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Nutrients
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Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Health
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Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Health

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Prebiotics and Probiotics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2022) | Viewed by 34353

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Lauri Byerley

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. Department of Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center—New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, USA
2. American Public University System, Charles Town, WV, USA
Interests: diet and dietary assessment; gut microbiome; body composition; cancer cachexia; nutrition for athletes; nutrition education for health science students
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Since 2002, scientific interest in the gut microbiome has exploded, with more than 23,000 papers published according to PubMed. Why the excitement? Because this growing body of evidence has demonstrated the profound implications that the gut microbiota has for our health. The microbes in our GI tract are a diverse mixture of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, and these have been linked to a range of essential physiological processes. For example, numerous studies have connected our gut bacteria to chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, and cardiovascular disease, to name a few.

Our lifestyle choices impact our gut microbiota, both beneficially and detrimentally, which ultimately impacts our health. Diet is the most important lifestyle choice that modulates gut diversity and growth. For example, the Western diet produces a distinct gut microbiota pattern compared to cultures with a higher fiber and lower saturated fat, sugar, and sodium intake. Notably, many chronic diseases are associated with Western culture.

For this Special Issue, we invite articles that explore the implications that gut microbes, and even lesser studied organisms such as archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, have for our health, and the role diet may play. We also welcome articles that explore lesser known physiological effects of the gut microbiota on our health and the role of diet. This Special Issue aims to explore new implications of the gut microbiome on diet and health.

Dr. Lauri Byerley
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • gut microbiome
  • gut microbiota
  • diet
  • health
  • physiological processes
  • archaea
  • fungi
  • protozoa
  • viruses

