Biology

22 pages, 2975 KiB

Open AccessReview

Xenopus laevis (Daudin, 1802) as a Model Organism for Bioscience: A Historic Review and Perspective

by Rosa Carotenuto, Maria Michela Pallotta, Margherita Tussellino and Chiara Fogliano

Biology 2023, 12(6), 890; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060890 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4058

In vitro systems have been mainly promoted by authorities to sustain research by following the 3Rs principle, but continuously increasing amounts of evidence point out that in vivo experimentation is also of extreme relevance. Xenopus laevis, an anuran amphibian, is a significant [...] Read more.

In vitro systems have been mainly promoted by authorities to sustain research by following the 3Rs principle, but continuously increasing amounts of evidence point out that in vivo experimentation is also of extreme relevance. Xenopus laevis, an anuran amphibian, is a significant model organism in the study of evolutionary developmental biology, toxicology, ethology, neurobiology, endocrinology, immunology and tumor biology; thanks to the recent development of genome editing, it has also acquired a relevant position in the field of genetics. For these reasons, X. laevis appears to be a powerful and alternative model to the zebrafish for environmental and biomedical studies. Its life cycle, as well as the possibility to obtain gametes from adults during the whole year and embryos by in vitro fertilization, allows experimental studies of several biological endpoints, such as gametogenesis, embryogenesis, larval growth, metamorphosis and, of course, the young and adult stages. Moreover, with respect to alternative invertebrate and even vertebrate animal models, the X. laevis genome displays a higher degree of similarity with that of mammals. Here, we have reviewed the main available literature on the use of X. laevis in the biosciences and, inspired by Feymann’s revised view, “Plenty of room for biology at the bottom”, suggest that X. laevis is a very useful model for all possible studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Zoology)

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13 pages, 9254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Visualization of Cell Membrane Tension Regulated by the Microfilaments as a “Shock Absorber” in Micropatterned Cells

by Xianmeng Wang, Na Li, Zhengyao Zhang, Kairong Qin, Hangyu Zhang, Shuai Shao and Bo Liu

Biology 2023, 12(6), 889; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060889 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1090

Abstract

The extracellular stress signal transmits along the cell membrane–cytoskeleton–focal adhesions (FAs) complex, regulating the cell function through membrane tension. However, the mechanism of the complex regulating membrane tension is still unclear. This study designed polydimethylsiloxane stamps with specific shapes to change the actin [...] Read more.

The extracellular stress signal transmits along the cell membrane–cytoskeleton–focal adhesions (FAs) complex, regulating the cell function through membrane tension. However, the mechanism of the complex regulating membrane tension is still unclear. This study designed polydimethylsiloxane stamps with specific shapes to change the actin filaments’ arrangement and FAs’ distribution artificially in live cells, visualized the membrane tension in real time, and introduced the concept of information entropy to describe the order degree of the actin filaments and plasma membrane tension. The results showed that the actin filaments’ arrangement and FAs’ distribution in the patterned cells were changed significantly. The hypertonic solution resulted in the plasma membrane tension of the pattern cell changing more evenly and slowly in the zone rich in cytoskeletal filaments than in the zone lacking filaments. In addition, the membrane tension changed less in the adhesive area than in the non-adhesive area when destroying the cytoskeletal microfilaments. This suggested that patterned cells accumulated more actin filaments in the zone where FAs were difficult to generate to maintain the stability of the overall membrane tension. The actin filaments act as shock absorbers to cushion the alternation in membrane tension without changing the final value of membrane tension. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanobiology 2.0)

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19 pages, 4445 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermostable Human Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (TS-bFGF) Engineered with a Disulfide Bond Demonstrates Superior Culture Outcomes in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell

by Sejong Kim, Geun-Ho Kang, Kyung Min Lim, Yeokyung Shin, Kwonwoo Song, Sangrok Park, Jongyub An, Dae Young Kim, Hang-Cheol Shin and Ssang-Goo Cho

Biology 2023, 12(6), 888; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060888 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1513

Abstract

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can differentiate into various tissues and are an essential source of various disease models and therapeutics. Various growth factors are required in order to culture pluripotent stem cells, among which basic fibroblast [...] Read more.

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can differentiate into various tissues and are an essential source of various disease models and therapeutics. Various growth factors are required in order to culture pluripotent stem cells, among which basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is essential for maintaining stem cell ability. However, bFGF has a short half-life (8 h) under normal mammalian cell culture conditions, and its activity decreases after 72 h, posing a serious problem in the production of high-quality stem cells. Here, we evaluated the various functions of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) by utilizing an engineered thermostable bFGF (TS-bFGF) that is thermally stable and maintains activity longer under mammalian culture conditions. PSCs cultured with TS-bFGF showed better proliferation, stemness, morphology, and differentiation than cells cultured with wild-type bFGF. In light of the importance of stem cells in a wide range of applications in the medical and biotechnology fields, we anticipate that TS-bFGF, as a thermostable and long-acting bFGF, can play a key role in securing high-quality stem cells through various sets of stem cell culture processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology)

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21 pages, 2692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Epidemiological Analysis for Assessing and Evaluating COVID-19 Based on Data Analytics in Latin American Countries

by Víctor Leiva, Esdras Alcudia, Julia Montano and Cecilia Castro

Biology 2023, 12(6), 887; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060887 - 20 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1274

Abstract

This research provides a detailed analysis of the COVID-19 spread across 14 Latin American countries. Using time-series analysis and epidemic models, we identify diverse outbreak patterns, which seem not to be influenced by geographical location or country size, suggesting the influence of other [...] Read more.

This research provides a detailed analysis of the COVID-19 spread across 14 Latin American countries. Using time-series analysis and epidemic models, we identify diverse outbreak patterns, which seem not to be influenced by geographical location or country size, suggesting the influence of other determining factors. Our study uncovers significant discrepancies between the number recorded COVID-19 cases and the real epidemiological situation, emphasizing the crucial need for accurate data handling and continuous surveillance in managing epidemics. The absence of a clear correlation between the country size and the confirmed cases, as well as with the fatalities, further underscores the multifaceted influences on COVID-19 impact beyond population size. Despite the decreased real-time reproduction number indicating quarantine effectiveness in most countries, we note a resurgence in infection rates upon resumption of daily activities. These insights spotlight the challenge of balancing public health measures with economic and social activities. Our core findings provide novel insights, applicable to guiding epidemic control strategies and informing decision-making processes in combatting the pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Theoretical Biology and Biomathematics)

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16 pages, 11774 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Change in Habitat Quality for the Yunnan Snub-Nosed Monkey from 1975 to 2022

by Shuxian Zhu, Li Li, Timothy J. Slate, Haixia Tang, Gongsheng Wu, Hongyan Guo and Dayong Li

Biology 2023, 12(6), 886; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060886 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1382

Abstract

The reduction in habitat quality (as shown, in part, by the increase in habitat rarity) is an important challenge when protecting the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. We used the InVEST model to quantitatively analyze the dynamic changes in the habitat of the Yunnan snub-nosed [...] Read more.

