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Marine Tidal and Wave Energy Converters: Technologies, Conversions, Grid Interface, Fault Detection, and Fault-Tolerant Control

A special issue of Energies (ISSN 1996-1073). This special issue belongs to the section "A3: Wind, Wave and Tidal Energy".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 May 2019) | Viewed by 26693

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Benbouzid

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (UMR CNRS 6027 IRDL), University of Brest, 29238 Brest, France
Interests: fault detection and diagnosis; failure prognosis; cyberattack detection; fault-resilient control; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Yassine Amirat

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
L@bISEN, ISEN Yncréa Ouest, Brest, France
Interests: electric machines and drives; tidal and wave power; wind power; fault detection and diagnosis; fault-tolerant control; microgrids; smart grids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Elhoussin Elbouchikhi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
ISEN Yncréa Ouest, Nantes Campus, LABISEN, 33, Avenue du Champ de Manoeuvre, 44470 Carquefou, France
Interests: electrical machine fault detection and diagnosis; fault-tolerant control; signal processing and statistics for power system monitoring; energy management systems in microgrids based on renewables; power electronics; microgrids; renewable energy; energy management systems; EV charging stations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The worldwide potential of electric power generation from marine tidal currents and waves is enormous. The high load factor resulting from the fluid properties and the predictable resource characteristics make these energy resources attractive and advantageous for power generation and advantageous when compared to other renewable energies. These technologies are just beginning to reach technical and economic viability to make them potential commercial power sources in the near future. While just a few small projects currently exist, the technology is advancing rapidly and has huge potential for generating bulk power. Moreover, international treaties related to climate control and dwindling fossil fuel resources have encouraged the harnessing of energy sustainably from such marine renewable sources. Several demonstrative projects have been scheduled to capture tidal and wave energies. A number of these projects have now reached a relatively mature stage and are close to completion. However, very little is known in the academic world about these technologies beyond the basics of the energy conversion principle. While research emphasis is more towards hydrodynamics and turbine design, very limited activities are witnessed in the power conversion interface, control, and power quality aspects, which are of vital importance for their successful integration to the grid or to standalone microgrid. Regarding this emerging and promising area of research, this Special Issue is aimed at promoting fruitful experience interchanges and discussions on how to improve marine tidal and wave energy converters’ behavior.

Prof. Mohamed Benbouzid
Dr. Yassine Amirat
Dr. Elhoussin Elbouchikhi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Multiphysics modeling of marine renewable energy converters
  • Design of specific electric generator for marine renewable energy converters
  • Power electronics for marine renewable energy converters
  • Control strategies for marine renewable energy converters
  • Energy storage systems for marine renewable energy converters
  • Tidal and wave energy farms: Architecture optimization, reliability, and grid connection
  • Failure monitoring in generators and power electronics used by marine renewable energy converters
  • Resilience or fault-tolerant control

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 2721 KiB  
Article
Optimal Design of a Multibrid Permanent Magnet Generator for a Tidal Stream Turbine
by Khalil Touimi, Mohamed Benbouzid and Zhe Chen
Energies 2020, 13(2), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/en13020487 - 19 Jan 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3469
Abstract
Tidal stream energy is acquiring more attention as a future potential renewable energy source. Considering the harsh submarine environment, the main challenges that face the tidal stream turbine (TST) industry are cost and reliability. Hence, simple and reliable technologies, especially considering the drivetrain, [...] Read more.
