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A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Environmental Remote Sensing".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 November 2024 | Viewed by 11425

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Prof. Dr. Pingping Luo

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School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi'an 710054, China
Interests: urban flood; flood management; hydrological modeling; water quality analysis; statistical analysis; sustainable water resource management; ecohydrology
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Dr. Jiqiang Lyu

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1. Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region, Ministry of Education, Chang’an University, Xi'an 710064, China
2. School of Water and Environment, Chang’an University, Xi'an 710064, China
Interests: water disaster management; ecological environment protection; water pollution simulation; water environment protection
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Dr. Chunying Wang

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College of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
Interests: appropriate agricultural water and nutrient management for improving crop productivity; water use efficiency; reducing non-point-source pollution
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Dr. Min Wu

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School of Surveying and Mapping Science and technology, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
Interests: groundwater; water resources; hydrological simulation

Prof. Dr. Van-Thanh-Van Nguyen

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Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
Interests: climate change impact and adaptation in water resources; modelling of hydrologic extremes; watershed modelling for sustainable water resource development
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Dr. Pedro Luiz Borges Chaffe

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Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
Interests: watered hydrology; process-based distributed hydrological modeling; climate change
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The second volume of “Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment” aims to continue addressing the challenges faced by natural resources and water environments due to human-generated pollutants. The growing population and increasing risk of pollution have made effective water resource management more important than ever before. To ensure sustainable development, it is crucial to monitor environmental parameters, evaluate the quality of the environment, and predict the dynamics of environmental elements accurately. Remote sensing technology provides a new perspective on hydrological monitoring, water resource ecological protection, and water resource planning and utilization due to its fast detection capacity, wide spatial coverage, and multiple spectral characteristics.

This Special Issue seeks to publish innovative research that utilizes remote sensing techniques in the field of hydrological and water pollution. Specifically, this volume aims to highlight recent advances in the application of remote sensing technology in identifying and monitoring water quality concerns, such as algal blooms, sedimentation, and eutrophication. Additionally, the Issue will use remote sensing techniques to analyze the impacts of climate change on water resources and assess the effectiveness of various remediation methods.

The objective of this Special Issue is to promote sustainable development by utilizing relevant methods of hydrological and water resource planning and management. Authors are encouraged to submit novel methods and views that utilize remote sensing technologies. Potential topics include, but are not limited to, remote sensing inversion simulation, experience method, and sustainable development, to address the current challenges facing natural resources and water environments.

Prof. Dr. Pingping Luo
Dr. Jiqiang Lyu
Dr. Chunying Wang
Dr. Min Wu
Prof. Dr. Van-Thanh-Van Nguyen
Dr. Pedro Luiz Borges Chaffe
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

hyperspectral remote sensing in the environment
retrieving air pollutant concentrations through remote sensing
machine learning algorithms for modeling based on remote sensing data
ecological indicators mapping by remote sensing
urban stormwater models
hydrologic models
flood disaster
water pollution
wastewater treatment
water resource management
urban-rural management
urban planning

Related Special Issue

Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment in Remote Sensing (32 articles)

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 10245 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring Total Phosphorus Concentration in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River Using Sentinel-2 Satellites

by Fan Yang, Qi Feng, Yadong Zhou, Wen Li, Xiaoyang Zhang and Baoyin He

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(9), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16091491 - 23 Apr 2024

Viewed by 325

Abstract

Total phosphorus (TP, a non-optical sensitivity parameter) has become the primary pollutant in the Yangtze River, the third largest river in the world. It is strongly correlated with turbidity (an optical sensitivity parameter) in rivers. In this study, we constructed a turbidity-mediated TP retrieval model using Sentinel-2 observations and field-measured daily-scale water quality. The model was successfully applied to estimate the temporal and spatial variations of TP concentration in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River (MYR) from 2020 to 2023. Our results show: (1) the model accuracy of TP concentration retrieval with turbidity is significantly higher (R² = 0.71, MAPE = 15.78%) than that for the model without turbidity (R² = 0.62, MAPE = 16.38%); (2) the turbidity and TP concentration in the MYR is higher in summer and autumn than in winter and spring; and (3) the turbidity and total phosphorus (TP) concentration of the Yangtze River showed a significant increase after passing through Dongting Lake (p < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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22 pages, 6425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coupling Downscaling and Calibrating Methods for Generating High-Quality Precipitation Data with Multisource Satellite Data in the Yellow River Basin

by Haibo Yang, Xiang Cui, Yingchun Cai, Zhengrong Wu, Shiqi Gao, Bo Yu, Yanling Wang, Ke Li, Zheng Duan and Qiuhua Liang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(8), 1318; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16081318 - 09 Apr 2024

