperature and high shear rate (HTHS) conditions. Hence, the authors synthesized a modified viscoelastic fluid system using ZnO nanoparticle (NPs) additives with a hypothesis of getting fluids with improved rheology. The rheology of optimum fluids of both categories: with (0.6 M NaNO₃ concentration fluid) and without (0.8 M NaNO₃ concentration fluid) ZnO NPs additives were compared for a range of shear rates from 1 to 500 Sec⁻¹ at different temperatures from 25 °C to 75 °C to visualize modifications in viscosity values after the addition of NPs additives. The rheology in terms of viscosity was higher for the fluid with 1% dispersed ZnO NPs additives at all temperatures for the entire range of shear rate values. Additionally, rheological correlation function models were derived for the synthesized fluids using statistical analysis methods. Subsequently, Herschel–Bulkley models were developed for optimum fluids depending on rheological correlation models. In the last section of the study, the pressure-drop estimation method is described using given group equations for laminar flow in a pipe depending on Herschel–Bulkley-model parameters have been identified for optimum fluids are consistency, flow index and yield stress values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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14 pages, 2163 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Exogenous Glucose at Different Concentrations on the Formation of Dark-Brown Humic-like Substances in the Maillard Reaction Pathway Based on the Abiotic Condensation of Precursors Involving δ-MnO₂

by Nan Wang, Qi Zhang, Wanhong Li, Chengxin Bai, Yan Song, Shuai Wang and Zhijiang Liu

Sustainability 2022, 14(18), 11603; https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811603 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1346

Abstract

The Maillard reaction is a type of nonenzymatic browning process and is an important pathway for the formation of humic-like substances (HLSs). Glucose is one of the three crucial precursors for the Maillard reaction, and a change in glucose concentration can inevitably affect [...] Read more.

The Maillard reaction is a type of nonenzymatic browning process and is an important pathway for the formation of humic-like substances (HLSs). Glucose is one of the three crucial precursors for the Maillard reaction, and a change in glucose concentration can inevitably affect the humification pathway, thereby regulating the composition and quality of HLSs. To verify the scientific hypothesis, the method of liquid shake-flask culture was adopted. Both catechol and glycine with fixed concentrations were added to a phosphate buffer including δ-MnO₂, and only the concentration of glucose was adjusted in the sterile culture system. The obtained supernatant fluid and dark-brown residue were collected dynamically through the centrifugation method. The E₄/E₆ ratio and total organic C (TOC) of the supernatant fluid, the humus composition, and FTIR spectra for the dark-brown residue, and the elemental composition of humic-like acid (HLA) extracted from the dark-brown residue were analyzed to reveal the effect of varying glucose concentrations on the abiotic humification pathways for the Maillard reaction and the characteristics of relevant products under abiotic processes. The results reveal that (1) the exogenous addition of glucose at different concentrations simplifies the molecular structure in the supernatant fluid, and the TOC content is decreased to varying degrees, among which the addition of 0.24 mol/L glucose leads to the formation of simpler organic molecules in the supernatant compared to that for the other treatments, and the addition of 0.03 mol/L glucose shows the largest decrease in TOC content; (2) Under the coexistence of glycine and catechol, C_HLA treated with the addition of glucose at different concentrations shows an upward trend in the course of the culture, which is significantly higher than that obtained for the CK control. The addition of 0.12 mol/L glucose results in the largest increase in C_HLA. During the culture period, the structure of HLA molecules from each treatment first become complex and then gradually become simpler. Finally, the molecular structure of HLA treated with different concentrations of glucose becomes more complex, but the structure of HLA molecules from the CK control tends to be simplified. The addition of glucose can improve the condensation degree of HLA molecules, among which the addition of 0.12 mol/L glucose shows the most significant effect. With increasing exogenous glucose concentration, the number of N-containing compounds in the HLA molecules further decreases, while the number of O-containing functional groups increases. (3) The greater the concentration of glucose added, the higher the proportion of aromatic C structures in the dark-brown residue. During this process, the Mn-O bond lattice vibration of the δ-MnO₂ layered structure is greatly enhanced. The organic molecules in the dark-brown residue and δ-MnO₂ are bound to each other through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The C_HLA/C_FLA ratio for each treatment increases to varying degrees after the culture period, indicating that the addition of glucose is more conducive to the improvement of humus quality than the CK control, among which the addition of 0.12 mol/L glucose shows the best effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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12 pages, 3129 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cysteine-Mediated Green Synthesis of Copper Sulphide Nanoparticles: Biocompatibility Studies and Characterization as Counter Electrodes

by Luis A. Saona, Jessica L. Campo-Giraldo, Giovanna Anziani-Ostuni, Nicolás Órdenes-Aenishanslins, Felipe A. Venegas, María F. Giordana, Carlos Díaz, Mauricio Isaacs, Denisse Bravo and José M. Pérez-Donoso

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(18), 3194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12183194 - 14 Sep 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

A one-pot green method for aqueous synthesis of fluorescent copper sulphide nanoparticles (NPs) was developed. The reaction was carried out in borax–citrate buffer at physiological pH, 37 °C, aerobic conditions and using Cu (II) and the biological thiol cysteine. NPs exhibit green fluorescence [...] Read more.

A one-pot green method for aqueous synthesis of fluorescent copper sulphide nanoparticles (NPs) was developed. The reaction was carried out in borax–citrate buffer at physiological pH, 37 °C, aerobic conditions and using Cu (II) and the biological thiol cysteine. NPs exhibit green fluorescence with a peak at 520 nm when excited at 410 nm and an absorbance peak at 410 nm. A size between 8–12 nm was determined by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. An interplanar atomic distance of (3.5 ± 0.1) Å and a hexagonal chalcocite crystalline structure (βCh) of Cu₂S NPs were also determined (HR-TEM). Furthermore, FTIR analyses revealed a Cu-S bond and the presence of organic molecules on NPs. Regarding toxicity, fluorescent Cu₂S NPs display high biocompatibility when tested in cell lines and bacterial strains. Electrocatalytic activity of Cu₂S NPs as counter electrodes was evaluated, and the best value of charge transfer resistance (R_ct) was obtained with FTO/Cu₂S (four layers). Consequently, the performance of biomimetic Cu₂S NPs as counter electrodes in photovoltaic devices constructed using different sensitizers (ruthenium dye or CdTe NPs) and electrolytes (S²⁻/S_n²⁻ or I⁻/I³⁻) was successfully checked. Altogether, novel characteristics of copper sulfide NPs such as green, simple, and inexpensive production, spectroscopic properties, high biocompatibility, and particularly their electrochemical performance, validate its use in different biotechnological applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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16 pages, 1864 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Generation Process, Impurity Removal and High-Value Utilization of Phosphogypsum Material

by Xinfeng Lv and Lan Xiang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(17), 3021; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12173021 - 31 Aug 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2261

Abstract

As phosphogypsum constitutes a large amount of solid waste material, its purification treatment and comprehensive utilization have close connection with economic development and ecological environmental protection. For the moment, the storage quantity of phosphogypsum is still rising as a result of the increasing [...] Read more.

As phosphogypsum constitutes a large amount of solid waste material, its purification treatment and comprehensive utilization have close connection with economic development and ecological environmental protection. For the moment, the storage quantity of phosphogypsum is still rising as a result of the increasing phosphate fertilizer production to meet the food demand in China. This paper summarizes the generation process, impurity removal treatment (physical method, chemical method, heat method), high-value utilization (nanometer calcium sulfate whisker, nanometer calcium carbonate) of phosphogypsum material and some existing problems. It puts forward some views on the challenges in this field and the direction of future development. It is hoped that the investigation and summary in this paper could supply some significant information for the impurity removal and high-value utilization of phosphogypsum material as a contribution to sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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9 pages, 3344 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Sustainable Process for Multilayer Graphene Synthesis Using CO₂ from Ambient Air

by Matthew Colson, Leandro Alvarez, Stephanie Michelle Soto, Sung Hee Joo, Kai Li, Andrew Lupini, Kashif Nawaz, Ignatius Fomunung, Mbakisya A. Onyango, Michael K. Danquah, Joseph Owino and Sungwoo Yang

Materials 2022, 15(17), 5894; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15175894 - 26 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1800

Abstract

Graphene produced by different methods can present varying physicochemical properties and quality, resulting in a wide range of applications. The implementation of a novel method to synthesize graphene requires characterizations to determine the relevant physicochemical and functional properties for its tailored application. We [...] Read more.

Graphene produced by different methods can present varying physicochemical properties and quality, resulting in a wide range of applications. The implementation of a novel method to synthesize graphene requires characterizations to determine the relevant physicochemical and functional properties for its tailored application. We present a novel method for multilayer graphene synthesis using atmospheric carbon dioxide with characterization. Synthesis begins with carbon dioxide sequestered from air by monoethanolamine dissolution and released into an enclosed vessel. Magnesium is ignited in the presence of the concentrated carbon dioxide, resulting in the formation of graphene flakes. These flakes are separated and enhanced by washing with hydrochloric acid and exfoliation by ammonium sulfate, which is then cycled through a tumble blender and filtrated. Raman spectroscopic characterization, FTIR spectroscopic characterization, XPS spectroscopic characterization, SEM imaging, and TEM imaging indicated that the graphene has fifteen layers with some remnant oxygen-possessing and nitrogen-possessing functional groups. The multilayer graphene flake possessed particle sizes ranging from 2 µm to 80 µm in diameter. BET analysis measured the surface area of the multilayer graphene particles as 330 m²/g, and the pore size distribution indicated about 51% of the pores as having diameters from 0.8 nm to 5 nm. This study demonstrates a novel and scalable method to synthesize multilayer graphene using CO₂ from ambient air at 1 g/kWh electricity, potentially allowing for multilayer graphene production by the ton. The approach creates opportunities to synthesize multilayer graphene particles with defined properties through a careful control of the synthesis parameters for tailored applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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19 pages, 4559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Pyrene Biodegradation Using Two Types of Marine Bacterial Isolates

by Ismail Marzuki, Khairun Nisaa, Ruzkiah Asaf, Admi Athirah, Mudian Paena, Endang Susianingsih, Nurhidayah Nurhidayah, Ince Ayu Khairana Kadriah, Kamaruddin Kamaruddin, Sahabuddin Sahabuddin, Nurbaya Nurbaya, Early Septiningsih, Herlinah Herlinah, Erfan Andi Hendrajat, Suwardi Suwardi and Andi Ramlan

Sustainability 2022, 14(16), 9890; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14169890 - 10 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2046

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminants have toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. Screening bacteria from different sources capable of carrying out the biodegradation of (PAHs) is essential for mapping and mobilization purposes and applying them to polluted hydrocarbon environments. The study aims to compare [...] Read more.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminants have toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. Screening bacteria from different sources capable of carrying out the biodegradation of (PAHs) is essential for mapping and mobilization purposes and applying them to polluted hydrocarbon environments. The study aims to compare the capacity of PAH biodegradation by two types of bacteria isolated from different sources. The method applied is the interaction between bacterial suspension and pyrene-contaminated waste for 30 days. Biodegradation products in organic compounds were analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analysis results found several indications of the performance of bacterial biodegradation: The capacity of pyrene degradation by Bacillus licheniformis strain ATCC 9789 (Bl) bacteria against pyrene was relatively more dominant than Sphingobacterium sp. strain 21 (Sb) bacteria. The percentage of total bacterial biodegradation for product type Sb was (39.00%), and that of the product of bacterial degradation type Bl (38.29%). The biodegradation products of the test bacteria (Bl and Sb) were relatively similar to pyrene in the form of alcohol and carboxylic acid organic compounds. There was no significant difference in the pyrene biodegradation between Bl and Sb bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 3557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous-Based Synthesis of Photocatalytic Copper Sulfide Using Sulfur Waste as Sulfurizing Agent

by Gabriele Sarapajevaite, Davide Morselli and Kestutis Baltakys

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155253 - 29 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1531

Abstract

Most of the copper sulfide synthetic approaches developed until now are still facing issues in their procedure, such as long synthesis duration, high energetic consumption, and high implementation costs. This publication reports a facile and sustainable approach for synthesizing copper sulfides on a [...] Read more.

Most of the copper sulfide synthetic approaches developed until now are still facing issues in their procedure, such as long synthesis duration, high energetic consumption, and high implementation costs. This publication reports a facile and sustainable approach for synthesizing copper sulfides on a large scale. In particular, an industrial by-product of sulfur waste was used as a sulfurizing agent for copper sulfide synthesis in a water medium. The reaction was performed in the hydrothermal environment by following a novel proposed mechanism of copper sulfide formation. The investigation of morphological and optical properties revealed that the target products obtained by using waste possess the resembling properties as the ones synthesized from the most conventional sulfurizing agent. Since the determined band gap of synthesis products varied from 1.72 to 1.81 eV, the photocatalytic properties, triggered under visible light irradiation, were also investigated by degrading the methylene blue as a model pollutant. Importantly, the degradation efficiency of the copper sulfide synthesized from sulfur waste was equivalent to a sample obtained from a reference sulfurizing agent since the value for both samples was 96% in 180 min. This very simple synthetic approach opens up a new way for large-scale sustainable production of visible-light-driven photocatalysts for water purification from organic pollutants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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14 pages, 3642 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of Degradable Crop-Straw-Fiber Composite Film Using In Situ Polymerization with Melamine–Urea–Formaldehyde Prepolymer for Agricultural Film Mulching

by Qian Lang, Chuanhao Liu, Xiaoxin Zhu, Chao Zhang, Shengming Zhang, Longhai Li, Shuang Liu and Haitao Chen

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15155170 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1552

Abstract

Soil mulch composite films composed of biodegradable materials are being increasingly used in agriculture. In this study, mulch films based on wheat straw fiber and an environmentally friendly modifier were prepared via in situ polymerization and tested as the ridge mulch for crops. [...] Read more.

Soil mulch composite films composed of biodegradable materials are being increasingly used in agriculture. In this study, mulch films based on wheat straw fiber and an environmentally friendly modifier were prepared via in situ polymerization and tested as the ridge mulch for crops. The mechanical properties of the straw fiber film were significantly enhanced by the modification. In particular, the films exhibited a noticeable increase in dry and wet tensile strength from 2.35 to 4.15 and 0.41 to 1.51 kN/m, respectively, with increasing filler content from 0% to 25%. The contact angle of the straw also showed an improvement based on its hydrophilicity. The crystallinity of the modified film was higher than that of the unmodified film and increased with modifier content. The changes in chemical interaction of the straw fiber film were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the thermal stability of the unmodified film was improved by in situ polymerization. Scanning electron microscopy images indicated that the modifier was uniformly dispersed in the fiber film, resulting in an improvement in its mechanical properties. The modified straw fiber films could be degraded after mulching for approximately 50 days. Overall, the superior properties of the modified straw fiber film lend it great potential for agricultural application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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18 pages, 4488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adsorptive Removal of Naproxen from Water Using Polyhedral Oligomeric Silesquioxane (POSS) Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)

by Suleiman Bala, Che Azurahanim Che Abdullah, Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed Tahir and Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul Rahman

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2491; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142491 - 20 Jul 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

Covalent organic frameworks are porous crystalline compounds made up of organic material bonded together by strong reversible covalent bonds (these are novel types of materials which have the processability of extended or repeated structures with high performance, like those of thermosets and thermoplastics [...] Read more.

Covalent organic frameworks are porous crystalline compounds made up of organic material bonded together by strong reversible covalent bonds (these are novel types of materials which have the processability of extended or repeated structures with high performance, like those of thermosets and thermoplastics that produce high surface coverage). These have a long-term effect on an arrangement’s geometry and permeability. These compounds are entirely made up of light elements like H, B, C, N, O and Si. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have emerged as a new threatened species. A hazardous substance known as an “emerging toxin,” such as naproxen, is one that has been established or is generated in sufficient amounts in an environment, creating permanent damage to organisms. COF-S7, OAPS and 2-methylanthraquionone(2-MeAQ), and COF-S12, OAPS and terephthalaldehyde (TPA) were effectively synthesized by condensation (solvothermal) via a Schiff base reaction (R₁R₂C=NR′), with a molar ratio of 1:8 for OAPS to linker (L1 and L2), at a temperature of 125 °C and 100 °C for COF-S7 and COF-S12, respectively. The compounds obtained were assessed using several spectroscopy techniques, which revealed azomethine C=N bonds, aromatic carbon environments via solid ¹³C and ²⁹Si NMR, the morphological structure and porosity, and the thermostability of these materials. The remedied effluent was investigated, and a substantial execution was noted in the removal ability of the naproxen over synthesized materials, such as 70% and 86% at a contact time of 210 min and 270 min, respectively, at a constant dose of 0.05 g and pH 7. The maximum adsorption abilities of the substances were found to be 35 mg/g and 42 mg/g. The pH result implies that there is stable exclusion with a rise in pH to 9. At pH 9, the drop significance was attained for COF-S7 with the exception of COF-S12, which was detected at pH 11, due to the negative Foster charge, consequent to the repulsion among the synthesized COFs and naproxen solution. From the isotherms acquired (Langmuir and Freundlich), the substances displayed a higher value (close to 1) of correlation coefficient (R²), which showed that the substances fit into the Freundlich isotherm (heterogenous process), and the value of heterogeneity process (n) achieved (less than 1) specifies that the adsorption is a chemical process. Analysis of the as-prepared composites revealed remarkable reusability in the elimination of naproxen by adsorption. Due to its convenience of synthesis, significant adsorption effectiveness, and remarkable reusability, the as-synthesized COFs are expected to be able to be used as potential adsorbents for eliminating AIDs from water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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12 pages, 4834 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Synthesis of Multi-Emission Nitrogen/Boron Co-Doped Carbon Dots from Lignin for Anti-Counterfeiting Printing

by Xuexin Gu, Lingli Zhu, Dekui Shen and Chong Li

Polymers 2022, 14(14), 2779; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142779 - 07 Jul 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2253

Abstract

The transformation of lignin with natural aromatic structure into value-added carbon dots (CDs) achieves a win-win situation for low-cost production of novel nanomaterials and reasonable disposal of biomass waste. However, it remains challenging to produce multi-emission CDs from biomass for advanced applications. Herein, [...] Read more.

The transformation of lignin with natural aromatic structure into value-added carbon dots (CDs) achieves a win-win situation for low-cost production of novel nanomaterials and reasonable disposal of biomass waste. However, it remains challenging to produce multi-emission CDs from biomass for advanced applications. Herein, a green and facile approach to preparing multi-emission CDs from alkali lignin via N and B co-doping is developed. The obtained N and B co-doped CDs (NB-CDs) show multi-emission fluorescence centers at 346, 428 and 514 nm under different excitations. As the doping amount of N and B increases, the fluorescence emission band gradually shifts to 428 and 514 nm, while that at 346 nm decreases. The fluorescence mechanism is explored through the research of the structure, composition and optical performance of NB-CDs in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It demonstrates that the effect of doping with B-containing functional groups on the fluorescence emission behavior is multivariate, which may be the crucial contribution to the unique multi-emission fluorescence of CDs. The multi-emission NB-CDs with prominent stability are applied for multilevel anti-counterfeiting printing. It provides a promising direction for the sustainable and advanced application of biomass-derived CDs, and the theoretical results highlight a new insight into the deep understanding of the multi-emission fluorescence mechanism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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13 pages, 2889 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Pot Synthesis of LiFePO₄/N-Doped C Composite Cathodes for Li-ion Batteries

by Baoquan Zhang, Shuzhong Wang, Lu Liu, Yanhui Li and Jianqiao Yang

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4738; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15144738 - 06 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2197

Abstract

LiFePO₄/N-doped C composites with core–shell structures were synthesized by a convenient solvothermal method. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and glucose were used as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. The growth of LiFePO₄ nanocrystals was regulated by CTAB, resulting in an average particle [...] Read more.

