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13 pages, 4028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Head-Up/-Down Tilt on ECG Segments and Myocardial Temporal Dispersion in Healthy Subjects

by Gianfranco Piccirillo, Federica Moscucci, Ilaria Di Diego, Martina Mezzadri, Cristina Caltabiano, Myriam Carnovale, Andrea Corrao, Ilaria Lospinuso, Sara Stefano, Claudia Scinicariello, Marco Giuffrè, Valerio De Santis, Susanna Sciomer, Pietro Rossi, Emiliano Fiori and Damiano Magrì

Biology 2023, 12(7), 960; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12070960 - 05 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1043

Abstract

The head-up/-down tilt test acutely modifies the autonomic nervous system balance throughout a deactivation of the cardiopulmonary reflexes. The present study examines the influence of head-up/-down tilt on a number of ECG segments. A total of 20 healthy subjects underwent a 5 min [...] Read more.

The head-up/-down tilt test acutely modifies the autonomic nervous system balance throughout a deactivation of the cardiopulmonary reflexes. The present study examines the influence of head-up/-down tilt on a number of ECG segments. A total of 20 healthy subjects underwent a 5 min ECG and noninvasive hemodynamic bio-impedance recording, during free and controlled breathing, lying at (a) 0°; (b) −45°, tilting up at 45°, and tilting up at 90°. Heart rate variability power spectral analysis was obtained throughout some ECG intervals: P-P (P), P-Q (PQ), P_eQ (from the end of P to Q wave), Q-R peak (QR intervals), Q-R-S (QRS), Q-T peak (QT_p), Q-T end (QT_e), ST_p, ST_e, T peak-T end (T_e), and, eventually, the T_eP segments (from the end of T to the next P waves). Results: In all study conditions, the Low Frequency/High Frequency_PP and LF_{PP normalized units (nu)} were significantly lower than the LF/HF_RR and LF_RRnu, respectively. Conversely, the HF_PP and HF_PPnu were significantly higher in all study conditions. ST_e, QT_p, and QT_e were significantly related to the PP and RR intervals, whereas the T wave amplitude was inversely related to the standard deviations of all the myocardial repolarization variables and to the left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVEDV). The T wave amplitude diminished during head-up tilt and significantly correlated with the LVEDV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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19 pages, 3450 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Various Hydration Strategies (Isotonic, Water, and No Hydration) on Hematological Indices, Plasma Volume, and Lactate Concentration in Young Men during Prolonged Cycling in Elevated Ambient Temperatures

by Tomasz Pałka, Piotr Michał Koteja, Łukasz Tota, Łukasz Rydzik, Marta Kopańska, Izabela Kaczorowska, Norollah Javdaneh, Wioletta Mikulakova, Hubert Wolski and Tadeusz Ambroży

Biology 2023, 12(5), 687; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12050687 - 07 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1853

Abstract

Background: Increased internal body temperature during dehydration can be accompanied by water–electrolyte imbalances, higher levels of lactate during and after physical exertion, and changes in blood volume. Adequate hydration with carbohydrate–electrolyte fluids during physical activity can prevent dehydration and delay the onset of [...] Read more.

Background: Increased internal body temperature during dehydration can be accompanied by water–electrolyte imbalances, higher levels of lactate during and after physical exertion, and changes in blood volume. Adequate hydration with carbohydrate–electrolyte fluids during physical activity can prevent dehydration and delay the onset of fatigue, allowing for proper biochemical and hematological reactions during exertion. A suitable drinking plan should consider the pre-exercise hydration level as well as the requirements for fluids, electrolytes, and substrates before, during, and after exercise. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of different hydration strategies (isotonic, water, and no hydration) on hematological indicators (hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit number, erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, and mean corpuscular volume) and lactate concentration during prolonged physical exertion in a high-temperature environment in young men. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental. The study involved 12 healthy men aged 20.6 ± 0.9 years, who were characterized by a body height (BH) of 177.2 ± 4.8 cm, a body mass (BM) of 74.4 ± 7.6 kg, a lean body mass (LBM) of 61.1 ± 6.1 kg, and a body mass index (BMI) of 23.60 ± 0.48. Measurements were taken of body composition and hematological and biochemical indicators. The main tests consisted of three series of tests separated by a one-week break. During the tests, the men performed a 120 min exercise with an intensity of 110 W on a cycle ergometer in a thermo-climatic chamber at an ambient temperature of 31 ± 2 °C. During exertion, the participants consumed isotonic fluids or water in an amount of 120–150% of the lost water every 15 min. The participants who exercised without hydration did not consume any fluids. Results: Significant differences in serum volume were observed between the use of isotonic beverage and no hydration (p = 0.002) and between the use of isotonic beverage and water (p = 0.046). Immediately after the experimental exercise, hemoglobin values were significantly higher with no hydration than with water (p = 0.002). An even stronger significance of differences in hemoglobin was observed between no hydration and isotonic beverage consumption (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the number of leukocytes between the consumption of isotonic beverage and no hydration (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Each active hydration strategy allows for a better maintenance of water–electrolyte homeostasis during physical exertion in a high-temperature environment, and isotonic beverage consumption had a greater impact on hydrating extracellular spaces with the smallest changes in hematological indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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14 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Army Combat Fitness Test Relationships to Tactical Foot March Performance in Reserve Officers’ Training Corps Cadets