Viewed by 478

Abstract

Remote sensing precipitation data have the characteristics of wide coverage and revealing spatiotemporal information, but their spatial resolution is low. The accuracy of the data is obviously different in different study areas and hydrometeorological conditions. This study evaluated four precipitation products in the Yellow River basin from 2001 to 2019, constructed the optimal combined product, conducted downscaling with various machine algorithms, and performed corrections using meteorological station precipitation data to analyze the spatiotemporal trends of precipitation. The results showed that (1) GPM and MSWEP had the best four evaluation indicators, with R² values of 0.93 and 0.90, respectively, and the smallest FSE and RMSE, with a BIAS close to 0. A high-precision mixed precipitation dataset, GPM-MSWEP, was constructed. (2) Among the three methods, the downscaling results of DFNN showed higher accuracy. (3) The results, after correction with GWR, could more effectively enhance the accuracy of the data. (4) Precipitation in the Yellow River Basin showed a decreasing trend in January, September, and December, while it exhibited an increasing trend in other months and seasons, with 2002 and 2016 being points of abrupt change. This study provides a reference for the production of high-precision satellite precipitation products in the Yellow River basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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22 pages, 15900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Framework Based on LIDs and Storage Pumping Stations for Urban Waterlogging

by Huayue Li, Qinghua Luan, Jiahong Liu, Cheng Gao and Hong Zhou

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(7), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16071207 - 29 Mar 2024

Viewed by 439

Abstract

Climate change has resulted in an increase in extreme rainstorm events, posing the challenges of urban waterlogging and runoff pollution. Low Impact Development (LID) is widely used to address the issues above, but its effectiveness is unknown in mountainous areas. Due to a flash flood and high flood peak, storage pumping stations are also needed to drain. Thus, a framework composed of storage pumping stations and Low Impact Developments (LIDs) was proposed based on the topography and the regional upstream and downstream relationships. The water quantity in this framework is applied to YI County in Hebei Province, China. The results showed that individual LIDs effectively reduced runoff volume, with the implementation area being more crucial than the location. Combining storage pumping stations with LIDs significantly reduces peak outflow and delays it by 5 to 51 min. The combined downstream implementation of storage pumping stations and LIDs yielded the most effective results. These findings offer important insights and management strategies for controlling waterlogging in mountainous cities of developing countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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21 pages, 4114 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation and Comparison of Reanalysis Data for Runoff Simulation in the Data-Scarce Watersheds of Alpine Regions

by Xiaofeng Wang, Jitao Zhou, Jiahao Ma, Pingping Luo, Xinxin Fu, Xiaoming Feng, Xinrong Zhang, Zixu Jia, Xiaoxue Wang and Xiao Huang

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(5), 751; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16050751 - 21 Feb 2024

Viewed by 600

Abstract

Reanalysis datasets provide a reliable reanalysis of climate input data for hydrological models in regions characterized by limited weather station coverage. In this paper, the accuracy of precipitation, the maximum and minimum temperatures of four reanalysis datasets, the China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS), time-expanded climate forecast system reanalysis (CFSR+), the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Reanalysis (ERA). and the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD), were evaluated by using data from 28 ground-based observations (OBs) in the Source of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers (SYYR) region and were used as input data for the SWAT model for runoff simulation and performance evaluation, respectively. And, finally, the CMADS was optimized using Integrated Calibrated Multi-Satellite Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (AIMERG) data. The results show that CMFD is the most representative reanalysis data for precipitation characteristics in the SYYR region among the four reanalysis datasets evaluated in this paper, followed by ERA5 and CFSR, while CMADS performs satisfactorily for temperature simulations in this region, but underestimates precipitation. And we contend that the accuracy of runoff simulations is notably contingent upon the precision of daily precipitation within the reanalysis dataset. The runoff simulations in this region do not effectively capture the extreme runoff characteristics of the Yellow River and Yangtze River sources. The refinement of CMADS through the integration of AIMERG satellite precipitation data emerges as a potent strategy for enhancing the precision of runoff simulations. This research can provide a reference for selecting meteorological data products and optimization methods for hydrological process simulation in areas with few meteorological stations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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21 pages, 7444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Subsidence over a Coastal City Using SBAS-InSAR with Sentinel-1A Data: A Case of Nansha District, China

by Huanghao Yu, Binquan Li, Yang Xiao, Jinyan Sun, Cheng Chen, Gaoyang Jin and Huanyu Liu

