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Remote Sensing Applications for Flood Forecasting and Flood Risk Management

A special issue of Remote Sensing (ISSN 2072-4292). This special issue belongs to the section "Remote Sensing in Geology, Geomorphology and Hydrology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 30 June 2024 | Viewed by 13905

Special Issue Editors

Xi’an Monitoring, Modelling and Early Warning of Watershed Spatial Hydrology International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710054, China
Interests: engaged in hydrology and water resources; carrying out theoretical research on extreme hydrological sequence reconstruction; forest hydrology for flood and drought disasters, and dynamic mechanism research on the impact of rainfall uncertainty on flood and drought disasters
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Agricultural Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
Interests: agricultural engineering; water resources management; irrigation science; water footprint; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Pokhara University, Pokhara 33700, Nepal
Interests: water resources management; climate and ecosystem change adaptation; hydrologic and environmental modeling; applications of GIS and remote sensing
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Institute of Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
Interests: geohazards and natural disasters’ risk; vulnerability and resilience in urban areas using geographical information system (GIS); remote sensing (RS); spatial modelling
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
School of Geography and Tourism, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China
Interests: climate change; climate variability; water resources; drought; arid and semi-arid areas; meteorology; hydrology; geography
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The world has suffered from an increased frequency of flood disasters under the changing climate, and the economic losses caused by flood disasters are rapidly increasing. To adapt to the climate change and the frequent natural disasters, our global researchers need to pay additional attention to the disaster prevention, mitigation, and relief capabilities. Flooding has become the main restriction factor for the sustainable development of human society and economy. Consequently, flood forecasting and flood risk management have always been the focus of intensive research effort around the world. In order to address this critical research challenge, remote sensing technology has been used to monitor the status and evolution of floods and to provide reference data for improving the flood emergency response capability and disaster risk management level.

With the aggravation of climate change, floods have caused huge economic losses and endanger the safety of cities. Therefore, urban flood monitoring and early warning, flood loss prediction and flood risk response measures are particularly important in flood risk management and flood resilient cities. Remote sensing technology can monitor and simulate the occurrence and development of flood disasters, thus providing an important reference for flood disaster prediction and effective flood control. Based on various remote sensing spatial information, the relevant evaluation and analysis models are constructed, the flood disaster and drought degree are scientifically evaluated, the disaster is accurately predicted, and the early warning information is sent out in time, which provides a reliable reference for flood control and drought relief. Thus, better disaster prevention and mitigation effects can be achieved, reducing the loss of lives and economic property and promoting the rapid development of the global social economy.

The proposed Special Issue focuses on popularizing the latest research results related to the applications of remote sensing technology in the field of flood risk prediction and management, so as to reduce the impacts of flood disasters and to ensure the sustainable development of urban and river basins and the economy, society, and the environment. Through remote sensing inversion simulation, this Special Issue aims to put forward reasonable ideas for urban and river flood risk response measures. This issue attempts to use related methods in hydrologic modeling and forecasting and water resources planning and management, including, but not limited to, remote sensing inversion simulation, empirical methods, and sustainable development.

Prof. Dr. Pingping Luo
Dr. Ahmed Elbeltagi
Prof. Dr. Binaya Kumar Mishra
Dr. Reza Hassanzadeh
Prof. Dr. Van-Thanh-Van Nguyen
Dr. Baofu Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Remote Sensing is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • flood forecasting
  • remote sensing and GIS
  • risk identification
  • dynamic simulation
  • food control
  • arid area
  • hydrological modelling
  • urban stormwater management
  • climate change
  • flood damage assessment
  • adaptation and mitigation
  • integrated water resource management
  • policy and strategies
  • flood-resilient cities
  • water quality
  • urban planning
  • watershed spatial hydrology