LiFePO₄/N-doped C composites with core–shell structures were synthesized by a convenient solvothermal method. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and glucose were used as nitrogen and carbon sources, respectively. The growth of LiFePO₄ nanocrystals was regulated by CTAB, resulting in an average particle size of 143 nm for the LiFePO₄/N-doped C. The N atoms existed in the carbon of LiFePO₄/N-doped C in the form of pyridinic N and graphitic N. The LiFePO₄/N-doped C composites delivered discharge specific capacities of 160.7 mAh·g⁻¹ (0.1 C), 128.4 mAh·g⁻¹ (5 C), and 115.8 mAh·g⁻¹ (10 C). Meanwhile, no capacity attenuation was found after 100 electrochemical cycles at 1 C. N-doping enhanced the capacity performance of the LiFePO₄/C cathode, while the core–shell structure enhanced the cycle performance of the cathode. The electrochemical test data showed a synergistic effect between N-doping and core–shell structure on the enhancement of the electrochemical performance of the LiFePO₄/C cathode. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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20 pages, 18198 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Degradation of 4-Tert-Butylphenol in Water Using Mono-Doped (M1: Mo, W) and Co-Doped (M2-M1: Cu, Co, Zn) Titania Catalysts

by Saule Mergenbayeva, Alisher Kumarov, Timur Sh. Atabaev, Evroula Hapeshi, John Vakros, Dionissios Mantzavinos and Stavros G. Poulopoulos

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2326; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142326 - 06 Jul 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2039

Abstract

Mono-doped (Mo-TiO₂ and W-TiO₂) and co-doped TiO₂ (Co-Mo-TiO₂, Co-W-TiO₂, Cu-Mo-TiO₂, Cu-W-TiO₂, Zn-Mo-TiO₂, and Zn-W-TiO₂) catalysts were synthesized by simple impregnation methods and tested for the photocatalytic degradation [...] Read more.

Mono-doped (Mo-TiO₂ and W-TiO₂) and co-doped TiO₂ (Co-Mo-TiO₂, Co-W-TiO₂, Cu-Mo-TiO₂, Cu-W-TiO₂, Zn-Mo-TiO₂, and Zn-W-TiO₂) catalysts were synthesized by simple impregnation methods and tested for the photocatalytic degradation of 4-tert-butylphenol in water under UV (365 nm) light irradiation. The catalysts were characterized with various analytical methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman, Diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopies, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were applied to investigate the structure, optical properties, morphology, and elemental composition of the prepared catalysts. The XRD patterns revealed the presence of peaks corresponding to the WO₃ in W-TiO₂, Co-W-TiO₂, Cu-W-TiO₂, and Zn-W-TiO₂. The co-doping of Cu and Mo to the TiO₂ lattice was evidenced by the shift of XRD planes towards higher 2θ values, confirming the lattice distortion. Elemental mapping images confirmed the successful impregnation and uniform distribution of metal particles on the TiO₂ surface. Compared to undoped TiO₂, Mo-TiO₂ and W-TiO₂ exhibited a lower energy gap. Further incorporation of Mo-TiO₂ with Co or Cu introduced slight changes in energy gap and light absorption characteristics, particularly visible light absorption. In addition, photoluminescence (PL) showed that Cu-Mo-TiO₂ has a weaker PL intensity than undoped TiO₂. Thus, Cu-Mo-TiO₂ showed better catalytic activity than pure TiO₂, achieving complete degradation of 4-tert-butylphenol under UV light irradiation after 60 min. The application of Cu-Mo-TiO₂ under solar light conditions was also tested, and 70% of 4-tert-butylphenol degradation was achieved within 150 min. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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23 pages, 1694 KiB

Open AccessReview

Anti-Wear and Anti-Erosive Properties of Polymers and Their Hybrid Composites: A Critical Review of Findings and Needs

by Zaib Un Nisa, Lee Kean Chuan, Beh Hoe Guan, Saba Ayub and Faiz Ahmad

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(13), 2194; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12132194 - 26 Jun 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2120

Abstract

Erosion caused by the repeated impact of particles on the surface of a substance is a common wear method resulting in the gradual and continual loss of affected objects. It is a crucial problem in several modern industries because the surfaces of various [...] Read more.

Erosion caused by the repeated impact of particles on the surface of a substance is a common wear method resulting in the gradual and continual loss of affected objects. It is a crucial problem in several modern industries because the surfaces of various products and materials are frequently subjected to destructively erosive situations. Polymers and their hybrid materials are suitable, in powdered form, for use as coatings in several different applications. This review paper aims to provide extensive information on the erosion behaviors of thermoset and thermoplastic neat resin and their hybrid material composites. Specific attention is paid to the influence of the properties of selected materials and to impingement parameters such as the incident angle of the erodent, the impact velocity of the erodent, the nature of the erodent, and the erosion mechanism. The review further extends the information available about the erosion techniques and numerical simulation methods used for wear studies of surfaces. An investigation was carried out to allow researchers to explore the available selection of materials and methods in terms of the conditions and parameters necessary to meet current and future needs and challenges, in technologically advanced industries, relating to the protection of surfaces. During the review, which was conducted on the findings in the literature of the past fifty years, it was noted that the thermoplastic nature of composites is a key component in determining their anti-wear properties; moreover, composites with lower glass transition, higher ductility, and greater crystallinity provide better protection against erosion in advanced surface applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 2743 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Removal of a Textile Dye from an Aqueous Solution Using a Biocomposite Adsorbent

by Hana Ferkous, Karima Rouibah, Nour-El-Houda Hammoudi, Manawwer Alam, Chahrazed Djilani, Amel Delimi, Omar Laraba, Krishna Kumar Yadav, Hyun-Jo Ahn, Byong-Hun Jeon and Yacine Benguerba

Polymers 2022, 14(12), 2396; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14122396 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2154

Abstract

The adsorption mechanisms of methylene blue (MB) onto olive waste (residue) treated with KOH (OR-KOH) and onto an OR-KOH and PEG–silica gel composite (OR-KOH/PEG-SG) at various temperatures were investigated using a combination of experimental analysis and Monte Carlo ab-initio simulations. The effects of [...] Read more.

The adsorption mechanisms of methylene blue (MB) onto olive waste (residue) treated with KOH (OR-KOH) and onto an OR-KOH and PEG–silica gel composite (OR-KOH/PEG-SG) at various temperatures were investigated using a combination of experimental analysis and Monte Carlo ab-initio simulations. The effects of adsorption process variables such as pH, temperature, and starting adsorbate concentration were investigated. The experimental data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacities of MB onto OR-KOH and OR-KOH/PEG-SG adsorbents reached values of 504.9 mg/g and 161.44 mg/g, respectively. The experimental FT-IR spectra indicated that electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bond formation were critical for MB adsorption onto the adsorbents generated from olive waste. The energetic analyses performed using Monte Carlo atomistic simulations explained the experimental results of a differential affinity for the investigated adsorbents and confirmed the nature of the interactions between methylene blue and the adsorbents to be van der Waals electrostatic forces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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22 pages, 6337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Green ZnO@polynaniline/Bentonite Tripartite Structure (G.Zn@PN/BE) as Adsorbent for As (V) Ions: Integration, Steric, and Energetic Properties

by Mohamed Abdel Salam, Mohamed Mokhtar, Soha M. Albukhari, Doaa F. Baamer, Leonardo Palmisano, Mariusz Jaremko and Mostafa R. Abukhadra

Polymers 2022, 14(12), 2329; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14122329 - 09 Jun 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 2438

Abstract

A green ZnO@polynaniline/bentonite composite (G.Zn@PN/BE) was synthesized as an enhanced adsorbent for As (V) ions. Its adsorption properties were assessed in comparison with the integrated components of bentonite (BE) and polyaniline/bentonite (PN/BE) composites. The G.Zn@PN/BE composite achieved an As (V) retention capacity (213 [...] Read more.

A green ZnO@polynaniline/bentonite composite (G.Zn@PN/BE) was synthesized as an enhanced adsorbent for As (V) ions. Its adsorption properties were assessed in comparison with the integrated components of bentonite (BE) and polyaniline/bentonite (PN/BE) composites. The G.Zn@PN/BE composite achieved an As (V) retention capacity (213 mg/g) higher than BE (72.7 mg/g) and PN/BE (119.8 mg/g). The enhanced capacity of G.Zn@PN/BE was studied using classic (Langmuir) and advanced equilibrium (monolayer model of one energy) models. Considering the steric properties, the structure of G.Zn@PN/BE demonstrated a higher density of active sites (Nm = 109.8 (20 °C), 108.9 (30 °C), and 67.8 mg/g (40 °C)) than BE and PN/BE. This declared the effect of the integration process in inducing the retention capacity by increasing the quantities of the active sites. The number of adsorbed As (V) ions per site (1.76 up to 2.13) signifies the retention of two or three ions per site by a multi-ionic mechanism. The adsorption energies (from −3.07 to −3.26 kJ/mol) suggested physical retention mechanisms (hydrogen bonding and dipole bonding forces). The adsorption energy, internal energy, and free enthalpy reflected the exothermic, feasible, and spontaneous nature of the retention process. The structure is of significant As (V) uptake capacity in the existence of competitive anions or metal ions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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13 pages, 5948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Freeze–Thaw Cycles on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cement-Treated Silty Sand

by Nazerke Sagidullina, Shynggys Abdialim, Jong Kim, Alfrendo Satyanaga and Sung-Woo Moon

Sustainability 2022, 14(12), 7000; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127000 - 08 Jun 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1577

Abstract

The problem of weak ground conditions is currently of great interest, as with the rapid development of infrastructure, researchers are trying to cope with the improvement of problematic soil properties to build structures on it. In cold regions, the problem of weak soils [...] Read more.

The problem of weak ground conditions is currently of great interest, as with the rapid development of infrastructure, researchers are trying to cope with the improvement of problematic soil properties to build structures on it. In cold regions, the problem of weak soils is further exacerbated by freeze–thaw cycling. For the improvement of soil properties, the soil stabilization method using ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is commonly applied, but it produces a significant amount of carbon dioxide emissions. Therefore, the purpose of this research study is to present laboratory testing results for the evaluation of soil treatment using Calcium Sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement that has a lesser carbon footprint. On stabilized soil specimens cured for 3, 7, and 14 days and subjected to freeze–thaw cycles, unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing were performed. Samples were prepared at optimum moisture content using different cement content, 3%, 5%, and 7%. Applying the results from the UCS test, the strength loss/gain and resilient modulus of treated soil were obtained. The test results show that the strength and pulse velocity values decreased with the increase of freeze–thaw cycles. However, improvement in soil performance can be observed with the increase in cement content. Overall, the use of CSA as a stabilizer for silty sand would be useful to achieve sufficient strength of subgrade. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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10 pages, 2578 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Superhydrophobic Cellulose Stearoyl Ester for Oil/Water Separation

by Qian Yang, Weiyin Su, Jianquan Hu, Yan Xu, Zhong Liu and Lanfeng Hui

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(12), 1964; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12121964 - 08 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1850

Abstract

Developing fluorine-free superhydrophobic and biodegradable materials for oil/water separation has already become an irresistible trend. In this paper, we designed two biopolymer oil/water separation routes based on cellulose stearoyl ester (CSE), which was obtained via the acylation reaction between dissolving pulp and stearoyl [...] Read more.

Developing fluorine-free superhydrophobic and biodegradable materials for oil/water separation has already become an irresistible trend. In this paper, we designed two biopolymer oil/water separation routes based on cellulose stearoyl ester (CSE), which was obtained via the acylation reaction between dissolving pulp and stearoyl chloride homogeneously. The CSE showed a superhydrophobic property, which could selectively adsorb oil from the oil/water mixture. Additionally, the CSE was emulsified with an oxidized starch (OS) solution, and the resulting latex was used to impregnate commercial, filter base paper, finally obtaining a hydrophobic and oleophilic membrane. The SEM revealed the membrane had hierarchical micro/nanostructures, while the water contact angle indicated the low surface energy of the membrane, all of which were attributed to the CSE. The membrane had high strength and long durability due to the addition of OS/CSE, and the separation efficiency was more than 99% even after ten repeated uses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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17 pages, 4736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Experimental Investigation on the Thermo-Rheological Behaviors of Lactic Acid-Based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

by Yousef Elhamarnah, Mashael AlRasheedi, Wadha AlMarri, Asma AlBadr, Alanoud AlMalki, Nora Mohamed, Izzah Fatima, Mustafa Nasser and Hazim Qiblawey

Materials 2022, 15(11), 4027; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15114027 - 06 Jun 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1978

Abstract

The rheological studies of Lactic Acid (LA)-based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) are provided in the present investigation. Those mechanisms were also studied in which three distinct Hydrogen Bond Acceptors (HBAs) of Choline Chloride (ChCl), Betaine (Be), and β-Alanine (β-Al), after being added [...] Read more.

The rheological studies of Lactic Acid (LA)-based Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) are provided in the present investigation. Those mechanisms were also studied in which three distinct Hydrogen Bond Acceptors (HBAs) of Choline Chloride (ChCl), Betaine (Be), and β-Alanine (β-Al), after being added to a specific Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD) at a predefined mole-to-mole ratio of 1:1, affected the rheological properties of the prepared NADES. The alterations in the rheology-related characteristics in association with the mechanical and physical properties indicate the tolerance of the material under various operational conditions in the field and show their potential utilization as environmentally suitable and feasible solvents for industrial applications. In the present research, the viscoelastic properties of the three samples of NADES were assessed along with their shear flow properties. The backward and forward temperature change in the Apparent Viscosity (AV) pattern related to the NADES system was described by a rheogram. Furthermore, the density was determined and compared with the AV while considering the temperature-related factor. On a further note, the viscoelastic characteristics were utilized in describing and investigating the network disturbance on the level of the microstructure of NADES upon frequency sweep. A series of experiments were carried out using Thermogravimetry Analysis (TGA) to investigate the thermo-physical properties to optimize them. The rheological properties of shear flow measurements were analyzed using the Bingham model that is best suited for the AV developed with the shear rate with the dynamic yield stress of three systems. The Bingham model was used to determine the lowest stress necessary to disturb the network structure and commence the flow of LA-based NADES. Overall, the viscoelastic behavior of the LA-based NADES revealed the dissimilarity between their strength and viscosity. In addition, shear flow investigations demonstrated that LA-based NADES systems exhibit non-Newtonian properties and substantial shear-thinning effects equivalent to those of alternative IL sorbents. Assessing the rheological properties of LA-based NADES is crucial for a better understanding the key challenges associated with high viscosity. Defining the transport yield stress requirements for NADES systems under different conditions benefits their future development and potentially opens the door to more challenging applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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11 pages, 6602 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biosynthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles with Cordyceps Flower Extract: Characterization, Antioxidant Activity and Antibacterial Activity

by Ling Liu, Yun Jing, Ailing Guo, Xiaojing Li, Qun Li, Wukang Liu and Xinshuai Zhang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(11), 1904; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111904 - 02 Jun 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1856

Abstract

The aim of this work is to develop a green route for platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) biosynthesized using Cordyceps flower extract and to evaluate their antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity. Different characterization techniques were utilized to characterize the biosynthetic PtNPs. The results showed that [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to develop a green route for platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) biosynthesized using Cordyceps flower extract and to evaluate their antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity. Different characterization techniques were utilized to characterize the biosynthetic PtNPs. The results showed that PtNPs were spherical particles covered with Cordyceps flower extract. The average particle size of PtNPs in Dynamic Light Scattering was 84.67 ± 5.28 nm, while that of PtNPs in Transmission Electron Microscope was 13.34 ± 4.06 nm. Antioxidant activity of PtNPs was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging ability test. The results showed that the antioxidant activity was positively correlated with the concentration of PtNPs, the DPPH scavenging efficiency of PtNPs (0.50–125.00 μg/mL) was 27.77–44.00%. In addition, the morphological changes of four kinds of bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus) exposed to PtNPs were observed by scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of PtNPs against Gram-negative bacteria was stronger than that of Gram-positive bacteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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10 pages, 1929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanostructured Multi-Layer Cr/SnO₂/NiO/Cr Coatings Prepared via E-Beam Evaporation Technique for Metal-Insulator-Insulator-Metal Diodes

by Sana Abrar, Muhammad Bilal Hanif, Abdulaziz Salem Alghamdi, Abdul Khaliq, K. S. Abdel Halim, Tayyab Subhani, Martin Motola and Abdul Faheem Khan

Materials 2022, 15(11), 3906; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15113906 - 31 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1948

Abstract

Enhanced non-linearity and asymmetric behavior of the Cr/metal oxide diode is reported, with the addition of two insulator layers of SnO₂ and NiO to form the metal-insulator-insulator-metal (MIIM) configuration. Such an MIIM diode shows potential for various applications (rectifiers and electronic equipment) [...] Read more.

Enhanced non-linearity and asymmetric behavior of the Cr/metal oxide diode is reported, with the addition of two insulator layers of SnO₂ and NiO to form the metal-insulator-insulator-metal (MIIM) configuration. Such an MIIM diode shows potential for various applications (rectifiers and electronic equipment) which enable the femtosecond fast intoxication in MIIM diodes. In this work, nanostructured multi-layer Cr/SnO₂/NiO/Cr coatings were fabricated via e-beam evaporation with the following thicknesses: 150 nm/20 nm/10 nm/150 nm. Coatings were characterized via Rutherford backscattering (RBS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and two-probe conductivity testing. RBS confirmed the layered structure and optimal stoichiometry of the coatings. A non-linear and asymmetric behavior at <1.5 V applied bias with the non-linearity maximum of 2.6 V⁻¹ and the maximum sensitivity of 9.0 V⁻¹ at the DC bias point was observed. The promising performance of the coating is due to two insulating layers which enables resonant tunneling and/or step-tunneling. Based on the properties, the present multi-layer coatings can be employed for MIIM application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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18 pages, 6870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Electrolytes on the Electrochemical Impedance Properties of NiPcMWCNTs-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

by Sheriff A. Balogun and Omolola E. Fayemi

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(11), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111876 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2207

Abstract

The supercapacitive properties of synthesized nickel phthalocyanine multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite on a glassy carbon electrode (NiPcMWCNTs-GCE) in four different electrolytes were investigated. The successful synthesis of the NiPcMWCNTs nanocomposite was confirmed by UV/vis electrode spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. The [...] Read more.

The supercapacitive properties of synthesized nickel phthalocyanine multiwalled carbon nanotubes nanocomposite on a glassy carbon electrode (NiPcMWCNTs-GCE) in four different electrolytes were investigated. The successful synthesis of the NiPcMWCNTs nanocomposite was confirmed by UV/vis electrode spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, EDX, and XRD techniques. The supercapacitive behaviors of the modified electrodes were examined in PBS, H₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄, and SAB electrolytes via CV and EIS techniques. The highest specific capacitance of 6.80 F g⁻¹ was achieved for the GCE-NiPcMWCNTs electrode in 5 mM [Fe(CN)₆]^4−/3− prepared in 0.1 M PBS (pH 7). Charge transfer resistance R_ct values of 0.06, 0.36, 0.61, and 1.98 kΩ were obtained for the GCE-NiPcMWCNTs in H₂SO₄, SAB, Na₂SO₄, and PBS electrolytes, respectively. Power density values, otherwise known as the “knee” frequency f°, of 21.2, 6.87, 2.22, and 1.68 Hz were also obtained for GCE-NiPcMWCNTs in H₂SO₄, Na₂SO₄, PBS, and SAB electrolytes, respectively. GCE-NiPcMWCNTs demonstrated the fastest electron transport capability and the highest power density in H₂SO₄ compared to the other electrolytes. Hence, GCE-NiPcMWCNTs-modified electrodes had high stability, high energy and power densities, and a large specific capacitance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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13 pages, 3514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Anti-Reflection Large-Scale Cup-Shaped Nano-Pillar Arrays via Thin Film Anodic Aluminum Oxide Replication

by Tangyou Sun, Furong Shui, Xiancui Yang, Zhiping Zhou, Rongqiao Wan, Yun Liu, Cheng Qian, Zhimou Xu, Haiou Li and Wenjing Guo

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(11), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12111875 - 30 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

Surface anti-reflection (AR) with nanometer-scaled texture has shown excellent light trapping performance involving optical devices. In this work, we developed a simple and lithography-free structure replication process to obtain large scale surface cup-shaped nano-pillar (CSNP) arrays for the first time. A method of [...] Read more.