Remote Sens. 2024, 16(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs16010055 - 22 Dec 2023

Viewed by 780

Abstract

The loss of life and property in economically developed areas due to geological hazards caused by intense ground subsidence is incalculable. As one of the fastest growing areas in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, the study of ground subsidence in Nansha will help to provide a scientific basis for urban planning and improve the capacity of monitoring and prevention of ground subsidence. The combination of coastal soft soil foundation and urbanization conditions creates a certain risk of land subsidence. We chose Nansha District, the geographical center of the Greater Bay Area, as the study area to analyze its surface subsidence characteristics in recent years. The 20-view Sentinel-1A data and SBAS-InSAR technique were used to monitor the ground subsidence in Nansha from 2017 to 2023. The main rate of ground subsidence in Nansha ranges from −19.4 to 7.7 mm/yr and is distributed in the urban area, along the rivers, in the construction area, and in the reclamation area. As of 4 May 2023, the average ground settlement in Nansha is 10.05 mm and the maximum settlement can be up to 142.45 mm. The 6-year total settlement at all four settlement intensities is greater than 60 mm, with the highest value exceeding 110 mm. The cumulative settlement increases with time, but inverse settlement and no settlement also occur at points where settlement is severe. For settlement caused by soft soil consolidation, it is recommended that drainage pipes be installed to accelerate drainage as a means of stabilizing settlement. For settlement caused by groundwater extraction and additional loads on the road surface, it is recommended to rationally extract groundwater and reinforce the foundation of the road surface with severe settlement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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21 pages, 3298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Climate Change and Human Activities to Runoff in the Du River Basin of the Qinling-Daba Mountains, China

by Xiaoying Zhang and Yi He

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(21), 5178; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215178 - 30 Oct 2023

Viewed by 877

Abstract

The hydrological response to climate change and human activities plays a pivotal role in the field of water resource management within a given basin. This study was conducted with a primary focus on the Du River basin, aiming to assess and quantify the impacts of climate change and human activities on changes in runoff patterns. The study utilized the Budyko framework in conjunction with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to project future changes in runoff while also employing statistical tests like the Pettitt and Mann–Kendall tests to identify abrupt shifts and monotonic trends in the data. The results shows that (1) The analysis of runoff data spanning from 1960 to 2016 revealed a significant declining trend (p < 0.05) in annual runoff, with an abrupt change point identified in 1994. The multi-year average runoff depth was determined to be 495 mm. (2) According to the Budyko framework, human activities were found to be the dominant driver behind runoff changes, contributing significantly at 74.42%, with precipitation changes contributing 24.81%. (3) The results obtained through the SWAT model simulation indicate that human activities accounted for 61.76% of the observed runoff changes, whereas climate change played a significant but slightly smaller role, contributing 38.24% to these changes. (4) With constant climate conditions considered, the study predicted that runoff will continue to decrease from 2017 to 2030 due to the influence of ongoing and future human activities. However, this downward trend was found to be statistically insignificant (p > 0.1). These findings provide valuable insights into the quantitative contributions of climate change and human activities to runoff changes in the Du River basin. This information is crucial for decision-makers and water resource managers, as it equips them with the necessary knowledge to develop effective and sustainable strategies for water resource management within this basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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20 pages, 5841 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Monitoring of Surface Water Bodies and Their Influencing Factors in the Yellow River Basin

by Zikun Zhao, Huanwei Li, Xiaoyan Song and Wenyi Sun

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(21), 5157; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15215157 - 28 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1012

Abstract

Surface water bodies exhibit dynamic characteristics, undergoing variations in size, shape, and flow patterns over time due to numerous natural and human factors. The monitoring of spatial-temporal changes in surface water bodies is crucial for the sustainable development and efficient utilization of water resources. In this study, Landsat series images on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, along with the HydroLAKES and China Reservoir datasets, were utilized to establish an extraction process for surface water bodies from 1986 to 2021 in the Yellow River Basin (YRB). The study aims to investigate the dynamics of surface water bodies and the driving factors within the YRB. The findings reveal an overall expansion tendency of surface water bodies in the YRB between 1986 and 2021. In the YRB, the total area of surface water bodies, natural lakes, and artificial reservoirs increased by 2983.8 km² (40.4%), 281.1 km² (11.5%), and 1017.6 km² (101.7%), respectively. A total of 102 natural lakes expanded, while 23 shrank. Regarding artificial reservoirs, 204 expanded, and 77 shrank. The factors that contributed most to the increase in the surface water bodies were increasing precipitation and reservoir construction, whose contribution rates could reach 47% and 32.6%, respectively. Additionally, the rising temperatures melted permafrost, ice, and snow, positively correlating with water expansion in the upper reaches of the YRB, particularly natural lakes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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26 pages, 9281 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Scenario Prediction and Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Land Use and Carbon Storage Response in Shaanxi

by Xindong Wei, Shuyuan Zhang, Pingping Luo, Shuomeng Zhang, Huanyuan Wang, Dehao Kong, Yuanyuan Zhang, Yang Tang and Shuo Sun

