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4 pages, 166 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials

by Satoshi Komasa and Joji Okazaki

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2098; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062098 - 12 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1660

Abstract

Recent advances in dental materials involving the development of various biomaterials have been reported. Accordingly, clinicians must incorporate the new dental materials in their practice to respond to the increasing needs of patients. Nanotechnology is defined as a science that deals with nanoscale [...] Read more.

Recent advances in dental materials involving the development of various biomaterials have been reported. Accordingly, clinicians must incorporate the new dental materials in their practice to respond to the increasing needs of patients. Nanotechnology is defined as a science that deals with nanoscale materials. The use of nanomaterials is gaining popularity in the dental industry for processing and manipulating nanoscale substances in modern dentistry. In this special issue, we invited the submission of several research papers on the development of dental materials. In this general discussion, we briefly explain the relevant research reports with an aim that developments in this field will contribute toward the development of dental care in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

Research

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13 pages, 9913 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of Hydroxyapatite Film Obtained by Er:YAG Pulsed Laser Deposition on Sandblasted Titanium: An In Vitro Study

by Lin Ma, Min Li, Satoshi Komasa, Sifan Yan, Yuanyuan Yang, Mariko Nishizaki, Liji Chen, Yuhao Zeng, Xin Wang, Ei Yamamoto, Shigeki Hontsu, Yoshiya Hashimoto and Joji Okazaki

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2306; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15062306 - 20 Mar 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2225

Abstract

The surface of titanium (Ti) dental implants must be modified to improve their applicability, owing to the biological inertness of Ti. This study aims to use sandblasting as a pretreatment method and prepare a hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on Ti to improve its biocompatibility [...] Read more.

The surface of titanium (Ti) dental implants must be modified to improve their applicability, owing to the biological inertness of Ti. This study aims to use sandblasting as a pretreatment method and prepare a hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on Ti to improve its biocompatibility and induce bone bonding and osteogenesis. In this paper, sandblasted Ti discs were coated with α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) via Er:YAG pulsed laser deposition (Er:YAG-PLD). An HA coating was then obtained via the hydrothermal treatment of the discs at 90 °C for 10 h. The surface characteristics of the samples were evaluated by SEM, SPM, XPS, XRD, FTIR, and tensile tests. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were seeded on the HA-coated discs to determine cellular responses in vitro. The surface characterization results indicated the successful transformation of the HA coating with a nanorod-like morphology, and its surface roughness increased. In vitro experiments revealed increased cell attachment on the HA-coated discs, as did the cell morphology of fluorescence staining and SEM analysis; in contrast, there was no increase in cell proliferation. This study confirms that Er:YAG-PLD could be used as an implant surface-modification technique to prepare HA coatings with a nanorod-like morphology on Ti discs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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13 pages, 4137 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydroxyapatite Film Coating by Er:YAG Pulsed Laser Deposition Method for the Repair of Enamel Defects

by Liji Chen, Shigeki Hontsu, Satoshi Komasa, Ei Yamamoto, Yoshiya Hashimoto and Naoyuki Matsumoto

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7475; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14237475 - 06 Dec 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2517

Abstract

There are treatments available for enamel demineralization or acid erosion, but they have limitations. We aimed to manufacture a device that could directly form a hydroxyapatite (HAp) film coating on the enamel with a chairside erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser using the [...] Read more.

There are treatments available for enamel demineralization or acid erosion, but they have limitations. We aimed to manufacture a device that could directly form a hydroxyapatite (HAp) film coating on the enamel with a chairside erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method for repairing enamel defects. We used decalcified bovine enamel specimens and compacted α-tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) as targets of Er:YAG-PLD. With irradiation, an α-TCP coating layer was immediately deposited on the specimen surface. The morphological, mechanical, and chemical characteristics of the coatings were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning probe microscopy (SPM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and a micro-Vickers hardness tester. Wear resistance, cell attachment of the HAp coatings, and temperature changes during the Er:YAG-PLD procedure were also observed. SEM demonstrated that the α-TCP powder turned into microparticles by irradiation. XRD peaks revealed that the coatings were almost hydrolyzed into HAp within 2 days. Micro-Vickers hardness indicated that the hardness lost by decalcification was almost recovered by the coatings. The results suggest that the Er:YAG-PLD technique is useful for repairing enamel defects and has great potential for future clinical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 9312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Professional Mechanical Tooth Cleaning Method for Dental Implant Surface by Agar Particle Blasting

