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19 pages, 6641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scenario-Based Seismic Risk Assessment for the Reykjavik Capital Area

by Bjarni Bessason, Rajesh Rupakhety and Jón Örvar Bjarnason

Buildings 2023, 13(12), 2919; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122919 - 23 Nov 2023

Viewed by 722

About two-thirds of the population in Iceland lives in the Reykjavik capital area (RCA), which is close to active volcanoes and seismic zones. In the period 1900–2019, a total of 53 earthquakes of

M_{w} \geq 5.0

struck in these zones. The two [...] Read more.

About two-thirds of the population in Iceland lives in the Reykjavik capital area (RCA), which is close to active volcanoes and seismic zones. In the period 1900–2019, a total of 53 earthquakes of

M_{w} \geq 5.0

struck in these zones. The two largest events in the Reykjanes Peninsula,

M_{w} 6.36

and

M_{w} 6.12

, occurred in 1929 and 1968, respectively. Both events were less than 20 km from the outskirts of the RCA. Late in the year 2020, the seismicity on the peninsula greatly increased due to magma intrusion and volcanic activity, which has so far resulted in three eruptions, in 2021, 2022, and 2023, and six earthquakes of

M_{w} \geq 5.0 .

Based on historical and geological data, the ongoing activity is probably the initial phase of an active period ahead that could continue for many decades, and has the potential to trigger larger earthquakes like those in 1929 and 1968. Further east, in the South Iceland Seismic Zone, two earthquakes of

M_{w} 6.52

and 6.44 struck in June 2000, and in May 2008, a

M_{w} 6.31

earthquake occurred. In both cases, around 5000 buildings were affected. Insurance loss data from these events have been used to develop empirical vulnerability models for low-rise buildings. In this study, the loss data are used to calibrate seismic vulnerability models in terms of the source-site distance. For a given magnitude scenario, this provides a simpler representation of seismic vulnerability and is useful for emergency planning and disaster management. These models are also used to compute different types of scenario risk maps for the RCA for a repeat of the 1929 earthquake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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21 pages, 16621 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Response of Masonry-Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frames Strengthened at Interfaces with Geo-Fabric under In-Plane Loads

by K. S. Sreekeshava, Hugo Rodrigues and A. S. Arunkumar

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1495; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061495 - 09 Jun 2023

Viewed by 920

Abstract

The interfaces between masonry infill and reinforced concrete (MI-RC) frames are identified as the weakest regions under lateral loads. Hence, the behavior of such frames under lateral loads can be understood mainly through experimental investigations. The deformation demands induced by horizontal loads on [...] Read more.

The interfaces between masonry infill and reinforced concrete (MI-RC) frames are identified as the weakest regions under lateral loads. Hence, the behavior of such frames under lateral loads can be understood mainly through experimental investigations. The deformation demands induced by horizontal loads on RC frames with infill masonry walls change due to contact losses between the infill masonry and the RC frames. This can be controlled by providing proper reinforcements at the interfaces. In the present experimental investigation, three half-scaled models subjected to reversed cyclic lateral in-plane loads were tested. In detail, the specimens considered are the MI-RC frame model, an MI-RC frame with geo-fabric reinforcement at the interface and an MI-RC frame with geo-fabric reinforcement at interfaces with an open ground story. The models were subjected to reversed cyclic lateral in-plane loads, and the post-yield responses of the models with respect to stiffness degradation, drift, energy dissipation, ductility and failure mode have been discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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19 pages, 6585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Comparison of Code-Based and Empirical Seismic Fragility Curves of Steel and RC Buildings

by Mahnoosh Biglari, Behrokh Hosseini Hashemi and Antonio Formisano

Buildings 2023, 13(6), 1361; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061361 - 23 May 2023

Viewed by 1190

Abstract

Seismic codes were developed to reduce the structural vulnerability and risk associated with earthquakes in earthquake-prone regions of the world. The effectiveness of the code in preventing damage is dependent on the performance level defined and the construction technology employed. The seismic fragility [...] Read more.