Surface anti-reflection (AR) with nanometer-scaled texture has shown excellent light trapping performance involving optical devices. In this work, we developed a simple and lithography-free structure replication process to obtain large scale surface cup-shaped nano-pillar (CSNP) arrays for the first time. A method of depositing was used for pattern transfer based on PMMA pre-coated through-hole anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) thin film (~500 nm), and eventually, the uniformity of the transferred nanostructures was guaranteed. From the spectrum (250 nm~2000 nm) dependent measurements, the CSNP nanostructured Si showed excellent AR performance when compared with that of the single-polished Si. Moreover, the CSNP was found to be polarization insensitive and less dependent on incidence angles (≤80°) over the whole spectrum. To further prove the excellent antireflective properties of the CSNP structure, thin film solar cell models were built and studied. The maximum value of J_ph for CSNP solar cells shows obvious improvement comparing with that of the cylinder, cone and parabola structured ones. Specifically, in comparison with the optimized Si₃N₄ thin film solar cell, an increment of 54.64% has been achieved for the CSNP thin film solar cell. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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20 pages, 40788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Characterization and Properties of Soybean Oil-Based Polyurethane

by Qi Xu, Jianwei Lin and Guichang Jiang

Polymers 2022, 14(11), 2201; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14112201 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3200

Abstract

At present, the consumption of polyurethane is huge in various industries. As a result, it has become a research hotspot to use environmentally friendly and renewable bio-based raw materials (instead of petroleum-based raw materials) to prepare polyurethane. In this paper, epoxy soybean oil [...] Read more.

At present, the consumption of polyurethane is huge in various industries. As a result, it has become a research hotspot to use environmentally friendly and renewable bio-based raw materials (instead of petroleum-based raw materials) to prepare polyurethane. In this paper, epoxy soybean oil (ESO) was used as raw material, and polyethylene glycol (PEG-600) was used for ring opening. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) analysis proved that soybean oil-based polyester polyols was prepared. Soybean oil-based polyurethane (SPU) was synthesized by the reaction of the soybean oil-based polyol with isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), so as to save energy and protect the environment. The properties of SPU films were adjusted by changing the R value (the molar ration of -NCO/-OH) and the film forming temperature. The chemical structure and properties of the SPU were characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the mechanical strength, water contact angle, microphase separation degree, barrier property, and thermal stability of SPU films gradually increase, while the transparency, oxygen permeability coefficient and moisture permeability coefficient of SPU films gradually decrease with the increase of R value and film forming temperature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Chemistry)

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13 pages, 2630 KiB

Open AccessReview

Lime Mortar, a Boon to the Environment: Characterization Case Study and Overview

by Abirami Manoharan and C. Umarani

Sustainability 2022, 14(11), 6481; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116481 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2674

Abstract

Lime is an ancient construction material that has been utilized throughout the world in various forms, providing stable construction methods in usable conditions. Lime mortar is well known for its low carbon footprint in production and carbon absorption throughout its lifespan as a [...] Read more.

Lime is an ancient construction material that has been utilized throughout the world in various forms, providing stable construction methods in usable conditions. Lime mortar is well known for its low carbon footprint in production and carbon absorption throughout its lifespan as a hardened material. The significant benefits of lime mortar were analyzed and reviewed for further research. Ancient lime constructions need proper maintenance for aesthetic and structural strengthening to preserve this cultural architecture of national pride. Hence, the characterization of ancient mortars is mandatory for renovation work. Here, we studied the various characterization methods available worldwide. We analyzed samples taken from the 1900-year-old Vedapureeswarar Temple of Thiruvothur, Cheyyar, and the 1800-year-old Lakshmi Narasimhar Temple of Parikkal, located in Tamil Nadu. Hardened samples from these two ancient temples were collected and analyzed. The mineralogical characterization of these mortars using SEM, XRF, FTIR and XRD gave immense knowledge of the mortar matrix. Experimental analysis indicated that using natural organic materials in the lime has made the structures more potent and stable. The characterization study provided information on the ratio of mortar mix used, the presence of organic ingredients, and the need for compatible repair materials for proper maintenance of the temple structures. The characterization study furthers the necessary knowledge to provide a compatible repair material and indicates the need for ancient construction technology in the current highly polluted environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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16 pages, 3737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dendrobium officinale Enzyme Changing the Structure and Behaviors of Chitosan/γ-poly(glutamic acid) Hydrogel for Potential Skin Care

by Mengmeng Wang, Erwei Zhang, Chenrui Yu, Dandan Liu, Shiguang Zhao, Maodong Xu, Xiaofeng Zhao, Wenjin Yue and Guangjun Nie

Polymers 2022, 14(10), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14102070 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1857

Abstract

Hydrogels have been widespreadly used in various fields. But weak toughness has limited their further applications. In this study, Dendrobium officinale enzyme (DOE) was explored to improve chitosan/γ-poly(glutamic acid) (CS/γ-PGA) hydrogel in the structure and properties. The results indicated that DOE with various [...] Read more.

Hydrogels have been widespreadly used in various fields. But weak toughness has limited their further applications. In this study, Dendrobium officinale enzyme (DOE) was explored to improve chitosan/γ-poly(glutamic acid) (CS/γ-PGA) hydrogel in the structure and properties. The results indicated that DOE with various sizes of ingredients can make multiple noncovalent crosslinks with the skeleton network of CS/γ-PGA, significantly changing the self-assembly of CS/γ-PGA/DOE hydrogel to form regular protuberance nanostructures, which exhibits stronger toughness and better behaviors for skin care. Particularly, 4% DOE enhanced the toughness of CS/γ-PGA/DOE hydrogel, increasing it by 116%. Meanwhile, water absorption, antioxygenation, antibacterial behavior and air permeability were increased by 39%, 97%, 27% and 52%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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14 pages, 51851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Radiation Shielding and Mechanical Strengthening of Mullite Fiber/SiC Nanowire Aerogels Using In Situ Synthesized SiC Nanowires

by Hui Xu, Xiaolei Li, Zongwei Tong, Baojie Zhang and Huiming Ji

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3522; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103522 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2222

Abstract

Traditional solid nanoparticle aerogels have been unable to meet the requirements of practical application due to their inherent brittleness and poor infrared shielding performance. Herein, combining vacuum impregnation and high-temperature pyrolysis, a novel micro/nano-composite fibrous aerogel was prepared via in situ synthesis of [...] Read more.

Traditional solid nanoparticle aerogels have been unable to meet the requirements of practical application due to their inherent brittleness and poor infrared shielding performance. Herein, combining vacuum impregnation and high-temperature pyrolysis, a novel micro/nano-composite fibrous aerogel was prepared via in situ synthesis of silicon carbide nanowires (SiC NWS) in mullite fiber (MF) preform. During this process, uniformly distributed SiC NWS in the MF preform serve as an enhancement phase and also act as an infrared shielding agent to reduce radiation heat transfer, which can significantly improve the mechanical properties of the mullite fiber/silicon carbide nanowire composite aerogels (MF/SiC NWS). The fabricated MF/SiC NWS exhibited excellent thermal stability (1400 °C), high compressive strength (~0.47 MPa), and outstanding infrared shielding performance (infrared transmittance reduced by ~70%). These superior properties make them appealing for their potential in practical application as high-temperature thermal insulators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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11 pages, 2199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Construction and Fabrication of a Superhydrophobic and Super Oleophilic Stainless Steel Mesh for Separation of Water and Oil

by Yinyu Sun, Zhongcheng Ke, Caiyun Shen, Qing Wei, Ruikang Sun, Wei Yang and Zihan Yin

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(10), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12101661 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1739

Abstract

The fluoride-free fabrication of superhydrophobic materials for the separation of oil/water mixtures has received widespread attention because of frequent offshore oil exploration and chemical leakage. In recent years, oil/water separation materials, based on metal meshes, have drawn much attention, with significant advantages in [...] Read more.

The fluoride-free fabrication of superhydrophobic materials for the separation of oil/water mixtures has received widespread attention because of frequent offshore oil exploration and chemical leakage. In recent years, oil/water separation materials, based on metal meshes, have drawn much attention, with significant advantages in terms of their high mechanical strength, easy availability, and long durability. However, it is still challenging to prepare superhydrophobic metal meshes with high-separation capacity, low costs, and high recyclability for dealing with oil–water separation. In this work, a superhydrophobic and super oleophilic stainless steel mesh (SSM) was successfully prepared by anchoring Fe₂O₃ nanoclusters (Fe₂O₃-NCs) on SSM via the in-situ flame synthesis method and followed by further modification with octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTS). The as-prepared SSM with Fe₂O₃-NCs and OTS (OTS@Fe₂O₃-NCs@SSM) was confirmed by a field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The oil–water separation capacity of the sample was also measured. The results show that the interlaced and dense Fe₂O₃-NCs, composed of Fe₂O₃ nanoparticles, were uniformly coated on the surface of the SSM after the immerging-burning process. Additionally, a compact self-assembled OTS layer with low surface energy is coated on the surface of Fe₂O₃-NCs@SSM, leading to the formation of OTS@Fe₂O₃-NCs@SSM. The prepared OTS@Fe₂O₃-NCs@SSM shows excellent superhydrophobicity, with a water static contact angle of 151.3°. The separation efficiencies of OTS@Fe₂O₃-NCs@SSM for the mixtures of oil/water are all above 98.5%, except for corn oil/water (97.5%) because of its high viscosity. Moreover, the modified SSM exhibits excellent stability and recyclability. This work provides a facile approach for the preparation of superhydrophobic and super oleophilic metal meshes, which will lead to advancements in their large-scale applications on separating oil/water mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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17 pages, 4337 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Study of the Optimum Fiber Content of Sealing Grease Using Discrete Element Method

by Xiong Zhou, Yingjie Wei, Yuyou Yang and Pengfei Xu

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3485; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103485 - 12 May 2022

Viewed by 1159

Abstract

A sealing grease plays a crucial role in the sealing of shield tails. Its pumpability and pressure sealing resistant sealing performance are greatly affected by the fiber content. In this study, discrete element method models were used to simulate the pressure-resistant tests of [...] Read more.

A sealing grease plays a crucial role in the sealing of shield tails. Its pumpability and pressure sealing resistant sealing performance are greatly affected by the fiber content. In this study, discrete element method models were used to simulate the pressure-resistant tests of sealing grease in order to investigate the influence of viscosity grade and fiber’s aspect ratio on the optimum fiber content of sealing grease. Meanwhile, the rationality of the optimum fiber number determined based on the sealing performance was verified with the unbalanced force and fiber area proportion obtained in the simulation, of which the variation curves with the increasing fiber number were practically identical. The simulation results elucidated that the viscosity of grease had little effect on the optimum fiber content for sealing grease. However, the increase in viscosity can improve the sealing effect, and increasing the fiber’s aspect ratio can reduce the fiber number to reach a specific seal state. Based on the analysis of the total number of fiber spheres for the models with different fiber’s respect ratios, it can be concluded that the sealing grease sample made of the same fiber material and quality can reach the same seal state and seal effect, independent on fiber’s aspect ratio. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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12 pages, 2184 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Stability of Pt-Adsorbed CO on Catalysts for Room Temperature-Oxidation of CO

by Frédéric C. Meunier, Taha Elgayyar, Kassiogé Dembélé and Helena Kaper

Catalysts 2022, 12(5), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12050532 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2151

Abstract

A large signal of gas-phase CO overlapping with those of adsorbates is often present when investigating catalysts by operando diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy. Physically removing CO(g) from the IR cell may lead to a fast decay of adsorbate signals. Our work shows that [...] Read more.

A large signal of gas-phase CO overlapping with those of adsorbates is often present when investigating catalysts by operando diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy. Physically removing CO(g) from the IR cell may lead to a fast decay of adsorbate signals. Our work shows that carbonyls adsorbed on metallic Pt sites fully vanished in less than 10 min at 30 °C upon removing CO(g) when redox supports were used. In contrast, a broad band assigned to CO adsorbed on oxidized Pt sites was stable. It was concluded that physically removing CO(g) at room temperature during IR analyses will most likely lead to changes in the distribution of CO(ads) and a misrepresentation of the Pt site speciation, misguiding the development of efficient low-temperature CO oxidation catalysts. A tentative representation of the nature of the Pt phases present depending on the feed composition is also proposed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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12 pages, 3735 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Changes in the Structural Composition and Moisture-Adsorption Properties of Mechanically Rolled Bamboo Fibers

by Wenjuan Zhao, Jian Zhang, Wenfu Zhang, Jin Wang and Ge Wang

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3463; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103463 - 11 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1636

Abstract

The chemical content, mechanical capability, and dimensional stability of bamboo fibers (BFs) are all directly related to the hygroscopic behavior, which is crucial for industrial applications. To support the utilization of BFs, the structural and chemical composition of BFs with different opening times [...] Read more.

The chemical content, mechanical capability, and dimensional stability of bamboo fibers (BFs) are all directly related to the hygroscopic behavior, which is crucial for industrial applications. To support the utilization of BFs, the structural and chemical composition of BFs with different opening times after mechanical rolling were investigated in this study, and the Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB) model was selected to predict their moisture-adsorption properties. The results showed that the length and diameter of the fibers gradually decreased with the increase in the number of openings, and the fibers gradually separated from bundles into single fibers. It was also observed that the treated BFs exhibited different equilibrium moisture contents (EMCs). BFs with a smaller number of openings had a higher hemicellulose content and more exposed parenchyma cells on the fibers, which increased the number of water adsorption sites. As the number of openings increased, the parenchyma cells on the fibers decreased, and the lignin content increased, which reduced the number of fiber moisture-adsorption sites and decreased the EMC of the fibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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20 pages, 4853 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Highly Stable and Sustainable Low-Temperature Selective Absorber: Structural and Ageing Characterisation

by Meryem Farchado, Gema San Vicente, Nuria Germán, César Maffiotte and Ángel Morales

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3427; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15103427 - 10 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1281

Abstract

Solar absorbers in a three-layer configuration have been prepared by dip-coating onto aluminium substrates. They are constituted by two spinel layers with one silica layer on the top and values of solar absorptance above 0.950 and thermal emittance below 0.04 were obtained. The [...] Read more.

Solar absorbers in a three-layer configuration have been prepared by dip-coating onto aluminium substrates. They are constituted by two spinel layers with one silica layer on the top and values of solar absorptance above 0.950 and thermal emittance below 0.04 were obtained. The effects of using different sintering conditions of the upper silica layer on the optical behaviour and durability tests have been studied. Results obtained in accelerated ageing methods, such as thermal stability tests and condensation tests, clearly show that the proposed selective absorber exhibits excellent thermal stability and very good humidity resistance. The results show that the protective action is due not only to the silica layer but also to the alumina layer produced during the absorber preparation. The phase composition of the individual layers was independently confirmed using X-ray diffraction and corroborated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Spinel-like phases were obtained in both the first and second layers. The ageing study shows that the three-layer configuration proposed has a very high potential, in terms of both durability and optical behaviour, for solar thermal low-temperature applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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12 pages, 2501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration of Zero-Valent Iron Stabilized Calcium–Silicate–Alginate Beads’ Catalytic Activity and Stability for Perchlorate Degradation

by Yu-Kyung Jung, Alam Venugopal Narendra Kumar, Byong-Hun Jeon, Eun Young Kim, Taewoo Yum and Ki-Jung Paeng

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3340; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093340 - 06 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1480

Abstract

Perchlorate contamination in groundwater poses a serious threat to human health, owing to its interference with thyroid function. The high solubility and poor adsorption of perchlorate ions make perchlorate degradation a necessary technology in groundwater contaminant removal. Here, we demonstrate the perchlorate degradation [...] Read more.

Perchlorate contamination in groundwater poses a serious threat to human health, owing to its interference with thyroid function. The high solubility and poor adsorption of perchlorate ions make perchlorate degradation a necessary technology in groundwater contaminant removal. Here, we demonstrate the perchlorate degradation by employing nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) embedded in biocompatible silica alginate hybrid beads fabricated using calcium chloride (1 wt%) as a crosslinker. The concentration of precursors (sodium alginate, sodium silicate) for bead formation was standardized by evaluating the thermal stability of beads prepared at different sodium silicate and alginate concentrations. Thermal degradation of silica alginate hybrid samples showed a stepwise weight loss during the thermal sweep, indicating different types of reactions that occur during the degradation process. The formation of the silica alginate hybrid structure was confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data revealed the surface morphology of silica alginate hybrid changes by varying sodium silicate and alginate concentrations. nZVI-loaded alginate–silicate polymer bead (nZVI-ASB) exhibited excellent perchlorate degradation efficiency by degrading 20 ppm of perchlorate within 4 h. Our study also showed the perchlorate degradation efficiency of nZVI-ASB is maximum at neutral pH conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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22 pages, 4657 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comprehension of the Route for the Synthesis of Co/Fe LDHs via the Method of Coprecipitation with Varying pH

by Chérif Morcos, Alain Seron, Nicolas Maubec, Ioannis Ignatiadis and Stéphanie Betelu

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1570; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091570 - 06 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2033

Abstract

Co/Fe-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are among the most promising materials for electrochemical applications, particularly in the development of energy storage devices, such as electrochemical capacitors. They have also been demonstrated to function as energy conversion catalysts in photoelectrochemical applications for CO₂ [...] Read more.

Co/Fe-based layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are among the most promising materials for electrochemical applications, particularly in the development of energy storage devices, such as electrochemical capacitors. They have also been demonstrated to function as energy conversion catalysts in photoelectrochemical applications for CO₂ conversion into valuable chemicals. Understanding the formation mechanisms of such compounds is therefore of prime interest for further controlling the chemical composition, structure, morphology, and/or reactivity of synthesized materials. In this study, a combination of X-ray diffraction, vibrational and absorption spectroscopies, as well as physical and chemical analyses were used to provide deep insight into the coprecipitation formation mechanisms of Co/Fe-based LDHs under high supersaturation conditions. This procedure consists of adding an alkaline aqueous solution (2.80 M NaOH and 0.78 M Na₂CO₃) into a cationic solution (0.15 M Co^II and 0.05 M Fe^III) and varying the pH until the desired pH value is reached. Beginning at pH 2, pH increases induce precipitation of Fe^III as ferrihydrite, which is the pristine reactional intermediate. From pH > 2, Co^II sorption on ferrihydrite promotes a redox reaction between Fe^III of ferrihydrite and the sorbed Co^II. The crystallinity of the poorly crystalized ferrihydrite progressively decreases with increasing pH. The combination of such a phenomenon with the hydrolysis of both the sorbed Co^III and free Co^II generates pristine hydroxylated Fe^II/Co^III LDHs at pH 7. Above pH 7, free Co^II hydrolysis proceeds, which is responsible for the local dissolution of pristine LDHs and their reprecipitation and then 3D organization into Co^II₄Fe^II₂Co^III₂ LDHs. The progressive incorporation of Co^II into the LDH structure is accountable for two phenomena: decreased coulombic attraction between the positive surface-charge sites and the interlayer anions and, concomitantly, the relative redox potential evolution of the redox species, such as when Fe^II is re-oxidized to Fe^III, while Co^III is re-reduced to Co^II, returning to a Co^II₆Fe^III₂ LDH. The nature of the interlamellar species (OH⁻, HCO₃⁻, CO₃²⁻ and NO₃⁻) depends on their mobility and the speciation of anions in response to changing pH. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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9 pages, 1144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of Surfactant-Free Nano Oil Particles in Water Using Ultrasonic System and the Mechanism of Emulsion Stability

by Seon-Ae Hwangbo, Seung-Yul Lee, Bu-An Kim and Chang-Kwon Moon

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1547; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091547 - 03 May 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1770

Abstract

Emulsion technology is widely used in the preparation of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, and other daily necessities, and surfactants are frequently used to prepare these emulsions because of the lack of reliable surfactant-free emulsification techniques. This is disadvantageous because some surfactants pose health [...] Read more.