by Hideaki Sato, Hiroshi Ishihata, Yutaka Kameyama, Ryokichi Shimpo and Satoshi Komasa

Materials 2021, 14(22), 6805; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14226805 - 11 Nov 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1699

Abstract

Oral dysfunction due to peri-implantitis and shortened life of implants has become a major concern. Self-care and removal of oral biofilms by professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PMTC) are indispensable for its prevention. However, if the surface roughness of the implant is increased, it [...] Read more.

Oral dysfunction due to peri-implantitis and shortened life of implants has become a major concern. Self-care and removal of oral biofilms by professional mechanical tooth cleaning (PMTC) are indispensable for its prevention. However, if the surface roughness of the implant is increased, it may result in the adhesion of biofilm in the oral cavity. Therefore, the PMTC method can serve for long-term implant management. Calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) has been used as a cleaning method for implant surfaces; however, there is concern that the implant surface roughness could increase due to particle collision. Therefore, in this study, to establish a blasting cleaning method that does not adversely affect the implant surface, a new blasting cleaning method using agar particles was devised and its practical application examined. When the simulated stains were blasted with white alumina (WA) abrasive grains and CaCO₃ particles, the simulated stains were almost removed, the surface roughness changed to a satin-finished surface—which was thought to be due to fine scratches—and the surface roughness increased. Most of the simulated stains were removed on the surface of the sample blasted with glycine particles and agar particles. Conversely, the gloss of the sample surface was maintained after cleaning, and the increase in surface roughness was slight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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18 pages, 11651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioactivity Evaluation of Biphasic Hydroxyapatite Bone Substitutes Immersed and Grown with Supersaturated Calcium Phosphate Solution

by Yusuke Yamaguchi, Tomonori Matsuno, Atsuko Miyazawa, Yoshiya Hashimoto and Takafumi Satomi

Materials 2021, 14(18), 5143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14185143 - 08 Sep 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1809

Abstract

Recently, the frequency of use of bone substitute materials for the purpose of bone augmentation has increased in implant treatment, but bone formation with bone substitute materials alone is limited. Calcification of bone in the body progresses as Ca²⁺, H₂ [...] Read more.

Recently, the frequency of use of bone substitute materials for the purpose of bone augmentation has increased in implant treatment, but bone formation with bone substitute materials alone is limited. Calcification of bone in the body progresses as Ca²⁺, H₂PO^4-, and HPO₄^2- in the body form hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals. In this study, therefore, we prepared a biphasic bone substitute with biological activity to promote bone formation by inducing precipitation and growth of HA crystals on the surface of a bone substitute and evaluated it. Biphasic bone substitute granules were prepared by immersing HA granules in a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution prepared by mixing five medical infusion solutions, the precipitate was analyzed, and the biological activities of biphasic HA granules were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. As a result, the precipitated calcium phosphate crystals were identified as low crystalline HA. On the surface of the HA granules, low-crystalline HA grew markedly as needle-shaped crystals and significantly promoted cell proliferation and bone differentiation. In animal experiments, biphasic HA granules had a significantly higher bone mineral density, new bone volume ratio, and new bone area ratio. Therefore, it suggests that biphasic hydroxyapatite is a useful bone substitute for bone augmentation in dental implant treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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9 pages, 374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Do Chemical-Based Bonding Techniques Affect the Bond Strength Stability to Cubic Zirconia?