The reduction in habitat quality (as shown, in part, by the increase in habitat rarity) is an important challenge when protecting the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey. We used the InVEST model to quantitatively analyze the dynamic changes in the habitat of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey from 1975 to 2022. The results show that in the study period, the degree of habitat degradation increased, with the degradation range at its widest in the south, and the degradation intensity highest in the north, especially along a center “spine” area in the north. Over the latter part of the study period, the habitat quality of most monkey groups improved, which is conducive to the survival and reproduction of the population. However, the habitat quality and monkey populations are still at significant risk. The results provide the basis for formulating the protection of the Yunnan snub-nosed monkey and provide research cases for the protection of other endangered species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Conservation Biology and Biodiversity)

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13 pages, 1568 KiB

Open AccessReview

Methods for Inferring Cell Cycle Parameters Using Thymidine Analogues

by Joaquín Martí-Clúa

Biology 2023, 12(6), 885; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060885 - 20 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1811

Abstract

Tritiated thymidine autoradiography, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 5-chloro-2′-deoxyuridine (CldU), 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IdU), and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyiridine (EdU) labeling have been used for identifying the fraction of cells undergoing the S-phase of the cell cycle and to follow the fate of these cells during the embryonic, perinatal, and adult [...] Read more.

Tritiated thymidine autoradiography, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 5-chloro-2′-deoxyuridine (CldU), 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IdU), and 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyiridine (EdU) labeling have been used for identifying the fraction of cells undergoing the S-phase of the cell cycle and to follow the fate of these cells during the embryonic, perinatal, and adult life in several species of vertebrate. In this current review, I will discuss the dosage and times of exposition to the aforementioned thymidine analogues to label most of the cells undergoing the S-phase of the cell cycle. I will also show how to infer, in an asynchronous cell population, the duration of the G₁, S, and G₂ phases, as well as the growth fraction and the span of the whole cell cycle on the base of some labeling schemes involving a single administration, continuous nucleotide analogue delivery, and double labeling with two thymidine analogues. In this context, the choice of the optimal dose of BrdU, CldU, IdU, and EdU to label S-phase cells is a pivotal aspect to produce neither cytotoxic effects nor alter cell cycle progression. I hope that the information presented in this review can be of use as a reference for researchers involved in the genesis of tissues and organs. Full article

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12 pages, 2393 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Muscle Ultrasound for the Study of Frailty in Elderly Patients with Diabetes: A Pilot Study

by Andreu Simó-Servat, Ernesto Guevara, Verónica Perea, Núria Alonso, Carmen Quirós, Carlos Puig-Jové and María-José Barahona

Biology 2023, 12(6), 884; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060884 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1448

Abstract

Background: Sarcopenia and diabetes contribute to the development of frailty. Therefore, accessible methods, such as muscle ultrasounds (MUSs), to screen for sarcopenia should be implemented in clinical practice. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional pilot study including 47 patients with diabetes (mean age: 77.72 [...] Read more.

Background: Sarcopenia and diabetes contribute to the development of frailty. Therefore, accessible methods, such as muscle ultrasounds (MUSs), to screen for sarcopenia should be implemented in clinical practice. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional pilot study including 47 patients with diabetes (mean age: 77.72 ± 5.08 years, mean weight: 75.8 kg ± 15.89 kg, and body mass index: 31.19 ± 6.65 kg/m²) categorized as frail by the FRAIL Scale or Clinical Frailty Scale and confirmed by Fried’s Frailty Phenotype or Rockwood’s 36-item Frailty Index. We used the SARC-F questionnaire to identify sarcopenia. The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and the Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests were used to assess physical performance and the risk of falls, respectively. In addition, other variables were measured: fat-free mass (FFM) and Sarcopenia Risk Index (SRI) with the bioimpedance analysis (BIA); thigh muscle thickness (TMT) of the quadriceps with MUS; and hand-grip strength with dynamometry. Results: We observed correlations between the SARC-F and FFM (R = −0.4; p < 0.002) and hand-grip strength (R = −0.5; p < 0.0002), as well as between the TMT and FFM of the right leg (R = 0.4; p < 0.02) and the SRI (R = 0.6; p < 0.0001). We could predict sarcopenia using a logistic regression model with a ROC curve (AUC = 0.78) including FFM, handgrip strength, and TMT. The optimal cut-off point for maximum efficiency was 1.58 cm for TMT (sensitivity = 71.4% and specificity = 51.5%). However, we did not observe differences in the TMT among groups of greater/less frailty based on the SARC-F, SPPB, and TUG (p > 0.05). Conclusions: MUSs, which correlated with the BIA (R = 0.4; p < 0.02), complemented the diagnosis, identifying regional sarcopenia of the quadriceps in frail patients with diabetes and improving the ROC curve to AUC = 0.78. In addition, a TMT cut-off point for the diagnosis of sarcopenia of 1.58 cm was obtained. Larger studies to validate the MUS technique as a screening strategy are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Musculoskeletal Biology: Impact of Ageing and Disease)

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13 pages, 1353 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Each Personality Performs Its Own Function: Boldness and Exploration Lead to Differences in the Territoriality of Swimming Crabs (Portunus trituberculatus)

by Boshan Zhu, Xin Wang, Ziwen Ren, Hanzun Zhang, Dapeng Liu and Fang Wang

Biology 2023, 12(6), 883; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060883 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1163

Abstract

The boldness and exploration of animals are closely related to their territoriality, with relevant studies having important applications in wildlife conservation. The present study establishes a behavior observation system measuring the boldness and exploration of swimming crabs (Portunus trituberculatus) to clarify [...] Read more.