Seismic codes were developed to reduce the structural vulnerability and risk associated with earthquakes in earthquake-prone regions of the world. The effectiveness of the code in preventing damage is dependent on the performance level defined and the construction technology employed. The seismic fragility curves for two recent versions of the seismic code of Iran are determined by using the hybrid method. The probability of damage levels is visualized by these curves. To develop these curves, only the assumptions of the code are taken into account. These curves are compared with the empirical fragility of the recent devastating earthquake in Iran. The results indicate that, despite a similar probability of damage to the different seismic-resistant systems, steel-braced frames pose a greater risk of collapse. Concerning earthquake damage, the steel and RC moment-resisting frames have shown higher damage probability than expected from the code. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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29 pages, 19405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Kahramanmaraş—Gaziantep, Türkiye M_w 7.8 Earthquake on 6 February 2023: Strong Ground Motion and Building Response Estimations

by George Papazafeiropoulos and Vagelis Plevris

Buildings 2023, 13(5), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13051194 - 30 Apr 2023

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3742

Abstract

The effects on structures of the earthquake with the magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter scale (moment magnitude scale) that took place in Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye at 04:17 a.m. local time (01:17 UTC) on 6 February 2023, are investigated by processing suitable seismic [...] Read more.

The effects on structures of the earthquake with the magnitude of 7.8 on the Richter scale (moment magnitude scale) that took place in Pazarcık, Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye at 04:17 a.m. local time (01:17 UTC) on 6 February 2023, are investigated by processing suitable seismic records using the open-source software OpenSeismoMatlab. The earthquake had a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme) and it was followed by a M_w 7.5 earthquake nine hours later, centered 95 km to the north–northeast from the first. Peak and cumulative seismic measures as well as elastic response spectra, constant ductility (or isoductile) response spectra, and incremental dynamic analysis curves were calculated for two representative earthquake records of the main event. Furthermore, the acceleration response spectra of a large set of records were compared to the acceleration design spectrum of the Turkish seismic code. Based on the study, it is concluded that the structures were overloaded far beyond their normal design levels. This, in combination with considerable vertical seismic components, was a contributing factor towards the collapse of many buildings in the region. Modifications of the Turkish seismic code are required so that higher spectral acceleration values can be prescribed, especially in earthquake-prone regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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22 pages, 5699 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis of Shear Reinforcing of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Grid-Strengthened Engineering Cementitious Composite

by Mohammadsina Sharifi Ghalehnoei, Ahad Javanmardi, Mohammadreza Izadifar, Neven Ukrainczyk and Eduardus Koenders

Buildings 2023, 13(4), 1034; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041034 - 14 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1248

Abstract

This study investigates the shear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams that have been strengthened using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) grids with engineered cementitious composite (ECC) through finite element (FE) analysis. The analysis includes twelve simply supported and continuous beams strengthened with [...] Read more.

This study investigates the shear behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams that have been strengthened using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) grids with engineered cementitious composite (ECC) through finite element (FE) analysis. The analysis includes twelve simply supported and continuous beams strengthened with different parameters such as CFRP sheets, CFRP grid cross-sectional area, and CFRP grid size. To conduct the analysis, FE models of the RC beams were created and analyzed using ABAQUS software. Research results show that the strengthened RC beams with CFRP grids and ECC had approx. 30–50% higher shear capacity than reference RC beams. The composite action of CFRP grids with the ECCs also showed a significant ability to limit diagonal cracks and prevent the degradation of the bending stiffness of the RC beams. Furthermore, this study calculated the shear capacity of the strengthened beams using an analytical model and compared it with the numerical analysis results. The analytical equations showed only a 4% difference from the numerical results, indicating that the analytical model can be used in practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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21 pages, 6064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance-Based Assessment of RC Building with Short Columns Due to the Different Design Principles

by Ercan Işık, Hakan Ulutaş, Ehsan Harirchian, Fatih Avcil, Ceyhun Aksoylu and Musa Hakan Arslan

Buildings 2023, 13(3), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030750 - 13 Mar 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1788

Abstract

Many factors affect the earthquake vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, constituting a large part of the existing building stock. Short column in RC structures is one of the reasons for earthquake damage. Significant damages may occur due to brittle fractures in structural [...] Read more.