by Allegra Comba, Andrea Baldi, Riccardo Michelotto Tempesta, Massimo Carossa, Letizia Perrone, Carlo Massimo Saratti, Giovanni Tommaso Rocca, Rossella Femiano, Felice Femiano and Nicola Scotti

Materials 2021, 14(14), 3920; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14143920 - 14 Jul 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2196

Abstract

This study evaluated the effectiveness of chemical-based adhesive techniques on promoting immediate and aged bond strength between zirconia and luting cement. A total of 128 discs of zirconia were divided into 4 groups (n = 32) according to the adhesive treatment: tribochemical [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of chemical-based adhesive techniques on promoting immediate and aged bond strength between zirconia and luting cement. A total of 128 discs of zirconia were divided into 4 groups (n = 32) according to the adhesive treatment: tribochemical silica-coating followed by silane (Silane Primer, Kerr) and bonding (Optibond FL, Kerr), Signum Zirconia Bond (Hereaus), Z-Prime Plus (Bisco), and All-Bond Universal (Bisco). Composite cylinders were cemented on the zirconia sample with Duo-Link Universal (Bisco). Eight specimens per group were subjected to 10,000 thermocycles and subsequently bond strength was tested with shear-bond strength test. ANOVA test showed that artificial aging significantly affected the bond strength to zirconia. Bonferroni test highlighted a significant influence of adhesive treatment (Signum) on bond strength after thermocycling. It was concluded that 10-MDP-based bonding systems showed no improvement in initial bond strength compared with tribochemical treatment. All chemical bonding techniques tested in this study were influenced by thermocycling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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16 pages, 5269 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Surface Modification on Adsorption Behavior of Cell and Protein on Titanium Surface by Using Quartz Crystal Microbalance System

by Takumi Matsumoto, Yuichiro Tashiro, Satoshi Komasa, Akiko Miyake, Yutaka Komasa and Joji Okazaki

Materials 2021, 14(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14010097 - 28 Dec 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2895

Abstract

Primary stability and osseointegration are major challenges in dental implant treatments, where the material surface properties and wettability are critical in the early formation of hard tissue around the implant. In this study, a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to measure the [...] Read more.

Primary stability and osseointegration are major challenges in dental implant treatments, where the material surface properties and wettability are critical in the early formation of hard tissue around the implant. In this study, a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was used to measure the nanogram level amount of protein and bone marrow cells adhered to the surfaces of titanium (Ti) surface in real time. The effects of ultraviolet (UV) and atmospheric-pressure plasma treatment to impart surface hydrophilicity to the implant surface were evaluated. The surface treatment methods resulted in a marked decrease in the surface carbon (C) content and increase in the oxygen (O) content, along with super hydrophilicity. The results of QCM measurements showed that adhesion of both adhesive proteins and bone marrow cells was enhanced after surface treatment. Although both methods produced implants with good osseointegration behavior and less reactive oxidative species, the samples treated with atmospheric pressure plasma showed the best overall performance and are recommended for clinical use. It was verified that QCM is an effective method for analyzing the initial adhesion process on dental implants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 4102 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bone Regeneration Using Rat-Derived Dedifferentiated Fat Cells Combined with Activated Platelet-Rich Plasma

by Kosuke Nakano, Hirohito Kubo, Masahiro Nakajima, Yoshitomo Honda and Yoshiya Hashimoto

Materials 2020, 13(22), 5097; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13225097 - 12 Nov 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2229

Abstract

Bone regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells has several limitations. We investigated adipose-derived dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells as an alternative, and evaluated their cell proliferation rate, osteoblast differentiation, and bone regeneration ability in combination with activated platelet-rich plasma (aPRP). Rat DFATs and aPRP were [...] Read more.

