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Applied Sciences
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Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation
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Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation

A special issue of Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417). This special issue belongs to the section "Electrical, Electronics and Communications Engineering".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 June 2022) | Viewed by 20727

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Benbouzid

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lôme (UMR CNRS 6027 IRDL), University of Brest, 29238 Brest, France
Interests: fault detection and diagnosis; failure prognosis; cyberattack detection; fault-resilient control; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. S. M. Muyeen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Electrical Engineering, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
Interests: renewable energy and smart grids
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Microgrids can allow a better integration of distributed energy storage capacity and renewable energy sources into the power grid, therefore increasing its efficiency and resilience to natural and man-caused disruptive events. In addition, microgrids and nanogrids are potential solutions for providing a better electrical service to both insufficiently supplied and remote areas. Microgrids networking with an optimal energy management will lead to a sort of smart grid with numerous benefits, such as reduced cost, and enhanced reliability and resiliency.

The objective of this Special Issue is to address and disseminate state-of the-art research and results on the implementation, planning, and operation of microgrids/nanogrids, for which energy management is one of the core issues. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

– Implementation of control and optimization techniques in grid-connected and islanded modes;

– Peer-to-peer energy management systems in community microgrid;

– Peer-to-peer energy trading in microgrids;

– Power grid resilience enhancement through microgrid facilities;

– Self-healing strategies for resilience purpose;

– Power quality assessment and improvement;

– Microgrids transformation into virtual power plants;

– Mobility-aware vehicle-to-grid control in microgrids

– Building an (nanogrid-) integrated energy management and monitoring system;

– Maritime applications: shipboard microgrids, offshore platforms, and port electrification;

– Aerospace applications: satellite microgrids, spacecraft power systems, and moon/mars station microgrids;

– Applied IoT architecture and communication technologies for smart microgrids;

– Smart enabling technologies for the effective penetration of microgrids.

Prof. Dr. Mohamed Benbouzid
Prof. S. M. Muyeen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Applied Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

 

Published Papers (9 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 184 KiB  
Editorial
Special Issue on Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation
by Mohamed Benbouzid, S. M. Muyeen and Muhammad Fahad Zia
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(19), 9916; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12199916 - 01 Oct 2022
Viewed by 905
Abstract
Today’s power system faces the challenges of environmental protection, increasing global demand for electricity, high-reliability requirements, clean energy, and planning restrictions [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation)