Emulsion technology is widely used in the preparation of cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, and other daily necessities, and surfactants are frequently used to prepare these emulsions because of the lack of reliable surfactant-free emulsification techniques. This is disadvantageous because some surfactants pose health hazards, cause environmental pollution, have costly components, and place limitations on process development. In this paper, an efficient method for surfactant-free nano-emulsification is presented. In addition, we discuss the effects of different operating parameters on the oil particle size, as well as the effect of the particle size on the emulsion stability. Specifically, we compared three surfactant-free ultrasonic emulsification technologies (horn, bath, and focused ultrasonic systems). The focused ultrasonic system, which concentrates sound energy at the center of the dispersion system, showed the best performance, producing emulsions with a particle size distribution of 60–400 nm at 400 kHz. In addition, phase separation did not occur despite the lack of surfactants and thickeners, and the emulsion remained stable for seven days. It is expected to be widely used in eco-friendly emulsification processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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14 pages, 4904 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan Catalyzed Novel Piperidinium Dicoumarol: Green Synthesis, X-ray Diffraction, Hirshfeld Surface and DFT Studies

by Mohammad Asad, Muhammad Nadeem Arshad, Mohammed Musthafa T.N. and Abdullah M. Asiri

Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091854 - 30 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1612

Abstract

The novel piperidinium dicoumarol has been synthesized by the reaction of 3-formylchromone, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and piperidine under chitosan catalyzed solvent-free green conditions. FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy established the structure of dicoumarol, which was further confirmed by a single X-ray diffraction study. The single diffraction [...] Read more.

The novel piperidinium dicoumarol has been synthesized by the reaction of 3-formylchromone, 4-hydroxycoumarin, and piperidine under chitosan catalyzed solvent-free green conditions. FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy established the structure of dicoumarol, which was further confirmed by a single X-ray diffraction study. The single diffraction study has revealed the hydrogen bonding interactions, which were further validated by Hirshfeld surface analysis. Geometry optimizations of dicoumarol have been performed at the DFT level of theory by the B3LYP acting along with Gaussian 16, revision B.01 to calculate the geometric and electronic structure parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 9682 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optical Properties of Polyisocyanurate–Polyurethane Aerogels: Study of the Scattering Mechanisms

by Beatriz Merillas, Judith Martín-de León, Fernando Villafañe and Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Pérez

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1522; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12091522 - 30 Apr 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2037

Abstract

Highly transparent polyisocyanurate–polyurethane (PUR–PIR) aerogels were synthesized, and their optical properties were studied in detail. After determining the density and structural parameters of the manufactured materials, we analyzed their optical transmittance. It was demonstrated that the catalyst content used to produce the aerogels [...] Read more.

Highly transparent polyisocyanurate–polyurethane (PUR–PIR) aerogels were synthesized, and their optical properties were studied in detail. After determining the density and structural parameters of the manufactured materials, we analyzed their optical transmittance. It was demonstrated that the catalyst content used to produce the aerogels can be employed to tune the internal structure and optical properties. The results show that the employment of lower catalyst amounts leads to smaller particles forming the aerogel and concomitantly to higher transmittances, which reach values of 85% (650 nm) due to aerogel particles acting as scattering centers. Thus, it was found that the lower this size, the higher the transmittance. The effect of the sample thickness on the transmittance was studied through the Beer–Lambert law. Finally, the scattering mechanisms involved in the light attenuation were systematically evaluated by measuring a wide range of light wavelengths and determining the transition between Rayleigh and Mie scattering when the particles were larger. Therefore, the optical properties of polyurethane aerogels were studied for the first time, opening a wide range of applications in building and energy sectors such as glazing windows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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13 pages, 3739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eu³⁺- and Tb³⁺-Based Coordination Complexes of Poly(N-Isopropyl,N-methylacrylamide-stat-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) Copolymer: Synthesis, Characterization and Property

by Jian Li, Guihua Cui, Siyuan Bi, Xu Cui, Yanhui Li, Qian Duan, Toyoji Kakuchi and Yougen Chen

Polymers 2022, 14(9), 1815; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14091815 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2047

Abstract

This contribution reports the syntheses, structural analyses and properties of europium (Eu³⁺)- and terbium (Tb³⁺)-based coordination complexes of poly(N-isopropyl,N-methylacrylamide-stat-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (poly(iPMAm-stat-DMAm)) copolymer, named as poly-Eu(III) and poly-Tb(III), respectively. In greater [...] Read more.

This contribution reports the syntheses, structural analyses and properties of europium (Eu³⁺)- and terbium (Tb³⁺)-based coordination complexes of poly(N-isopropyl,N-methylacrylamide-stat-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (poly(iPMAm-stat-DMAm)) copolymer, named as poly-Eu(III) and poly-Tb(III), respectively. In greater detail, poly(iPMAm₈₅-stat-DMAm₁₅) is first prepared by random copolymerization of N-isopropyl,N-methylacrylamide (iPMAm) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAm) via group transfer polymerization (GTP). Next, poly(iPMAm₈₅-stat-DMAm₁₅) is used as the polymer matrix for chelating with Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺ cations at its side amide groups, to produce poly-Eu(III) and poly-Tb(III). Their structural characterizations by FT-IR spectroscopy and XPS confirm the formation of polymeric complexes. The study on their fluorescence emission characteristics and luminescence lifetime demonstrates that Poly-Eu(III) shows four strong emission peaks at 578, 593, 622, and 651 nm, which are responsible for the electron transitions from the excited ⁵D₀ state to the multiplet ⁷F_J (J = 0, 1, 2, 3) states, respectively, and poly-Tb(III) also displays four emission peaks at 489, 545, 588, and 654 nm, mainly due to the electron transitions of ⁵D₄ → ⁷F_i (i = 6, 5, 4, 3). The luminescence lifetimes of poly-Eu(III) (τ_poly-Eu(III)) and poly-Tb(III) (τ_poly-Tb(III)) are determined to be 4.57 and 7.50 ms, respectively. In addition, in aqueous solutions, poly-Eu(III) and poly-Tb(III) are found to exhibit thermoresponsivity, with their cloud temperatures (T_cs) locating around 36.4 and 36.8 °C, respectively. Finally, the cytotoxicity study on the human colon carcinoma cells LoVo and DLD1 suggests that the luminescent Eu³⁺ and Tb³⁺ in the chelated state with poly(iPMAm-stat-DMAm) show much better biocompatibility and lower toxicity than their inorganic salts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 4488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Radiation Shielding Properties of a Tellurite Glass System Modified with Sodium Oxide

by Khalid I. Hussein, Mohammed S. Alqahtani, Arwa A. Meshawi, Khloud J. Alzahrani, Heba Y. Zahran, Ali M. Alshehri, Ibrahim S. Yahia, Manuela Reben and El Sayed Yousef

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093172 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1547

Abstract

In this study, the X-ray and gamma attenuation characteristics and optical properties of a synthesized tellurite–phosphate–sodium oxide glass system with a composition of (85 − x)TeO₂–10P₂O₅–xNa₂O mol% (where x = 15, 20, and 25) were [...] Read more.

In this study, the X-ray and gamma attenuation characteristics and optical properties of a synthesized tellurite–phosphate–sodium oxide glass system with a composition of (85 − x)TeO₂–10P₂O₅–xNa₂O mol% (where x = 15, 20, and 25) were evaluated. The glass systems we re fabricated by our research group using quenching melt fabrication. The shielding parameters of as-synthesized systems, such as the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), effective atomic number (Z_eff), half-value layer (HVL), tenth value layer (TVL), mean free path (MFP), and effective electron density (N_eff) in a wide energy range between 15 keV and 15 MeV, were estimated using well-known PHY-X/PSD software and recently developed MIKE software. Herein, the optical parameters of prepared glasses, such as molar volume (V_M), oxygen molar volume (V_O), oxygen packing density (OPD), molar polarizability (

α_{m}

), molar refractivity (R_m), reflection loss (R_L), and metallization (M), were estimated using MIKE software. Furthermore, the shielding performance of the prepared glasses was compared with that of commonly used standard glass shielding materials. The results show that the incorporation of sodium oxide into the matrix TeO₂/P₂O₅ with an optimum concentration can yield a glass system with good shielding performance as well as good optical and physical properties, especially at low photon energy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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24 pages, 9728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ash from Poultry Manure Incineration as a Substitute for Phosphorus Fertiliser

by Magdalena Cempa, Paweł Olszewski, Krzysztof Wierzchowski, Piotr Kucharski and Barbara Białecka

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3023; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15093023 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1907

Abstract

The goal of the tests was to separate a phosphate concentrate from ash and to assess its fertiliser use efficiency in anthropogenic land. Ash obtained from poultry manure incineration is an interesting fertiliser, as it contains both of the necessary nutrients, i.e., phosphorus [...] Read more.

The goal of the tests was to separate a phosphate concentrate from ash and to assess its fertiliser use efficiency in anthropogenic land. Ash obtained from poultry manure incineration is an interesting fertiliser, as it contains both of the necessary nutrients, i.e., phosphorus and potassium. The ash selected for the tests contained 15.73 wt% P₂O₅, and 6.75 wt% K₂O. CaO also constituted the main component (44.79 wt%). Phosphorus in crystalline form was present as hydroxyapatite and carbonate apatite. The first stage, applied in order to separate a phosphate concentrate from ash, involved a number of physicochemical methods: (i) a method based on grain wettability differences; (ii) a method based on grain density differences; and (iii) methods based on size distribution differences. Wet sieving made it possible to separate a fraction with a P₂O₅ content of 24.56 wt%. The second stage, applied to assess fertiliser use efficiency, involved cassette tests as well as pot and field cultivation using as fertiliser, the obtained product as well as raw ash and commercial ones. Therefore, the conducted research allowed for the development of a methodology for the management of ash from the incineration of a poultry manure and their use as a substitute for phosphorus fertiliser. The tested material was applied in various doses. Using the obtained phosphate concentrate at a dose of 95 g/m³ resulted in a comparable yield as in the case of the commercial fertiliser at a dose recommended by the producer (75 g/m³). Unprocessed ash had to be used in larger amounts, i.e., 165 g/m³, to have a comparable yield as a commercial fertiliser. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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19 pages, 7050 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zr-Based Biocomposite Materials as an Alternative for Fluoride Removal, Preparation and Characteristics

by Adriana Robledo-Peralta, Linda Viviana García-Quiñonez, René I. Rodríguez-Beltrán and Liliana Reynoso-Cuevas

Polymers 2022, 14(8), 1575; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14081575 - 12 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2103

Abstract

The development of biocomposite materials used as adsorbents to remove ions in aqueous media has become an attractive option. The biomasses (base materials) are chemically treated and impregnated with metal cations, becoming competitive for fluoride-capture capacity. In this research, Valence orange (Citrus [...] Read more.

The development of biocomposite materials used as adsorbents to remove ions in aqueous media has become an attractive option. The biomasses (base materials) are chemically treated and impregnated with metal cations, becoming competitive for fluoride-capture capacity. In this research, Valence orange (Citrus sinensis) and Red Delicious apple (Malus Domestica) peels were modified by alkaline treatment, carboxylation, and impregnation with zirconium (Zr). These materials were characterized morphologically and structurally to understand the modifications in the treated biomasses and the mechanism of fluoride adsorption. The results show changes in surface area and composition, most notably, an increment in roughness and Zr impregnation of the bioadsorbents. After batch experimentation, the maximum capacity of the materials was determined to be 4.854 and 5.627 mg/g for the orange and apple peel bioadsorbent, respectively, at pH 3.5. The experimental data fitted the Langmuir model, suggesting that chemisorption occurs in monolayers. Finally, the characterization of the bioadsorbents in contact with fluoride allowed the replacement of OH species by fluoride or the formation of hydrogen bonds between them as an adsorption mechanism. Therefore, these bioadsorbents are considered viable and can be studied in a continuous system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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12 pages, 5273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Bimetallic Solutions in the Growth and Functionality of Cu-BTC Metal–Organic Framework

by Nishesh Kumar Gupta, Jiyeol Bae and Kwang-Soo Kim

Materials 2022, 15(8), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15082804 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2268

Abstract

Bimetallic solutions play a vital role in the growth and functionality of copper trimesate (Cu-BTC) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The effect of Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, and Zn²⁺ on the growth of Cu-BTC was studied [...] Read more.

Bimetallic solutions play a vital role in the growth and functionality of copper trimesate (Cu-BTC) metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The effect of Ag⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, Co²⁺, and Zn²⁺ on the growth of Cu-BTC was studied by fabricating M-Cu-BTC MOFs at room temperature using bimetallic M-Cu solutions. While Ag⁺ in the MOF had a rod-like morphology and surface properties, divalent cations deteriorated it. Moreover, unconventional Cu⁺ presence in the MOF formed a new building unit, which was confirmed in all the MOFs. Apart from Ag and Mn, no other MOF showed any presence of secondary cations in the structure. While Ag-Cu-BTC showed an improved H₂S uptake capacity, other M-Cu-BTC MOFs had superior organic pollutant adsorption behavior. Thus, we have demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of Cu-BTC could be modified by growing it in bimetallic solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 3149 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Cyclodextrin-Based Polyhemiaminal Composites with Enhanced Thermal Stability

by Hoque Mohammed Jabedul, Mitsuo Toda and Nobuyuki Mase

Polymers 2022, 14(8), 1562; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14081562 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1989

Abstract

Polyhemiaminal (PHA) polymers are a new class of thermosetting polymers that have recently gained attention owing to their high mechanical strength and excellent recycling behavior. However, low thermal stability is a common issue in PHA polymers due to the thermally labile crosslinked knots. [...] Read more.

Polyhemiaminal (PHA) polymers are a new class of thermosetting polymers that have recently gained attention owing to their high mechanical strength and excellent recycling behavior. However, low thermal stability is a common issue in PHA polymers due to the thermally labile crosslinked knots. Herein, crosslinked PHA polymer composites were synthesized by reacting formaldehyde with a precursor solution of 4,4ʹ-oxydianiline (ODA) and cyclodextrins (CDs) (α-, β-, and γ-). The material obtained under optimal conditions (ODA:CD molar ratio of 1:0.5, 37% aqueous solution of formaldehyde (formalin)) exhibited good film formability and high thermal stability with two characteristic decomposition phenomena and a high char yield. The early decomposition of CDs and char formation led to high thermal stability. Time-resolved NMR analysis was conducted to study hemiaminal bond formation via a condensation reaction between ODA and formaldehyde. Furthermore, PHA matrix formation was confirmed by the dissolution of the deposited CD layer in a solution of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone containing 8–9 wt.% LiBr at 80 °C and FTIR analysis. Based on the elemental analysis results, PHA network formation was confirmed by considering a single unit of the PHA network with CD composition, including the solvent and water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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11 pages, 2101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acid-Assisted Ball Mill Synthesis of Carboxyl-Functional-Group-Modified Prussian Blue as Sodium-Ion Battery Cathode

by Yu Luo, Jiayu Peng, Shengming Yin, Lihong Xue and Youwei Yan

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(8), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12081290 - 11 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2656

Abstract

Prussian blue attracts the attention of many researchers as a promising candidate for use in sodium-ion battery cathodes due to its open frameworks and high working potential. However, the interstitial water in its crystal structure and its poor electronic conductivity limits its performance [...] Read more.

Prussian blue attracts the attention of many researchers as a promising candidate for use in sodium-ion battery cathodes due to its open frameworks and high working potential. However, the interstitial water in its crystal structure and its poor electronic conductivity limits its performance in practical sodium-ion batteries. Here, acid-assisted ball milling synthesis was employed as a versatile method for the production of surface-modified Prussian blue. With (CH₃COO)₂Fe being used as the raw material, the Prussian blue produced using ball milling synthesis was modified by the carboxyl functional group on its surface, which resulted in lower interstitial water content and enhanced electrochemical cycling performance. In addition, ball milling synthesis provided the as-prepared Prussian blue with a large surface area, improving its electrochemical rate performance. When used as the cathode of sodium-ion batteries, as-prepared Prussian blue delivered a specific capacity of 145.3 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.2 C and 113.7 mAh g⁻¹ at 1 C, maintaining 54.5% of the initial capacity after 1000 cycles at 1 C (1 C = 170 mA g⁻¹). Furthermore, a solid-state sodium-ion battery was mounted, with as-prepared Prussian blue being employed as the cathode and Na metal as the anode, which delivered a high specific capacity of 128.7 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.2 C. The present study put forward an effective solution to overcome the limitations of Prussian blue for its commercial application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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14 pages, 5132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of UV Irradiation on the Structural Variation of Metal Oxide-Silica Nanocomposites for Enhanced Removal of Erythromycin at Neutral pH

by Yasaman Ghaffari, Soyoung Beak, Jiyeol Bae, Md Saifuddin and Kwang Soo Kim

Catalysts 2022, 12(4), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12040424 - 10 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2127

Abstract

In this study, the effect of UV treatment on the physicochemical properties and structural variation of metal oxide-silica nanocomposites (Mn₂O₃-Fe₂O₃@SiO₂) has been investigated. Based on the results, UV irradiation significantly affects the nanocomposite [...] Read more.

In this study, the effect of UV treatment on the physicochemical properties and structural variation of metal oxide-silica nanocomposites (Mn₂O₃-Fe₂O₃@SiO₂) has been investigated. Based on the results, UV irradiation significantly affects the nanocomposite structure, where SiO₂ network reconfiguration, change in surface OH group density, and surface area were observed. Erythromycin (ERY) has been chosen as a module pollutant to compare the performance of the pristine and UV-treated nanocomposites. The pristine nanocomposite had a high adsorption efficiency (99.47%) and photocatalytic activity (99.57%) at neutral pH for ERY in the first cycle, and this efficiency decreased significantly for the multiple cycles. However, different results have been observed for the UV-treated nanocomposite, where it retained its performance for ten consecutive cycles. This enhanced performance is attributed to the structural modifications after UV exposure, where increased surface area, pore volume, and OH group density resulted in an increased number of the possible mechanisms responsible for the adsorption/oxidation of ERY. Moreover, oxidation of adsorbed molecules by UV light after each cycle can also be another reason for enhanced removal. For the first time, the fate of ERY is studied using regenerated nanocomposites after the last cycle. LC/MS/MS results showed that ERY degraded in 20 min, and the produced reaction by-products were adsorbed by nanocomposites. This study could be a foundation research for the practical approaches for the regeneration of nanomaterials and the successful removal of organic pollutants from aquatic environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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10 pages, 1919 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electrospun Cellulose-Acetate/Chitosan Fibers for Humic-Acid Removal: Improved Efficiency and Robustness with a Core-Sheath Design

by Yirong Zhang and Yixiang Wang

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(8), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12081284 - 09 Apr 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1991

Abstract

Recycling biomass waste into functional materials has attracted much attention, and a rational structural design can make more effective use of each component. In our previous work, the fabrication of electrospun cellulose-acetate (CA)/chitosan (CS) adsorbents for humic-acid (HA) removal guided by the intermolecular [...] Read more.