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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19 pages, 18397 KiB  
Article
Spatiotemporal Information Mining for Emergency Response of Urban Flood Based on Social Media and Remote Sensing Data
by Hui Zhang, Hao Jia, Wenkai Liu, Junhao Wang, Dehe Xu, Shiming Li and Xianlin Liu
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(17), 4301; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15174301 - 31 Aug 2023
Viewed by 968
Abstract
The emergency response is crucial in preventing and mitigating urban floods. Both remote sensing and social media data offer distinct advantages in large-scale flood monitoring and near-real-time flood monitoring. However, current research lacks a thorough exploration of the application of social media data [...] Read more.
The emergency response is crucial in preventing and mitigating urban floods. Both remote sensing and social media data offer distinct advantages in large-scale flood monitoring and near-real-time flood monitoring. However, current research lacks a thorough exploration of the application of social media data and remote sensing imagery in the urban flood emergency response. To address this issue, this paper, while extracting disaster information based on social media data, deeply mines the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and dynamic spatial accessibility of rescue points. Furthermore, SAR imagery and social media data for monitoring urban flooding are compared. This study took the Zhengzhou 7.20 urban flood as a case study and created a methodological framework to quickly extract flood disaster information (flood, landslide, and rescue points) using these two types of data; spatiotemporal analysis and random forest classification were also conducted to mine valuable information. Temporally, the study revealed that disaster information did not increase proportionally with the amount of rainfall during the rainfall process. Spatially, specific regions with higher susceptibility to flooding, landslides, and rescue points were identified, such as the central region characterized by low drainage standards and high-density urban areas, as well as the eastern region with low-lying terrain. Moreover, this study examined the spatial accessibility of rescue resources in real flood scenarios and found that their service coverage varied throughout the day during and after the disaster. In addition, social media excelled in high-density urban areas’ flood point extraction, while SAR performed better in monitoring floods at the edges of low-density urban areas and large water bodies, allowing them to complement each other, to a certain extent. The findings of this study provide scientific reference value for the optimal selection of rescue paths and the allocation of resources in the emergency response to urban floods caused by extreme rainstorms. Full article
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26 pages, 70881 KiB  
Article
Urban Flood Dynamic Risk Assessment Based on Typhoon Rainfall Process: A Case Study of Typhoon “Lupit” (2109) in Fuzhou, China
by Xiaochen Qin, Yilong Wu, Tianshu Lin and Lu Gao
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(12), 3116; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15123116 - 14 Jun 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1546
Abstract
Flood disasters caused by typhoon rainfall seriously threaten regional social and economic development. Accurately assessing the risk of typhoons and their secondary disasters is a great challenge in disaster prevention and reduction. To address this, the city of Fuzhou, Fujian Province, which was [...] Read more.
Flood disasters caused by typhoon rainfall seriously threaten regional social and economic development. Accurately assessing the risk of typhoons and their secondary disasters is a great challenge in disaster prevention and reduction. To address this, the city of Fuzhou, Fujian Province, which was severely affected by Typhoon “Lupit” (2109), was selected as a case study. A typhoon rainfall flood disaster system including four components (the disaster-causing factor, disaster-pregnant environment, disaster-bearing body, and disaster prevention and reduction capacity) was constructed. A typhoon-rainfall process comprehensive intensity index (TPCI) based on different time scales within the typhoon process was developed to accurately evaluate the flood risk. The TPCI represented the disaster-causing factors of rainfall intensity, duration, and concentration features. Geographical similarity and random forest (RF) were applied to screen 23 typical indices for an urban flood disaster risk assessment model. The results indicated that the TPCI based on a 6 h precipitation simulation at a 24 h time scale was highly effective in highlighting the role of short-term precipitation in the typhoon process. A total of 66.5% of the floodplain area had a medium-grade or higher TPCI value, while 32.5% of the area had a low-grade TPCI. Only 1% of the flooded areas were not identified, which indicated that the TPCI could accurately capture the risk of typhoon rainfall. The urban flood disaster risk assessment model comprehensively considered socioeconomic and natural environment conditions. High-risk areas were identified as regions with extreme precipitation and dense populations. The dynamic evaluation results accurately described the spatiotemporal differences in the flood disaster risk. A period of extreme precipitation lagged the landfall time of Typhoon “Lupit”, causing the proportion of areas above the medium–high-risk threshold of flood disasters to rapidly increase from 8.29% before the landfall of the typhoon to 23.57% before its demise. The high-risk areas of flood disasters were mainly distributed in the towns of Shangjie, Nanyu, and Gaishan, which was consistent with the observed disasters. These study findings could contribute to the development of effective measures for disaster prevention and reduction, and improve the resilience of urban areas to typhoon disasters. Full article
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17 pages, 2851 KiB  
Article
Impact of Urbanization on Regional Rainfall-Runoff Processes: Case Study in Jinan City, China
by Yanjun Zhao, Jun Xia, Zongxue Xu, Yunfeng Qiao, Jianming Shen and Chenlei Ye
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(9), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15092383 - 01 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1834
Abstract