Many factors affect the earthquake vulnerability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, constituting a large part of the existing building stock. Short column in RC structures is one of the reasons for earthquake damage. Significant damages may occur due to brittle fractures in structural elements when the shear resistances are exceeded under the effect of high shear stress in short columns formed due to architectural and topographic reasons. This study created structural models for three situations: the hill slope effect, band-type window and mezzanine floor, which may cause short column formation. The structural analyses by SAP2000 were compared with the reference building model with no short columns. Structural analyses were performed separately according to strength-based and deformation-based design approaches in the updated Türkiye Building Earthquake Code (TBEC-2018). Short column formation; the effects on soft-storey irregularity, the relative storey drifts, column shear force, plastic rotation in columns, roof displacement, base shear force and column damage levels were investigated. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the relative drifts from the first floor of the building decreased significantly due to the band-type window and slope effect, which caused the second storey to fall into the soft-storey status. In addition, short-column formation caused a significant increase in both plastic rotation demand and shear force in short columns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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34 pages, 11072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Investigations and Seismic Assessment of a Historical Stone Minaret in Mostar

by Faris Trešnjo, Mustafa Humo, Filippo Casarin and Naida Ademović

Buildings 2023, 13(2), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13020536 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

Minarets, tall structures, connected or not to the mosque attract attention due to their specific architectural features. Vulnerability to seismic damage has been witnessed throughout history on tall and slender structures after earthquake ground motions. In that respect, it is of the utmost [...] Read more.

Minarets, tall structures, connected or not to the mosque attract attention due to their specific architectural features. Vulnerability to seismic damage has been witnessed throughout history on tall and slender structures after earthquake ground motions. In that respect, it is of the utmost importance to investigate the dynamic characteristics and resilience of historical stone minarets. This paper aims to provide the results of an on-site dynamic investigation of a stone minaret in Mostar and deliver its seismic assessment. The minaret is part of the Tabačica mosque built at the turn of the 16th and 17th century in the City of Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The on-site investigation comprised dynamic identification of the minaret by ambient vibration testing and qualitative estimation of the masonry wall by sonic pulse velocity testing. Besides the modal analysis a time-history analysis was performed by using the Applied Element Method (AEM), considered an appropriate tool for assessing the behavior of historic masonry structures. A good match is found between the first natural frequency obtained by the on-site investigation and the modal analysis which is a solid basis for further seismic assessment of the minaret as a slender tower-like structure. The concentration of stresses is observed at the transition zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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28 pages, 11665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Earthquake Assessment and Strengthening of a Cultural-Heritage Residential Masonry Building after the 2020 Zagreb Earthquake

by Naida Ademović, Mirko Toholj, Dalibor Radonić, Filippo Casarin, Sanda Komesar and Karlo Ugarković

Buildings 2022, 12(11), 2024; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12112024 - 18 Nov 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2099

Abstract

After a long period of no excessive ground shaking in Croatia and the region of ex-Yugoslavia, an earthquake that woke up the entire region was the one that shook Croatia on 22 March 2020. More than 25,000 buildings were severely damaged. A process [...] Read more.

After a long period of no excessive ground shaking in Croatia and the region of ex-Yugoslavia, an earthquake that woke up the entire region was the one that shook Croatia on 22 March 2020. More than 25,000 buildings were severely damaged. A process of reconstruction and strengthening of existing damaged buildings is underway. This paper presents proposed strengthening measures to be conducted on a cultural-historical building located in the city of Zagreb, which is under protection and located in zone A. After a detailed visual inspection and on-site experimental investigations, modeling of the existing and strengthened structure was performed in 3Muri. It is an old unreinforced masonry building typical not only for this region but for relevant parts of Europe (north, central, and east). The aim was to strengthen the building to Level 3 while respecting the ICOMOS recommendations and Venice Charter. Some non-completely conservative concessions had to be made, to fully retrofit the building as requested. The structural strengthening consisted of a series of organic interventions relying on—in the weakest direction—a new steel frame, new steel-ring frames, and FRCM materials, besides fillings the cracks. Such intervention resulted in increasing the ultimate load in the X and Y directions, respectively, more than 650 and 175% with reference to the unstrengthened structure. Good consistency was obtained between the numerical modeling, visual inspection, and on-site testing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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33 pages, 9284 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Nonlinear Modeling of RC Substandard Beam–Column Joints for Building Response Analysis in Support of Seismic Risk Assessment and Loss Estimation

by Naveed Ahmad, Muhammad Rizwan, Babar Ilyas, Sida Hussain, Muhammad Usman Khan, Hamna Shakeel and Muhammad Ejaz Ahmad

Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1758; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101758 - 20 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3067

Abstract

The paper discusses how joint damage and deterioration affect the seismic response of existing reinforced concrete frames with sub-standard beam–column joints. The available simplified modeling techniques are critically reviewed to propose a robust, yet computationally efficient, technique for simulating the nonlinear behavior of [...] Read more.