Recycling biomass waste into functional materials has attracted much attention, and a rational structural design can make more effective use of each component. In our previous work, the fabrication of electrospun cellulose-acetate (CA)/chitosan (CS) adsorbents for humic-acid (HA) removal guided by the intermolecular interaction mechanism was demonstrated. Herein, a core-sheath structure was designed via one-step co-axial electrospinning, where a mixture of CS and CA was employed as the sheath layer to efficiently adsorb HA, and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) derived from waste cotton fabrics were incorporated into the CA core as load-bearing components. Compared to the non-layered electrospun CS/CA fibers, all the CS/CA–CNC fibers with a core-sheath structure exhibited smaller diameters, greater homogeneity, and significantly improved mechanical strength. Meanwhile, their maximum adsorption capacities towards HA had no significant differences. Even after the complete hydrolysis of CA into cellulose, the electrospun fibers maintained the fibrous structures and showed a higher tensile strength while exhibiting an acceptable adsorption capacity towards HA. Therefore, this work demonstrates the importance of rational design in the efficient preparation of functional materials and the feasibility of using electrospun core-sheath fibers derived from biomass wastes for the removal of water contaminants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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11 pages, 2590 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Two-Step Dry Gel Method Produces MgAPO-11 with Low Aspect Ratio and Improved Catalytic Performance in the Conversion of Methanol to Hydrocarbons

by Lina Zhang, Daniel Sean Firth, Unni Olsbye and Xiaojun Bao

Catalysts 2022, 12(4), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12040413 - 07 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1738

Abstract

In this article, the synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of three MgAPO-11 catalysts with distinct crystal morphologies (sunflower, ball and candy) are presented. Among the three samples, the candy-like MgAPO-11-C, with high crystallinity and uniform particle size (of about 1 µm), was synthesized [...] Read more.

In this article, the synthesis, characterization and catalytic performance of three MgAPO-11 catalysts with distinct crystal morphologies (sunflower, ball and candy) are presented. Among the three samples, the candy-like MgAPO-11-C, with high crystallinity and uniform particle size (of about 1 µm), was synthesized for the first time by using a unique two-step dry gel method. Despite the similar acid strength of the three samples, the different and distinct morphologies of the catalysts resulted in very different methanol-to-hydrocarbons (MTH) performances. In particular, the candy-like MgAPO-11-C presented the best MTH performance with the highest total conversion capacity (4.4 g_MeOH·g_catalyst⁻¹ h⁻¹) and the best selectivity to C₅₊ aliphatics (64%). Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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18 pages, 4399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of New Electrospun Poly(lactic acid) Nanofiber Antioxidative Active Packaging Films Containing MCM-41 Mesoporous Molecular Sieve Loaded with Phloridzin and Their Application in Strawberry Packaging

by Yuan Xie, Guiguang Cheng, Zhoushan Wu, Shang Shi, Jinghao Zhao, Lin Jiang, Dengbang Jiang, Mingwei Yuan, Yudan Wang and Minglong Yuan

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(7), 1229; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12071229 - 06 Apr 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2331 | Correction

Abstract

Health concerns about food safety have increased in recent years. In order to ensure the safety and increase the shelf-life of food, many methods have been used to slow down the oxidation rate of food fat. In order to solve this problem, a [...] Read more.

Health concerns about food safety have increased in recent years. In order to ensure the safety and increase the shelf-life of food, many methods have been used to slow down the oxidation rate of food fat. In order to solve this problem, a new type of antioxidant-active packaging has emerged. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) films containing phloridzin adsorbed on to an MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieve were prepared by electrostatic spinning, using PLA as a film-forming substrate, phloridzin as an antioxidant, and MCM-41 as the adsorption and controlled release carrier. The physical properties of the new films—including microscopic structure, water vapor transmission rate, and fresh-keeping effects, as well as the mechanical, thermal, antioxidant, and antibacterial properties—were studied. When the mass ratio of MCM-41 to phloridzin is 1:2, the nanofiber membrane achieves a 53.61% free-radical scavenging rate and better antibacterial performance (85.22%) due to the high content of phloridzin (30.54%). Additionally, when the mass ratio of the molecular sieve to phloridzin is 1:2 and 3:4 (with the best antibacterial performance of 89.30%), the films significantly delay lipid oxidation in the strawberry packaging, allowing the fresh-keeping time to be extended to up to 21 days before mildew appears. In this study, an MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieve was used to load phloridzin for the first time. The packaging film with phloridzin, MCM-41, and poly(lactic acid) were used as the raw materials and electrospinning technology was used to prepare the packaging film with antioxidant activity. The packaging film was used for the first time in the packaging of strawberries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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18 pages, 3427 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insight into Structural Changes and Electrochemical Properties of Spark Plasma Sintered Nanostructured Ferritic and Austenitic Stainless Steels

by Junaid Ahmed, Ihsan-ul-Haq Toor, Mohamed A. Hussein, Nasser Al-Aqeeli and Mirza M. A. Baig

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(7), 1225; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12071225 - 05 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1613

Abstract

Nanostructured ferritic (Fe_(82−x)-Cr₁₈-Si_x, x = 0–3 wt %) and austenitic (Fe_(73−x)-Cr₁₈-Ni₉-Six, x = 0–3 wt %) stainless steel (SS) alloys were developed by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). [...] Read more.

Nanostructured ferritic (Fe_(82−x)-Cr₁₈-Si_x, x = 0–3 wt %) and austenitic (Fe_(73−x)-Cr₁₈-Ni₉-Six, x = 0–3 wt %) stainless steel (SS) alloys were developed by mechanical alloying (MA) and spark plasma sintering (SPS). The unit cell parameter estimated from X-ray diffraction spectra exhibited a decreasing trend with an increase in wt % of Si content in both alloy systems. The particle size of powders estimated using bright field transmission electron microscopy images for ferritic (3 wt % Si) and austenitic (3 wt % Si) SS powders was found to be 65 ± 5 nm and 18 ± 3 nm, respectively. In case of the ferritic system, 3 wt % Si exhibited the highest densification (~98%) and micro-hardness of about 350.6 ± 11.2 HV, respectively. Similarly, for the austenitic system (3 wt % Si), maximum densification and micro-hardness values were about 99% and 476.6 ± 15.2 HV, respectively. Comparative analysis of potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicates an increase in electrochemical performance of both alloy systems as the wt % Si was increased. The increase in electrochemical performance is directly related to the increase in densification owing to Si addition in these alloys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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11 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Photocatalytic and Photokilling Activities of Cu-Doped TiO₂ Nanoparticles

by Yumatorn Mingmongkol, Dang Trung Tri Trinh, Patcharaporn Phuinthiang, Duangdao Channei, Khakhanang Ratananikom, Auppatham Nakaruk and Wilawan Khanitchaidecha

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(7), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12071198 - 03 Apr 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2852

Abstract

In this work, metal-doped titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was synthesised with the aim of improving photocatalytic degradation and antimicrobial activities; TiO₂ was doped with copper (Cu) ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 wt%. The physical and chemical properties of the Cu-doped TiO [...] Read more.

In this work, metal-doped titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was synthesised with the aim of improving photocatalytic degradation and antimicrobial activities; TiO₂ was doped with copper (Cu) ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 wt%. The physical and chemical properties of the Cu-doped TiO₂ nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET) and diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS). The results revealed that the anatase phase of TiO₂ was maintained well in all the Cu-doped TiO₂ samples. No significant difference in the particle sizes or the specific surface areas was caused by increasing Cu doping. However, the band gap decreased continuously from 3.20 eV for undoped TiO₂ to 3.12 eV for 1.0 wt.% Cu-doped TiO₂. In addition, the 0.1 wt.% Cu-doped TiO₂ displayed a much greater photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and excellent antibacterial ability for Escherichia coli (E. coli) compared to undoped TiO₂. On the other hand, the high Cu doping levels had negative impacts on the surface charge of nanoparticles and charge transfer for OH• generation, resulting in decreasing MB degradation and E. coli photokilling for 1.0 wt.% Cu-doped TiO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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18 pages, 7361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kinetics and Mechanism of Ternesite Formation from Dicalcium Silicate and Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate

by Xiaofei Huang, Fei Shi, Guoling Wang, Jiangbo Yu, Suhua Ma and Weifeng Li

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072626 - 02 Apr 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1835

Abstract

The kinetics and mechanism of ternesite formation (calcium sulfosilicate, Ca₅(SiO₄)₂SO₄, C₅S₂$) were investigated by studying the reaction between beta-dicalcium silicate (β-C₂S) and calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO₄∙2H₂ [...] Read more.

The kinetics and mechanism of ternesite formation (calcium sulfosilicate, Ca₅(SiO₄)₂SO₄, C₅S₂$) were investigated by studying the reaction between beta-dicalcium silicate (β-C₂S) and calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO₄∙2H₂O). Mineralogical composition development was monitored using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and backscattered scanning electron microscopy (BSEM) coupled to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Ternesite can form in the 1100 to 1200 °C range by the solid-phase reaction of β-C₂S and CaSO₄. The formation of ternesite is favored by increasing the sintering temperature or extending the sintering time. The solid-phase reaction is carried out by diffusion of CaSO₄ to β-C₂S. The kinetics equation of ternesite is consistent with three-dimensional diffusion models (3-D model, D3 model or Jander model). The equation of the D3 model is 1 − 2α/3 − (1 − α)^2/3 = kt. On the basis of the Arrhenius equation, the activation energy of ternesite is 239.8 kJ/mol. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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9 pages, 1477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Solvent-Free and Efficient One-Pot Strategy for Synthesis of the Triazine-Heterocycle Azacyanines

by Xianwu Jiang, Zhuodong Sun and Yu Wang

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2619; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072619 - 02 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1632

Abstract

A novel method with great universality for preparing the electron-rich and electron-deficient triazine-heterocycle azacyanines was presented by using only dibromomethane as a catalysis and solution. The high boiling temperature of dibromomethane has a more flexible reaction condition, allowing all three azacyanine products a [...] Read more.

A novel method with great universality for preparing the electron-rich and electron-deficient triazine-heterocycle azacyanines was presented by using only dibromomethane as a catalysis and solution. The high boiling temperature of dibromomethane has a more flexible reaction condition, allowing all three azacyanine products a chance to yield over 80%. The FT-IR element analysis and all necessary tests, even signal-crystal tests, were executed to firmly confirm that the molecular structure of the azacyanines was accurate. This principal reaction route design that provides a new opportunity for the preparation of azacyanines and their derivatives in a cost-effective and simple process shows great potential for industrial-scale preparation of this important azacyanine intermediate product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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13 pages, 915 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrocracking of Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil with Petroleum Wax

by Olga Pleyer, Iva Kubičková, Aleš Vráblík, Daniel Maxa, Milan Pospíšil, Michal Zbuzek, Dominik Schlehöfer and Petr Straka

Catalysts 2022, 12(4), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12040384 - 30 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5439

Abstract

Petroleum heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) containing 10 wt.% of petroleum wax was hydrocracked at 390–430 °C and under the pressure of 18 MPa over a Ni W/amorphous silica-alumina catalyst in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor. The hydrocracking of a reference feed (neat HVGO) [...] Read more.

Petroleum heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) containing 10 wt.% of petroleum wax was hydrocracked at 390–430 °C and under the pressure of 18 MPa over a Ni W/amorphous silica-alumina catalyst in a continuous-flow fixed-bed reactor. The hydrocracking of a reference feed (neat HVGO) was carried out under the same reaction conditions. The physico-chemical properties of primary products obtained via laboratory atmospheric-vacuum distillation (heavy naphtha, middle distillates and distillation residue) were evaluated. Most products prepared from the mixed feedstock had a similar or lower density and sulfur content than the products obtained from the hydrocracking of the neat HVGO. The heavy naphtha fractions obtained from mixed feedstock contained slightly more n-alkanes and iso-alkanes and less naphthenes and aromatics. Similarly, middle distillates obtained from the mixed feedstock contained slightly more n-alkanes and less aromatics and had cetane index higher by up to 2 units. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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18 pages, 1325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Relevance of the Circular Economy for Climate Change: An Exploration through the Theory of Change Approach

by Manav Khanna, Natalia Marzia Gusmerotti and Marco Frey

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 3991; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073991 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6059

Abstract

The relevance of the circular economy for climate change is still a developing area of research that needs to be explored. This paper aims to provide an overview of the relevance of the circular economy for climate change through the theory of change [...] Read more.

The relevance of the circular economy for climate change is still a developing area of research that needs to be explored. This paper aims to provide an overview of the relevance of the circular economy for climate change through the theory of change approach framework. For this purpose, we analysed 96 articles from the Scopus and WoS databases in the “Arts and Humanities, Business, Management and Accounting, Economics, Econometrics and Finance and Social Sciences,” with the keywords “Circular economy” and “Climate Change”. Our analysis shows that 87% of the reviewed articles showed a strong relevance of the circular economy for climate change. However, most of the articles focused on the mitigation aspect of climate change. The circular economy is widely practised in countries such as the United Kingdom, Italy, Belgium, and China. Our main theoretical contribution is in developing a logical framework through the theory of change, which is a novel approach in social science research apart from monitoring and evaluation studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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14 pages, 1710 KiB

Open AccessReview

Alternative Uses of Water Hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) from a Sustainable Perspective: A Systematic Literature Review

by Celia Gabriela Sierra-Carmona, María Graciela Hernández-Orduña and Rene Murrieta-Galindo

Sustainability 2022, 14(7), 3931; https://doi.org/10.3390/su14073931 - 26 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7301

Abstract

Water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) is a floating hydrophyte plant considered one of the 100 most harmful invasive alien species in the world. Its main uses have been developed along three lines: (1) control, (2) eradication, and (3) wastewater bioremediation. The objective [...] Read more.

Water hyacinth (Pontederia crassipes) is a floating hydrophyte plant considered one of the 100 most harmful invasive alien species in the world. Its main uses have been developed along three lines: (1) control, (2) eradication, and (3) wastewater bioremediation. The objective of this work was to conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) focused on the documented uses of Pontederia crassipes, and to determine if there is evidence of its use as a raw material (plant biomass) for the generation of biodegradable products. This systematic literature review was conducted in six international databases, considering three inclusion criteria and three exclusion criteria. The available information about Pontederia crassipes showed a small percentage of studies aimed at the use of its biomass as a raw material for the creation of various biodegradable products, such as cardboard, paper, packaging and some other products, since this species is adaptable and prolific in multiple regions of Mexico. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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10 pages, 1887 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aging Behaviors of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Bio-Oil under Five Aging Conditions

by Yuxiang Yu, Chao Li, Chenxin Jiang, Jianmin Chang and Danni Shen

Polymers 2022, 14(7), 1352; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071352 - 26 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1925

Abstract

The bio-oil phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resin, prepared by using bio-oil as a substitute for phenol, has similar bonding strength but lower price to phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. As a common adhesive for outdoor wood, the aging performance of BPF resin is particularly important. The variations [...] Read more.

The bio-oil phenol-formaldehyde (BPF) resin, prepared by using bio-oil as a substitute for phenol, has similar bonding strength but lower price to phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin. As a common adhesive for outdoor wood, the aging performance of BPF resin is particularly important. The variations in mass, bonding strength, microstructure, atomic composition, and chemical structure of BPF resin under five aging conditions (heat treatment, water immersion, UV exposure, hydrothermal treatment, and weatherometer treatment) were characterized by scanning electron microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Compared under five aging conditions, after aging 960 h, the mass loss of plywood and film was largest under hydrothermal treatment; the bonding strength of plywood, the surface roughness, and O/C ratio of the resin film changed most obviously under weatherometer treatment. FT-IR analysis showed that the decreased degree of peak intensity on CH₂ and C–O–C characteristic peaks of BPF resin were weaker under water immersion, hydrothermal treatment, and weatherometer treatment than those of PF resin. The comparison of data between BPF and PF resins after aging 960 h showed that adding bio-oil could obviously weaken the aging effect of water but slightly enhance that of heat. The results could provide a basis for the aging resistance modification of BPF resin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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17 pages, 6009 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Stability, Optical Properties, and Gamma Shielding Properties of Tellurite Glass Modified with Potassium Chloride

by Khalid I. Hussein, Aref M. Al-Syadi, Mohammed S. Alqahtani, Nehal Elkhoshkhany, Hamed Algarni, Manuela Reben and El Sayed Yousef

Materials 2022, 15(7), 2403; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15072403 - 24 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

The synthesized glass system with a composition of (80-x) TeO₂-10P₂O₅-10Nb₂O₅-xKCl mol% (where x = 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) was successfully fabricated. The density (ρ) and molar volume (V_m) have [...] Read more.

The synthesized glass system with a composition of (80-x) TeO₂-10P₂O₅-10Nb₂O₅-xKCl mol% (where x = 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) was successfully fabricated. The density (ρ) and molar volume (V_m) have been calculated. The investigated glasses were characterized using different analysis methods (differential thermal analysis (DTA) and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy). The radiation shielding effectiveness of the synthesized glass system was evaluated using different shielding parameters, such as mass and linear attenuation coefficients (MAC, LAC), half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), effective atomic number (Z_eff), and effective electron number (N_eff). The results showed that with the increasing potassium chloride (KCl) concentration and decreasing tellurium oxide (TeO₂) concentration, the density, refractive index, Urbach energy (E_u), and glass transition temperature (T_g) decreased, while the optical energy gap (E_opt) and thermal stability increased. As the KCl concentration increases, the values of MAC, LAC, and Z_eff increase in the following order: TPNK5 % > TPNK10 % > TPNK15 % > TPNK20 % > TPNK25 %. Additionally, the shielding effectiveness of TPNK glass system showed good performance compared with some standard materials. The synthesized glass with a minimum KCl content has both good shielding effectiveness and good optical properties, in addition to reasonable thermal stability, which makes it suitable for shielding and optical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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22 pages, 5485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effective, Environmentally Friendly PVC Plasticizers Based on Succinic Acid

by Kerstin Ledniowska, Hanna Nosal-Kovalenko, Weronika Janik, Agata Krasuska, Dorota Stańczyk, Ewa Sabura, Maria Bartoszewicz and Aleksandra Rybak

Polymers 2022, 14(7), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071295 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6046

Abstract

The plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analyses, [...] Read more.

The plasticizers used in this study were synthesized from renewable raw materials using succinic acid, oleic acid, and propylene glycol. Four environmentally friendly plasticizer samples were obtained; their chemical structures and compositions were confirmed by gas chromatography (GC) and infrared spectroscopy (FT–IR) analyses, and their physicochemical properties and thermal stability (TGA analysis) were investigated. The obtained ester mixtures were used as poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticizers and their plasticization efficiency was determined in comparison to traditional, commercially available phthalate plasticizers, such as DEHP (di(2-ethylhexyl phthalate) and DINP (diisononyl phthalate). Mechanical properties and migration resistance were determined for soft PVC with the use of three concentrations of plasticizers (40 PHR, 50 PHR, and 60 PHR). It was observed that the obtained plasticizers exhibited the same plasticization efficiency and were characterized with good mechanical and physical properties in comparison to commercial plasticizers. The tensile strength was approx. 19 MPa, while the elongation at break was approx. 250% for all tested plasticizers at a concentration of 50 PHR. Furthermore, plasticizer migration studies showed that the synthesized plasticizers had excellent resistance to plasticizer leaching. The best migration test result obtained was 70% lower than that for DEHP or DINP. The ester mixture that was found to be the most favorable plasticizer was characterized by good thermal and thermo-oxidative stability (5% weight loss temperature: 227.8 °C in air and 261.1 °C in nitrogen). The results of the research clearly indicate that the synthesized esters can provide a green alternative to toxic phthalate plasticizers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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33 pages, 10560 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polyacrylic Acid Nanoplatforms: Antimicrobial, Tissue Engineering, and Cancer Theranostic Applications

by Hassan Arkaban, Mahmood Barani, Majid Reza Akbarizadeh, Narendra Pal Singh Chauhan, Sapana Jadoun, Maryam Dehghani Soltani and Payam Zarrintaj

Polymers 2022, 14(6), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061259 - 21 Mar 2022

Cited by 90 | Viewed by 11259

Abstract

Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer that gained lots of interest in recent years. PAA nano-derivatives can be obtained by chemical modification of carboxyl groups with superior chemical properties in comparison to unmodified PAA. For example, nano-particles produced from [...] Read more.