The boldness and exploration of animals are closely related to their territoriality, with relevant studies having important applications in wildlife conservation. The present study establishes a behavior observation system measuring the boldness and exploration of swimming crabs (Portunus trituberculatus) to clarify the relationship between boldness, exploration, and territoriality, as well as to provide a behavioral basis for the construction of marine ranching. The behavioral tests of crabs in a safe environment (predator absence), a dangerous environment (predator presence), and habitat selection (complex and simple habitat) are analyzed. A territorial behavior score is calculated as an evaluation index of territoriality. The correlation between the swimming crabs’ boldness, exploration, and territoriality is analyzed. The results show that there is no boldness-exploratory behavioral syndrome. In predator absence or presence environments, boldness is dominant in territorial behavior and positively correlates with territoriality. Exploration plays a vital role in habitat selection tests but has no significant correlation with territoriality. The experimental results preliminarily show that boldness and exploration jointly develop the difference in the space utilization ability of crabs with different personalities, improving the adaptability of swimming crabs in different conditions. The results of this study supplement the behavior rules of the dominant species of typical fishery resources in marine ranches, providing a basis for achieving animal behavior management function in marine ranches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Behavioural Biology)

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13 pages, 3924 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Throughput Analysis of Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Levels in Subtypes of People with Type 1 Diabetes

by Samal Bissenova, Mijke Buitinga, Markus Boesch, Hannelie Korf, Kristina Casteels, An Teunkens, Chantal Mathieu and Conny Gysemans

Biology 2023, 12(6), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060882 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1540

Abstract

Neutrophils might play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), by contributing to immune dysregulation via a highly inflammatory program called neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation or NETosis, involving the extrusion of chromatin entangled with anti-microbial [...] Read more.

Neutrophils might play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D), by contributing to immune dysregulation via a highly inflammatory program called neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation or NETosis, involving the extrusion of chromatin entangled with anti-microbial proteins. However, numerous studies reported contradictory data on NET formation in T1D. This might in part be due to the inherent heterogeneity of the disease and the influence of the disease developmental stage on neutrophil behavior. Moreover, there is a lack of a standardized method to measure NETosis in an unbiased and robust manner. In this study, we employed the Incucyte^® ZOOM live-cell imaging platform to study NETosis levels in various subtypes of adult and pediatric T1D donors compared to healthy controls (HC) at baseline and in response to phorbol–myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin. Firstly, we determined that the technique allows for an operator-independent and automated quantification of NET formation across multiple time points, which showed that PMA and ionomycin induced NETosis with distinct kinetic characteristics, confirmed by high-resolution microscopy. NETosis levels also showed a clear dose-response curve to increasing concentrations of both stimuli. Overall, using Incucyte^® ZOOM, no aberrant NET formation was observed over time in the different subtypes of T1D populations, irrespective of age, compared to HC. These data were corroborated by the levels of peripheral NET markers in all study participants. The current study showed that live-cell imaging allows for a robust and unbiased analysis and quantification of NET formation in real-time. Peripheral neutrophil measures should be complemented with dynamic quantification of NETing neutrophils to make robust conclusions on NET formation in health and disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Disease and Immunity)

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17 pages, 812 KiB

Open AccessReview

S-100 Proteins: Basics and Applications as Biomarkers in Animals with Special Focus on Calgranulins (S100A8, A9, and A12)

by José Joaquín Cerón, Alba Ortín-Bustillo, María José López-Martínez, Silvia Martínez-Subiela, Peter David Eckersall, Fernando Tecles, Asta Tvarijonaviciute and Alberto Muñoz-Prieto

Biology 2023, 12(6), 881; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060881 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1558

Abstract

S100 proteins are a group of calcium-binding proteins which received this name because of their solubility in a 100% saturated solution of ammonium sulphate. They have a similar molecular mass of 10–12 KDa and share 25–65% similarity in their amino acid sequence. They [...] Read more.

S100 proteins are a group of calcium-binding proteins which received this name because of their solubility in a 100% saturated solution of ammonium sulphate. They have a similar molecular mass of 10–12 KDa and share 25–65% similarity in their amino acid sequence. They are expressed in many tissues, and to date 25 different types of S100 proteins have been identified. This review aims to provide updated information about S100 proteins and their use as biomarkers in veterinary science, with special emphasis on the family of calgranulins that includes S100A8 (calgranulin A; myeloid-related protein 8, MRP8), S100A9 (calgranulin B; MRP14), and S100A12 (calgranulin C). The proteins SA100A8 and S100A9 can be linked, forming a heterodimer which is known as calprotectin. Calgranulins are related to the activation of inflammation and the immune system and increase in gastrointestinal diseases, inflammation and sepsis, immunomediated diseases, and obesity and endocrine disorders in different animal species. This review reflects the current knowledge about calgranulins in veterinary science, which should increase in the future to clarify their role in different diseases and potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, as well as the practical use of their measurement in non-invasive samples such as saliva or feces. Full article

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25 pages, 18795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surrounded by Kindred: Spermophilus major Hybridization with Other Spermophilus Species in Space and Time

by Andrey Tukhbatullin, Oleg Ermakov, Svetlana Kapustina, Vladimir Starikov, Valentina Tambovtseva, Sergey Titov and Oleg Brandler

Biology 2023, 12(6), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060880 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1455

Abstract

Among the numerous described cases of hybridization in mammals, the most intriguing are (a) cases of introgressive hybridization deeply affecting the evolutionary history of species, and (b) models involving not a pair of species but a multi-species complex. Therefore, the hybridization history of [...] Read more.