by Kevin L. Withrow, Daniela A. Rubin, J. Jay Dawes, Robin M. Orr, Scott K. Lynn and Robert G. Lockie

Biology 2023, 12(3), 477; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12030477 - 21 Mar 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2951

Abstract

The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT), consisting of deadlift, standing power throw, hand release push-up, sprint-drag-carry, leg tuck or plank, and 2-mile run, is the United States Army’s new fitness test. The ACFT is designed to measure multiple fitness components required to perform [...] Read more.

The Army Combat Fitness Test (ACFT), consisting of deadlift, standing power throw, hand release push-up, sprint-drag-carry, leg tuck or plank, and 2-mile run, is the United States Army’s new fitness test. The ACFT is designed to measure multiple fitness components required to perform combat tasks. One critical task is the tactical foot march (TFM), where soldiers cover long distances while carrying loads comprised of mission-essential equipment. As the ACFT is meant to predict soldier task performance, determining the relationships between the ACFT and the TFM is important. Data from 29 cadets (♂ = 20, ♀ = 9) from one university Reserve Officers’ Training Corps program were analyzed. The ACFT was recorded in raw and scaled scores. The TFM was performed over 6.44 km, with time recorded. Cadets carried a 15.88-kg rucksack, fighting load carrier, 3-L hydration pack, and replica M4 carbine. Independent samples t-tests evaluated ACFT and TFM between-sex differences. Partial correlations, controlling for sex, determined ACFT event and TFM relationships. Male cadets outperformed females in all ACFT tasks (p ≤ 0.039), except the push-up. ACFT total score, leg tuck, 2-mile run, and sprint-drag-carry showed large correlations with the TFM (r = ±0.463–0.531, p ≤ 0.026). Aerobic and anaerobic capacity and upper body/trunk strength were important fitness components for cadet TFM performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

21 pages, 4293 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immediate Effects of Whole-Body versus Local Dynamic Electrostimulation of the Abdominal Muscles in Healthy People Assessed by Ultrasound: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Lorena Álvarez-Barrio, Vicente Rodríguez-Pérez, César Calvo-Lobo, Raquel Leirós-Rodríguez, Eduardo Alba-Pérez and Ana Felicitas López-Rodríguez

Biology 2023, 12(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12030454 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1963

Abstract

Dynamic electrostimulation consists of the application of local or global electrostimulation together with physical exercise. This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of a dynamic electrostimulation session on the thickness of the abdominal musculature, inter-rectus distance, heart rate, blood pressure, and body [...] Read more.

Dynamic electrostimulation consists of the application of local or global electrostimulation together with physical exercise. This study aimed to investigate the immediate effects of a dynamic electrostimulation session on the thickness of the abdominal musculature, inter-rectus distance, heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, and to identify possible differences in its form of application. A total of 120 healthy participants were divided into three groups: the whole-body electrostimulation group, the local electrostimulation group, and the control group without electrical stimulation. All groups performed a single session with the same dynamic exercise protocol. Muscle thickness and inter-rectus distance were evaluated ultrasonographically using the Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging technique both at rest and in muscle contraction (the active straight leg raise test) to find the post-intervention differences. The results showed significant differences in immediate post-intervention heart rate, with a smaller increase in the local electrostimulation group compared to the control and whole-body electrostimulation groups. No significant differences were identified between the groups after the interventions in the rest of the variables analyzed. Therefore, a local application, with the same effects as a global application on the abdominal musculature, has fewer contraindications, which makes its use more advisable, especially in populations with cardiorespiratory disorders, for which more research is needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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13 pages, 1077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bioelectrical, Anthropometric, and Hematological Analysis to Assess Body Fluids and Muscle Changes in Elite Cyclists during the Giro d’Italia

by Álex Cebrián-Ponce, Alfredo Irurtia, Jorge Castizo-Olier, Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño, Javier Espasa-Labrador, Zeasseska Noriega and Marta Carrasco-Marginet

Biology 2023, 12(3), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12030450 - 15 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1576 | Correction

Abstract

This study aimed to characterize and monitor the body fluid and muscle changes during the Giro d’Italia in nine elite cyclists via bioelectrical (whole-body and muscle-localized) anthropometric and hematological analysis. There were three checkpoint assessments: at the beginning, middle, and end of the [...] Read more.