Research

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18 pages, 1454 KiB  
Article
Economic Optimal Scheduling of Wind–Photovoltaic-Storage with Electric Vehicle Microgrid Based on Quantum Mayfly Algorithm
by Ximu Liu, Mi Zhao, Zihan Wei and Min Lu
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(17), 8778; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12178778 - 31 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1324
Abstract
The effectiveness of energy management systems is a great concern for wind–photovoltaic-storage electric vehicle systems, which coordinate operation optimization and flexible scheduling with the power grid. In order to save system operation cost and reduce the energy waste caused by wind and light [...] Read more.
The effectiveness of energy management systems is a great concern for wind–photovoltaic-storage electric vehicle systems, which coordinate operation optimization and flexible scheduling with the power grid. In order to save system operation cost and reduce the energy waste caused by wind and light abandonment, a time-sharing scheduling strategy based on the state of charge (SOC) and flexible equipment is proposed, and a quantum mayfly algorithm (QMA) is innovatively designed to implement the strategy. Firstly, a scheduling strategy is produced according to the SOC of the battery and electric vehicle (EV), as well as the output power of wind–photovoltaic generation. In addition, the minimum objective function of the comprehensive operation cost is established by considering the cost of each unit’s operation and electricity market sale price. Secondly, QMA is creatively developed, including its optimization rule, whose performance evaluation is further carried out by comparisons with other typical bionics algorithms. The advantages of QMA in solving the low-power multivariable functions established in this paper are verified in the optimization results. Finally, using the empirical value of the power generation and loads collected in enterprise as the initial data, the mayfly algorithm (MA) and QMA are executed in MATLAB to solve the objective function. The scheduling results show that the time-sharing scheduling strategy can reduce the system’s cost by 60%, and the method decreases energy waste compared with ordinary scheduling methods, especially when using QMA to solve the function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation)
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17 pages, 3847 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Quasi Type-1 PLL-Based Multi-Functional Control of Single-Phase Dynamic Voltage Restorer
by Hafiz Ahmed, Samet Biricik, Hasan Komurcugil and Mohamed Benbouzid
Appl. Sci. 2022, 12(1), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/app12010146 - 24 Dec 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2458
Abstract
This paper considers the reference signal generation problem for the multi-functional operation of single-phase dynamic voltage restorers. For this purpose, a single-phase quasi type-1 phase-locked loop (QT1-PLL) is proposed. The pre-loop filter part of this PLL is composed of a frequency-fixed delayed signal [...] Read more.
This paper considers the reference signal generation problem for the multi-functional operation of single-phase dynamic voltage restorers. For this purpose, a single-phase quasi type-1 phase-locked loop (QT1-PLL) is proposed. The pre-loop filter part of this PLL is composed of a frequency-fixed delayed signal cancellation method and a two-stage all-pass filter. Thanks to the frequency-fixed nature, the pre-loop filter is easy to implement and can provide rejection of any measurement offset. Moreover, this PLL benefits from the excellent harmonic robustness property of the conventional QT1-PLL. Small-signal modeling and gain tuning procedures are detailed in this paper. In order to track the reference voltage signals generated by the proposed PLL, a super-twisting sliding mode controller is also presented, which helps to achieve fast dynamic responses. Laboratory-scale prototype-based experimental studies were conducted to validate the developed reference generator and the controller. Experimental results show that the proposed method is fast in detecting and compensating any grid voltage anomalies to maintain constant load voltage despite voltage sag, swell, and harmonic distortions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation)
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19 pages, 4221 KiB  
Article
Smart Cooperative Energy Supply Strategy to Increase Reliability in Residential Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems
by Carlos Roldán-Blay, Carlos Roldán-Porta, Eduardo Quiles and Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(24), 11723; https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411723 - 10 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1906
Abstract
In reliability studies of isolated energy supply systems for residential buildings, supply failures due to insufficient generation are generally analysed. Recent studies conclude that this kind of analysis makes it possible to optimally design the sizes of the elements of the generation system. [...] Read more.
In reliability studies of isolated energy supply systems for residential buildings, supply failures due to insufficient generation are generally analysed. Recent studies conclude that this kind of analysis makes it possible to optimally design the sizes of the elements of the generation system. However, in isolated communities or rural areas, it is common to find groups of dwellings in which micro-renewable sources, such as photovoltaic (PV) systems, can be installed. In this situation, the generation and storage of several houses can be considered as an interconnected system forming a cooperative microgrid (CoMG). This work analyses the benefits that sharing two autonomous installations can bring to each one, from the point of view of reliability. The method consists of the application of a random sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) simulation to the CoMG to evaluate the impact of a simple cooperative strategy on the reliability of the set. The study considers random failures in the generation systems. The results show that the reliability of the system increases when cooperation is allowed. Additionally, at the design stage, this allows more cost-effective solutions than single sizing with a similar level of reliability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation)
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21 pages, 1892 KiB  
Article
Sizing and Sitting of DERs in Active Distribution Networks Incorporating Load Prevailing Uncertainties Using Probabilistic Approaches
by Amin Foroughi Nematollahi, Hossein Shahinzadeh, Hamed Nafisi, Behrooz Vahidi, Yassine Amirat and Mohamed Benbouzid
Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(9), 4156; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094156 - 01 May 2021
Cited by 41 | Viewed by 2335
Abstract
In this study, a microgrid scheme encompassing photovoltaic panels, an energy storage system, and a diesel generator as a backup supply source is designed, and the optimal placement for installation is suggested. The main purpose of this microgrid is to meet the intrinsic [...] Read more.
In this study, a microgrid scheme encompassing photovoltaic panels, an energy storage system, and a diesel generator as a backup supply source is designed, and the optimal placement for installation is suggested. The main purpose of this microgrid is to meet the intrinsic demand without being supplied by the upstream network. Thus, the main objective in the design of the microgrid is to minimize the operational cost of microgrid’s sources subject to satisfy the loads by these sources. Therefore, the considered problem in this study is to determine the optimal size and placement for generation sources simultaneously for a microgrid with the objectives of minimization of cost of generation resources along with mitigation of power losses. In order to deal with uncertainties of PV generation and load forecasting, the lognormal distribution model and Gaussian process quantile regression (GPQR) approaches are employed. In order to solve the optimization problem, the lightning attachment procedure optimization (LAPO) and artificial bee colony (ABC) methods are employed, and the results are compared. The results imply the more effectiveness and priority of the LAPO approach in comparison with ABC in convergence speed and the accuracy of solution-finding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation)
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15 pages, 1825 KiB  
Article
Robust Resonant Controllers for Distributed Energy Resources in Microgrids
by Allal El Moubarek Bouzid, Mohamed Zerrougui, Seifeddine Ben Elghali, Karim Beddiar and Mohamed Benbouzid
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(24), 8905; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10248905 - 14 Dec 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1804
Abstract
Motivated by the problem of different types and variations of load in micro-grids, this paper presents robust proportional-resonant controllers with a harmonics compensator based on the internal model principle. These controllers ensure robust tracking of sinusoidal reference signals in distributed energy resource systems [...] Read more.
Motivated by the problem of different types and variations of load in micro-grids, this paper presents robust proportional-resonant controllers with a harmonics compensator based on the internal model principle. These controllers ensure robust tracking of sinusoidal reference signals in distributed energy resource systems subject to load variation with respect to sinusoidal disturbances. The distributed generation resource and the resonant controllers are described using the augmented state system approach, allowing the application of the state feedback technique. In order to minimize the tracking error and ensure robustness against perturbation, a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) are addressed for the synthesizing of controller gains. Finally, results obtained in the simulation for resonant compensators with the distributed energy system are presented, in which the controller is applied to the CC-CA inverter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation)
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28 pages, 4885 KiB  
Article
Development and Implementation of a Novel Optimization Algorithm for Reliable and Economic Grid-Independent Hybrid Power System
by Mohammed Kharrich, Omar Hazem Mohammed, Salah Kamel, Ali Selim, Hamdy M. Sultan, Mohammed Akherraz and Francisco Jurado
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(18), 6604; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10186604 - 21 Sep 2020
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 3329
Abstract
Recently, fast uptake of renewable energy sources (RES) in the world has introduced new difficulties and challenges; one of the most important challenges is providing economic energy with high efficiency and good quality. To reach this goal, many traditional and smart algorithms have [...] Read more.
Recently, fast uptake of renewable energy sources (RES) in the world has introduced new difficulties and challenges; one of the most important challenges is providing economic energy with high efficiency and good quality. To reach this goal, many traditional and smart algorithms have been proposed and demonstrated their feasibility in obtaining the optimal solution. Therefore, this paper introduces an improved version of Bonobo Optimizer (BO) based on a quasi-oppositional method to solve the problem of designing a hybrid microgrid system including RES (photovoltaic (PV) panels, wind turbines (WT), and batteries) with diesel generators. A comparison between traditional BO, the Quasi-Oppositional BO (QOBO), and other optimization techniques called Harris Hawks Optimization (HHO), Artificial Electric Field Algorithm (AEFA) and Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) is carried out to check the efficiency of the proposed QOBO. The QOBO is applied to a stand-alone hybrid microgrid system located in Aswan, Egypt. The results show the effectiveness of the QOBO algorithm to solve the optimal economic design problem for hybrid microgrid power systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation)
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19 pages, 4953 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Forecasting Potential of Photo-Voltaic Electricity Generation and Demand Using R
by Karina Vink, Eriko Ankyu and Yasunori Kikuchi
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(13), 4462; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10134462 - 28 Jun 2020
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1937
Abstract
For micro-grid cost-benefit analyses, both energy production and demand must be estimated on the long-term of one year. However, there remains a scarcity of studies predicting energy production and demand simultaneously and in the long-term. By means of programming in R and applying [...] Read more.
For micro-grid cost-benefit analyses, both energy production and demand must be estimated on the long-term of one year. However, there remains a scarcity of studies predicting energy production and demand simultaneously and in the long-term. By means of programming in R and applying linear, non-linear, and support vector regression, we show the in depth analysis of the data of a micro-grid on solar power generation and building energy demand and its potential to be modeled simultaneously on the term of one year, in relation to electricity costs. We found solar power generation is linearly related to solar irradiance, but the effect of temperature on total output was less pronounced than anticipated. Building energy demand was found to be related to multiple parameters of both time and weather, and could be estimated through a quadratic function in relation to temperature. Models for both solar power generation and building energy demand could predict electricity costs within 8% of actual costs, which is not yet the ideal accuracy, but shows potential for future studies. These results provide important statistics for future studies where building energy consumption of any building type is correlated in detail to various time and weather parameters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation)
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Review

