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A special issue of Diagnostics (ISSN 2075-4418). This special issue belongs to the section "Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (24 March 2023) | Viewed by 32506

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Wan Azani Mustafa

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Guest Editor

1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
2. Advanced Computing (AdvComp), Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
Interests: biomedical imaging; image processing; digital signal processing; artificial intelligence; feature extraction; recognition and classification
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Hiam Alquran

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Biomedical Systems and Informatics Engineering, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
Interests: image processing; digital signal processing; artificial intelligence
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Medical data can be defined as obtaining information from patients (such as signals, images, sounds, chemical components and their concentration, body temperature, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and different treatment measurements) to quantify the patient’s status and the disease stage. Computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) systems use classical image processing, computer vision, machine learning, and deep learning methods for image analysis. Using image classification or segmentation algorithms, they find a region of interest (ROI) pointing to a specific location within the given image or the outcome of interest in the form of a label pointing to a diagnosis or prognosis. Computer science, with the evolution of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques, facilitates the modeling and interpretation of results from carrying out measurements, experiments, and observations. Employing technological tools for collection, processing, and analysis will incorporate understanding the patient’s status and developing the treatment plan. Achieving highly accurate models requires a huge dataset. This issue can be solved by having enough knowledge around medical data processing and its analysis.

This Special Issue of the journal Diagnostics provides you with the opportunity to disseminate the findings of your research that highlight innovative aspects of biomedical data processing and/or modeling in healthcare. Applications such as patient monitoring, disease diagnosis and progression, patient rehabilitation, and medical image analysis are encouraged. It is expected that you clearly indicate the novel aspects of signal processing or modeling that assisted you in solving your problem.

Dr. Wan Azani Mustafa
Dr. Hiam Alquran
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Diagnostics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

biomedical image processing
biomedical signal processing
medical data analysis
pattern recognition
health system
bioinformatics
mental health
biomedical systems
biomedical physics
decision support system
diagnostic aid
ai-based screening system
medical image and signal classification
biomedical image retrieval
medical image annotation
biomedical image summarization
cancer diagnosis
medical images
machine learning
deep learning
artificial intelligence

Related Special Issue

Medical Data Processing and Analysis—2nd Edition in Diagnostics (9 articles)

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 176 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial on Special Issue “Medical Data Processing and Analysis”

by Wan Azani Mustafa and Hiam Alquran

Diagnostics 2023, 13(12), 2081; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13122081 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 835

Abstract

Medical data plays an essential role in several applications in the medical field [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

32 pages, 9963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of Time Forecasting Models Using Machine Learning for Future Pandemic Applications Based on COVID-19 Data 2020–2022

by Abdul Aziz K Abdul Hamid, Wan Imanul Aisyah Wan Mohamad Nawi, Muhamad Safiih Lola, Wan Azani Mustafa, Siti Madhihah Abdul Malik, Syerrina Zakaria, Elayaraja Aruchunan, Nurul Hila Zainuddin, R.U. Gobithaasan and Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah

Diagnostics 2023, 13(6), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13061121 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1819

Abstract

Improving forecasts, particularly the accuracy, efficiency, and precision of time-series forecasts, is becoming critical for authorities to predict, monitor, and prevent the spread of the Coronavirus disease. However, the results obtained from the predictive models are imprecise and inefficient because the dataset contains linear and non-linear patterns, respectively. Linear models such as autoregressive integrated moving average cannot be used effectively to predict complex time series, so nonlinear approaches are better suited for such a purpose. Therefore, to achieve a more accurate and efficient predictive value of COVID-19 that is closer to the true value of COVID-19, a hybrid approach was implemented. Therefore, the objectives of this study are twofold. The first objective is to propose intelligence-based prediction methods to achieve better prediction results called autoregressive integrated moving average–least-squares support vector machine. The second objective is to investigate the performance of these proposed models by comparing them with the autoregressive integrated moving average, support vector machine, least-squares support vector machine, and autoregressive integrated moving average–support vector machine. Our investigation is based on three COVID-19 real datasets, i.e., daily new cases data, daily new death cases data, and daily new recovered cases data. Then, statistical measures such as mean square error, root mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error were performed to verify that the proposed models are better than the autoregressive integrated moving average, support vector machine model, least-squares support vector machine, and autoregressive integrated moving average–support vector machine. Empirical results using three recent datasets of known the Coronavirus Disease-19 cases in Malaysia show that the proposed model generates the smallest mean square error, root mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error values for training and testing datasets compared to the autoregressive integrated moving average, support vector machine, least-squares support vector machine, and autoregressive integrated moving average–support vector machine models. This means that the predicted value of the proposed model is closer to the true value. These results demonstrate that the proposed model can generate estimates more accurately and efficiently. Compared to the autoregressive integrated moving average, support vector machine, least-squares support vector machine, and autoregressive integrated moving average–support vector machine models, our proposed models perform much better in terms of percent error reduction for both training and testing all datasets. Therefore, the proposed model is possibly the most efficient and effective way to improve prediction for future pandemic performance with a higher level of accuracy and efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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18 pages, 1365 KiB