This study aimed to characterize and monitor the body fluid and muscle changes during the Giro d’Italia in nine elite cyclists via bioelectrical (whole-body and muscle-localized) anthropometric and hematological analysis. There were three checkpoint assessments: at the beginning, middle, and end of the race. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the data at baseline and follow up. The Spearman correlation was used to explore relationships between variables. Hotelling’s T² test was used to determine bioelectrical differences in the complex vector. Bodyweight did not change during the competition, despite bioelectrical and hematological data indicating that at the first half of the race, there was a fluid gain, and in the second half a fluid loss occurred, reaching baseline values. These changes were especially prevalent in the extracellular water compartment. Significant correlations between whole-body bioelectrical vector changes and red blood cell parameter changes were reported. The muscle group most sensitive to changes were the calves. Quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves reported a PhA decrease trend during the first half of the race, and an increase during the second half. Bioelectrical impedance vector analysis appears to be sensitive enough to detect hydration and cellular integrity adaptions induced by competitions as demanding as the Giro d’Italia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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13 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Football Simulated Exercise on Injury Risk Factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury in Amateur Female Players

by Harriet Ferguson, Jessica Piquet, Monèm Jemni and Anne Delextrat

Biology 2023, 12(1), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12010124 - 12 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2524

Abstract

Females are more at risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries than males; however, there is limited literature on neuromuscular risk factors such as angle-specific hamstring/quadriceps functional strength ratios (H_ecc/Q_con) and rate of torque development (RTD) in female footballers. [...] Read more.

Females are more at risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injuries than males; however, there is limited literature on neuromuscular risk factors such as angle-specific hamstring/quadriceps functional strength ratios (H_ecc/Q_con) and rate of torque development (RTD) in female footballers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of fatigue on these neuromuscular risk factors. Thirty-three amateur players (20.3 ± 2.0 years old, 1.67 ± 9.31 m, 63.4 ±8.1 kg, 23.6 ± 5.7% body fat) performed strength assessments of the quadriceps (concentrically, Q_con) and hamstrings (eccentrically, H_ecc) on both legs on an isokinetic dynamometer, before and immediately after a football-specific exercise. Results showed significantly lower peak H_ecc (−15.1 to −15.5%), peak H_ecc/Q_con (−8.8 to −12.9%) and RTD (−14.0 to −17.0%) for hamstring eccentric contractions after fatigue in the dominant and non-dominant legs. Furthermore, significant decreases in H_ecc/Q_con were observed at 10° only in the dominant leg (−15.5%), and at 10°, 20° and 30° in the non-dominant leg (−15.1 to −21.8%). These results suggest a reduced capacity of the hamstrings to stabilise the knee joint with fatigue. Unlike results previously shown on men, the non-dominant leg seemed more affected, highlighting the need to consider specific prevention measures in females. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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11 pages, 1411 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparisons of Baseline Obesity Prevalence and Its Association with Perceived Health and Physical Performance in Military Officers

by Brittany S. Hollerbach, Christopher K. Haddock, Filip Kukić, Walker S. C. Poston, Nattinee Jitnarin, Sara A. Jahnke, Justin A. DeBlauw and Katie M. Heinrich

Biology 2022, 11(12), 1789; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11121789 - 09 Dec 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1424

Abstract

Increasing obesity rates among USA military members vary by age, pay grade, and measurement methods and threaten force fitness and readiness. Limited research has directly measured obesity among officers; those enrolled in graduate school at the Command and General Staff College (CGSC) face [...] Read more.