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28 pages, 2004 KiB  
Review
A Comprehensive Motivation of Multilayer Control Levels for Microgrids: Synchronization, Voltage and Frequency Restoration Perspective
by Ronald Jackson, Shamsul Aizam Zulkifli, Mohamed Benbouzid, Suriana Salimin, Mubashir Hayat Khan, Garba Elhassan and Erum Pathan
Appl. Sci. 2020, 10(23), 8355; https://doi.org/10.3390/app10238355 - 24 Nov 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3170
Abstract
The current paradigm in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into microgrids presents various technical challenges in terms of reliable operation and control. This paper performs a comprehensive justification of microgrid trends in dominant control strategies. It covers multilayer hierarchical control schemes, which are [...] Read more.
The current paradigm in integrating intermittent renewable energy sources into microgrids presents various technical challenges in terms of reliable operation and control. This paper performs a comprehensive justification of microgrid trends in dominant control strategies. It covers multilayer hierarchical control schemes, which are able to integrate seamlessly with coordinated control strategies. A general overview of the hierarchical control family that includes primary, secondary, tertiary controls is presented. For power sharing accuracy and capability, droop and non-droop-based controllers are comprehensively studied to address further development. The voltage and frequency restoration techniques are discussed thoroughly based on centralized and decentralized method in order to highlights the differences for better comprehend. The comprehensive studies of grid synchronization strategies also overviewed and analyzed under balanced and unbalanced grid conditions. The details studies for each control level are displayed to highlight the benefits and shortcomings of each control method. A future prediction from the authors’ point of view is also provided to acknowledge which control is adequate to be adopted in proportion to their products applications and a possibility technique for self-synchronization is given in this paper. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microgrids/Nanogrids Implementation, Planning, and Operation)
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