Polyacrylic acid (PAA) is a non-toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer that gained lots of interest in recent years. PAA nano-derivatives can be obtained by chemical modification of carboxyl groups with superior chemical properties in comparison to unmodified PAA. For example, nano-particles produced from PAA derivatives can be used to deliver drugs due to their stability and biocompatibility. PAA and its nanoconjugates could also be regarded as stimuli-responsive platforms that make them ideal for drug delivery and antimicrobial applications. These properties make PAA a good candidate for conventional and novel drug carrier systems. Here, we started with synthesis approaches, structure characteristics, and other architectures of PAA nanoplatforms. Then, different conjugations of PAA/nanostructures and their potential in various fields of nanomedicine such as antimicrobial, anticancer, imaging, biosensor, and tissue engineering were discussed. Finally, biocompatibility and challenges of PAA nanoplatforms were highlighted. This review will provide fundamental knowledge and current information connected to the PAA nanoplatforms and their applications in biological fields for a broad audience of researchers, engineers, and newcomers. In this light, PAA nanoplatforms could have great potential for the research and development of new nano vaccines and nano drugs in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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11 pages, 45936 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Properties of Electrodeposited Ni-B-Graphene Oxide Composite Coatings

by Desen Cheng, Lan Zhang, Yongchao Zhu, Huimin Xia, Na Li, Wentao Song, Hui Bai and Huizhong Ma

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2287; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062287 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2092

Abstract

With the rapid development of modern industries, the surface quality and performance of metals need to be improved. Composite electrodeposition (co-deposition) has evolved as an important technique for improving the surface performance of metal materials. Herein, a new type of graphene oxide (GO)-reinforced [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of modern industries, the surface quality and performance of metals need to be improved. Composite electrodeposition (co-deposition) has evolved as an important technique for improving the surface performance of metal materials. Herein, a new type of graphene oxide (GO)-reinforced nickel–boron (Ni-B) composite coating was successfully prepared on a 7075 aluminum (Al) alloy by co-deposition. Characterization revealed a significant improvement in the mechanical and anti-corrosion properties of the composite with the incorporation of GOs. The composite showed a rougher, compact, cauliflower-like morphology with finer grains, a higher hardness (1532 HV), a lower rate of wear (5.20 × 10⁻⁵ mm³∙N⁻¹∙m⁻¹), and a lower corrosion rate (33.66 × 10⁻³ mm∙y⁻¹) compared with the Ni-B alloy deposit (878 HV, 9.64 × 10⁻⁵ mm³∙N⁻¹∙m⁻¹, and 116.64 × 10⁻³ mm∙y⁻¹, respectively). The mechanism by which GOs strengthen the Ni-B matrix is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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9 pages, 892 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Cubic Iron Core–Shell Nanoparticles Functionalized to Obtain High-Performance MRI Contrast Agents

by Maria Volokhova, Anna Shugai, Masahiko Tsujimoto, Anna-Liisa Kubo, Sven Telliskivi, Mait Nigul, Peep Uudeküll, Heiki Vija, Olesja M. Bondarenko, Jasper Adamson, Anne Kahru, Raivo Stern and Liis Seinberg

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2228; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062228 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1551

Abstract

Nanoparticles with SiO

_{2}

coating were synthesized to have a cubic iron core. These were found to have saturation magnetization very close to the highest possible value of any iron-containing nanoparticles and the bulk iron saturation magnetization. The in vitro toxicology studies show [...] Read more.

Nanoparticles with SiO

_{2}

coating were synthesized to have a cubic iron core. These were found to have saturation magnetization very close to the highest possible value of any iron-containing nanoparticles and the bulk iron saturation magnetization. The in vitro toxicology studies show that they are highly biocompatible and possess better MRI contrast agent potential than iron oxide NPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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22 pages, 5822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study into the Mechanical Properties of a New Aeronautic-Grade Epoxy-Based Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Vitrimer

by Cristian Builes Cárdenas, Vincent Gayraud, Maria Eugenia Rodriguez, Josep Costa, Asier M. Salaberria, Alaitz Ruiz de Luzuriaga, Nerea Markaide, Priya Dasan Keeryadath and Diego Calderón Zapatería

Polymers 2022, 14(6), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061223 - 17 Mar 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3832

Abstract

The current drive for sustainability demands recyclable matrices for composite materials. Vitrimers combine thermoset properties with reprocessability, but their mechanical performance in highly loaded applications, for instance, composites for aeronautics, is still to be demonstrated. This work presents the complete mechanical characterization of [...] Read more.

The current drive for sustainability demands recyclable matrices for composite materials. Vitrimers combine thermoset properties with reprocessability, but their mechanical performance in highly loaded applications, for instance, composites for aeronautics, is still to be demonstrated. This work presents the complete mechanical characterization of a new vitrimer reinforced with carbon fiber. This vitrimer formulation consists of functional epoxy groups and a new dynamic disulfide crosslinks-based hardener. The testing campaign for the vitrimer composites encompassed tension, compression, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), in-plane shear (IPS), open-hole tension (OHT) and compression (OHC), filled-hole compression (FHC) and interlaminar fracture toughness tests under mode I and II. Test conditions included room temperature and high temperature of 70 °C and 120 °C, respectively, after moisture saturation. Tension and flexural tests also were applied on the neat vitrimer resin. The results compared well with those obtained for current aeronautic materials manufactured by Resin Transfer Molding (RTM). The lower values observed in compression and ILSS derived from the thermoplastic veils included as a toughening material. This work demonstrates that the vitrimer formulation presented meets the requirements of current matrices for aeronautic-grade carbon-reinforced composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 3593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

One-Pot Synthesis of Amine-Functionalized Nano-Silica via Sol-Gel Assisted by Reverse Micelle Microemulsion for Environmental Application

by Enshirah Da’na, Wafa Shamsan Al-Arjan, Sukainah Al-Saeed and Mohamed Ramadan El-Aassar

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(6), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12060947 - 13 Mar 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2276

Abstract

Amine modified nano-silica was prepared via a one-pot route and under very mild conditions in water in oil microemulsion with a non-ionic surfactant to study the effect of changing the amount of N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (DA) added to the synthesis mixture on the characteristics of [...] Read more.

Amine modified nano-silica was prepared via a one-pot route and under very mild conditions in water in oil microemulsion with a non-ionic surfactant to study the effect of changing the amount of N-[3-(Trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (DA) added to the synthesis mixture on the characteristics of the obtained nanocomposite such as morphology, crystallinity, surface charge, particle size, surface area, and accordingly the effect of all of these factors on the efficiency of the nanocomposite for the removal of heavy metal ions, namely zinc, from aqueous solutions. XRD, SEM, TGA, BET, DLS, FTIR, and pH₀ analysis were performed for samples and the results showed a strong effect for the amount of DA added to the synthesis mixture on the characteristics of the obtained nanocomposites. It was found that increasing the amount of DA added to the synthesis mixture increased the pH₀, hydrodynamic particle size obtained by dynamic light scattering analysis, and the particle size obtained by SEM. Sample prepared without the addition of DA (SNP) and the samples prepared with 1.5 mL of DA (SNP-1.5DA) showed a better adsorption performance compared to the samples prepared with 0.5 and 1.0 mL of DA (SNP-0.5DA and SNP-1.0DA, respectively). The main factor affecting the adsorption efficiency was found to be the available surface area for each nanocomposite, which was directly related to the degree of crystallinity as obtained by XRD analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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19 pages, 14024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Submicronic Filtering Media Based on Electrospun Recycled PET Nanofibers: Development, Characterization, and Method to Manufacture Surgical Masks

by Marta Baselga-Lahoz, Cristina Yus, Manuel Arruebo, Víctor Sebastián, Silvia Irusta and Santiago Jiménez

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(6), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12060925 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2950

Abstract

The disposal of single-use personal protective equipment has brought a notable environmental impact in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. During these last two years, part of the global research efforts has been focused on preventing contagion using nanotechnology. This work explores the [...] Read more.

The disposal of single-use personal protective equipment has brought a notable environmental impact in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. During these last two years, part of the global research efforts has been focused on preventing contagion using nanotechnology. This work explores the production of filter materials with electrohydrodynamic techniques using recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET). PET was chosen because it is one of the materials most commonly present in everyday waste (such as in food packaging, bags, or bottles), being the most frequently used thermoplastic polymer in the world. The influence of the electrospinning parameters on the filtering capacity of the resulting fabric was analyzed against both aerosolized submicron particles and microparticulated matter. Finally, we present a new scalable and straightforward method for manufacturing surgical masks by electrospinning and we validate their performance by simulating the standard conditions to which they are subjected to during use. The masks were successfully reprocessed to ensure that the proposed method is able to reduce the environmental impact of disposable face masks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 4892 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Naphthalene-Based Polyaminal-Linked Porous Polymers for Highly Effective Uptake of CO₂ and Heavy Metals

by Manal Ibrahim, Nada Tashkandi, Nikos Hadjichristidis and Nazeeha S. Alkayal

Polymers 2022, 14(6), 1136; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061136 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2510

Abstract

Studying the effect of functional groups on the porosity structure and adsorption efficiency of polymer materials is becoming increasingly interesting. In this work, a novel porous polyaminal-linked polymer, based on naphthalene and melamine (PAN-NA) building blocks, was successfully synthesized by a one-pot polycondensation [...] Read more.

Studying the effect of functional groups on the porosity structure and adsorption efficiency of polymer materials is becoming increasingly interesting. In this work, a novel porous polyaminal-linked polymer, based on naphthalene and melamine (PAN-NA) building blocks, was successfully synthesized by a one-pot polycondensation method, and used as an adsorbent for both CO₂ and heavy metals. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state ¹³ C NMR, powder X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetry were used to characterize the prepared polymer. The porous material structure was established by field-emission scanning electron microscope and N₂ adsorption–desorption methods at 77 K. The polymer exhibited excellent uptake of CO₂, 133 mg/g at 273 K and 1 bar. In addition, the adsorption behavior of PAN-NA for different metal cations, including Pb(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), and Ba(II), was investigated; a significant adsorption selectivity toward the Pb(II) cation was detected. The influence of pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentrations, and contact time was also assessed. Our results prove that the introduction of naphthalene in the polymer network improves the porosity and, thus, CO₂ adsorption, as well as the adsorption of heavy metals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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14 pages, 6391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for Prediction of Ultrasonic Detectability of Interface Gap Defects on TC4 Diffusion-Bonded Joints

by Lichen Teng and Zhenggan Zhou

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(6), 911; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12060911 - 10 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1688

Abstract

An analysis method for the detectability of defects on the TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V) diffusion bonding interface was proposed in this study. First, a semi-analytical model of the liquid–solid coupling acoustic field with attenuation characteristics was constructed. Based on this, a method for the selection [...] Read more.

An analysis method for the detectability of defects on the TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V) diffusion bonding interface was proposed in this study. First, a semi-analytical model of the liquid–solid coupling acoustic field with attenuation characteristics was constructed. Based on this, a method for the selection of transducer parameters was investigated for effective focus on the diffusion bonding interface. Second, according to the characteristics of defects on the diffusion bonding interface, an acoustic response model for diffusion bonding defects was established based on Kirchhoff approximation. The detectability of defects on the diffusion bonding interface was analyzed using transducers of different frequencies with different diffusion bonding interface gaps. Finally, an experiment was conducted to verify the reliability of the simulation. The analysis method proposed shows the advantages in the selection of suitable parameters for detecting specific diffusion bonding interface gaps, providing theoretical predictions of the detectability of diffusion bonding interface defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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17 pages, 19490 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dual Modification of Sago Starch via Heat Moisture Treatment and Octenyl Succinylation to Improve Starch Hydrophobicity

by Angela Myrra Puspita Dewi, Umar Santoso, Yudi Pranoto and Djagal W. Marseno

Polymers 2022, 14(6), 1086; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14061086 - 08 Mar 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 3953

Abstract

To elucidate the pretreatment of a heat moisture treatment that could increase the DS and hydrophobicity of OSA starch, the effect of the moisture level of the HMT process on the physicochemical properties was investigated. The higher moisture content (MC) in the HMT [...] Read more.

To elucidate the pretreatment of a heat moisture treatment that could increase the DS and hydrophobicity of OSA starch, the effect of the moisture level of the HMT process on the physicochemical properties was investigated. The higher moisture content (MC) in the HMT process led to a decreasing degree of crystallinity and gelatinization enthalpy and also produced surface damage and cracking of the granules. HMT pretreatment with the right moisture content resulted in OSA starch with the maximum DS value and reaction efficiency. Pre-treatment HMT at 25% MC (HMT-25) followed by OSA esterification exhibited the highest DS value (0.0086) and reaction efficiency (35.86%). H25-OSA starch has been shown to have good water resistance (OAC 1.03%, WVP 4.92 × 10⁻⁵ g/s m Pa, water contact angle 88.43°), and conversely, has a high cold water solubility (8.44%). Based on FTIR, there were two new peaks at 1729 and 1568 cm⁻¹ of the HMT-OSA starch, which proved that the hydroxyl group of the HMT starch molecule had been substituted with the carbonyl and carboxyl ester groups of OSA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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11 pages, 2124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of High-Durability Polypropylene Composites via Reutilization of SiO₂ In-Situ-Synthesized Waste Printed Circuit Board Powder

by Shenghui Tian, Baixue Li, Hui He, Xinlu Liu, Xin Wen and Zuolu Zhang

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 1045; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14051045 - 05 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1538

Abstract

This paper focuses on the characterization of the physico-chemical properties, surface modification, residual copper content and in situ hybrid inorganic particle modification of polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced by waste printed circuit board powder (WPCBP). A series of WPCBP/SiO₂ hybrids (TSW) were prepared [...] Read more.

This paper focuses on the characterization of the physico-chemical properties, surface modification, residual copper content and in situ hybrid inorganic particle modification of polypropylene (PP) composites reinforced by waste printed circuit board powder (WPCBP). A series of WPCBP/SiO₂ hybrids (TSW) were prepared by a sol–gel method at different pH values. Characterization results revealed the in situ generation of SiO₂ on the surface of WPCBP, and showed that with an increase in pH value, the size of SiO₂ particles increased gradually and the copper content decreased in the TSW powder. The mechanical properties, oxidation induction time (OIT) and thermal properties of PP composites were improved by reinforcement with TSW, which might be ascribed to the formation of serrated interfaces. This work not only develops a powerful method to enhance the properties of PP/WPCBP composites, but also provides an environmentally sustainable approach to the high-added-value reutilization of WPCBP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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19 pages, 14668 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of CP-Ti Cruciform Specimens with Mixed Mode I-II Crack under Biaxial Loading

by Jia-Yu Liu, Wen-Jie Bao, Jia-Yu Zhao and Chang-Yu Zhou

Materials 2022, 15(5), 1926; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15051926 - 04 Mar 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1652

Abstract

Investigations on the fatigue crack growth of commercial pure titanium are carried out with cruciform specimens under different biaxial load ratios (λ = 0, 0.5, and 1) and crack inclination angles (β = 90°, 60°, and 45°) in this paper. Based [...] Read more.

Investigations on the fatigue crack growth of commercial pure titanium are carried out with cruciform specimens under different biaxial load ratios (λ = 0, 0.5, and 1) and crack inclination angles (β = 90°, 60°, and 45°) in this paper. Based on the finite element results, the modified solution of stress intensity factors K_I and K_II for cruciform specimens containing mixed mode I-II crack is obtained by considering crack size, biaxial load ratio, and crack inclination angles. The experimental results show that the maximum tangential stress criterion is fit for the prediction of crack initiation angles for mixed model I-II crack under uniaxial or biaxial loading condition. When the biaxial load ratio increases, the crack propagation angle becomes smaller, and so does the fatigue crack growth rate of mode I crack or mixed mode I-II crack. Based on an equivalent stress intensity factor, a new valid stress intensity factor is proposed to better describe the biaxial fatigue crack growth behavior, which can demonstrate the contribution of mode I and mode II of stress intensity factor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 22274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Functionalized Kraft Lignin Incorporation on Polypropylene Surface Energy and Practical Adhesion

by Manuel Patricio da Silva Bisneto, Julia Rocha Gouveia, Leonardo Dalseno Antonino, Lara Basílio Tavares, Nathalie Minako Ito and Demetrio Jackson dos Santos

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050999 - 01 Mar 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2787

Abstract

Polypropylene (PP) is a multifunctional and widely applied polymer. Nevertheless, its low energy surface and poor adhesion are well-known and might impair some prospective applications. Aiming to overcome these limitations, PP composites can be applied as a tool to enhance PP surface energy [...] Read more.

Polypropylene (PP) is a multifunctional and widely applied polymer. Nevertheless, its low energy surface and poor adhesion are well-known and might impair some prospective applications. Aiming to overcome these limitations, PP composites can be applied as a tool to enhance PP surface energy and then increase its practical adhesion. In this work, Kraft lignin (KL) was chemically modified and blended with PP. In short, KL was hydroxypropylated and further reacted with acetic anhydride (A-oxi-KL) or maleic anhydride (M-oxi-KL). Lignin modifications were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). PP-composites with different lignin contents, as well as pristine PP, were characterized in terms of their thermal behavior, morphology, surface energy, and practical adhesion by DSC, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle measurement, and peeling tests, respectively. Lignin incorporation did not affect the PP degree of crystallization. The lignin modifications led to a better compatibility with the PP matrix and surface energies up to 86% higher than neat PP. Increases of up to 66% in the peel strength were verified. Composites with M-oxi-KL showed the best adhesion performance, confirming the lignin functionalization is an efficient approach to improve the practical adhesion of PP films. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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12 pages, 3540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Fabrication of Highly Hydrophobic Onion-like Candle Soot-Coated Mesh for Durable Oil/Water Separation

by Jiajia Song, Na Liu, Jiakai Li, Yingze Cao and Haijie Cao

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(5), 761; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12050761 - 24 Feb 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2003

Abstract

Although sundry superhydrophobic filtrating materials have been extensively exploited for remediating water pollution arising from frequent oil spills and oily wastewater emission, the expensive reagents, rigorous reaction conditions, and poor durability severely restrict their water purification performance in practical applications. Herein, we present [...] Read more.

Although sundry superhydrophobic filtrating materials have been extensively exploited for remediating water pollution arising from frequent oil spills and oily wastewater emission, the expensive reagents, rigorous reaction conditions, and poor durability severely restrict their water purification performance in practical applications. Herein, we present a facile and cost-effective method to fabricate highly hydrophobic onion-like candle soot (CS)-coated mesh for versatile oil/water separation with excellent reusability and durability. Benefiting from a superglue acting as a binder, the sub-micron CS coating composed of interconnected and intrinsic hydrophobic carbon nanoparticles stably anchors on the surface of porous substrates, which enables the mesh to be highly hydrophobic (146.8 ± 0.5°)/superoleophilic and resist the harsh environmental conditions, including acid, alkali, and salt solutions, and even ultrasonic wear. The as-prepared mesh can efficiently separate light or heavy oil/water mixtures with high separation efficiency (>99.95%), among which all the water content in filtrates is below 75 ppm. Besides, such mesh retains excellent separation performance and high hydrophobicity even after 20 cyclic tests, demonstrating its superior reusability and durability. Overall, this work not only makes the CS-coated mesh promising for durable oil/water separation, but also develops an eco-friendly approach to construct robust superhydrophobic surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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28 pages, 5835 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sorption of Fluoride and Bacterial Disinfection Property of Biosynthesized Nanofibrous Cellulose Decorated Ag–MgO–Nanohydroxyapatite Composite for Household Water Treatment

by Wasiu B. Ayinde, Mugera W. Gitari, James A. Smith and Amidou Samie

Polymers 2022, 14(5), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14050890 - 23 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1834

Abstract

An innovative and sustainable approach to integrating modified Ag–MgO–nanohydroxyapatite on a nanofibrous cellulose template (CNF-AgMgOnHaP) as a multifunctional adsorbent via a hydrothermal bioreduction route using Citrus paradisi peel extract was developed and examined. The surface morphology and mineralogical properties of CNF-AgMgOnHaP by UV–vis [...] Read more.