Increasing obesity rates among USA military members vary by age, pay grade, and measurement methods and threaten force fitness and readiness. Limited research has directly measured obesity among officers; those enrolled in graduate school at the Command and General Staff College (CGSC) face additional demands and increased obesity risk. This study compared obesity measurements and performance on the Army Physical Fitness test and self-rated health for a sample of mostly CGSC officers. Participants (n = 136, 75.7% male, 79.6% officers) completed body composition measures; BMI, body fat percentage (BF%), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) estimated obesity rates and were compared for discordance. Army Physical Fitness Test pass/fail rates and self-reported perceived health were compared with each obesity classification. Obesity prevalence was 18.5–39.7%, differing by sex and measure. BMI, WC, and WHtR underestimated obesity compared to BF% at least 21% of the time. WHtR had the lowest discordance with BF%. Soldiers categorized as obese were significantly more likely to fail the fitness test and report lower self-rated health than non-obese soldiers. Overall, obesity rates among our primarily officer sample were higher than previous studies, particularly for women. Interventions to address obesity are necessary among military officers to optimize human performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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14 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Significant Interrelations among Serum Annexin A1, Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (sRAGE) and rs2070600 in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

by Amira A. Kamel, Maiada K. Hashem, Ebtsam S. AbdulKareem, Amal H. Ali, Ekram Abdel-Rahman Mahmoud, Alaa S. Abd-Elkader, Hebatallah Abdellatif, Alzahra Abdelbadea, Nessren M. Abdel-Rady, Mona Gamal E. Al Anany and Marwa A. Dahpy

Biology 2022, 11(12), 1707; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11121707 - 25 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1222

Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death and morbidity; it may be accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation with or without underlying genetic etiology. Finding circulating biomarkers for COPD that can help early diagnosis and predict exacerbation and association [...] Read more.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of death and morbidity; it may be accompanied by oxidative stress and inflammation with or without underlying genetic etiology. Finding circulating biomarkers for COPD that can help early diagnosis and predict exacerbation and association with respiratory functions has been challenging. There were 40 healthy participants and 60 COPD patients in this research. The rs2070600 gene variant was examined by PCR-RFLP. Circulating sRAGE and annexin A1 levels were determined by ELISA. GSH and MDA were determined by spectrophotometry. In COPD patients, sRAGE serum levels were substantially lower, but conversely, annexin A1 levels were much greater than in controls. The rs2070600 gene polymorphism’s strong association with COPD was demonstrated by genotyping and allelic frequency distribution. The GA genotype was most distributed in COPD, and it was strongly linked to lower serum sRAGE levels. The interrelation between annexin A1, sRAGE, and COPD could be explained through effects on inflammatory mediators’ pathways. The rs2070600 gene polymorphism was found to significantly enhance the risk of COPD. Serum sRAGE and annexin A1 may be considered potential diagnostic tools for COPD. Through impacts on GSH and MDA levels that alter the release of inflammatory factors and, therefore, lung damage, it is possible to explain the relationship between annexin A1, sRAGE, and COPD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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11 pages, 999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low and Moderate Doses of Caffeinated Coffee Improve Repeated Sprint Performance in Female Team Sport Athletes

by Raci Karayigit, Scott C. Forbes, Zakir Osmanov, Canan Yilmaz, Burak Caglar Yasli, Alireza Naderi, Hakan Buyukcelebi, Daniela Benesova, Tomasz Gabrys and Ozcan Esen

Biology 2022, 11(10), 1498; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11101498 - 13 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3932

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion via caffeinated coffee on repeated sprint test (RST) and plasma catecholamine concentration in trained female team-sport athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 female [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of low and moderate doses of caffeine ingestion via caffeinated coffee on repeated sprint test (RST) and plasma catecholamine concentration in trained female team-sport athletes. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 13 female team-sport athletes (VO_2max: 48.7 ± 4 mL·kg·min⁻¹) completed three RST trials, separated by 4-day, 60 min post-ingestion of either 3 mg·kg⁻¹ (LCOF) or 6 mg·kg⁻¹ (MCOF) or placebo (PLA). The RST consisted of 12 × 4 s sprints on a cycle ergometer interspersed with 20 s of active recovery. Blood lactate (BLa) and glucose (GLU) and epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were collected before and 60 min after coffee ingestion, and after RST. Heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured at the beginning of RST, and after the 6th and 12th sprints. Average peak power score during RST was significantly improved after LCOF (p = 0.016) and MCOF (p = 0.041) compared to PLA, but peak and mean power output of the individual sprints, and fatigue index were not different between trials (all p > 0.05). Epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations were significantly higher before and after RST in LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (all p < 0.05). BLa was also higher after RST in both LCOF and MCOF compared to PLA (p = 0.005). HR, RPE, and GLU were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). In conclusion, low and moderate dose of caffeine ingestion can enhance the average peak power score during repeated sprints. These findings partly support low and moderate doses of caffeine supplementation via coffee as a nutritional ergogenic aid for trained female team-sport players during repeated sprint exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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12 pages, 1313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Knee Extension Joint Angle on Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Activation and Exerted Torque in Maximal Voluntary Isometric Contraction

by Filip Kukić, Vladimir Mrdaković, Aleksandar Stanković and Duško Ilić

Biology 2022, 11(10), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11101490 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2550

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of knee joint angle on muscle activation, exerted torque, and whether the knee angle affects the muscle activation–torque ratio. Nine healthy adult male participants participated in the study. They performed maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) at six (80°, [...] Read more.