The paper discusses how joint damage and deterioration affect the seismic response of existing reinforced concrete frames with sub-standard beam–column joints. The available simplified modeling techniques are critically reviewed to propose a robust, yet computationally efficient, technique for simulating the nonlinear behavior of substandard beam–column joints. Improvements over the existing models include the simulation of the cyclic deterioration of joint stiffness and strength, as well as pinching in the hysteretic response, implemented considering a deteriorating hysteretic rule. A fiber-section forced-based inelastic beam–column element is developed, considering improved material models and fixed-end rotation due to bond failure, rebars-slip, and inelastic extension, to simulate the deteriorating cyclic behavior of existing pre-cracked beam–column members. For the assessment of frames with substandard exterior beam–column joints, a nonlinear model for the exterior joint is developed and validated through a full-scale quasi-static cyclic test performed on a substandard T-joint connection. The proposed model allows considering structural performance in risk assessment while accounting for true inelastic mechanisms at the joints. An assessment of a five-story RC frame revealed that the activation of the joint shear mechanism increases the chord rotation demand on the connecting beam members by up to 85%, with increases of up to 62% (mean drift) and 89% (mean + 1.std.) on the lower floors when determining the inter-story drift demand, and the collapse probability of structures subjected to design base ground motions increased from 4.20% to 29.20%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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14 pages, 4088 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Damage Index Spectra Considering Site Acceleration Records: The Case Study of a Historical School in Kermanshah

by Mahnoosh Biglari, Marijana Hadzima-Nyarko and Antonio Formisano

Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1736; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101736 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3071

Abstract

The frequency content and time duration of earthquakes are as effective as the peak ground acceleration on structural damage. Therefore, using rapid seismic vulnerability assessment methods that consider the earthquake acceleration time history is noticeable. Kermanshah is a historical city that is generally [...] Read more.

The frequency content and time duration of earthquakes are as effective as the peak ground acceleration on structural damage. Therefore, using rapid seismic vulnerability assessment methods that consider the earthquake acceleration time history is noticeable. Kermanshah is a historical city that is generally affected by far-field earthquakes. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the effect of the low-frequency shocks in evaluating the vulnerability of buildings in this city. Herein, a historic school in Kermanshah is assumed as a case study and two well-known damage index formulas are used for determining the damage index spectra of this structure, considered as a single degree of freedom system. Then, the effective parameters of the damage index, including ductility, relative degradation of stiffness, and dissipated energy are determined from a nonlinear analysis of the structure under the effect of the most probable earthquake acceleration records. Finally, the damage index spectra can be used for rapid seismic vulnerability assessment of masonry buildings on similar sites with various fundamental periods for large-scale assessments. The result shows that the building tends to collapse at a peak ground acceleration of 0.15 g. Furthermore, results confirm the seismic resistance reduction effect of flexible floors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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27 pages, 18483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Machine Learning Models for Predicting Shear Strength and Identifying Failure Modes of Rectangular RC Columns

by Van-Tien Phan, Viet-Linh Tran, Van-Quang Nguyen and Duy-Duan Nguyen

Buildings 2022, 12(10), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101493 - 20 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2005

Abstract

The determination of shear strength and the identification of potential failure modes are the crucial steps in designing and evaluating the structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns. However, the current design codes and guidelines do not clearly provide a detailed procedure for [...] Read more.

The determination of shear strength and the identification of potential failure modes are the crucial steps in designing and evaluating the structural performance of reinforced concrete (RC) columns. However, the current design codes and guidelines do not clearly provide a detailed procedure for governing failure types of RC columns. This study predicted the shear strength and identified the failure modes of rectangular RC columns using various Machine Learning (ML) models. Six ML models, including Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARSs), Naïve Bayes (NBs), K-nearest Neighbors (KNNs), Decision Tree (DT), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), were developed to calculate the shear strength and to classify the failure modes of rectangular RC columns. A total of 541 experimental data samples were collected from literature and utilized for developing the ML models. The results reveal that the ANN and KNNs models outperformed other ML models in predicting the shear strength of rectangular RC columns with the

R^{2}

value larger than 0.99. Additionally, the KNNs model achieved the highest accuracy, mostly 100%, for identifying the failure modes of rectangular RC columns. Based on the superior performance of the ANN and KNNs models, a graphical user interface was also developed to rapidly predict the shear strength and failure modes of rectangular RC columns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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21 pages, 8732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Ontology-Based Holistic and Probabilistic Framework for Seismic Risk Assessment of Buildings

by Minze Xu, Peng Zhang, Chunyi Cui and Jingtong Zhao

Buildings 2022, 12(9), 1391; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091391 - 05 Sep 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1641

Abstract

To avoid over-reliance on the identification of building damage states post-earthquake in the seismic risk assessment process, an ontology-based holistic and probabilistic framework is proposed here for seismic risk prediction of buildings with various purposes and different damage states. Based on vulnerability analysis, [...] Read more.