Tidal stream energy is acquiring more attention as a future potential renewable energy source. Considering the harsh submarine environment, the main challenges that face the tidal stream turbine (TST) industry are cost and reliability. Hence, simple and reliable technologies, especially considering the drivetrain, are preferred. The multibrid drivetrain configuration with only a single stage gearbox is one of the promising concepts for TST systems. In this context, this paper proposes the design optimization of a multibrid permanent magnet generator (PMG), the design of a planetary gearbox, and afterwards analyzes the multibrid concept cost-effectiveness for TST applications. Firstly, the system analytical model, which consists of a single-stage gearbox and a medium speed PMG, is presented. The optimization methodology is afterwards highlighted. Lastly, the multibrid system optimization results for different gear ratios including the direct-drive topology are discussed and compared where the suitable gear ratio (topology) is investigated. The achieved results show that the multibrid concept in TST applications seems more attractive than the direct-drive one especially for high power ratings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Tidal and Wave Energy Converters: Technologies, Conversions, Grid Interface, Fault Detection, and Fault-Tolerant Control)
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21 pages, 3328 KiB  
Article
Applying International Power Quality Standards for Current Harmonic Distortion to Wave Energy Converters and Verified Device Emulators
by James Kelly, Endika Aldaiturriaga and Pablo Ruiz-Minguela
Energies 2019, 12(19), 3654; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193654 - 24 Sep 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2245
Abstract
The push for carbon-free energy sources has helped encourage the development of the ocean renewable energy sector. As ocean renewable energy approaches commercial maturity, the industry must be able to prove it can provide clean electrical power of good quality for consumers. As [...] Read more.
The push for carbon-free energy sources has helped encourage the development of the ocean renewable energy sector. As ocean renewable energy approaches commercial maturity, the industry must be able to prove it can provide clean electrical power of good quality for consumers. As part of the EU funded Open Sea Operating Experience to Reduce Wave Energy Cost (OPERA) project that is tasked with developing the wave energy sector, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) developed electrical power quality standards for marine energy converters, which were applied to an oscillating water column (OWC). This was done both in the laboratory and in the real world. Precise electrical monitoring equipment was installed in the Mutriku Wave Power Plant in Spain and to an OWC emulator in the Lir National Ocean Test Facility at University College Cork in Ireland to monitor the electrical power of both. The electrical power generated was analysed for harmonic current distortion and the results were compared. The observations from sea trials and laboratory trials demonstrate that laboratory emulators can be used in early stage development to identify the harmonic characteristics of a wave energy converter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Tidal and Wave Energy Converters: Technologies, Conversions, Grid Interface, Fault Detection, and Fault-Tolerant Control)
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27 pages, 8377 KiB  
Article
Wave-to-Wire Power Maximization Control for All-Electric Wave Energy Converters with Non-Ideal Power Take-Off
by Marios Charilaos Sousounis and Jonathan Shek
Energies 2019, 12(15), 2948; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12152948 - 31 Jul 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2848
Abstract
The research presented in this paper investigates novel ways of optimizing all-electric wave energy converters for maximum wave-to-wire efficiency. In addition, a novel velocity-based controller is presented which was designed specifically for wave-to-wire efficiency maximization. In an ideal wave energy converter system, maximum [...] Read more.
The research presented in this paper investigates novel ways of optimizing all-electric wave energy converters for maximum wave-to-wire efficiency. In addition, a novel velocity-based controller is presented which was designed specifically for wave-to-wire efficiency maximization. In an ideal wave energy converter system, maximum efficiency in power conversion is achieved by maximizing the hydrodynamic efficiency of the floating body. However, in a real system, that involves losses at different stages from wave to grid, and the global wave-to-wire optimum differs from the hydrodynamic one. For that purpose, a full wave-to-wire wave energy converter that uses a direct-drive permanent magnet linear generator was modelled in detail. The modelling aspect included complex hydrodynamic simulations using Edinburgh Wave Systems Simulation Toolbox and the electrical modelling of the generator, controllers, power converters and the power transmission side with grid connection in MATLAB/Simulink. Three reference controllers were developed based on the previous literature: a real damping, a reactive spring damping and a velocity-based controller. All three literature-based controllers were optimized for maximum wave-to-wire efficiency for a specific wave energy resource profile. The results showed the advantage of using reactive power to bring the velocity of the point absorber and the wave excitation force in phase, which was done directly using the velocity-based controller, achieving higher efficiencies. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that maximizing hydrodynamic energy capture may not lead to maximum wave-to-wire efficiency. Finally, the controllers were also tested in random sea states, and their performance was evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Tidal and Wave Energy Converters: Technologies, Conversions, Grid Interface, Fault Detection, and Fault-Tolerant Control)
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28 pages, 3382 KiB  
Article
Wave Power Output Smoothing through the Use of a High-Speed Kinetic Buffer
by Brenda Rojas-Delgado, Monica Alonso, Hortensia Amaris and Juan de Santiago
Energies 2019, 12(11), 2196; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112196 - 10 Jun 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4609
Abstract
In this paper, a new control strategy for power output smoothing in a hybrid wave energy installation coupled to a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is proposed. The control scheme is composed by three stages: a wave generator clustering process at the farm [...] Read more.