This study investigated the effects of knee joint angle on muscle activation, exerted torque, and whether the knee angle affects the muscle activation–torque ratio. Nine healthy adult male participants participated in the study. They performed maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) at six (80°, 90°, 100°, 110°, 120°, and 130°) different knee joint angles (i.e., angles between the thigh and shin bones). Their maximal torque was assessed utilizing an isokinetic chair, while their muscle activation (root mean square [RMS]) was assessed using an eight-channel single differential surface EMG sensor. For the purposes of the torque–knee angle relationship and muscle activation–knee angle relationship, the torque and RMS were normalized relative to the maximal value obtained by each participant. To evaluate the muscle activation–torque ratio in function of knee angle, RMS was normalized relative to the corresponding torque obtained at each knee angle. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to investigate the effects of knee angle on muscle activation, torque, and muscle activation–torque ratio. There was a significant effect of knee joint angle on normalized torque (F = 27.521, p < 0.001), while the activation of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis remained unchanged. The changes in knee angle affected the muscle activation–torque ratio of vastus lateralis (Chi-square = 16.246, p = 0.006) but not the vastus medialis. These results suggest that knee joint angles from 80° to 130° provide a stable milieu for muscle electrification, while mechanical factor such as knee joint angle (i.e., lever arm length) affect the torque output when one needs to contract quadriceps maximally during the isometric contraction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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11 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Decline in Running Performance in Highest-Level Soccer: Analysis of the UEFA Champions League Matches

by Toni Modric, Sime Versic, Dan Iulian Alexe, Barbara Gilic, Ilie Mihai, Patrik Drid, Nikola Radulovic, Jose M. Saavedra and Rafael Burgueño Menjibar

Biology 2022, 11(10), 1441; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11101441 - 01 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2051

Abstract

It is widely recognized that there is a decline in match running performance (MRP) towards the end of matches. To clarify whether it is primarily a consequence of fatigue, pacing or situational influences, this study aimed to examine MRP across 15-min match periods [...] Read more.

It is widely recognized that there is a decline in match running performance (MRP) towards the end of matches. To clarify whether it is primarily a consequence of fatigue, pacing or situational influences, this study aimed to examine MRP across 15-min match periods for players on different playing positions. Players’ MRP (n = 244) were examined from the UEFA Champions League matches (n = 20) using a semiautomatic optical tracking system. Linear mixed models for repeated measures were adjusted to analyze MRP over the six 15-min match periods while controlling the influence of situational factors. No effects of match outcome, match location, team, and opponent quality on total distance (TD) and high-intensity running (HIR) for players in all playing positions were found (F = 0.03–2.75; all p > 0.05). Significant differences in TD (F = 17.57–53.01; η2 = 0.39–0.52, all large effect sizes) and HIR (F = 3.67–7.64; η2 = 0.05–0.19, small to medium effect sizes) among six 15-minute match periods were found for players in all playing positions. In addition, players in all playing positions covered less TD (d = 1.41–2.15, large to very large effect sizes) and HIR (d = 0.16–0.6, trivial to medium effect sizes) in the last compared to the first 15-min match period. No differences in TD and HIR between the last two match periods in the second half were observed. This study confirmed that soccer players reduce MRP towards the end of matches, and suggest that the decline of MPR in highest-level soccer may be a consequence of pacing strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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13 pages, 651 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of 6-Week Supplementation with GliSODin on Parameters of Muscle Damages, Metabolic, and Work Performance at International Level Rowers after Specific Maximal Effort

by Olina Dudašova Petrovičova, Ivan Stanković, Neda Milinković, Violeta Dopsaj, Brižita Đorđević and Milivoj Dopsaj

Biology 2022, 11(10), 1437; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11101437 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1738