Open AccessArticle

White Blood Cells Classification Using Entropy-Controlled Deep Features Optimization

by Riaz Ahmad, Muhammad Awais, Nabeela Kausar and Tallha Akram

Diagnostics 2023, 13(3), 352; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030352 - 18 Jan 2023

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6562

Abstract

White blood cells (WBCs) constitute an essential part of the human immune system. The correct identification of WBC subtypes is critical in the diagnosis of leukemia, a kind of blood cancer defined by the aberrant proliferation of malignant leukocytes in the bone marrow. The traditional approach of classifying WBCs, which involves the visual analysis of blood smear images, is labor-intensive and error-prone. Modern approaches based on deep convolutional neural networks provide significant results for this type of image categorization, but have high processing and implementation costs owing to very large feature sets. This paper presents an improved hybrid approach for efficient WBC subtype classification. First, optimum deep features are extracted from enhanced and segmented WBC images using transfer learning on pre-trained deep neural networks, i.e., DenseNet201 and Darknet53. The serially fused feature vector is then filtered using an entropy-controlled marine predator algorithm (ECMPA). This nature-inspired meta-heuristic optimization algorithm selects the most dominant features while discarding the weak ones. The reduced feature vector is classified with multiple baseline classifiers with various kernel settings. The proposed methodology is validated on a public dataset of 5000 synthetic images that correspond to five different subtypes of WBCs. The system achieves an overall average accuracy of

99.9 %

with more than

95 %

reduction in the size of the feature vector. The feature selection algorithm also demonstrates better convergence performance as compared to classical meta-heuristic algorithms. The proposed method also demonstrates a comparable performance with several existing works on WBC classification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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19 pages, 16634 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Feature Transformation for Efficient Blood Glucose Prediction in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

by Hatim Butt, Ikramullah Khosa and Muhammad Aksam Iftikhar

Diagnostics 2023, 13(3), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030340 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1791

Abstract

Diabetes Mellitus, a metabolic disease, causes the body to lose control over blood glucose regulation. With recent advances in self-monitoring systems, a patient can access their personalized glycemic profile and may utilize it for efficient prediction of future blood glucose levels. An efficient diabetes management system demands the accurate estimation of blood glucose levels, which, apart from using an appropriate prediction algorithm, depends on discriminative data representation. In this research work, a transformation of event-based data into discriminative continuous features is proposed. Moreover, a multi-layered long short-term memory (LSTM)-based recurrent neural network is developed for the prediction of blood glucose levels in patients with type 1 diabetes. The proposed method is used to forecast the blood glucose level on a prediction horizon of 30 and 60 min. The results are evaluated for three patients using the Ohio T1DM dataset. The proposed scheme achieves the lowest RMSE score of 14.76 mg/dL and 25.48 mg/dL for prediction horizons of 30 min and 60 min, respectively. The suggested methodology can be utilized in closed-loop systems for precise insulin delivery to type 1 patients for better glycemic control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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16 pages, 2454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

by Yasmin Mohd Yacob, Hiam Alquran, Wan Azani Mustafa, Mohammed Alsalatie, Harsa Amylia Mat Sakim and Muhamad Safiih Lola

Diagnostics 2023, 13(3), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13030336 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1630