Rapid urbanization has altered the regional hydrological processes, posing a great challenge to the sustainable development of cities. The TVGM-USWM model, a new urban hydrological model considering the nonlinear rainfall-runoff relationship and the flow routing in an urban drainage system, was developed in [...] Read more.
Rapid urbanization has altered the regional hydrological processes, posing a great challenge to the sustainable development of cities. The TVGM-USWM model, a new urban hydrological model considering the nonlinear rainfall-runoff relationship and the flow routing in an urban drainage system, was developed in this study. We employed this model in the Huangtaiqiao drainage basin of Jinan City, China, and examined the impact of land cover changes due to urbanization on rainfall-runoff processes. Two urbanization scenarios were set up in the TVGM-USWM model during the design rainfall events with different return periods. Results showed that (1) the TVGM-USWM model demonstrated good applicability in the study area, and the RNS values of the flood events are all greater than 0.75 in both calibration and validation periods; (2) the proportion of impervious areas increased from 44.65% in 1990 to 71.00% in 2020, and urbanization played a leading role in the process of land cover change and manifested itself as a circular extensional expansion; and (3) urbanization showed a significant amplifying effect on the design flood processes, particularly for relatively big floods with small frequency, and the impact of urbanization on the time-to-peak of the design flood gradually decreased as the frequency of the design rainfall decreased. The results of this study can provide technical support for flood mitigation and the construction of a sponge city in Jinan City. Full article
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20 pages, 4767 KiB  
Article
Application of a New Hybrid Deep Learning Model That Considers Temporal and Feature Dependencies in Rainfall–Runoff Simulation
by Feng Zhou, Yangbo Chen and Jun Liu
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(5), 1395; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051395 - 01 Mar 2023
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2201
Abstract
Runoff forecasting is important for water resource management. Although deep learning models have substantially improved the accuracy of runoff prediction, the temporal and feature dependencies between rainfall–runoff time series elements have not been effectively exploited. In this work, we propose a new hybrid [...] Read more.
Runoff forecasting is important for water resource management. Although deep learning models have substantially improved the accuracy of runoff prediction, the temporal and feature dependencies between rainfall–runoff time series elements have not been effectively exploited. In this work, we propose a new hybrid deep learning model to predict hourly streamflow: SA-CNN-LSTM (self-attention, convolutional neural network, and long short-term memory network). The advantages of CNN and LSTM in terms of data extraction from time series data are combined with the self-attention mechanism. By considering interdependences of the rainfall–runoff sequence between timesteps and between features, the prediction performance of the model is enhanced. We explored the performance of the model in the Mazhou Basin, China; we compared its performance with the performances of LSTM, CNN, ANN (artificial neural network), RF (random forest), SA-LSTM, and SA-CNN. Our analysis demonstrated that SA-CNN-LSTM demonstrated robust prediction with different flood magnitudes and different lead times; it was particularly effective within lead times of 1–5 h. Additionally, the performance of the self-attention mechanism with LSTM and CNN alone, respectively, was improved at some lead times; however, the overall performance was unstable. In contrast, the hybrid model integrating CNN, LSTM, and the self-attention mechanism exhibited better model performance and robustness. Overall, this study considers the importance of temporal and feature dependencies in hourly runoff prediction, then proposes a hybrid deep learning model to improve the performances of conventional models in runoff prediction. Full article
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17 pages, 4712 KiB  
Article
Flood Frequency Analysis Using Mixture Distributions in Light of Prior Flood Type Classification in Norway
by Lei Yan, Liying Zhang, Lihua Xiong, Pengtao Yan, Cong Jiang, Wentao Xu, Bin Xiong, Kunxia Yu, Qiumei Ma and Chong-Yu Xu
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(2), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15020401 - 09 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1470
Abstract
The fundamental assumption of flood frequency analysis is that flood samples are generated by the same flood generation mechanism (FGM). However, flood events are usually triggered by the interaction of meteorological factors and watershed properties, which results in different FMGs. To solve this [...] Read more.
The fundamental assumption of flood frequency analysis is that flood samples are generated by the same flood generation mechanism (FGM). However, flood events are usually triggered by the interaction of meteorological factors and watershed properties, which results in different FMGs. To solve this problem, researchers have put forward traditional two-component mixture distributions (TCMD-T) without clearly linking each component distribution to an explicit FGM. In order to improve the physical meaning of mixture distributions in seasonal snow-covered areas, the ratio of rainfall to flood volume (referred to as rainfall–flood ratio, RF) method was used to classify distinct FGMs. Thus, the weighting coefficient of each component distribution was determined in advance in the rainfall–flood ratio based TCMD (TCMD-RF). TCMD-RF model was applied to 34 basins in Norway. The results showed that flood types can be clearly divided into rain-on-snow-induced flood, snowmelt-induced flood and rainfall-induced flood. Moreover, the design flood and associated uncertainties were also estimated. It is found that TCMD-RF model can reduce the uncertainties of design flood by 20% compared with TCMD-T. The superiority of TCMD-RF is attributed to its clear classification of FGMs, thus determining the weighting coefficients without optimization and simplifying the parameter estimation procedure of mixture distributions. Full article
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Review