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation with plant origin superoxide dismutase (SOD), GliSODin, on parameters of muscle damage, metabolic, and work performance at international level rowers. Twenty-eight rowers were included in a randomized, double-blind study. The study was conducted during [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementation with plant origin superoxide dismutase (SOD), GliSODin, on parameters of muscle damage, metabolic, and work performance at international level rowers. Twenty-eight rowers were included in a randomized, double-blind study. The study was conducted during a 6-week preparation period. At the beginning of the study and after 6 weeks of the supplementation period, all rowers were tested on a rowing ergometer. Blood samples were taken from the antecubital vein before and after every ergometer testing. Muscle damage markers creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), inflammation parameters interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Rowing performance was assessed by lactate level in capillary blood and power output on the rowing ergometer. After supplementation, experimental group had significantly lower CK (p = 0.049) and IL-6 (p = 0.035) before and IL-6 (p = 0.050) after exhausting exercise on ergometer. Relative change of power output at 4 mmol/L concentration of lactate in blood, considering the initial and final test, was significantly higher (p = 0.020) in the supplemented group. It was concluded that GliSODin could be considered a good supplement in preventing some deleterious effects of intensive physical activity, including inflammation and muscle damage, and consequently, to enable a better rowing performance of elite rowers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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12 pages, 2603 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Ski Attitude for the In-Flight Aerodynamic Performance of Ski Jumping

by Lianzhong Cao, Youcai Guo, Xiong Li, Long Chen, Xin Wang and Tianyu Zhao

Biology 2022, 11(9), 1362; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091362 - 17 Sep 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1510

Abstract

The control and adjustment of in-flight attitudes are critical to enlarging the flight distance of ski jumping. As one of the most important gears, the skis provide sufficient lift and drag forces for the athletes, and thus their in-flight attitudes should be optimized [...] Read more.

The control and adjustment of in-flight attitudes are critical to enlarging the flight distance of ski jumping. As one of the most important gears, the skis provide sufficient lift and drag forces for the athletes, and thus their in-flight attitudes should be optimized to improve flight performance. Here, the lift-to-drag ratio of a ski jumping ski is optimized with/without a constraint of lift capacity. The ski attitude is defined by three Eulerian angles and the resulting aerodynamic characteristics are predicted by Kriging models, which are established based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data. The surrogated models are dynamically updated in the optimization process to ensure their accuracy. Our results find that the optimization of the lift-to-drag ratio should be constrained by a certain lift capacity to be more practical. The angle of attack of the ski dominates the optimal lift-to-drag ratio at different lift levels while the yaw and roll angles are almost independent of the constraint once the required lift coefficient surpasses 0.6. This thus suggests that the athletes should focus on the angle of attack when modifying the ski attitude in the flight, which may reduce the difficulties in their in-flight decision makings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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11 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of Individual Penalties According to Gender and Weight Categories of Elite Judo Athletes from Four World Championships

by Husnija Kajmovic, Damir Karpljuk, Safet Kapo and Jozef Simenko

Biology 2022, 11(9), 1284; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11091284 - 29 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2180

Abstract

Background: This research aimed to compare individual penalties by gender and weight categories in judo from the Judo World Championships (WC): Budapest—2017, Baku—2018, Tokyo—2019 and Budapest—2021 in all individual weight categories for females and males. Methods: Data were collected by notational analysis of [...] Read more.

Background: This research aimed to compare individual penalties by gender and weight categories in judo from the Judo World Championships (WC): Budapest—2017, Baku—2018, Tokyo—2019 and Budapest—2021 in all individual weight categories for females and males. Methods: Data were collected by notational analysis of 2041 penalty videos for females and 3473 penalty videos for males (total n = 5514). All individual penalties—Shido 1, 2, 3 and Hansoku Make (direct disqualification) were analysed by the Pearson chi-square test at the level of statistical significance of 5%. Results: Significant differences were noted in the assigned individual penalties between individual categories (p < 0.001) in both genders. The significant difference was contributed mainly by the weight category +78 kg with penalties Non-combativity (5.3) and Avoid Grip (−3.4) in females, while in males it impacted by the +100 kg weight category and the Non-combativity (4.2) and Avoid Grip (−4.0) penalties. For females, the most dominant individual penalties were Non-combativity (41.6%), Avoid Grip (16.2%) and False Attack (15.0%), and were Non-combativity (40.3%), Avoid Grip (19.5%) and False Attack (16.4%) for males. The largest number of penalties in females were in −52 kg (16.7%), −57 kg (15.9%) and +78 kg (15.2%) categories, while in males, they were −66 kg (17.2%), −73 kg (16.1%) and −90 kg (15.6%). Conclusions: The findings of this study highlight the leading penalties in all weight categories for both genders on WC to be Non-combativity, Avoid Grip and False Attack. Additionally, a new trend in heavyweight athletes with a lower number of penalties is noted. The obtained results indicate the need to pay more attention to working with competitors of all ages and genders on education to implement tactical variants, forms and means to use penalties to athletes’ advantage, especially after a possible rule change and to lower the occurrence of injuries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