In this paper, a new control strategy for power output smoothing in a hybrid wave energy installation coupled to a flywheel energy storage system (FESS) is proposed. The control scheme is composed by three stages: a wave generator clustering process at the farm connection point; a power filtering process; and the control of the flywheel energy storage in order to improve the power output of the hybrid wave farm. The proposed control is validated at the existing Lysekil Wave Energy Site located in Sweden, by using real generator measurements. Results show that the application of the flywheel energy storage system reduces the maximum peak power output from the wave energy installation by 85% and the peak/average power ratio by 76%. It is shown that the proposed system can reduce grid losses by 51%, consequently improving the energy efficiency of the power network. The application of the proposed control strategy allows the hybrid wave power plant to follow a power reference signal that is imposed by the grid operator. In addition, the study demonstrates that the application of the proposed control allows the hybrid wave power plant to follow a power reference signal that is imposed by the grid operator. In addition, the study demonstrates that the application of the proposed control enables a wave farm with flywheel energy storage to be a controllable, flexible resource in order to fulfill future grid code requirements for marine energy installations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Tidal and Wave Energy Converters: Technologies, Conversions, Grid Interface, Fault Detection, and Fault-Tolerant Control)
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13 pages, 5309 KiB  
Article
A Synchronous Sampling Based Harmonic Analysis Strategy for Marine Current Turbine Monitoring System under Strong Interference Conditions
by Milu Zhang, Tianzhen Wang, Tianhao Tang, Zhuo Liu and Christophe Claramunt
Energies 2019, 12(11), 2117; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112117 - 03 Jun 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2219
Abstract
Affected by high density, non-uniform, and unstructured seawater environment, fault detection of Marine Current Turbine (MCT) faces various fault features and strong interferences. To solve these problems, a harmonic analysis strategy based on zero-crossing estimation and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) filter banks is [...] Read more.
Affected by high density, non-uniform, and unstructured seawater environment, fault detection of Marine Current Turbine (MCT) faces various fault features and strong interferences. To solve these problems, a harmonic analysis strategy based on zero-crossing estimation and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) filter banks is proposed. First, the detection problems of rotor imbalance fault under strong interference conditions are described through an analysis of the fault mechanism and operation environment of MCT. Therefore, against various fault features, a zero-crossing estimation is proposed to calculate instantaneous frequency. Last, and in order to solve the problem that the frequency and amplitude of the operating parameters are partially or completely covered by interference, a band-pass filter based on EMD is used, together with a characteristic frequency selected by a Pearson correlation coefficient. This strategy can accurately detect the multiplicative faults under strong interference conditions, and can be applied to the MCT fault detection system. Theoretical and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Tidal and Wave Energy Converters: Technologies, Conversions, Grid Interface, Fault Detection, and Fault-Tolerant Control)
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16 pages, 23854 KiB  
Article
A Remotely Controlled Sea Level Compensation System for Wave Energy Converters
by Mohd Nasir Ayob, Valeria Castellucci, Johan Abrahamsson and Rafael Waters
Energies 2019, 12(10), 1946; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12101946 - 21 May 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3050
Abstract
The working principle of the wave energy converter (WEC) developed at Uppsala University (UU) is based on a heaving point absorber with a linear generator. The generator is placed on the seafloor and is connected via a steel wire to a buoy floating [...] Read more.