Among the numerous described cases of hybridization in mammals, the most intriguing are (a) cases of introgressive hybridization deeply affecting the evolutionary history of species, and (b) models involving not a pair of species but a multi-species complex. Therefore, the hybridization history of the russet ground squirrel Spermophilus major, whose range has repeatedly changed due to climatic fluctuations and now borders the ranges of four related species, is of great interest. The main aims of this study were to determine the direction and intensity of gene introgression, the spatial depth of the infiltration of extraneous genes into the S. major range, and to refine the hypothesis of the hybridogenic replacement of mitochondrial genomes in the studied group. Using phylogenetic analysis of the variability of mitochondrial (CR, cytb) and nuclear (SmcY, BGN, PRKCI, c-myc, i6p53) markers, we determined the contribution of neighboring species to the S. major genome. We showed that 36% of S. major individuals had extraneous alleles. All peripheral species that were in contact with S. major contributed towards its genetic variability. We also proposed a hypothesis for the sequence and localization of serial hybridization events. Our assessment of the S. major genome implications of introgression highlights the importance of implementing conservation measures to protect this species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology and Conservation of Squirrels)

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23 pages, 8007 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alleviative Effect of Probiotic Ferment on Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Piglets

by Tingting Xu, Yong Guo, Yuanyuan Zhang, Kai Cao, Xinchen Zhou, Mengqi Qian and Xinyan Han

Biology 2023, 12(6), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060879 - 17 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1392

Abstract

(1) Background: Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes porcine ileitis. Pigs infected with LI have severe ileal lesions and show symptoms of diarrhea, indigestion, and growth retardation. Previous studies found that probiotic ferment (FAM) improved the [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Lawsonia intracellularis (LI) is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium that causes porcine ileitis. Pigs infected with LI have severe ileal lesions and show symptoms of diarrhea, indigestion, and growth retardation. Previous studies found that probiotic ferment (FAM) improved the growth performance, gut barrier, and function in piglets. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the mechanism that FAM alleviates negative performance in LI-challenged piglets by characterizing the changes in intestinal integrity, function, and gut microbiota following FAM supplementation. (2) Methods: Twenty-four healthy piglets were randomly allotted to four treatments. Three groups were challenged with LI; both FAM addition and vaccination were performed to explore their positive effects on LI-infected piglets. (3) Results: Piglets infected with LI showed lower growth performance and typical pathological symptoms. Moreover, microscopic images showed that observed intestinal morphological damage could be repaired by FAM and vaccine. To explore the digestion of nutrients in piglets, both digestive enzyme activity and ileal transporter expression were performed to reveal the promoting effect of additives. Reduction of LI colonization intervention by FAM could also ameliorate abnormal differentiation and function of intestinal epithelial cells and alleviate severe inflammatory responses in piglets. Regarding the gut microbiota, both the structure and function of the ileal and colonic microbiota were altered following FAM supplementation. (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, probiotic ferment can reduce the colonization of LI in the ileum, improve intestinal damage, barrier function and microbiota structure, and enhance digestive enzyme activity and nutrient transport proteins expression, thereby improving piglet growth performance, which has the effect of preventing ileitis in pigs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infection Biology)

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12 pages, 1560 KiB

Open AccessReview

Emerging Rhabdoviruses and Human Infection

by James G. Shepherd, Chris Davis, Daniel G. Streicker and Emma C. Thomson

Biology 2023, 12(6), 878; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060878 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3050

Abstract

Rhabdoviridae is a large viral family, with members infecting a diverse range of hosts including, vertebrate species, arthropods, and plants. The predominant human pathogen within the family is Rabies lyssavirus, the main cause of human rabies. While rabies is itself a neglected [...] Read more.

Rhabdoviridae is a large viral family, with members infecting a diverse range of hosts including, vertebrate species, arthropods, and plants. The predominant human pathogen within the family is Rabies lyssavirus, the main cause of human rabies. While rabies is itself a neglected disease, there are other, less well studied, rhabdoviruses known to cause human infection. The increasing application of next-generation sequencing technology to clinical samples has led to the detection of several novel or rarely detected rhabdoviruses associated with febrile illness. Many of these viruses have been detected in low- and middle-income countries where the extent of human infection and the burden of disease remain largely unquantified. This review describes the rhabdoviruses other than Rabies lyssavirus that have been associated with human infection. The discovery of the Bas Congo virus and Ekpoma virus is discussed, as is the re-emergence of species such as Le Dantec virus, which has recently been detected in Africa 40 years after its initial isolation. Chandipura virus and the lyssaviruses that are known to cause human rabies are also described. Given their association with human disease, the viruses described in this review should be prioritised for further study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Infection Biology)

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15 pages, 1326 KiB

Open AccessReview

Chasing the Role of miRNAs in RCC: From Free-Circulating to Extracellular-Vesicle-Derived Biomarkers

by Ilenia Mastrolia, Virginia Catani, Marco Oltrecolli, Stefania Pipitone, Maria Giuseppa Vitale, Valentina Masciale, Chiara Chiavelli, Carlo Augusto Bortolotti, Cecilia Nasso, Giulia Grisendi, Roberto Sabbatini and Massimo Dominici

Biology 2023, 12(6), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060877 - 17 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1440

Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the second most common cancer of the urinary system. The current therapeutic strategies are based on partial or total nephrectomy and/or targeted therapies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors to which patients are often refractory. Preventive and screening strategies [...] Read more.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the second most common cancer of the urinary system. The current therapeutic strategies are based on partial or total nephrectomy and/or targeted therapies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors to which patients are often refractory. Preventive and screening strategies do not exist and the few available biomarkers for RCC are characterized by a lack of sensitivity, outlining the need for novel noninvasive and sensitive biomarkers for early diagnosis and better disease monitoring. Blood liquid biopsy (LB) is a non- or minimally invasive procedure for a more representative view of tumor heterogeneity than a tissue biopsy, potentially allowing the real-time monitoring of cancer evolution. Growing interest is focused on the extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by either healthy or tumoral cells and recovered in a variety of biological matrices, blood included. EVs are involved in cell-to-cell crosstalk transferring their mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and protein content. In particular, transferred miRNAs may regulate tumorigenesis and proliferation also impacting resistance to apoptosis, thus representing potential useful biomarkers. Here, we present the latest efforts in the identification of circulating miRNAs in blood samples, focusing on the potential use of EV-derived miRNAs as RCC diagnostic and prognostic markers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extracellular Vesicles from Health to Disease: Positive or Negative Benefits)

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17 pages, 2374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Short-Term Exposure to pH Reduction on the Behavioral and Physiological Parameters of Juvenile Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii)

by Haixia Li, Jia Zhang, Xiaoyu Ge, Songmeng Chen and Zhen Ma

Biology 2023, 12(6), 876; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060876 - 17 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1062

Abstract

Coastal areas are subject to greater pH fluctuation and more rapid pH decline as a result of both natural and anthropogenic influences in contrast to open ocean environments. Such variations in pH have the potential to pose a threat to the survival and [...] Read more.