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(20), 5036; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15205036 - 20 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1277

Abstract

The role of carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems is crucial for achieving carbon neutrality. This study primarily focuses on examining the carbon storage in Shaanxi Province under different land-use scenarios. This study employed the LP-PLUS-InVEST model to explore the characteristics and spatial and temporal changes in carbon storage across four scenarios (business-as-usual (BUS), ecological protection (EPS), water–energy–food (WEF), and rural revitalization (RRS)) in Shaanxi Province. The results show that from 2000 to 2020, the carbon storage in Shaanxi Province is on a decreasing trend mainly due to the large occupation of ecological land by economic development. EPS has the largest increase in carbon storage under the four scenarios in 2030 and 2060. On the contrary, BUS has a rapid expansion of construction land, which leads to a gradual decreasing trend in carbon storage. WEF has a gradual increasing trend in carbon storage, while RRS has a trend of increasing and then slowly decreasing carbon storage. The spatial distribution trends of carbon storage in all scenarios were similar; high-carbon-reserve areas were mainly distributed in southern and central Shaanxi, which has a better ecological environment and less construction land, while low-value areas were distributed in the Central Shaanxi Plain, which has high land-use intensity. In terms of the stability of carbon reserves, the stable areas are predominantly concentrated in the Qinling Mountains, while the unstable areas are concentrated in the plain urban areas. Specifically, returning cultivated land to forest and grassland is an important initiative to promote the increase in carbon storage in Shaanxi Province. The decrease in carbon storage is mainly affected by strong urban expansion. Our study optimizes the land-use pattern according to the development needs of Shaanxi Province, and promotes the integrated development of ecological protection, food security, and economic development. Guidance is provided to promote regional carbon neutrality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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19 pages, 6259 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Downscaling–Merging Scheme for Monthly Precipitation Estimation with High Resolution Based on CBAM-ConvLSTM

by Bingru Tian, Hua Chen, Xin Yan, Sheng Sheng and Kangling Lin

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(18), 4601; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184601 - 19 Sep 2023

Viewed by 796

Abstract

Satellite products have mediocre performance in precipitation estimation, while rain gauges are incapable of describing continuous spatial precipitation distributions. To obtain spatially continuous and accurate precipitation data, this paper proposes a two-step scheme incorporating environmental variables, satellite precipitation estimations, and rain gauge observations for the calibration of satellite precipitation data. First, the GPM data are downscaled from 0.1° to 0.01° based on the seasonal RF models to minimize the spatial differences between the satellite estimations and the rain gauge observations. Secondly, the fusion model combining ConvLSTM and CBAM explores the spatiotemporal correlation of downscaled satellite precipitation data with environmental co-variables and ground-based observations to correct GPM precipitation. The integrated scheme (CBAM-ConvLSTM) is applied to acquire monthly precipitation at a spatial resolution of 0.01° over Hanjiang River Basin from 2014 to 2018. Comparative analyses of model-based satellite products with in situ observations show that model-based precipitation products have a high-resolution spatial distribution along with high accuracy, which combines the advantages of in situ observations and satellite products. Compared to the original GPM product, the evaluation metric values of the merged precipitation products all improved: the RMSE decreased by 31% while the CC increased from 0.55 to 0.69, the bias decreased from about 25% to less than 1.8%, and the MAE decreased by 27.8% while the KGE increased from 0.28 to 0.52. This two-step scheme provides an effective way to derive a high-resolution and accurate monthly precipitation product for humid regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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23 pages, 7615 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Variation and Quantitative Attribution of Carbon Storage Based on Multiple Satellite Data and a Coupled Model for Jinan City, China

by Lu Lu, Qiang Xue, Xiaojing Zhang, Changbo Qin and Lizhi Jia

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(18), 4472; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184472 - 12 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1026