Abstract

Atrophic gastritis (AG) is commonly caused by the infection of the Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria. If untreated, AG may develop into a chronic condition leading to gastric cancer, which is deemed to be the third primary cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Precursory detection of AG is crucial to avoid such cases. This work focuses on H. pylori-associated infection located at the gastric antrum, where the classification is of binary classes of normal versus atrophic gastritis. Existing work developed the Deep Convolution Neural Network (DCNN) of GoogLeNet with 22 layers of the pre-trained model. Another study employed GoogLeNet based on the Inception Module, fast and robust fuzzy C-means (FRFCM), and simple linear iterative clustering (SLIC) superpixel algorithms to identify gastric disease. GoogLeNet with Caffe framework and ResNet-50 are machine learners that detect H. pylori infection. Nonetheless, the accuracy may become abundant as the network depth increases. An upgrade to the current standards method is highly anticipated to avoid untreated and inaccurate diagnoses that may lead to chronic AG. The proposed work incorporates improved techniques revolving within DCNN with pooling as pre-trained models and channel shuffle to assist streams of information across feature channels to ease the training of networks for deeper CNN. In addition, Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) feature fusion method and ReliefF feature selection approaches are intended to revamp the combined techniques. CCA models the relationship between the two data sets of significant features generated by pre-trained ShuffleNet. ReliefF reduces and selects essential features from CCA and is classified using the Generalized Additive Model (GAM). It is believed the extended work is justified with a 98.2% testing accuracy reading, thus providing an accurate diagnosis of normal versus atrophic gastritis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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19 pages, 6316 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advanced Time-Frequency Methods for ECG Waves Recognition

by Ala’a Zyout, Hiam Alquran, Wan Azani Mustafa and Ali Mohammad Alqudah

Diagnostics 2023, 13(2), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13020308 - 13 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2557

Abstract

ECG wave recognition is one of the new topics where only one of the ECG beat waves (P-QRS-T) was used to detect heart diseases. Normal, tachycardia, and bradycardia heart rhythm are hard to detect using either time-domain or frequency-domain features solely, and a time-frequency analysis is required to extract representative features. This paper studies the performance of two different spectrum representations, iris-spectrogram and scalogram, for different ECG beat waves in terms of recognition of normal, tachycardia, and bradycardia classes. These two different spectra are then sent to two different deep convolutional neural networks (CNN), i.e., Resnet101 and ShuffleNet, for deep feature extraction and classification. The results show that the best accuracy for detection of beats rhythm was using ResNet101 and scalogram of T-wave with an accuracy of 98.3%, while accuracy was 94.4% for detection using iris-spectrogram using also ResNet101 and QRS-Wave. Finally, based on these results we note that using deep features from time-frequency representation using one wave of ECG beat we can accurately detect basic rhythms such as normal, tachycardia, and bradycardia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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17 pages, 430 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ensemble Learning Based on Hybrid Deep Learning Model for Heart Disease Early Prediction

by Ahmed Almulihi, Hager Saleh, Ali Mohamed Hussien, Sherif Mostafa, Shaker El-Sappagh, Khaled Alnowaiser, Abdelmgeid A. Ali and Moatamad Refaat Hassan

Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 3215; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123215 - 18 Dec 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3665

Abstract

Many epidemics have afflicted humanity throughout history, claiming many lives. It has been noted in our time that heart disease is one of the deadliest diseases that humanity has confronted in the contemporary period. The proliferation of poor habits such as smoking, overeating, and lack of physical activity has contributed to the rise in heart disease. The killing feature of heart disease, which has earned it the moniker the “silent killer,” is that it frequently has no apparent signs in advance. As a result, research is required to develop a promising model for the early identification of heart disease using simple data and symptoms. The paper’s aim is to propose a deep stacking ensemble model to enhance the performance of the prediction of heart disease. The proposed ensemble model integrates two optimized and pre-trained hybrid deep learning models with the Support Vector Machine (SVM) as the meta-learner model. The first hybrid model is Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)-Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) (CNN-LSTM), which integrates CNN and LSTM. The second hybrid model is CNN-GRU, which integrates CNN with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) is also used for the feature selection optimization process. The proposed model has been optimized and tested using two different heart disease datasets. The proposed ensemble is compared with five machine learning models including Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN), Decision Tree (DT), Naïve Bayes (NB), and hybrid models. In addition, optimization techniques are used to optimize ML, DL, and the proposed models. The results obtained by the proposed model achieved the highest performance using the full feature set. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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15 pages, 2368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hamlet-Pattern-Based Automated COVID-19 and Influenza Detection Model Using Protein Sequences

by Mehmet Erten, Madhav R. Acharya, Aditya P. Kamath, Niranjana Sampathila, G. Muralidhar Bairy, Emrah Aydemir, Prabal Datta Barua, Mehmet Baygin, Ilknur Tuncer, Sengul Dogan and Turker Tuncer

Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 3181; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123181 - 15 Dec 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1563