The working principle of the wave energy converter (WEC) developed at Uppsala University (UU) is based on a heaving point absorber with a linear generator. The generator is placed on the seafloor and is connected via a steel wire to a buoy floating on the surface of the sea. The generator produces optimal power when the translator's oscillations are centered with respect to the stator. However, due to the tides or other changes in sea level, the translator's oscillations may shift towards the upper or lower limit of the generator's stroke length, resulting in a limited stroke and a consequent reduction in power production. A compensator has been designed and developed in order to keep the generator's translator centered, thus compensating for sea level variations. This paper presents experimental tests of the compensator in a lab environment. The wire adjustments are based on online sea level data obtained from the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI). The objective of the study was to evaluate and optimize the control and communication system of the device. As the device will be self-powered with solar and wave energy, the paper also includes estimations of the power consumption and a control strategy to minimize the energy requirements of the whole system. The application of the device in a location with high tides, such as Wave Hub, was analyzed based on offline tidal data. The results show that the compensator can minimize the negative effects of sea level variations on the power production at the WEC. Although the wave energy concept of UU is used in this study, the developed system is also applicable to other WECs for which the line length between seabed and surface needs to be adjusted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Tidal and Wave Energy Converters: Technologies, Conversions, Grid Interface, Fault Detection, and Fault-Tolerant Control)
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12 pages, 6107 KiB  
Article
Fault Tolerant Control of DFIG-Based Wind Energy Conversion System Using Augmented Observer
by Xu Wang and Yanxia Shen
Energies 2019, 12(4), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040580 - 13 Feb 2019
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2842
Abstract
An augmented sliding mode observer is proposed to solve the actuator fault of an uncertain wind energy conversion system (WECS), which can estimate the system state and reconstruct the actuator faults. Firstly, the mathematical model of the WECS is established, and the non-linear [...] Read more.
An augmented sliding mode observer is proposed to solve the actuator fault of an uncertain wind energy conversion system (WECS), which can estimate the system state and reconstruct the actuator faults. Firstly, the mathematical model of the WECS is established, and the non-linear term in the state equation is separated as the uncertain part of the system. Then, the states of the system are augmented, and the actuator fault is considered as part of the augmented state. The augmented sliding mode observer is designed to estimate the system state and actuator fault. A robust fault-tolerant controller is designed to ensure the reliable input of the WECS, maintain the stability of the fault system and maximize the acquisition of wind energy. The numerical simulation results verify the effectiveness of the control strategy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Tidal and Wave Energy Converters: Technologies, Conversions, Grid Interface, Fault Detection, and Fault-Tolerant Control)
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22 pages, 1582 KiB  
Article
Analysis of a Horizontal-Axis Tidal Turbine Performance in the Presence of Regular and Irregular Waves Using Two Control Strategies
by Stephanie Ordonez-Sanchez, Matthew Allmark, Kate Porter, Robert Ellis, Catherine Lloyd, Ivan Santic, Tim O’Doherty and Cameron Johnstone
Energies 2019, 12(3), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12030367 - 24 Jan 2019
Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4245
Abstract
The flow developed on a tidal site can be characterized by combinations of turbulence, shear flows, and waves. Horizontal-axis tidal turbines are therefore subjected to dynamic loadings that may compromise the working life of the rotor and drive train components. To this end, [...] Read more.
The flow developed on a tidal site can be characterized by combinations of turbulence, shear flows, and waves. Horizontal-axis tidal turbines are therefore subjected to dynamic loadings that may compromise the working life of the rotor and drive train components. To this end, a series of experiments were carried out using a 0.9 m horizontal-axis tidal turbine in a tow tank facility. The experiments included two types of regular waveforms, one of them simulating an extreme wave case, the other simulating a more moderate wave case. The second regular wave was designed to match the peak period and significant wave height of an irregular wave which was also tested. Measurements of torque, thrust, and blade-bending moments were taken during the testing campaign. Speed and torque control strategies were implemented for a range of operational points to investigate the influence that a control mode had in the performance of a tidal stream turbine. The results showed similar average power and thrust values were not affected by the control strategy, nor the influence of either the regular or irregular wave cases. However, it was observed that using torque control resulted in an increase of thrust and blade root bending moment fluctuations per wave period. The increase in fluctuations was in the order of 40% when compared to the speed control cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Marine Tidal and Wave Energy Converters: Technologies, Conversions, Grid Interface, Fault Detection, and Fault-Tolerant Control)
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