Abstract

Rapidly predicting and revealing the spatiotemporal characteristics and driving factors of land-use changes in carbon storage within megacities under different scenarios is crucial to achieving sustainable development. In this study, Jinan City (JNC) is taken as the study area, and the Markov-FLUS-InVEST model is utilized to predict and analyze the spatiotemporal variation in carbon storage in 2030 under three scenarios, namely, the natural development scenario (S1), the ecological conservation scenario (S2), and the economic development scenario (S3). The drivers of carbon storage changes were identified using an optimal parameter-based geographic detection (OPGD) model. The findings indicate that (1) land use from 2010 to 2018 shows a trend of continuous expansion of construction land and reduction in arable land. (2) The main types of carbon pools were cropland, forest, and grassland, accounting for more than 96% of the total amount. Carbon storage showed a decreasing trend from 2010 to 2018, and the main type of carbon pool that decreased was cropland. The center of gravity of carbon storage increases and decreases was located in the southern Lixia District, and the center of gravity of increase and decrease moved to the southwest by 3057.48 m and 1478.57 m, respectively. (3) From 2018 to 2030, the reductions in carbon stocks were 3.20 × 10⁶ t (S1), 2.60 × 10⁶ t (S2), and 4.26 × 10⁶ t (S3), and the carbon release was about 9 times (S1), 4 times (S2), and 10 times (S3) that of the carbon sink. (4) The contribution of slope (A2) ∩ nighttime light index (B6) and elevation (A1) ∩ nighttime light index (B6) to the regional heterogeneity of carbon stocks was the largest among the interaction drivers. To sum up, this study deepens the simulation of spatial and temporal dynamics of carbon storage under land-use changes in megacities and the related driving mechanism, which can provide the basis for scientific decision-making for cities to conduct territorial spatial planning and ecological protection and restoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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23 pages, 9864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Visual Landscapes on Road Traffic Safety: An Assessment Using Remote Sensing and Deep Learning

by Lili Liu, Zhan Gao, Pingping Luo, Weili Duan, Maochuan Hu, Mohd Remy Rozainy Mohd Arif Zainol and Mohd Hafiz Zawawi

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(18), 4437; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15184437 - 09 Sep 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1330

Abstract

Rapid global economic development, population growth, and increased motorization have resulted in significant issues in urban traffic safety. This study explores the intrinsic connections between road environments and driving safety by integrating multiple visual landscape elements. High-resolution remote sensing and street-view images were used as primary data sources to obtain the visual landscape features of an urban expressway. Deep learning semantic segmentation was employed to calculate visual landscape features, and a trend surface fitting model of road landscape features and driver fatigue was established based on experimental data from 30 drivers who completed driving tasks in random order. There were significant spatial variations in the visual landscape of the expressway from the city center to the urban periphery. Heart rate values fluctuated within a range of 0.2% with every 10% change in driving speed and landscape complexity. Specifically, as landscape complexity changed between 5.28 and 8.30, the heart rate fluctuated between 91 and 96. This suggests that a higher degree of landscape richness effectively mitigates increases in driver fatigue and exerts a positive impact on traffic safety. This study provides a reference for quantitative assessment research that combines urban road landscape features and traffic safety using multiple data sources. It may guide the implementation of traffic safety measures during road planning and construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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20 pages, 8141 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact Mechanism of Climate and Vegetation Changes on the Blue and Green Water Flow in the Main Ecosystems of the Hanjiang River Basin, China

by Ming Kong, Yiting Li, Chuanfu Zang and Jinglin Deng

Remote Sens. 2023, 15(17), 4313; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174313 - 01 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 949

Abstract

Water resources management and planning traditionally focus on visible liquid or blue water. However, green water also maintains social development and ecosystem services. Therefore, blue and green water should be incorporated into the watershed management system for evaluating water resources. To analyze the water resources of the Hanjiang River Basin, the SWAT model was set up using long-term and high-precision geographic data. The methods of wavelet analysis and Pearson’s correlation analysis were used to explore the influence mechanism of climate and vegetation changes on the blue and green water flow (BWF and GWF) of the main ecosystems in the basin. The results showed that: (1) The spatial–temporal distribution of the BWF and GWF in the main ecosystems of the basin over the past 50 years was uneven. Forest ecosystems and farmland ecosystems have a greater concentration of water resources in the south, while grassland ecosystems have a greater concentration of water resources in the east. (2) Climate dominates the BWF and GWF changes in the main ecosystems of the basin. The BWF and the precipitation change cycle are synergistic, and the GWF and the temperature change cycle are synergistic. (3) The correlation between vegetation and BWF and GWF in the farmland ecosystem is significant. Vegetation affects the hydrological change process of the BWF and GWF at the microscale. This study can provide data support and scientific rules for ecosystem water resource management in the basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing in Natural Resource and Water Environment II)

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