Coastal areas are subject to greater pH fluctuation and more rapid pH decline as a result of both natural and anthropogenic influences in contrast to open ocean environments. Such variations in pH have the potential to pose a threat to the survival and physiological function of offshore fishes. With the aim of evaluating the impact of short-term pH reduction on the behavioral performance and physiological response of costal fish, the black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii), one of the principal stock-enhanced species, was examined. In the present study, juveniles of the black rockfish with a mean body length of 6.9 ± 0.3 cm and weight of 8.5 ± 0.5 g were exposed to a series of pHs, 7.0, 7.2, 7.4, 7.6, 7.8, and normal seawater (pH 8.0) for 96 h. At the predetermined time points post-exposure (i.e., 0, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h), fish movement behavior was recorded and the specimens were sampled to assess their physiological responses. The results indicate that the lowered pH environment (pH 7.0–7.8) elicited a significant increase in highly mobile behavior, a decrease in immobile behavior, and a significant rise in the metabolic levels of the black rockfish juveniles. Specifically, carbohydrate metabolism was significantly elevated in the pH 7.2 and 7.4 treatments, while lipid metabolism was significantly increased in the pH 7.0, 7.4, and 7.8 treatments. The results of the present study indicate that short-term reductions in pH could ramp up boldness and boost energy expenditure in the black rockfish juveniles, leading to an increased metabolic cost. Additionally, the present investigation revealed that the black rockfish juveniles were capable of adapting to a short-term pH reduction. The findings may provide insight into the underlying physiological mechanisms that govern fish responses to potential decreases in seawater pH in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Relationship between Water Quality and Aquatic Organisms)

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22 pages, 2986 KiB

Open AccessReview

New Insights into Oxidative and Reductive Stress Responses and Their Relation to the Anticancer Activity of Selenium-Containing Compounds as Hydrogen Selenide Donors

by Agnieszka Krakowiak and Sylwia Pietrasik

Biology 2023, 12(6), 875; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060875 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1511

Abstract

Redox balance is important for the homeostasis of normal cells, but also for the proliferation, progression, and survival of cancer cells. Both oxidative and reductive stress can be harmful to cells. In contrast to oxidative stress, reductive stress and the therapeutic opportunities underlying [...] Read more.

Redox balance is important for the homeostasis of normal cells, but also for the proliferation, progression, and survival of cancer cells. Both oxidative and reductive stress can be harmful to cells. In contrast to oxidative stress, reductive stress and the therapeutic opportunities underlying the mechanisms of reductive stress in cancer, as well as how cancer cells respond to reductive stress, have received little attention and are not as well characterized. Therefore, there is recent interest in understanding how selective induction of reductive stress may influence therapeutic treatment and disease progression in cancer. There is also the question of how cancer cells respond to reductive stress. Selenium compounds have been shown to have chemotherapeutic effects against cancer, and their anticancer mechanism is thought to be related to the formation of their metabolites, including hydrogen selenide (H₂Se), which is a highly reactive and reducing molecule. Here, we highlight recent reports on the molecular mechanism of how cells recognize and respond to oxidative and reductive stress (1) and the mechanisms through which different types of selenium compounds can generate H₂Se (2) and thus selectively affect reductive stress under controlled conditions, which may be important for their anticancer effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology)

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23 pages, 1337 KiB

Open AccessReview

Myocarditis: Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Their Implications in Clinical Practice

by Emil Brociek, Agata Tymińska, Andrea Silvio Giordani, Alida Linda Patrizia Caforio, Romuald Wojnicz, Marcin Grabowski and Krzysztof Ozierański

Biology 2023, 12(6), 874; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060874 - 17 Jun 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4370

Abstract

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. It can lead to serious short-term and long-term sequalae, such as sudden cardiac death or dilated cardiomyopathy. Due to its heterogenous clinical presentation and disease course, challenging diagnosis and [...] Read more.

Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. It can lead to serious short-term and long-term sequalae, such as sudden cardiac death or dilated cardiomyopathy. Due to its heterogenous clinical presentation and disease course, challenging diagnosis and limited evidence for prognostic stratification, myocarditis poses a great challenge to clinicians. As it stands, the pathogenesis and etiology of myocarditis is only partially understood. Moreover, the impact of certain clinical features on risk assessment, patient outcomes and treatment options is not entirely clear. Such data, however, are essential in order to personalize patient care and implement novel therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss the possible etiologies of myocarditis, outline the key processes governing its pathogenesis and summarize best available evidence regarding patient outcomes and state-of-the-art therapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances and Insights in Inflammatory Cardiomyopathy)

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13 pages, 3812 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Derivatives of Differentiation-Inducing Factor 1 Differentially Control Chemotaxis and Stalk Cell Differentiation in Dictyostelium discoideum

by Hidekazu Kuwayama, Haruhisa Kikuchi and Yuzuru Kubohara

Biology 2023, 12(6), 873; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060873 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 953

Abstract

Differentiation-inducing factors 1 and 2 (DIF-1 and DIF-2) are small lipophilic signal molecules that induce stalk cell differentiation but differentially modulate chemotaxis toward cAMP in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum; DIF-1 suppresses chemotactic cell movement in shallow cAMP gradients, whereas DIF-2 [...] Read more.

Differentiation-inducing factors 1 and 2 (DIF-1 and DIF-2) are small lipophilic signal molecules that induce stalk cell differentiation but differentially modulate chemotaxis toward cAMP in the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum; DIF-1 suppresses chemotactic cell movement in shallow cAMP gradients, whereas DIF-2 promotes it. The receptor(s) for DIF-1 and DIF-2 have not yet been identified. We examined the effects of nine derivatives of DIF-1 on chemotactic cell movement toward cAMP and compared their chemotaxis-modulating activity and stalk cell differentiation–inducing activity in wild-type and mutant strains. The DIF derivatives differentially affected chemotaxis and stalk cell differentiation; for example, TM-DIF-1 suppressed chemotaxis and showed poor stalk-inducing activity, DIF-1(3M) suppressed chemotaxis and showed strong stalk-inducing activity, and TH-DIF-1 promoted chemotaxis. These results suggest that DIF-1 and DIF-2 have at least three receptors: one for stalk cell induction and two for chemotaxis modulation. In addition, our results show that the DIF derivatives can be used to analyze the DIF-signaling pathways in D. discoideum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cell Biology)

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21 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contractile Work of the Soleus and Biarticular Mechanisms of the Gastrocnemii Muscles Increase the Net Ankle Mechanical Work at High Walking Speeds

by Mohamadreza Kharazi, Christos Theodorakis, Falk Mersmann, Sebastian Bohm and Adamantios Arampatzis

Biology 2023, 12(6), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060872 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1987

Abstract

Increasing walking speed is accompanied by an increase of the mechanical power and work performed at the ankle joint despite the decrease of the intrinsic muscle force potential of the soleus (Sol) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles. In the present study, we measured [...] Read more.