An innovative and sustainable approach to integrating modified Ag–MgO–nanohydroxyapatite on a nanofibrous cellulose template (CNF-AgMgOnHaP) as a multifunctional adsorbent via a hydrothermal bioreduction route using Citrus paradisi peel extract was developed and examined. The surface morphology and mineralogical properties of CNF-AgMgOnHaP by UV–vis spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, TEM, and BET techniques are reported. Batch fluoride sorption studies and its disinfection potential against common bacteria in surface water were evaluated. The results showed the successful synthesis of a modified multistructural CNF-AgMgOnHaP composite with an improved BET surface area of 160.17 m²/g. The sorption of fluoride by the adsorbent was found to strongly depend on the different sorption conditions with a maximum F⁻ sorption capacity of 8.71 mg/g at 303 K, and pH of 5 with 0.25 g dosage at 10 min contact time (25 ± 3 °C). Equilibrium fluoride sorption onto the CNF-AgMgOnHaP was best described by the Freundlich isotherm model across all the operating temperatures. The overall kinetic results showed that the adsorption mechanisms not only depend on using the pseudo-second-order process but are also governed by the mass transfer of the adsorbate molecules from the external surface onto the pores of the adsorbent. The thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption process of F⁻ onto CNF-AgMgOnHaP was endothermic and spontaneous at the sorbent/solution interface. The synthesized composite also provides some antibacterial activity against common infectious microbes from contaminated drinking water. The overall results suggested that the CNF-AgMgOnHaP nanocomposite possesses the potential for the simultaneous decontamination of pollutants and microbes in drinking water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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16 pages, 4459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Function Optimization of Cemented Neutralization Slag Backfill Strength Based on RSM-BBD

by Mingqing Huang, Lin Chen, Ming Zhang and Shulin Zhan

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1585; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041585 - 20 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1624

Abstract

Tailings produced in the beneficiation of Carlin-type gold deposits are characterized by fine particle size and high mud content. When neutralized with wasted acid generated by pressurized pre-oxidation, the tailings turn to neutralized slag and perform as a novel backfill material. To understand [...] Read more.

Tailings produced in the beneficiation of Carlin-type gold deposits are characterized by fine particle size and high mud content. When neutralized with wasted acid generated by pressurized pre-oxidation, the tailings turn to neutralized slag and perform as a novel backfill material. To understand the influential behavior of variable factors on the strength and its optimization of cemented neutralization slag backfill, RMS-BBD design test was carried out with 56–60% slurry mass fraction, 12.5–25% cement/(neutralization slag + waste rock) (i.e., C/(S+R)) and 30–40% waste rock content. A modified three-dimensional quadratic regression model was proposed to predict the strength of cemented neutralization slag backfill. The results showed that backfill strength predicted by the modified ternary quadratic regression model was in high coincidence with the data of backfill mixture tests. C/(S+R) was predominant in backfill strength with regard to every single influential factor throughout the curing age, and the mass fraction of slurry had a significant effect on the later strength. From the perspective of economic and engineering operation, a multi-objective function method was further introduced to optimize the backfill strength. The optimal mixture proportion of cemented neutralized slag backfill slurry was: 58.4% slurry mass fraction, 32.2% waste rock content, and 20.1% C/(S+R). The backfill strength of this mixture proportion on days 7, 28 and 56 was verified as 0.42, 0.64 and 0.85 MPa, respectively. RSM-BBD design and multi-objective function optimization proposed a reliable way to evaluate and optimize the strength of neutralized slag backfill with high mud content. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 5158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Composite Porous Membrane Based on Derived Cellulose for Transient Gel Electrolyte in Transient Lithium-Ion Batteries

by Yuanfen Chen, Lanbin Zhang, Lin Lin and Hui You

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1584; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041584 - 20 Feb 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2694

Abstract

The transient lithium-ion battery is a potential candidate as an integrated energy storage unit in transient electronics. In this study, a mechanically robust, transient, and high-performance composite porous membrane for a transient gel electrolyte in transient lithium-ion batteries is studied and reported. By [...] Read more.

The transient lithium-ion battery is a potential candidate as an integrated energy storage unit in transient electronics. In this study, a mechanically robust, transient, and high-performance composite porous membrane for a transient gel electrolyte in transient lithium-ion batteries is studied and reported. By introducing a unique and controllable circular skeleton of methylcellulose to the carboxymethyl cellulose-based membrane, the elastic modulus and tensile strength of the composite porous membrane (CPM) are greatly improved, while maintaining its micropores structure and fast transiency. Results show that CPM with 5% methylcellulose has the best overall performance. The elastic modulus, tensile strength, porosity, and contact angle of the optimized CPM are 335.18 MPa, 9.73 MPa, 62.26%, and 21.22°, respectively. The water-triggered transient time for CPM is less than 20 min. The ionic conductivity and bulk resistance of the CPM gel electrolyte are 0.54 mS cm⁻¹ and 4.45 Ω, respectively. The obtained results suggest that this transient high-performance CPM has great potential applications as a transient power source in transient electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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26 pages, 42693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Affibody Modified G-quadruplex DNA Micelles Incorporating Polymeric 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine for Targeted Delivery of Curcumin to Enhance Synergetic Therapy of HER2 Positive Gastric Cancer

by Chao Zhang, Shuangqing Fu, Fanghua Zhang, Mengnan Han, Xuming Wang, Jie Du, Honglei Zhang and Wei Li

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(4), 696; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040696 - 19 Feb 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2148

Abstract

Combination chemotherapy is emerging as an important strategy for cancer treatment with decreased side effects. However, chemotherapeutic drugs with different solubility are not easy to realize co-delivery in traditional nanocarriers. Herein, an affibody modified G-quadruplex DNA micellar prodrug (affi-F/GQs) of hydrophilic 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) [...] Read more.

Combination chemotherapy is emerging as an important strategy for cancer treatment with decreased side effects. However, chemotherapeutic drugs with different solubility are not easy to realize co-delivery in traditional nanocarriers. Herein, an affibody modified G-quadruplex DNA micellar prodrug (affi-F/GQs) of hydrophilic 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) by integrating polymeric FUdRs into DNA strands is developed for the first time. To achieve synergistic efficacy with hydrophobic drugs, curcumin (Cur) is co-loaded into affi-F/GQs micelles to prepare the dual drug-loaded DNA micelles (Cur@affi-F/GQs), in which affibody is employed as a targeting moiety to facilitate HER2 receptor-mediated uptake. Cur@affi-F/GQs have a small size of approximately 130 nm and exhibit excellent stability. The system co-delivers FUdR and Cur in a ratiometric manner, and the drug loading rates are 21.1% and 5.6%, respectively. Compared with the physical combination of FUdR and Cur, Cur@affi-F/GQs show higher cytotoxicity and greater synergistic effect on HER2 positive gastric cancer N87 cells. Surprisingly, Cur@affi-F/GQs significantly enhance the expression and activity of apoptosis-associated proteins in Bcl-2/Bax-caspase 8, 9-caspase 3 apoptotic pathway, which is the main factor in the death of tumor cells induced by FUdR. Overall, this nanoencapsulation is a promising candidate for the targeted co-delivery of drugs with significant differences in solubility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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17 pages, 50644 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Expanded Graphite on the Reaction Sintering of Boron Carbide

by Agnieszka Gubernat, Kamil Kornaus, Radosław Lach, Dariusz Zientara and Patryk Dyl

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1500; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041500 - 17 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1434

Abstract

This paper presents novel results of research focused on reaction sintering of a mixture of expanded graphite and amorphous boron. It has been shown that as a result of combining the synthesis from the elements with sintering under pressure, dense boron carbide polycrystals [...] Read more.

This paper presents novel results of research focused on reaction sintering of a mixture of expanded graphite and amorphous boron. It has been shown that as a result of combining the synthesis from the elements with sintering under pressure, dense boron carbide polycrystals (95% TD) can be obtained in which stable structures dominate, i.e., boron carbides of stoichiometry B₁₃C₂ and B₄C. Sintering was carried out on boron excess systems, and reaction mixtures with the following mass ratios (B:C = 5:1; 10:1; and 15:1) were used. Boron excess systems were used due to the presence of additional carbon during sintering since the matrix, reactor lining, and heating elements were made of graphite. 1850 °C was considered to be the optimum reaction sintering temperature for all of the systems tested. This shows that a reduction in the sintering temperature of 200–300 °C was observed with respect to traditional sintering techniques. Micro-cracks are present in the sinters, the presence of which is most likely due to the difficulty in removing the gaseous products which accompany the boron carbide synthesis reaction. The elimination of these defects of sintering requires further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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10 pages, 943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Comparison of CdTe:Na, CdTe:As, and CdTe:P Single Crystals for Solar Cell Applications

by Sangsu Kim, Deok Kim, Jinki Hong, Abdallah Elmughrabi, Alima Melis, Jung-Yeol Yeom, Chansun Park and Shinhaeng Cho

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1408; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041408 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1817

Abstract

We compared thermal stability, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor values of single-crystal Cadmium telluride (CdTe) grown using the vertical Bridgman (VB) technique and doped with group V elements (phosphorus and arsenic), and group Ⅰ element (sodium), followed by an annealing process. [...] Read more.

We compared thermal stability, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and fill factor values of single-crystal Cadmium telluride (CdTe) grown using the vertical Bridgman (VB) technique and doped with group V elements (phosphorus and arsenic), and group Ⅰ element (sodium), followed by an annealing process. The sodium-doped CdTe maintained a hole density of 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ or higher; after annealing for a long time, this decreased to 10¹⁵ cm⁻³ or less. The arsenic-doped CdTe maintained a hole density of approximately 10¹⁶ cm⁻³ even after the annealing process; however its bulk minority carrier lifetime decreased by approximately 10%. The phosphorus-doped CdTe maintained its properties after the annealing process, ultimately achieving a hole density of ~10¹⁶ cm⁻³ and a minority carrier lifetime of ~40 ns. The characteristics of a single-crystal solar cell were evaluated using a solar cell device that contained single-crystal CdTe with various dopants. The sodium-doped sample exhibited poor interfacial properties, and its performance decreased rapidly during annealing. The samples doped with group V elements exhibited stable characteristics even during long-term annealing. We concluded, therefore, that group V elements dopants are more suitable for CdTe single-crystal-based solar cell applications involving thermal stress conditions, such as space missions or extreme fabrication temperature environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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17 pages, 10367 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Piezoelectric Properties of Lead Zirconate Titanate Nanocomposites Reinforced with In-Situ Formed ZrO₂ Nanoparticles

by Jianhua Li

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1389; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041389 - 14 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2726

Abstract

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based ceramics are used in numerous advanced applications, including sensors, displays, actuators, resonators, chips; however, the poor mechanical characteristics of these materials severely limits their utility in composite materials. To address this issue, we herein fabricate transgranular type PZT ceramic [...] Read more.

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)-based ceramics are used in numerous advanced applications, including sensors, displays, actuators, resonators, chips; however, the poor mechanical characteristics of these materials severely limits their utility in composite materials. To address this issue, we herein fabricate transgranular type PZT ceramic nanocomposites by a novel method. Thermodynamically metastable single perovskite-type Pb_0.99(Zr_0.52+xTi_0.48)_0.98Nb_0.02O_3+1.96x powders are prepared from a citrate precursor before both monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO₂ nanoparticles ranging from 20 to 80 nm are precipitated in situ at a sintering temperature of 1260 °C. The effects of ZrO₂ content on the microstructure, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties are investigated and the mechanism, by which ZrO₂ toughened PZT is analyzed in detail. The ZrO₂ nanoparticles underwent a tetragonal to monoclinic phase transition upon cooling. The fracture mode changed from intergranular to transgranular with increasing ZrO₂ content. The incorporation of ZrO₂ nanoparticles improved the mechanical and piezoelectric properties. The optimized piezoelectric properties (ε^T₃₃/ε₀ = 1398, tan δ = 0.024 d₃₃ = 354 pC N⁻¹, k_p = 0.66 Q_m = 78) are obtained when x = 0.02. T_c initially increased and subsequently decreased with increasing ZrO₂ content. The highest T_c = (387 °C) and lowest ε^T₃₃/ε₀ was obtained at x = 0.01. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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21 pages, 39204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Geopolymer Foams (GFs) Doped with By-Products of the Secondary Aluminum Industry

by Roberto Ercoli, Dorota Laskowska, Van Vu Nguyen, Van Su Le, Petr Louda, Piotr Łoś, Justyna Ciemnicka, Karol Prałat, Alberto Renzulli, Eleonora Paris, Matteo Basilici, Cezary Rapiejko and Katarzyna Ewa Buczkowska

Polymers 2022, 14(4), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040703 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2941

Abstract

The article deals with the investigation of geopolymer foams (GFs) synthesized using by-products coming from the (i) screening-, (iv) pyrolysis-, (iii) dust abatement- and (iv) fusion-processes of the secondary aluminum industry. Based on principles of the circular economy to produce new technological materials, [...] Read more.

The article deals with the investigation of geopolymer foams (GFs) synthesized using by-products coming from the (i) screening-, (iv) pyrolysis-, (iii) dust abatement- and (iv) fusion-processes of the secondary aluminum industry. Based on principles of the circular economy to produce new technological materials, the experimental study involves industrial by-products management through the recovery, chemical neutralization, and incorporation of these relatively hazardous waste into the GFs. The geopolymeric matrix, consisting of metakaolin (MK) and silica sand (SA) with a 1:1 wt.% ratio, and chopped carbon fibers (CFs, 1 wt.% MK), was doped with the addition of different aluminum-rich industrial by-products with a percentage from 1 to 10 wt.% MK. The gas (mainly hydrogen) produced during the chemical neutralization of the by-products represents the foaming agents trapped in the geopolymeric structure. Several experimental tests were carried out to characterize the mechanical (flexural, compressive, and Charpy impact strengths) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity, and diffusivity, and specific heat) of the GFs. Results identify GFs with good mechanical and thermal insulation properties, encouraging future researchers to find the best combination (for types and proportions) of the different by-products of the secondary aluminum industry to produce lightweight geopolymer foams. The reuse of these industrial by-products, which according to European Regulations cannot be disposed of in the landfill, also brings together environmental sustainability and safe management of hazardous material in workplaces addressed to the development of new materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 4653 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Microfiber Nonwoven Fabric with Sialic Acid-Immobilized Polymer Brush for Capturing Lectin in Aerosol

by Yung-Yoon Kim, Kanta Sagara and Kazuya Uezu

Polymers 2022, 14(4), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040663 - 09 Feb 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1854

Abstract

The influenza virus has been known as a representative infectious virus that harms human health from the past to the present day. We have promoted the development of a novel adsorbent capable of adsorbing influenza viruses in the form of aerosols in the [...] Read more.

The influenza virus has been known as a representative infectious virus that harms human health from the past to the present day. We have promoted the development of a novel adsorbent capable of adsorbing influenza viruses in the form of aerosols in the air. In this study, to develop a material to adsorb the influenza virus, a functional group was introduced into a microfiber nonwoven fabric (MNWF) manufactured through radiation-induced graft polymerization (RIGP), and sialic acid was immobilized to mimic the sugar chain cluster effect. The functional group was used by coupling disodium iminodiacetate monohydrate (IDA) and 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) was selected for sialic acid. IDA-EDC was introduced into GMA MNWF with an average molar conversion of 47%. For NANA MNWF with a degree of grafting (dg) of 87% introduced with sialic acid, 118.2 of 200 µg of aerosolized lectin was adsorbed, confirming that the maximum adsorption amount was 59.1%. In NANA MNWF of 100% or more dg, a tendency to decrease the amount of lectin adsorption was observed compared to NANA MNWF of 80–100% dg. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 3759 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing PET Glycolysis with an Oyster Shell-Derived Catalyst Using Response Surface Methodology

by Yonghwan Kim, Minjun Kim, Jeongwook Hwang, Eunmi Im and Geon Dae Moon

Polymers 2022, 14(4), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14040656 - 09 Feb 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4988

Abstract

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste was depolymerized into bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) through glycolysis with the aid of oyster shell-derived catalysts. The equilibrium yield of BHET was as high as 68.6% under the reaction conditions of mass ratios (EG to PET = 5, catalyst to [...] Read more.

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste was depolymerized into bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) through glycolysis with the aid of oyster shell-derived catalysts. The equilibrium yield of BHET was as high as 68.6% under the reaction conditions of mass ratios (EG to PET = 5, catalyst to PET = 0.01) at 195 °C for 1 h. Although biomass-derived Ca-based catalysts were used for PET glycolysis to obtain BHET monomers, no statistical analysis was performed to optimize the reaction conditions. Thus, in this study, we applied response surface methodology (RSM) based on three-factor Box–Behnken design (BBD) to investigate the optimal conditions for glycolysis by analyzing the independent and interactive effects of the factors, respectively. Three independent factors of interest include reaction time, temperature, and mass ratio of catalyst to PET under a fixed amount of ethylene glycol (mass ratio of EG to PET = 5) due to the saturation of the yield above the mass ratio. The quadratic regression equation was calculated for predicting the yield of BHET, which was in good agreement with the experimental data (R² = 0.989). The contour and response surface plots showed the interaction effect between three variables and the BHET yield with the maximum average yield of monomer (64.98%) under reaction conditions of 1 wt% of mass ratio (catalyst to PET), 195 °C, and 45 min. Both the experimental results and the analyses of the response surfaces revealed that the interaction effects of reaction temperature vs. time and temperature vs. mass ratio of the catalyst to the PET were more prominent in comparison to reaction time vs. mass ratio of the catalyst to the PET. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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21 pages, 2909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Glycine- and Alanine-Intercalated Layered Double Hydroxides as Highly Efficient Adsorbents for Phosphate with Kinetic Advantages

by Qian Zhang, Fangying Ji, Lei Jiang, Qiushi Shen, Yuanxiang Mao and Caocong Liu

Nanomaterials 2022, 12(4), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12040586 - 09 Feb 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1952

Abstract

Phosphate is the main cause of eutrophication. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are considered to be promising phosphate adsorbents due to their high affinity and large capacity. In this study, we partially intercalated zwitterionic glycine and alanine into Cl-LDH (corresponding to MgAl-LDH with interlayer [...] Read more.

Phosphate is the main cause of eutrophication. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are considered to be promising phosphate adsorbents due to their high affinity and large capacity. In this study, we partially intercalated zwitterionic glycine and alanine into Cl-LDH (corresponding to MgAl-LDH with interlayer anion Cl⁻) and synthesized efficient inorganic–organic nanohybrids for phosphate removal with kinetic advantages. Gly-Cl-LDH, Ala-Cl-LDH and Cl-LDH were characterized, and their phosphate adsorption performances under the influence of environment factors (e.g., solution pH, coexisting anions, contact time and phosphate concentration) were investigated. The results show that Gly-Cl-LDH and Ala-Cl-LDH had larger specific surface areas and larger interlayer spaces than Cl-LDH, and exhibited better adsorption performance at a lower pH and better adsorption selectivity against SO₄²⁻. Kinetic experiments indicated that Gly-Cl-LDH and Ala-Cl-LDH can reduce phosphate concentrations to a lower level in a shorter time. The pseudo-second-order kinetic constants of Gly-Cl-LDH and Ala-Cl-LDH were 1.27 times and 3.17 times of Cl-LDH, respectively (R² > 0.996). The maximum adsorption capacities derived from a Langmuir model of Cl-LDH, Gly-Cl-LDH and Ala-Cl-LDH are 63.2 mg-P/L, 55.8 mg-P/L and 58.2 mg-P/L, respectively, which showed superiority over the prevailing phosphate adsorbents. This research provides highly efficient adsorbents for removing phosphate from aqueous solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 2746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porous Biomass Carbon Derived from Clivia miniata Leaves via NaOH Activation for Removal of Dye

by Wei Gao

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15041285 - 09 Feb 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1581

Abstract

Clivia miniata (CM), is an important ornamental plant and has been widely cultivated all over the world. However, there are no reports on Clivia miniata-based porous biomass carbon (CMBC). In this study, for the first time, CM leaves were used to generate [...] Read more.