Bone regeneration using mesenchymal stem cells has several limitations. We investigated adipose-derived dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells as an alternative, and evaluated their cell proliferation rate, osteoblast differentiation, and bone regeneration ability in combination with activated platelet-rich plasma (aPRP). Rat DFATs and aPRP were isolated using ceiling culture and centrifugation, respectively. The cell proliferation rate was measured, and the cells were cultured in an osteoblast differentiation medium under varying concentrations of aPRP for 21 days and stained with Alizarin red. Gene expression was evaluated using real time polymerase chain reaction. Critical defects were implanted with DFAT seeded gelatin sponges under aPRP, and four weeks later, the bone regeneration ability was evaluated using micro-computed tomography and hematoxylin-eosin staining. The cell proliferation rate was significantly increased by the addition of aPRP. Alizarin red staining was positive 21 days after the start of induction, with significantly higher Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osteocalcin (OCN) expression levels than those in the controls. A 9 mm critical defect was largely closed (60.6%) after four weeks of gelatin sponge implantation with DFAT and aPRP. Therefore, materials combining DFAT cells and aPRP may be an effective approach for bone regeneration. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of these materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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15 pages, 6140 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Fingerprint Imaging to Identify Dental Caries Using Raman Spectroscopy

by Nao Miyamoto, Tetsuya Adachi, Francesco Boschetto, Matteo Zanocco, Toshiro Yamamoto, Elia Marin, Shota Somekawa, Ryutaro Ashida, Wenliang Zhu, Narisato Kanamura, Ichiro Nishimura and Giuseppe Pezzotti

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4900; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214900 - 31 Oct 2020

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3836

Abstract

Tooth loss impairs mastication, deglutition and esthetics and affects systemic health through nutritional deficiency, weight loss, muscle weakness, delayed wound healing, and bone fragility. Approximately 90% of tooth loss is due to dental caries and periodontal disease. Accordingly, early treatment of dental caries [...] Read more.

Tooth loss impairs mastication, deglutition and esthetics and affects systemic health through nutritional deficiency, weight loss, muscle weakness, delayed wound healing, and bone fragility. Approximately 90% of tooth loss is due to dental caries and periodontal disease. Accordingly, early treatment of dental caries is essential to maintaining quality of life. To date, the clinical diagnosis of dental caries has been based on each dentist’s subjective assessment, but this visual method lacks objectivity. To improve diagnostic ability, highly sensitive quantitative methods have been developed for the diagnosis and prevention of dental caries and are gradually becoming a mandatory item in modern dentistry. High-resolution Raman spectroscopy is a suitable tool for recognizing the subtle structural changes that occur in dental enamel in already developed or, more importantly, incipient dental caries. Raman analysis could soon emerge as a breakthrough in dentistry because of its high diagnostic sensitivity. In this study, we build upon our previous findings in a new analysis of dental caries using Raman spectroscopy imaging and discuss the possibility of using Raman photonic imaging in support of objective diagnostics in dentistry. Our findings support the Raman method of caries detection in comparison with other conventional or new approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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12 pages, 3479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatibility of a High-Plasticity, Calcium Silicate-Based, Ready-to-Use Material

by Tomoharu Okamura, Liji Chen, Nobuhito Tsumano, Chihoko Ikeda, Satoshi Komasa, Kazuya Tominaga and Yoshiya Hashimoto

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4770; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214770 - 26 Oct 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2498

Abstract

The Bio-C Sealer is a recently developed high-plasticity, calcium-silicate-based, ready-to-use material. In the present study, chemical elements of the materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biocompatibility of the Bio-C Sealer was [...] Read more.

The Bio-C Sealer is a recently developed high-plasticity, calcium-silicate-based, ready-to-use material. In the present study, chemical elements of the materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biocompatibility of the Bio-C Sealer was investigated using cytotoxicity tests and histological responses in the roots of dogs’ teeth. XRD, SEM, and FTIR produced hydrated calcium silicate in the presence of water molecules. In addition, FTIR showed the formation of calcium hydroxide and polyethylene glycol, a dispersing agent. The 1:4 dilutions of Bio-C Sealer presented weaker cytotoxicity than the Calcipex II in an in vitro system using the V-79 cell line. After 90 d, the periradicular tissue response of beagle dog roots was histologically evaluated. Absence of periradicular inflammation was reported in 17 of the 18 roots assessed with the Bio-C Sealer, whereas mature vertical periodontal ligament fibers were observed in the apical root ends filled with the Bio-C Sealer. Based on these results and previous investigations, the Bio-C Sealer is recommended as an effective root-end filling material. These results are relevant for clinicians considering the use of Bio-C Sealer for treating their patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 4654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gas Permeability of Mold during Freezing Process Alters the Pore Distribution of Gelatin Sponge and Its Bone-Forming Ability