Increasing walking speed is accompanied by an increase of the mechanical power and work performed at the ankle joint despite the decrease of the intrinsic muscle force potential of the soleus (Sol) and gastrocnemius medialis (GM) muscles. In the present study, we measured Achilles tendon (AT) elongation and, based on an experimentally determined AT force–elongation relationship, quantified AT force at four walking speeds (slow 0.7 m.s

^{- 1}

, preferred 1.4 m.s

^{- 1}

, transition 2.0 m.s

^{- 1}

, and maximum 2.6 ± 0.3 m.s

^{- 1}

). Further, we investigated the mechanical power and work of the AT force at the ankle joint and, separately, the mechanical power and work of the monoarticular Sol at the ankle joint and the biarticular gastrocnemii at the ankle and knee joints. We found a 21% decrease in maximum AT force at the two higher speeds compared to the preferred; however, the net work of the AT force at the ankle joint (ATF work) increased as a function of walking speed. An earlier plantar flexion accompanied by an increased electromyographic activity of the Sol and GM muscles and a knee-to-ankle joint energy transfer via the biarticular gastrocnemii increased the net ATF mechanical work by 1.7 and 2.4-fold in the transition and maximum walking speed, respectively. Our findings provide first-time evidence for a different mechanistic participation of the monoarticular Sol muscle (i.e., increased contractile net work carried out) and the biarticular gastrocnemii (i.e., increased contribution of biarticular mechanisms) to the speed-related increase of net ATF work. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Interaction of the Muscle Contractile and Elastic Elements during Movement)

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16 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessReview

Transfer RNA Mutation Associated with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by Fanny Rizki Rahmadanthi and Iman Permana Maksum

Biology 2023, 12(6), 871; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060871 - 16 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1575

Abstract

Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes in the mitochondrial DNA genome play an important role in protein synthesis. The 22 tRNA genes carry the amino acid that corresponds to that codon but changes in the genetic code often occur such as gene mutations that impact [...] Read more.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) genes in the mitochondrial DNA genome play an important role in protein synthesis. The 22 tRNA genes carry the amino acid that corresponds to that codon but changes in the genetic code often occur such as gene mutations that impact the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Insulin secretion does not occur because the mitochondria cannot work optimally. tRNA mutation may also be caused by insulin resistance. In addition, the loss of tRNA modification can cause pancreatic β cell dysfunction. Therefore, both can be indirectly associated with diabetes mellitus because diabetes mellitus, especially type 2, is caused by insulin resistance and the body cannot produce insulin. In this review, we will discuss tRNA in detail, several diseases related to tRNA mutations, how tRNA mutations can lead to type 2 diabetes mellitus, and one example of a point mutation that occurs in tRNA. Full article

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16 pages, 3595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ALM Therapy Promotes Functional and Histologic Regeneration of Traumatized Peripheral Skeletal Muscle

by Nina Sarah Hoeger, Thomas Mittlmeier, Brigitte Vollmar, Ioannis Stratos, Geoffrey P. Dobson and Robert Rotter

Biology 2023, 12(6), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060870 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1078

Abstract

Skeletal muscle trauma is a common injury with a range of severity. Adenosine, lidocaine and Mg²⁺ (ALM) is a protective solution and improves tissue perfusion and coagulopathy. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and subjected to standardized skeletal muscle trauma of the left [...] Read more.

Skeletal muscle trauma is a common injury with a range of severity. Adenosine, lidocaine and Mg²⁺ (ALM) is a protective solution and improves tissue perfusion and coagulopathy. Male Wistar rats were anesthetized and subjected to standardized skeletal muscle trauma of the left soleus muscle with the protection of the neurovascular structures. Seventy animals were randomly assigned to saline control or ALM. Immediately after trauma, a bolus of ALM solution was applied intravenously, followed by a one-hour infusion. After 1, 4, 7, 14 and 42 days, the biomechanical regenerative capacity was examined using incomplete tetanic force and tetany, and immunohistochemistry was used to examine for proliferation and apoptosis characteristics. Biomechanical force development showed a significant increase following ALM therapy for incomplete tetanic force and tetany on days 4 and 7. In addition, the histological evaluation showed a significant increase in proliferative BrdU-positive cells with ALM therapy on days 1 and 14. Ki67 histology also detected significantly more proliferative cells on days 1, 4, 7, 14 and 42 in ALM-treated animals. Furthermore, a simultaneous decrease in the number of apoptotic cells was observed using the TUNEL method. ALM solution showed significant superiority in biomechanical force development and also a significant positive effect on cell proliferation in traumatized skeletal muscle tissue and reduced apoptosis. Full article

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16 pages, 4426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Modeling as a Tool for Testing Therapeutics for Spinal Muscular Atrophy and IGHMBP2-Related Disorders

by Julieth Andrea Sierra-Delgado, Shrestha Sinha-Ray, Abuzar Kaleem, Meysam Ganjibakhsh, Mohini Parvate, Samantha Powers, Xiaojin Zhang, Shibi Likhite and Kathrin Meyer

Biology 2023, 12(6), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060867 - 16 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2400

Abstract

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. The most common form of SMA is caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, located on 5q (SMA). On the other hand, mutations in IGHMBP2 lead to a large disease spectrum [...] Read more.

Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. The most common form of SMA is caused by mutations in the SMN1 gene, located on 5q (SMA). On the other hand, mutations in IGHMBP2 lead to a large disease spectrum with no clear genotype–phenotype correlation, which includes Spinal Muscular Atrophy with Muscular Distress type 1 (SMARD1), an extremely rare form of SMA, and Charcot–Marie–Tooth 2S (CMT2S). We optimized a patient-derived in vitro model system that allows us to expand research on disease pathogenesis and gene function, as well as test the response to the AAV gene therapies we have translated to the clinic. We generated and characterized induced neurons (iN) from SMA and SMARD1/CMT2S patient cell lines. After establishing the lines, we treated the generated neurons with AAV9-mediated gene therapy (AAV9.SMN (Zolgensma) for SMA and AAV9.IGHMBP2 for IGHMBP2 disorders (NCT05152823)) to evaluate the response to treatment. The iNs of both diseases show a characteristic short neurite length and defects in neuronal conversion, which have been reported in the literature before with iPSC modeling. SMA iNs respond to treatment with AAV9.SMN in vitro, showing a partial rescue of the morphology phenotype. For SMARD1/CMT2S iNs, we were able to observe an improvement in the neurite length of neurons after the restoration of IGHMBP2 in all disease cell lines, albeit to a variable extent, with some lines showing better responses to treatment than others. Moreover, this protocol allowed us to classify a variant of uncertain significance on IGHMBP2 on a suspected SMARD1/CMT2S patient. This study will further the understanding of SMA, and SMARD1/CMT2S disease in particular, in the context of variable patient mutations, and might further the development of new treatments, which are urgently needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genomics, Phenotypic Characterization and Therapeutics Development for Early-Onset Motor Neuron Diseases)

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11 pages, 286 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resting Heart Rate Affects Heart Response to Cold-Water Face Immersion Associated with Apnea

by Krzysztof S. Malinowski, Tomasz H. Wierzba, J. Patrick Neary, Paweł J. Winklewski and Magdalena Wszędybył-Winklewska

Biology 2023, 12(6), 869; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060869 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4562

Abstract

The regular cardiac response to immersion of the face in cold water is reduction in heart rate (HR). The highly individualized and unpredictable course of the cardiodepressive response prompted us to investigate the relationship between the cardiac response to face immersion and the [...] Read more.

The regular cardiac response to immersion of the face in cold water is reduction in heart rate (HR). The highly individualized and unpredictable course of the cardiodepressive response prompted us to investigate the relationship between the cardiac response to face immersion and the resting HR. The research was conducted with 65 healthy volunteers (37 women and 28 men) with an average age of 21.13 years (20–27 years) and a BMI of 21.49 kg/m² (16.60–28.98). The face-immersion test consisted of stopping breathing after maximum inhaling and voluntarily immersing the face in cold water (8–10 °C) for as long as possible. Measurements included determination of minimum, average, and maximum HR at rest and minimum and maximum HR during the cold-water face-immersion test. The results indicate a strong relationship between the cardiodepressive reaction of the immersion of the face and the minimum HR before the test, as well as a relationship between the maximum HR during the test and the maximum HR at rest. The results also indicate a strong influence of neurogenic HR regulation on the described relationships. The parameters of the basal HR can, therefore, be used as prognostic indicators of the course of the cardiac response of the immersion test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology)

5 pages, 652 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Metals and Metal Complexes in Diseases with a Focus on COVID-19: Facts and Opinions

by Agnieszka Ścibior, Manuel Aureliano, Alvin A. Holder and Juan Llopis

Biology 2023, 12(6), 868; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060868 - 15 Jun 2023

Viewed by 851

Abstract

In the present Special Issue on “Metals and Metal Complexes in Diseases with a Focus on COVID-19: Facts and Opinions”, an attempt has been made to include reports updating our knowledge of elements considered to be potential candidates for therapeutic applications and certain [...] Read more.

In the present Special Issue on “Metals and Metal Complexes in Diseases with a Focus on COVID-19: Facts and Opinions”, an attempt has been made to include reports updating our knowledge of elements considered to be potential candidates for therapeutic applications and certain metal-containing species, which are extensively being examined towards their potential biomedical use due to their specific physicochemical properties [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metals and Metal Complexes in Diseases with a Focus on COVID-19: Facts and Opinions)

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12 pages, 5149 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dusky-like Is Critical for Morphogenesis of the Cellular Protuberances and Formation of the Cuticle in Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata

by Yuxing Zhang, Qiao Tan, Mengjiao Lin, Chenhui Shen, Lin Jin and Guoqing Li

Biology 2023, 12(6), 866; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060866 - 15 Jun 2023

Viewed by 1022

Abstract

Dusky-like (Dyl) is a transmembrane protein containing a zona pellucida domain. Its physiological roles during metamorphosis have been well explored in Drosophila melanogaster and have also been documented in Tribolium castaneum. However, Dyl has undergone a functional shift between Diptera and Coleoptera [...] Read more.

Dusky-like (Dyl) is a transmembrane protein containing a zona pellucida domain. Its physiological roles during metamorphosis have been well explored in Drosophila melanogaster and have also been documented in Tribolium castaneum. However, Dyl has undergone a functional shift between Diptera and Coleoptera insects. Further investigation of Dyl in other insects will be helpful to further clarify its function in insect growth and development. Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata is an important Coleoptera that causes enormous economic losses in agriculture in China. In this study, we found that the expression of Hvdyl was detectable in embryos, larvae, prepupae, pupae, and adults. We knocked down Hvdyl in third- and fourth-instar larvae and pupae with RNA interference (RNAi). RNAi of Hvdyl mainly caused two phenotypic defects. Firstly, the growth of epidermal cellular protuberances was suppressed. Injection of dsdyl (double-stranded dusky-like RNA) at the third-instar larval stage truncated the scoli throughout the thorax and abdomen and shortened the setae on the head capsules and mouthparts of the fourth-instar larvae. Introduction of dsdyl at the third- and fourth-instar stages led to misshapen pupal setae. The setae were shortened or became black nodules. Treatment with dsdyl at the larval and pupal stages resulted in deformed adults with completely suppressed wing hairs. Moreover, the knockdown of Hvdyl at the third-instar stage caused deformed larval mouthparts at the fourth-instar period. As a result, foliage consumption was inhibited, and larval growth was slowed. The results indicate that Dyl is associated with the growth of cellular protuberances throughout development and with the formation of the cuticle in H. vigintioctopunctata. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Developmental Biology)

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24 pages, 1577 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Effects of Obesity on the Inflammatory, Cardiovascular, and Neurobiological Responses to Exercise in Older Adults

by Brandon G. Fico, Arun Maharaj, Gabriel S. Pena and Chun-Jung Huang

Biology 2023, 12(6), 865; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060865 - 15 Jun 2023

Viewed by 3005

Abstract

Obesity with advancing age leads to increased health complications that are involved in various complex physiological processes. For example, inflammation is a critical cardiovascular disease risk factor that plays a role in the stages of atherosclerosis in both aging and obesity. Obesity can [...] Read more.