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35 pages, 3127 KiB  
Review
BIM–GIS Integrated Utilization in Urban Disaster Management: The Contributions, Challenges, and Future Directions
by Yu Cao, Cong Xu, Nur Mardhiyah Aziz and Syahrul Nizam Kamaruzzaman
Remote Sens. 2023, 15(5), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15051331 - 27 Feb 2023
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4893
Abstract
In the 21st Century, disasters have severe negative impacts on cities worldwide. Given the significant casualties and property damage caused by disasters, it is necessary for disaster management organizations and the public to enhance urban disaster management. As an effective method, BIM (Building [...] Read more.
In the 21st Century, disasters have severe negative impacts on cities worldwide. Given the significant casualties and property damage caused by disasters, it is necessary for disaster management organizations and the public to enhance urban disaster management. As an effective method, BIM (Building Information Modeling)–GIS (Geographic Information System) integration can significantly improve urban disaster management. Despite the significance of BIM–GIS integration, there is rarely the adoption of BIM–GIS integration in urban disaster management, which significantly hinders the development of the quality and efficiency of urban disaster management. To enhance urban disaster management and reduce the negative impact caused by disasters, this study is developed to perform a systematic review of the utilization of BIM–GIS integration in urban disaster management. Through the systematic review, the capabilities of BIM–GIS integration in disaster prevention and mitigation, disaster response, and post-disaster recovery are reviewed and analyzed. Moreover, the data acquisition approaches, interoperability, data utilization and analysis methods, and future directions of BIM–GIS integrated utilization in the disaster management process are also discussed and analyzed. Through this study, the public and urban disaster managers can effectively familiarize themselves with and utilize the capabilities of BIM–GIS integration in urban disaster management, thereby improving the urban disaster management efficiency and the survival rate of disaster victims worldwide. For BIM and GIS software developers, this study can support them to familiarize themselves with the methods and trends of BIM–GIS integrated utilization in urban disaster management and thus optimize the development of software for BIM and GIS. Full article
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