Clivia miniata (CM), is an important ornamental plant and has been widely cultivated all over the world. However, there are no reports on Clivia miniata-based porous biomass carbon (CMBC). In this study, for the first time, CM leaves were used to generate porous biomass carbon via NaOH activation. The structures and surface characteristics were determined using scanning electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption/desorption, TGA, FT-IR, X-ray diffraction, Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectra tests. CMBC has a large SSA (2716 m²/g) and a total pore volume of 1.95 cm³/g. To test the adsorption performance via adsorption experiments, the cationic and synthetic dye, malachite green (MG), was utilized as the adsorption model. The CMBC had a greatest adsorption capacity of 2622.9 mg/g at a pH value of 8 and had a fastest adsorption capacity of 1161.7 mg/g in the first 5 min. To explain MG adsorption into CMBC, the Freundlich isotherm and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model were used. The adsorption mechanism of MG was also investigated. After 10 cycles, the adsorption efficiency of CMBC to MG could still reach 85.3%. In summary, CMBC has excellent potential in dyeing wastewater pollution treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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20 pages, 14264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

New Synthesis Routes toward Improvement of Natural Filler/Synthetic Polymer Interfacial Crosslinking

by Mahmoud M. A. Nassar, Belal J. Abu Tarboush, Khalid I. Alzebdeh, Nasr Al-Hinai and Tasneem Pervez

Polymers 2022, 14(3), 629; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030629 - 07 Feb 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2066

Abstract

Among the critical issues dictating bio-composite performance is the interfacial bonding between the natural fibers and polymer matrix. In this regard, this article presents new synthesis routes comprising the treatment and functionalization of both date palm powder (DPP) filler and a polypropylene (PP) [...] Read more.

Among the critical issues dictating bio-composite performance is the interfacial bonding between the natural fibers and polymer matrix. In this regard, this article presents new synthesis routes comprising the treatment and functionalization of both date palm powder (DPP) filler and a polypropylene (PP) matrix to enhance filler–polymer adhesion in the newly developed bio-composites. Specifically, four bio-composite forms are considered: untreated DPP filled PP (DPP-UT/PP), treated DPP filled PP (DPP-T/PP), treated DPP filled functionalized PP using 2-isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (DPP-T/PP-g-IEM), and treated and functionalized DPP using 4-toluenesulfonyl chloride filled functionalized PP using 2-acrylamide ((DPP-T)-g-TsCl/PP-g-AcAm). The functional groups created on the surface of synthesized PP-g-IEM react with activated hydroxyl groups attached to the filler, resulting in chemical crosslinking between both components. Similarly, the reaction of TsCl with NH₂ chemical groups residing on the mating surfaces of the filler and polymer generates an amide bond in the interface region. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is used to confirm the successful coupling between the filler and polypropylene matrix after applying the treatment and functionalization schemes. Owing to the introduced crosslinking, the DPP-T/PP-g-IEM bio-composite exhibits the best mechanical properties as compared to the neat polymer, unfunctionalized polymer-based bio-composite, and (DPP-T)-g-TsCl/PP-g-AcAm counterpart. The applied compatibilizers assist in reducing the water uptake of the manufactured bio-composites, increasing their durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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10 pages, 2655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Loaded with Pt Catalysts

by Xingyi Lyu, Xun Wu, Yuzi Liu, Wenyu Huang, Byeongdu Lee and Tao Li

Catalysts 2022, 12(2), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12020183 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3434

Abstract

Coating the catalyst with a nanoporous layer has been demonstrated to be an effective approach to improve catalyst stability. Herein, we systematically investigate two types of core-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a platinum nanocatalyst using a variety of characterization methods. One of the [...] Read more.

Coating the catalyst with a nanoporous layer has been demonstrated to be an effective approach to improve catalyst stability. Herein, we systematically investigate two types of core-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles with a platinum nanocatalyst using a variety of characterization methods. One of the mesoporous particles has a unique amine ring structure in the middle of a shell (Ring-mSiO₂/Pt-5.0/SiO₂), and the other one has no ring structure (mSiO₂/Pt-5.0/SiO₂). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller/Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BET/BJH) presented a similar surface area for both particles, and the pore size was 2.4 nm. Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS)/ Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) showed the size of mSiO₂/Pt-5.0/SiO₂ and Ring-mSiO₂/Pt-5.0/SiO₂ were 420 nm and 272 nm, respectively. It also showed that the ring structure was 30 nm above the silica core. Using high-resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), it was found that the platinum nanoparticles are loaded evenly on the surface of the silica. In situ SAXS heating experiments and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) indicated that the mSiO₂/Pt-5.0/SiO₂ were more stable during the high temperature, while the Ring-mSiO₂/Pt-5.0/SiO₂ had more change in the particle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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13 pages, 3296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Production of Amorphous Silicon Dioxide Derived from Aluminum Fluoride Industrial Waste and Consideration of the Possibility of Its Use as Al₂O₃-SiO₂ Catalyst Supports

by Igor N. Pyagay, Alina A. Shaidulina, Rostislav R. Konoplin, Dmitriy I. Artyushevskiy, Ekaterina A. Gorshneva and Michail A. Sutyaginsky

Catalysts 2022, 12(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12020162 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4312

Abstract

This paper presents the results of the study on the development of a methodology for the production of pure amorphous silicon dioxide containing up to 99.8 wt.% of SiO₂. As a starting material, a silica gel with a moisture content of [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of the study on the development of a methodology for the production of pure amorphous silicon dioxide containing up to 99.8 wt.% of SiO₂. As a starting material, a silica gel with a moisture content of up to 55 wt.% and an SiO₂/AlF₃ ratio of 4 was used. The silica gel was purified using alkaline and acidic solutions in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 25 wt.%. The analysis of the experimental data allowed to identify the most suitable purification parameters of the starting material. The initial silica gel and the reaction products were studied using the methods of X-ray fluorescence, X-ray phase analysis, electron scanning microscopy, EDS microanalysis, and particle-size analysis. Amorphous silicon dioxide obtained according to the methodology developed by the authors forms agglomerates of spherical silicon dioxide particles up to 1 μm in size. Amorphous silicon dioxide was involved in the preparation of catalyst supports in order to consider the possibility of replacing part of the expensive raw material in the form of aluminum hydroxide. In the work, the characteristics of the addition of this amorphous silicon dioxide and the supports obtained from the traditionally used raw materials were evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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13 pages, 2664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydration Performance of Magnesium Potassium Phosphate Cement Using Sodium Alginate as a Candidate Retarder

by Yuanquan Yang, Bodong Fang, Guanhua Zhang, Jinbo Guo and Runqing Liu

Materials 2022, 15(3), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030943 - 26 Jan 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2002

Abstract

Retarders are important factors controlling the hydration and properties of magnesium potassium phosphate cements (MKPCs). Boric acid and borax are the most commonly used retarders for MKPC which could control the setting time in a wide range upon changing their content. However, with [...] Read more.

Retarders are important factors controlling the hydration and properties of magnesium potassium phosphate cements (MKPCs). Boric acid and borax are the most commonly used retarders for MKPC which could control the setting time in a wide range upon changing their content. However, with the increase in borax content, the early strength of MKPC can be reduced, and boron compounds are now included in the EU candidate list of substances of very high concern for authorization, due to their reproductive toxicity. Exploring alternative set retarders to boron compounds is, thus, of significance. This work investigated the effects of a candidate retarder, namely, sodium alginate, on the setting time, mechanical properties, hydration products, and microstructures of MKPC. Sodium alginate presented dramatically retarding effects on MKPCs in the range of 0% to 2% (by mass of water). One percent of sodium alginate by mass of water could extend the setting time of MKPCs from 15 min to 35 min, which presented a better retarding effect than borax (a typical retarder for MKPCs) and produced higher early strength of MKPCs. Adding no more than 1% of sodium alginate did not have a notably adverse effect on the formation of hydration product over the long term, but an unfavorable effect could be found regardless of the sodium alginate content, which could reduce the compressive strength of MKPCs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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19 pages, 6508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on Residual Strength and Failure Mechanism of the Ceramic/UHMWPE Armors after Ballistic Tests

by Zhiyong Chen, Yingqiang Xu, Miaoling Li, Bin Li, Weizhi Song, Li Xiao, Yulong Cheng and Songyan Jia

Materials 2022, 15(3), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030901 - 25 Jan 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2716

Abstract

In this paper, the ballistic damage mechanism and residual bearing capacity of ceramic/backing plate armor were investigated. First, a series of lightweight armors were prepared, consisting of ceramic and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber-reinforced resin matrix composite (UHMWPE) plates, and were wrapped in [...] Read more.

In this paper, the ballistic damage mechanism and residual bearing capacity of ceramic/backing plate armor were investigated. First, a series of lightweight armors were prepared, consisting of ceramic and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fiber-reinforced resin matrix composite (UHMWPE) plates, and were wrapped in a high-strength fabric. Then, the ceramic/UHMWPE armors were hit by one or two bullets, and finally subjected to compression testing. The results showed that the main failure mode of integral ceramic/UHMWPE armors was ceramic brittle fracture. Many zigzag patterns on the compression curve indicated that the specimens had undergone the stages of crack propagation, ceramic fragment reorganization, plastic deformation of UHMWPE backing plate, interlaminar tearing, and overall fracture. The failure of spliced ceramic/UHMWPE armors was mainly due to the dislocation between ceramic sheets; the smooth compression curves indicated that there was no recombination of ceramic fragments and obvious interlayer debonding during the compression. Under the maximum load, each ceramic/UHMWPE armor with ballistic damage did not suddenly break and fail. The structure and thickness of ceramic plates all had an impact on residual strength: under the same structure, the greater the thickness, the greater the residual strength, but the relationship between them was not linear; under the same thickness, the residual strength of the spliced ceramic/UHMWPE armor was higher. The residual strength was also related to the number of shots: after two bullets hit, its value was only one-third of that after one bullet hit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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18 pages, 5579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acoustic Performance and Flame Retardancy of Ammonium Polyphosphate/Diethyl Ethylphosphonate Rigid Polyurethane Foams

by Huiping Zhang, Xiongxian LYU, Zijun Huang and Ying Yan

Polymers 2022, 14(3), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030420 - 21 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2694

Abstract

Flame-retardant water-blown rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) modified by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP) were synthesized by a one-pot free-rising method. We performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compression strength tests, acoustic absorption measurements and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as limited oxygen index, [...] Read more.

Flame-retardant water-blown rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) modified by ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and diethyl ethylphosphonate (DEEP) were synthesized by a one-pot free-rising method. We performed scanning electron microscopy (SEM), compression strength tests, acoustic absorption measurements and thermogravimetric analysis, as well as limited oxygen index, vertical burning and cone calorimeter tests to investigate the mechanical properties, acoustic performance and flame retardancy of the foams. SEM confirmed that the open-cell structures of the foams were successfully constructed with the introduction of a cell-opening agent. Upon using 20 php APP, the average acoustic absorption coefficient of the foam reached 0.535 in an acoustic frequency range of 1500–5000 Hz. The results of thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of APP and DEEP can effectively restrain mass loss of RPUFs during pyrolysis. In particular, the compressive strength of a foam composite containing 5 php APP and 15 php DEEP increased to 188.77 kPa and the LOI value reached 24.9%. In a vertical burning test and a cone calorimeter test, the joint use of APP and DEEP endowed RPUFs with a V-0 rating and they attained a THR value of 23.43 MJ/m². Moreover, the addition of APP improved the acoustic absorption performance of the foam, verified by acoustic absorption measurements. Considering potential applications, the formulation containing 15 php APP and 5 php DEEP could be used in the preparation of a new flame-retardant acoustic absorption rigid polyurethane foam. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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12 pages, 4177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Dry Chemical Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Activated Carbon from Bamboo Charcoal for Carbon Dioxide Adsorption

by Weijun Ying, Shuo Tian, Huan Liu, Zenan Zhou, Grantson Kapeso, Jinhuan Zhong and Wenbiao Zhang

Materials 2022, 15(3), 763; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15030763 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2206

Abstract

In this work, nitrogen-doped bamboo-based activated carbon (NBAC) was in situ synthesized from simply blending bamboo charcoal (BC) with sodamide (SA, NaNH₂) powders and heating with a protection of nitrogen flow at a medium temperature. The elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron [...] Read more.

In this work, nitrogen-doped bamboo-based activated carbon (NBAC) was in situ synthesized from simply blending bamboo charcoal (BC) with sodamide (SA, NaNH₂) powders and heating with a protection of nitrogen flow at a medium temperature. The elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectra of as-synthesized NBAC showed quite a high nitrogen level of the simultaneously activated and doped samples; an abundant pore structure had also been determined from the NBACs which has a narrow size distribution of micropores (<2 nm) and favorable specific surface area that presented superb adsorption performance. The fcarbon dioxide (CO₂) adsorption of the NBACs was measured at 0 °C and 25 °C at a pressure of 1 bar, whose capture capacities reached 3.68–4.95 mmol/g and 2.49–3.52 mmol/g, respectively, and the maximum adsorption could be observed for NBACs fabricated with an SA/BC ratio of 3:1 and activated at 500 °C. Further, adsorption selectivity of CO₂ over N₂ was deduced with the ideal adsorbed solution theory ((IAST), the selectivity was finally calculated which ranged from 15 to 17 for the NBACs fabricated at 500 °C). The initial isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst) of NBACs was also determined at 30–40 kJ/mol, which suggested that CO₂ adsorption was a physical process. The results of ten-cycle adsorption-desorption experimentally confirmed the regenerated NBACs of a steady CO₂ adsorption performance, that is, the as-synthesized versatile NBAC with superb reproducibility makes it a perspective candidate in CO₂ capture and separation application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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15 pages, 3868 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Characterizations of Eco-Friendly Organosolv Lignin-Based Polyurethane Coating Films for the Coating Industry

by Sara Bergamasco, Swati Tamantini, Florian Zikeli, Vittorio Vinciguerra, Giuseppe Scarascia Mugnozza and Manuela Romagnoli

Polymers 2022, 14(3), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14030416 - 20 Jan 2022

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3916

Abstract

Three different formulations of bio-based polyurethane (PU), varying the weight ratio between Organosolv lignin and a commercial isocyanate, were synthesized. The coating formulations were characterized by SEM, pyrolysis-GC/MS, FTIR spectroscopy and FTIR mapping, which confirmed the successful formation of urethane bonds between commercial [...] Read more.

Three different formulations of bio-based polyurethane (PU), varying the weight ratio between Organosolv lignin and a commercial isocyanate, were synthesized. The coating formulations were characterized by SEM, pyrolysis-GC/MS, FTIR spectroscopy and FTIR mapping, which confirmed the successful formation of urethane bonds between commercial isocyanate and hydroxyl groups deriving from lignin. The coatings were applied on beech wood samples to measure color and contact angles, and eventually FTIR mapping of the coated wood samples was performed. FTIR mapping is an interesting tool to monitor the distribution of PU chemical bonds on the coating surface and to evaluate the homogeneity of the applied coating films. Increasing the lignin content of the PU coatings results in more red-yellow and darker tones, while the commercial PU coating is transparent. For a higher lignin concentration, the solid content as well as the weight gain of the applied coatings increase. A higher percentage of lignin in the prepared PU formulations leads to superficial cracks and therefore higher coating permeability compared to the commercial PU, but the prepared lignin-based PU coating still makes a raw wood surface significantly more hydrophobic. Apparently, additives such as film-formers with low surface tension to counteract cracks’ formation are necessary to improve the performance of lignin-based PU coatings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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12 pages, 3848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The pH Value Control of Morphology and Luminescence Properties of Gd₂O₂S: Tb³⁺ Phosphors

by Peng Jiang, Zhipeng Li, Wei Lu, Yi Ma and Wenhuai Tian

Materials 2022, 15(2), 646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15020646 - 15 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1475

Abstract

Developing rare-earth doped oxysulfide phosphors with diverse morphologies has significant value in many research fields such as in displays, medical diagnosis, and information storage. All of the time, phosphors with spherical morphology have been developed in most of the related literatures. Herein, by [...] Read more.

Developing rare-earth doped oxysulfide phosphors with diverse morphologies has significant value in many research fields such as in displays, medical diagnosis, and information storage. All of the time, phosphors with spherical morphology have been developed in most of the related literatures. Herein, by simply adjusting the pH values of the reaction solution, Gd₂O₂S:Tb³⁺ phosphors with various morphologies (sphere-like, sheet-like, cuboid-like, flat square-like, rod-like) were synthesized. The XRD patterns showed that phosphors with all morphologies are pure hexagonal phase of Gd₂O₂S. The atomic resolution structural analysis by transmission electron microscopy revealed the crystal growth model of the phosphors with different morphology. With the morphological change, the band gap energy of Gd₂O₂S:Tb³⁺ crystal changed from 3.76 eV to 4.28 eV, followed by different luminescence performance. The samples with sphere-like and cuboid-like microstructures exhibit stronger cathodoluminescence intensity than commercial product by comparison. Moreover, luminescence of Gd₂O₂S:Tb³⁺ phosphors have different emission performance excited by UV light radiation and an electron beam, which when excited by UV light is biased towards yellow, and while excited by an electron beam is biased towards cyan. This finding provides a simple but effective method to achieve rare-earth doped oxysulfide phosphors with diversified and tunable luminescence properties through morphology control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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22 pages, 4363 KiB

Open AccessReview

Eucalyptol, an All-Purpose Product

by Joana F. Campos and Sabine Berteina-Raboin

Catalysts 2022, 12(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010048 - 02 Jan 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6600

Abstract

Eucalyptus plants have attracted the attention of researchers and environmentalists worldwide because they are a rapidly growing source of wood and a source of oil used for multiple purposes. The main and the most important oil component is 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol: 60–85%). This review [...] Read more.

Eucalyptus plants have attracted the attention of researchers and environmentalists worldwide because they are a rapidly growing source of wood and a source of oil used for multiple purposes. The main and the most important oil component is 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol: 60–85%). This review summarizes the literature reported to date involving the use of 1,8-cineole for the treatment of disorders. Additionally, we describe our efforts in the use of eucalyptol as a solvent for the synthesis of O,S,N-heterocycles. Solvents used in chemistry are a fundamental element of the environmental performance of processes in corporate and academic laboratories. Their influence on costs, safety and health cannot be neglected. Green solvents such as bio-based systems hold considerable additional promise to reduce the environmental impact of organic chemistry. The first section outlines the process leading to our discovery of an unprecedented solvent and its validation in the first coupling reactions. This section continues with the description of its properties and characteristics and its reuse as reported in the various studies conducted. The second section highlights the use of eucalyptol in a series of coupling reactions (i.e., Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira–Hagihara, Buchwald–Hartwig, Migita–Kosugi–Stille, Hiyama and cyanation) that form O,S,N-heterocycles. We describe the optimization process applied to reach the ideal conditions. We also show that eucalyptol can be a good alternative to build heterocycles that contain oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. These studies allowed us to demonstrate the viability and potential that bio solvents can have in synthesis laboratories. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Synthesis, Characterization and Performance of Materials for a Sustainable Future)

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