Obesity with advancing age leads to increased health complications that are involved in various complex physiological processes. For example, inflammation is a critical cardiovascular disease risk factor that plays a role in the stages of atherosclerosis in both aging and obesity. Obesity can also induce profound changes to the neural circuitry that regulates food intake and energy homeostasis with advancing age. Here we discuss how obesity in older adults impacts inflammatory, cardiovascular, and neurobiological functions with an emphasis on how exercise mediates each topic. Although obesity is a reversible disorder through lifestyle changes, it is important to note that early interventions are crucial to prevent pathological changes seen in the aging obese population. Lifestyle modifications such as physical activity (including aerobic and resistance training) should be considered as a main intervention to minimize the synergistic effect of obesity on age-related conditions, such as cerebrovascular disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Responses to Exercise in Obese Subjects)

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31 pages, 9155 KiB

Open AccessReview

The ACSL4 Network Regulates Cell Death and Autophagy in Diseases

by Fangquan Chen, Rui Kang, Jiao Liu and Daolin Tang

Biology 2023, 12(6), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060864 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3864

Abstract

Lipid metabolism, cell death, and autophagy are interconnected processes in cells. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism can lead to cell death, such as via ferroptosis and apoptosis, while lipids also play a crucial role in the regulation of autophagosome formation. An increased autophagic response [...] Read more.

Lipid metabolism, cell death, and autophagy are interconnected processes in cells. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism can lead to cell death, such as via ferroptosis and apoptosis, while lipids also play a crucial role in the regulation of autophagosome formation. An increased autophagic response not only promotes cell survival but also causes cell death depending on the context, especially when selectively degrading antioxidant proteins or organelles that promote ferroptosis. ACSL4 is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of long-chain acyl-CoA molecules, which are important intermediates in the biosynthesis of various types of lipids. ACSL4 is found in many tissues and is particularly abundant in the brain, liver, and adipose tissue. Dysregulation of ACSL4 is linked to a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, acute kidney injury, and metabolic disorders (such as obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). In this review, we introduce the structure, function, and regulation of ACSL4; discuss its role in apoptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy; summarize its pathological function; and explore the potential implications of targeting ACSL4 in the treatment of various diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cell Self-Destruction (Programmed Cell Death), Immunonutrition and Metabolism)

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2 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Cebrián-Ponce et al. Bioelectrical, Anthropometric, and Hematological Analysis to Assess Body Fluids and Muscle Changes in Elite Cyclists during the Giro d’Italia. Biology 2023, 12, 450

by Álex Cebrián-Ponce, Alfredo Irurtia, Jorge Castizo-Olier, Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño, Javier Espasa-Labrador, Zeasseska Noriega and Marta Carrasco-Marginet

Biology 2023, 12(6), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060863 - 15 Jun 2023

Viewed by 612

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

17 pages, 1493 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unraveling the Immune Microenvironment in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma: Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications

by Vasileios Georgoulis, Alexandra Papoudou-Bai, Alexandros Makis, Panagiotis Kanavaros and Eleftheria Hatzimichael

Biology 2023, 12(6), 862; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060862 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2081

Abstract

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a lymphoid neoplasm composed of rare neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells surrounded by a reactive tumor microenvironment (TME) with suppressive properties against anti-tumor immunity. TME is mainly composed of T cells (CD4 helper, CD8 cytotoxic and regulatory) [...] Read more.

Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is a lymphoid neoplasm composed of rare neoplastic Hodgkin and Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells surrounded by a reactive tumor microenvironment (TME) with suppressive properties against anti-tumor immunity. TME is mainly composed of T cells (CD4 helper, CD8 cytotoxic and regulatory) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), but the impact of these cells on the natural course of the disease is not absolutely understood. TME contributes to the immune evasion of neoplastic HRS cells through the production of various cytokines and/or the aberrant expression of immune checkpoint molecules in ways that have not been fully understood yet. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of findings regarding the cellular components and the molecular features of the immune TME in cHL, its correlation with treatment response and prognosis, as well as the potential targeting of the TME with novel therapies. Among all cells, macrophages appear to be a most appealing target for immunomodulatory therapies, based on their functional plasticity and antitumor potency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Activation of Macrophages)

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22 pages, 4421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Induction of Reactive Bone Stromal Fibroblasts in 3D Models of Prostate Cancer Bone Metastases

by Louisa C. E. Windus, Nicholas Matigian and Vicky M. Avery

Biology 2023, 12(6), 861; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060861 - 15 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1378

Abstract

A dynamic interplay between prostate cancer (PCa) cells and reactive bone stroma modulates the growth of metastases within the bone microenvironment. Of the stromal cells, metastasis-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) are known to contribute but are the least studied cell type in PCa tumour progression. [...] Read more.

A dynamic interplay between prostate cancer (PCa) cells and reactive bone stroma modulates the growth of metastases within the bone microenvironment. Of the stromal cells, metastasis-associated fibroblasts (MAFs) are known to contribute but are the least studied cell type in PCa tumour progression. It is the aim of the current study to establish a biologically relevant 3D in vitro model that mimics the cellular and molecular profiles of MAFs found in vivo. Using 3D in vitro cell culture models, the bone-derived fibroblast cell line, HS-5, was treated with conditioned media from metastatic-derived PCa cell lines, PC3 and MDA-PCa 2b, or mouse-derived fibroblasts 3T3. Two corresponding reactive cell lines were propagated: HS5-PC3 and HS5-MDA, and evaluated for alterations in morphology, phenotype, cellular behaviour, plus protein and genomic profiles. HS5-PC3 and HS5-MDA displayed distinct alterations in expression levels of N-Cadherin, non-functional E-Cadherin, alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Tenascin C, and vimentin, along with transforming growth factor receptor expression (TGF β R1 and R2), consistent with subpopulations of MAFs reported in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a reversion of HS5-PC3 towards a metastatic phenotype with an upregulation in pathways known to regulate cancer invasion, proliferation, and angiogenesis. The exploitation of these engineered 3D models could help further unravel the novel biology regulating metastatic growth and the role fibroblasts play in the colonisation process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Biology)

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