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza-A can present similar symptoms. Computer-aided diagnosis can help facilitate screening for the two conditions, and may be especially relevant and useful in the current COVID-19 pandemic because seasonal Influenza-A infection can still occur. We have developed a novel text-based classification model for discriminating between the two conditions using protein sequences of varying lengths. We downloaded viral protein sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza-A with varying lengths (all 100 or greater) from the NCBI database and randomly selected 16,901 SARS-CoV-2 and 19,523 Influenza-A sequences to form a two-class study dataset. We used a new feature extraction function based on a unique pattern, HamletPat, generated from the text of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, and a signum function to extract local binary pattern-like bits from overlapping fixed-length (27) blocks of the protein sequences. The bits were converted to decimal map signals from which histograms were extracted and concatenated to form a final feature vector of length 1280. The iterative Chi-square function selected the 340 most discriminative features to feed to an SVM with a Gaussian kernel for classification. The model attained 99.92% and 99.87% classification accuracy rates using hold-out (75:25 split ratio) and five-fold cross-validations, respectively. The excellent performance of the lightweight, handcrafted HamletPat-based classification model suggests that it can be a valuable tool for screening protein sequences to discriminate between SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza-A infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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30 pages, 4340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Recurrent Neural Networks for Predicting Type-2 Diabetes from Genomic and Tabular Data

by Parvathaneni Naga Srinivasu, Jana Shafi, T Balamurali Krishna, Canavoy Narahari Sujatha, S Phani Praveen and Muhammad Fazal Ijaz

Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 3067; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12123067 - 06 Dec 2022

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3052

Abstract

The development of genomic technology for smart diagnosis and therapies for various diseases has lately been the most demanding area for computer-aided diagnostic and treatment research. Exponential breakthroughs in artificial intelligence and machine intelligence technologies could pave the way for identifying challenges afflicting the healthcare industry. Genomics is paving the way for predicting future illnesses, including cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and diabetes. Machine learning advancements have expedited the pace of biomedical informatics research and inspired new branches of computational biology. Furthermore, knowing gene relationships has resulted in developing more accurate models that can effectively detect patterns in vast volumes of data, making classification models important in various domains. Recurrent Neural Network models have a memory that allows them to quickly remember knowledge from previous cycles and process genetic data. The present work focuses on type 2 diabetes prediction using gene sequences derived from genomic DNA fragments through automated feature selection and feature extraction procedures for matching gene patterns with training data. The suggested model was tested using tabular data to predict type 2 diabetes based on several parameters. The performance of neural networks incorporating Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) components, Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU) was tested in this research. The model’s efficiency is assessed using the evaluation metrics such as Sensitivity, Specificity, Accuracy, F1-Score, and Mathews Correlation Coefficient (MCC). The suggested technique predicted future illnesses with fair Accuracy. Furthermore, our research showed that the suggested model could be used in real-world scenarios and that input risk variables from an end-user Android application could be kept and evaluated on a secure remote server. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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20 pages, 1184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

EEG-Based Mental Tasks Recognition via a Deep Learning-Driven Anomaly Detector

by Abdelkader Dairi, Nabil Zerrouki, Fouzi Harrou and Ying Sun

Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 2984; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122984 - 29 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1598

Abstract

This paper introduces an unsupervised deep learning-driven scheme for mental tasks’ recognition using EEG signals. To this end, the Multichannel Wiener filter was first applied to EEG signals as an artifact removal algorithm to achieve robust recognition. Then, a quadratic time-frequency distribution (QTFD) was applied to extract effective time-frequency signal representation of the EEG signals and catch the EEG signals’ spectral variations over time to improve the recognition of mental tasks. The QTFD time-frequency features are employed as input for the proposed deep belief network (DBN)-driven Isolation Forest (iF) scheme to classify the EEG signals. Indeed, a single DBN-based iF detector is constructed based on each class’s training data, with the class’s samples as inliers and all other samples as anomalies (i.e., one-vs.-rest). The DBN is considered to learn pertinent information without assumptions on the data distribution, and the iF scheme is used for data discrimination. This approach is assessed using experimental data comprising five mental tasks from a publicly available database from the Graz University of Technology. Compared to the DBN-based Elliptical Envelope, Local Outlier Factor, and state-of-the-art EEG-based classification methods, the proposed DBN-based iF detector offers superior discrimination performance of mental tasks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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14 pages, 1410 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Risk of Mortality Prediction Involving Time-Varying Covariates for Patients with Heart Failure Using Deep Learning

by Keijiro Nakamura, Xue Zhou, Naohiko Sahara, Yasutake Toyoda, Yoshinari Enomoto, Hidehiko Hara, Mahito Noro, Kaoru Sugi, Ming Huang, Masao Moroi, Masato Nakamura and Xin Zhu

Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 2947; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122947 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1508

Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is challenging public medical and healthcare systems. This study aimed to develop and validate a novel deep learning-based prognostic model to predict the risk of all-cause mortality for patients with HF. We also compared the performance of the proposed model with those of classical deep learning- and traditional statistical-based models. The present study enrolled 730 patients with HF hospitalized at Toho University Ohashi Medical Center between April 2016 and March 2020. A recurrent neural network-based model (RNNSurv) involving time-varying covariates was developed and validated. The proposed RNNSurv showed better prediction performance than those of a deep feed-forward neural network-based model (referred as “DeepSurv”) and a multivariate Cox proportional hazard model in view of discrimination (C-index: 0.839 vs. 0.755 vs. 0.762, respectively), calibration (better fit with a 45-degree line), and ability of risk stratification, especially identifying patients with high risk of mortality. The proposed RNNSurv demonstrated an improved prediction performance in consideration of temporal information from time-varying covariates that could assist clinical decision-making. Additionally, this study found that significant risk and protective factors of mortality were specific to risk levels, highlighting the demand for an individual-specific clinical strategy instead of a uniform one for all patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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19 pages, 3560 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Detection of Atrial Fibrillation Episodes based on 3D Algebraic Relationships between Cardiac Intervals

by Naseha Wafa Qammar, Vaiva Šiaučiūnaitė, Vytautas Zabiela, Alfonsas Vainoras and Minvydas Ragulskis

Diagnostics 2022, 12(12), 2919; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12122919 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 879

Abstract

In this study, the notion of perfect matrices of Lagrange differences is employed to detect atrial fibrillation episodes based on three ECG parameters (JT interval, QRS interval, RR interval). The case study comprised 8 healthy individuals and 7 unhealthy individuals, and the mean and standard deviation of age was 65.84 ± 1.4 years, height was 1.75 ± 0.12 m, and weight was 79.4 ± 0.9 kg. Initially, it was demonstrated that the sensitivity of algebraic relationships between cardiac intervals increases when the dimension of the perfect matrices of Lagrange differences is extended from two to three. The baseline dataset was established using statistical algorithms for classification by means of the developed decision support system. The classification helps to determine whether the new incoming candidate has indications of atrial fibrillation or not. The application of probability distribution graphs and semi-gauge indicator techniques aided in visualizing the categorization of the new candidates. Though the study’s data are limited, this work provides a strong foundation for (1) validating the sensitivity of the perfect matrices of Lagrange differences, (2) establishing a robust baseline dataset for supervised classification, and (3) classifying new incoming candidates within the classification framework. From a clinical standpoint, the developed approach assists in the early detection of atrial fibrillation in an individual. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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Review

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16 pages, 1044 KiB

Open AccessReview

Accuracy Analysis of Deep Learning Methods in Breast Cancer Classification: A Structured Review

by Marina Yusoff, Toto Haryanto, Heru Suhartanto, Wan Azani Mustafa, Jasni Mohamad Zain and Kusmardi Kusmardi

Diagnostics 2023, 13(4), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13040683 - 11 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3465

Abstract

Breast cancer is diagnosed using histopathological imaging. This task is extremely time-consuming due to high image complexity and volume. However, it is important to facilitate the early detection of breast cancer for medical intervention. Deep learning (DL) has become popular in medical imaging solutions and has demonstrated various levels of performance in diagnosing cancerous images. Nonetheless, achieving high precision while minimizing overfitting remains a significant challenge for classification solutions. The handling of imbalanced data and incorrect labeling is a further concern. Additional methods, such as pre-processing, ensemble, and normalization techniques, have been established to enhance image characteristics. These methods could influence classification solutions and be used to overcome overfitting and data balancing issues. Hence, developing a more sophisticated DL variant could improve classification accuracy while reducing overfitting. Technological advancements in DL have fueled automated breast cancer diagnosis growth in recent years. This paper reviewed studies on the capability of DL to classify histopathological breast cancer images, as the objective of this study was to systematically review and analyze current research on the classification of histopathological images. Additionally, literature from the Scopus and Web of Science (WOS) indexes was reviewed. This study assessed recent approaches for histopathological breast cancer image classification in DL applications for papers published up until November 2022. The findings of this study suggest that DL methods, especially convolution neural networks and their hybrids, are the most cutting-edge approaches currently in use. To find a new technique, it is necessary first to survey the landscape of existing DL approaches and their hybrid methods to conduct comparisons and case studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Medical Data Processing and Analysis)

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