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 1928 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Short-Term Consumption of Lactic Acid Bacteria on the Gut Microbiota in Obese People
by Inna Burakova, Yuliya Smirnova, Mariya Gryaznova, Mikhail Syromyatnikov, Pavel Chizhkov, Evgeny Popov and Vasily Popov
Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3384; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163384 - 18 Aug 2022
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4491
Abstract
Obesity is a problem of modern health care that causes the occurrence of many concomitant diseases: arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. New strategies for the treatment and prevention of obesity are being developed that are based on [...] Read more.
Obesity is a problem of modern health care that causes the occurrence of many concomitant diseases: arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. New strategies for the treatment and prevention of obesity are being developed that are based on using probiotics for modulation of the gut microbiota. Our study aimed to evaluate the bacterial composition of the gut of obese patients before and after two weeks of lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii) intake. The results obtained showed an increase in the number of members of the phylum Actinobacteriota in the group taking nutritional supplements, while the number of phylum Bacteroidota decreased in comparison with the control group. There has also been an increase in potentially beneficial groups: Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Eubacterium, Anaerostipes, Lactococcus, Lachnospiraceae ND3007, Streptococcus, Escherichia-Shigella, and Lachnoclostridium. Along with this, a decrease in the genera was demonstrated: Faecalibacterium, Pseudobutyrivibrio, Subdoligranulum, Faecalibacterium, Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and 2, Catenibacterium, Megasphaera, Phascolarctobacterium, and the Oscillospiraceae NK4A214 group, which contribute to the development of various metabolic disorders. Modulation of the gut microbiota by lactic acid bacteria may be one of the ways to treat obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Health)
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14 pages, 6787 KiB  
Article
Gut Microbiota Characteristics of People with Obesity by Meta-Analysis of Existing Datasets
by Jinhua Gong, Yun Shen, Hongcheng Zhang, Man Cao, Muyun Guo, Jianquan He, Bangzhou Zhang and Chuanxing Xiao
Nutrients 2022, 14(14), 2993; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142993 - 21 Jul 2022
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4086
Abstract
Obesity is a complex chronic, relapsing, progressive disease. Association studies have linked microbiome alterations with obesity and overweight. However, the results are not always consistent. An integrated analysis of 4282 fecal samples (2236 control (normal weight) group, 1152 overweight, and 894 simple obesity) [...] Read more.
Obesity is a complex chronic, relapsing, progressive disease. Association studies have linked microbiome alterations with obesity and overweight. However, the results are not always consistent. An integrated analysis of 4282 fecal samples (2236 control (normal weight) group, 1152 overweight, and 894 simple obesity) was performed to identify obesity-associated microbial markers. Based on a random effects model and a fixed effects model, we calculated the odds ratios of the metrics, including bacterial alpha-diversity, beta-diversity, Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, common genera, and common pathways, between the simple obesity and control groups as well as the overweight and control groups. The random forest model was trained based on a single dataset at the genus level. Feature selection based on feature importance ranked by mean decrease accuracy and leave-one-out cross-validation was conducted to improve the predictive performance of the models. Chao1 and evenness possessed significant ORs higher than 1.0 between the obesity and control groups. Significant bacterial community differences were observed between the simple obesity and the control. The ratio of Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes was significantly higher in simple obesity patients. The relative abundance of Lachnoclostridium and Faecalitalea were higher in people with simple obesity, while 23 genera, including Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, Akkermansia, Alistipes, and Butyricimonas, etc., were significantly lower. The random forest model achieved a high accuracy (AUC = 0.83). The adenine and adenosine salvage pathway (PWY-6609) and the L-histidine degradation I pathway (HISDEG-PWY) were clustered in obese patients, while amino acid biosynthesis and degradation pathways (HISDEG-PWY, DAPLYSINESYN-PWY) were decreased. This study identified obesity microbial biomarkers, providing fertile targets for the management of obesity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Health)
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18 pages, 1496 KiB  
Article
Gut Microbiome and Metabolome Variations in Self-Identified Muscle Builders Who Report Using Protein Supplements
by Lauri O. Byerley, Karyn M. Gallivan, Courtney J. Christopher, Christopher M. Taylor, Meng Luo, Scot E. Dowd, Gregory M. Davis, Hector F. Castro, Shawn R. Campagna and Kristin S. Ondrak
Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030533 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3428
Abstract
Muscle builders frequently consume protein supplements, but little is known about their effect on the gut microbiota. This study compared the gut microbiome and metabolome of self-identified muscle builders who did or did not report consuming a protein supplement. Twenty-two participants (14 males [...] Read more.
Muscle builders frequently consume protein supplements, but little is known about their effect on the gut microbiota. This study compared the gut microbiome and metabolome of self-identified muscle builders who did or did not report consuming a protein supplement. Twenty-two participants (14 males and 8 females) consumed a protein supplement (PS), and seventeen participants (12 males and 5 females) did not (No PS). Participants provided a fecal sample and completed a 24-h food recall (ASA24). The PS group consumed significantly more protein (118 ± 12 g No PS vs. 169 ± 18 g PS, p = 0.02). Fecal metabolome and microbiome were analyzed by using untargeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, respectively. Metabolomic analysis identified distinct metabolic profiles driven by allantoin (VIP score = 2.85, PS 2.3-fold higher), a catabolic product of uric acid. High-protein diets contain large quantities of purines, which gut microbes degrade to uric acid and then allantoin. The bacteria order Lactobacillales was higher in the PS group (22.6 ± 49 No PS vs. 136.5 ± 38.1, PS (p = 0.007)), and this bacteria family facilitates purine absorption and uric acid decomposition. Bacterial genes associated with nucleotide metabolism pathways (p < 0.001) were more highly expressed in the No PS group. Both fecal metagenomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that the PS group’s higher protein intake impacted nitrogen metabolism, specifically altering nucleotide degradation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Health)
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16 pages, 486 KiB  
Article
Trait Energy and Fatigue May Be Connected to Gut Bacteria among Young Physically Active Adults: An Exploratory Study
by Ali Boolani, Karyn M. Gallivan, Kristin S. Ondrak, Courtney J. Christopher, Hector F. Castro, Shawn R. Campagna, Christopher M. Taylor, Meng Luo, Scot E. Dowd, Matthew Lee Smith and Lauri O. Byerley
Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030466 - 21 Jan 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 21515
Abstract
Recent scientific evidence suggests that traits energy and fatigue are two unique unipolar moods with distinct mental and physical components. This exploratory study investigated the correlation between mental energy (ME), mental fatigue (MF), physical energy (PE), physical fatigue (PF), and the gut microbiome. [...] Read more.
Recent scientific evidence suggests that traits energy and fatigue are two unique unipolar moods with distinct mental and physical components. This exploratory study investigated the correlation between mental energy (ME), mental fatigue (MF), physical energy (PE), physical fatigue (PF), and the gut microbiome. The four moods were assessed by survey, and the gut microbiome and metabolome were determined from 16 S rRNA analysis and untargeted metabolomics analysis, respectively. Twenty subjects who were 31 ± 5 y, physically active, and not obese (26.4 ± 4.4 kg/m2) participated. Bacteroidetes (45%), the most prominent phyla, was only negatively correlated with PF. The second most predominant and butyrate-producing phyla, Firmicutes (43%), had members that correlated with each trait. However, the bacteria Anaerostipes was positively correlated with ME (0.048, p = 0.032) and negatively with MF (−0.532, p = 0.016) and PF (−0.448, p = 0.048), respectively. Diet influences the gut microbiota composition, and only one food group, processed meat, was correlated with the four moods—positively with MF (0.538, p = 0.014) and PF (0.513, p = 0.021) and negatively with ME (−0.790, p < 0.001) and PE (−0.478, p = 0.021). Only the Firmicutes genus Holdemania was correlated with processed meat (r = 0.488, p = 0.029). Distinct metabolic profiles were observed, yet these profiles were not significantly correlated with the traits. Study findings suggest that energy and fatigue are unique traits that could be defined by distinct bacterial communities not driven by diet. Larger studies are needed to confirm these exploratory findings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gut Microbiome: Profound Implications for Diet and Health)
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