by Xiaoyu Han, Yoshitomo Honda, Tomonari Tanaka, Kazuki Imura, Yoshiya Hashimoto, Kazushi Yoshikawa and Kazuyo Yamamoto

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4705; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13214705 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2059

Abstract

Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, is widely used in the preparation of porous biomaterials. Nevertheless, limited information is known regarding the effect of gas permeability on molds to obtain porous materials. We demonstrated that the different levels of gas permeability of molds remarkably [...] Read more.

Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, is widely used in the preparation of porous biomaterials. Nevertheless, limited information is known regarding the effect of gas permeability on molds to obtain porous materials. We demonstrated that the different levels of gas permeability of molds remarkably altered the pore distribution of prepared gelatin sponges and distinct bone formation at critical-sized bone defects of the rat calvaria. Three types of molds were prepared: silicon tube (ST), which has high gas permeability; ST covered with polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) film, which has low gas permeability, at the lateral side (STPL); and ST covered with PVDC at both the lateral and bottom sides (STPLB). The cross sections or curved surfaces of the sponges were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and quantitative image analysis. The gelatin sponge prepared using ST mold demonstrated wider pore size and spatial distribution and larger average pore diameter (149.2 µm) compared with that prepared using STPL and STPLB. The sponges using ST demonstrated significantly poor bone formation and bone mineral density after 3 weeks. The results suggest that the gas permeability of molds critically alters the pore size and spatial pore distribution of prepared sponges during the freeze-drying process, which probably causes distinct bone formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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14 pages, 9391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vivo Regeneration of Large Bone Defects by Cross-Linked Porous Hydrogel: A Pilot Study in Mice Combining Micro Tomography, Histological Analyses, Raman Spectroscopy and Synchrotron Infrared Imaging

by Tetsuya Adachi, Francesco Boschetto, Nao Miyamoto, Toshiro Yamamoto, Elia Marin, Wenliang Zhu, Narisato Kanamura, Yoshiro Tahara, Kazunari Akiyoshi, Osam Mazda, Ichiro Nishimura and Giuseppe Pezzotti

Materials 2020, 13(19), 4275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13194275 - 25 Sep 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2929

Abstract

The transplantation of engineered three-dimensional (3D) bone graft substitutes is a viable approach to the regeneration of severe bone defects. For large bone defects, an appropriate 3D scaffold may be necessary to support and stimulate bone regeneration, even when a sufficient number of [...] Read more.

The transplantation of engineered three-dimensional (3D) bone graft substitutes is a viable approach to the regeneration of severe bone defects. For large bone defects, an appropriate 3D scaffold may be necessary to support and stimulate bone regeneration, even when a sufficient number of cells and cell cytokines are available. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo performance of a nanogel tectonic 3D scaffold specifically developed for bone tissue engineering, referred to as nanogel cross-linked porous-freeze-dry (NanoCliP-FD) gel. Samples were characterized by a combination of micro-computed tomography scanning, Raman spectroscopy, histological analyses, and synchrotron radiation–based Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. NanoCliP-FD gel is a modified version of a previously developed nanogel cross-linked porous (NanoCliP) gel and was designed to achieve highly improved functionality in bone mineralization. Spectroscopic imaging of the bone tissue grown in vivo upon application of NanoCliP-FD gel enables an evaluation of bone quality and can be employed to judge the feasibility of NanoCliP-FD gel scaffolding as a therapeutic modality for bone diseases associated with large bone defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Dental Bio-Nanomaterials)

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