To avoid over-reliance on the identification of building damage states post-earthquake in the seismic risk assessment process, an ontology-based holistic and probabilistic framework is proposed here for seismic risk prediction of buildings with various purposes and different damage states. Based on vulnerability analysis, the seismic risk probabilities of buildings are first obtained by considering the on-site seismic hazard. Taking economic losses and casualties as assessment indicators, a system for seismic risk assessment of buildings, OntoBSRA (Ontology for Building Seismic Risk Assessment), is then developed by combining ontology and semantic web rule language. A case study is carried out to demonstrate the application of the proposed framework and further validate the semantic web rules. The results show that the proposed framework can provide a holistic knowledge base that allows risk assessors or asset managers to predict the consequences of earthquakes effectively, thereby improving efficiency in decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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22 pages, 4608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parameter Optimization and Application for the Inerter-Based Tuned Type Dynamic Vibration Absorbers

by Xiaoxiang Wu, Xinnan Liu, Jian Chen, Kan Liu and Chongan Pang

Buildings 2022, 12(6), 703; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060703 - 24 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1929

Abstract

As an acceleration-type mechanical element, inerter element has been widely used in the dynamic suppressing field. In this paper, a tuned mass damper with inerter (TMDI) is presented for vibration control and energy dissipation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the TMDI, the simplified [...] Read more.

As an acceleration-type mechanical element, inerter element has been widely used in the dynamic suppressing field. In this paper, a tuned mass damper with inerter (TMDI) is presented for vibration control and energy dissipation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the TMDI, the simplified model of TMDI coupled with a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) structure has been established. Numerical optimization has been conducted with the goal of minimizing the maximum transfer function amplitude of displacement for the damped primary structure. The control performance and robustness for TMDI has been evaluated with the SDOF system in the frequency and time domain, compared with the classical TMD device. Lately, multiple active TMDI (MATMDI) has been proposed as a vibration suppression strategy for a multi-story steel structure. The performances of passive and active control methods have been evaluated in the time domain via real earthquake excitations, and it has proven that the MATMDI is more effective at reducing the response of the structure and the stroke of devices. The results show that the proposed optimal TMDI system can sufficiently harvest vibrational energy and enhance the robustness of structure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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Review

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23 pages, 3196 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sliding Isolation Systems: Historical Review, Modeling Techniques, and the Contemporary Trends

by A. R. Avinash, A. Krishnamoorthy, Kiran Kamath and M. Chaithra

Buildings 2022, 12(11), 1997; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12111997 - 16 Nov 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5683

Abstract

Base isolation techniques have emerged as the most effective seismic damage mitigation strategies. Several types of aseismic devices for base isolation have been invented, studied, and used. Out of several isolation systems, sliding isolation systems are popular due to their operational simplicity and [...] Read more.

Base isolation techniques have emerged as the most effective seismic damage mitigation strategies. Several types of aseismic devices for base isolation have been invented, studied, and used. Out of several isolation systems, sliding isolation systems are popular due to their operational simplicity and ease of manufacturing. This article discusses the historical development of passive sliding isolation systems, such as pure friction systems, friction pendulum systems, and isolators with other sliding surface geometries. Moreover, multiple surface isolation systems and their behavior as well as the effectiveness of using complementary devices with standalone passive isolation devices are examined. Furthermore, the article explored the various modeling techniques adopted for base-isolated single and multi-degree freedom building structures. Special attention has been given to the techniques available for modeling the complex phenomena of sliding and non-sliding phases of sliding bearings. The discussion is further extended to the development in the contemporary areas of seismic isolation, such as active and hybrid isolation systems. Although a significant amount of research is carried out in the area of active and hybrid isolation systems, the passive sliding isolation system still has not lost its appeal due to its ease of adaptability to the structures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Impact on Building Structures: Assessment, Design, and Strengthening)

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