9 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Acute Dehydration Impairs Performance and Physiological Responses in Highly Trained Judo Athletes

by Bayram Ceylan, Rafael L. Kons, Daniele Detanico and Jožef Šimenko

Biology 2022, 11(6), 872; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11060872 - 06 Jun 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3647

Abstract

Background: The present study investigated highly trained male judo athletes and how a 5% body mass dehydration affects their judo-specific performance and physiological responses. Methods: Nine highly trained international-level male judo athletes who are weight-cyclers voluntarily participated in the study. The study had [...] Read more.

Background: The present study investigated highly trained male judo athletes and how a 5% body mass dehydration affects their judo-specific performance and physiological responses. Methods: Nine highly trained international-level male judo athletes who are weight-cyclers voluntarily participated in the study. The study had a controlled crossover design in nature. Athletes completed three sessions, including a familiarisation session and two experimental sessions (dehydration (DEHY) and control (CON)) with judo-specific tests, including maximal handgrip strength test (HGS), judogi grip strength tests (JGST), and the Special Judo Fitness Test (SJFT). Results: Intergroup analysis revealed a significant increase in urine specific gravity (USG) and decreased body mass following DEHY condition compared to CON. Furthermore, significant decreases were determined in HGS, JGSTs, and a number of throws in the first and third series of SJFTs, as well as higher heart rate (HR) responses in the second and third series of SJFT and worse SJFT index in DEHY condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions: We concluded that 5% dehydration of body mass led to impairment in dynamic and isometric strength in upper limbs and in judo-specific performance, as well as elevated HR during the SJFT. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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10 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Match Running Performance in UEFA Champions League: Is There a Worthwhile Association with Team Achievement?

by Toni Modric, Sime Versic, Paweł Chmura, Marek Konefał, Marcin Andrzejewski, Igor Jukic, Patrik Drid, Suncica Pocek and Damir Sekulic

Biology 2022, 11(6), 867; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11060867 - 06 Jun 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2671

Abstract

Although running performance (RP) is considered an important factor of success in soccer, there is a lack of studies to examine this issue in highest-level soccer competition, such as UEFA Champions League (UCL). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyse [...] Read more.

Although running performance (RP) is considered an important factor of success in soccer, there is a lack of studies to examine this issue in highest-level soccer competition, such as UEFA Champions League (UCL). Therefore, the main objective of this study was to analyse players’ RP according to the achievement of their teams in UCL. In addition, position specific RP of the players who competed in the UCL was evaluated. The players’ RPs (n = 244) were collected during UCL group stage matches (n = 20) in the 2020/21 season using semiautomatic optical system InStat Fitness. A team’s achievement was defined by qualification of the team from the group stage into the knockout stage of the UCL, and by total group points earned at the end of the UCL group stage. Linear mixed models and Pearson’s correlation were used to examine differences in players’ RP according to the achievement of their teams. Results indicated (i) similar values of RP irrespective of whether the teams qualified from the group stage into the knockout stage of the UCL, and (ii) trivial-to-small correlations between RP and total group points. Such findings show that players’ RP was poorly related to the achievement of their teams in the UCL group stage, indicating trivial influence of RP on success in elite-level soccer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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13 pages, 3910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Performance and Inter-Limb Asymmetries Using Flywheel Resistance Device in Elite Youth Female Basketball Players

by Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, Ariadna Benet-Vigo, Alicia Montalvo, Adrià Arboix, Bernat Buscà and Jordi Arboix-Alió

Biology 2022, 11(6), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11060812 - 25 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

The purposes of this study were to quantify inter-limb asymmetries from unilateral jumps, change of direction (COD) speed, and flywheel resistance skill tests and to examine their relationship with physical performance in a sample of elite youth female basketball players. Eleven female basketball [...] Read more.

The purposes of this study were to quantify inter-limb asymmetries from unilateral jumps, change of direction (COD) speed, and flywheel resistance skill tests and to examine their relationship with physical performance in a sample of elite youth female basketball players. Eleven female basketball players (age = 17.56 ± 0.60 year; body mass = 75.13 ± 12.37 kg; height = 1.83 ± 0.08 m; BMI = 22.42 ± 2.28; sports experience = 6.31 ± 1.73 year; years post-peak height velocity = 4.79 ± 0.68 year) performed a battery of fitness tests in the post-season consisting of the Single Leg Countermovement Jump in vertical (SLCJ-V), horizontal (SLCJ-H), and lateral (SLCJ-L) directions, 135° and 90° COD tests, and four skills (acceleration step, deceleration step, sidestep, and crossover step) with an flywheel resistance device. The results showed significant differences between the higher performing and lower performing limbs across all tasks (p < 0.05). The mean asymmetry index values ranged from 1.26% (COD 135°) to 11.75% (SLC-V). Inter-limb asymmetries were greatest during the flywheel resistance skills. Spearman’s correlations (ρ) for all tests were only significant for inter-limb asymmetries during the sidestep test and reduced performance in SLCJ-L (ρ = −0.61; p = 0.046) and all COD deficits (ρ range = −0.72 to −0.81). The findings of the present study showed that inter-limb asymmetries are task-specific in female youth basketball players and suggest that the use of flywheel devices can be included in the battery of tests to detect inter-limb asymmetry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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11 pages, 850 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Maximal and Submaximal Anaerobic and Aerobic Running on Subsequent Change-of-Direction Speed Performance among Police Students

by Nenad Koropanovski, Robin M. Orr, Milivoj Dopsaj, Katie M. Heinrich, J. Jay Dawes and Filip Kukic

Biology 2022, 11(5), 767; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050767 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1771

Abstract

Change-of-direction speed (CODS) directly impacts success in sports, police, and military performance. Movements requiring CODS are often preceded by aerobic or anaerobic running. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of maximal and submaximal anaerobic and aerobic running on subsequent CODS performance. A sample [...] Read more.

Change-of-direction speed (CODS) directly impacts success in sports, police, and military performance. Movements requiring CODS are often preceded by aerobic or anaerobic running. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of maximal and submaximal anaerobic and aerobic running on subsequent CODS performance. A sample of 50 police students (42% female and 58% male) performed a maximal 300-yard shuttle run test (SR300y) and a 2.4-km Cooper test (CT2.4km) at maximal effort and also at 95, 90, 85, 80, and 75% of maximal effort. CODS was assessed using the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) immediately following each intensity level of each test at 12 separate testing sessions. To avoid fatigue, the period between each consecutive session was a minimum of 3 days. Paired samples t-tests were used to determine the differences between the two conditions (anaerobic lactic and aerobic) and for the IAT. A repeated measure analysis of variance with a Bonferroni post hoc test was used to analyze partial effects of different running intensities on the IAT. A significant reduction in speed was observed between the initial IATmax time and the IATmax time after performing the SR300y at intensities of 95, 90, 85, and 80% of maximal speed on this test. IAT performance was significantly slower when performed after the CT2.4km at 95 and 90% of maximal aerobic speed. The effects of the SR300y on the IAT were significantly greater than the effects of the CT2.4km. No significant differences were found by sex. Building up to 90% intensity, anaerobic running has a greater negative impact on subsequent CODS performance than does aerobic running. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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12 pages, 2405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does the Location of Shoe Upper Support on Basketball Shoes Influence Ground Reaction Force and Ankle Mechanics during Cutting Maneuvers?

by Yu Liu, Wing-Kai Lam, Ieva Seglina and Charlotte Apps

Biology 2022, 11(5), 743; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050743 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2718

Abstract

This study examined the location effect of lateral shoe upper supports on the ground reaction forces, as well as ankle kinematics and moments during the change of direction maneuvers using a statistical parametric mapping approach. University basketball athletes performed side-cuts, complete turns and [...] Read more.

This study examined the location effect of lateral shoe upper supports on the ground reaction forces, as well as ankle kinematics and moments during the change of direction maneuvers using a statistical parametric mapping approach. University basketball athletes performed side-cuts, complete turns and lateral shuffle maneuvers with their maximum-effort in four shoe conditions with varying shoe upper support locations: full-length, forefoot, rearfoot, none (control). The statistical parametric mapping repeated measures ANOVA test was applied to compare differences between the shoe conditions, followed-up with post-hoc statistical parametric mapping paired t-tests between all shoe conditions. The coronal ankle results revealed that the forefoot support shoe had a reduced eversion moment that varied between ~25–95% across all change of directions (p < 0.05). However, the forefoot upper shoe had increased ankle inversion between ~8–14% (complete turns) and ~96–100% (side-cuts and lateral shuffles), and increased inversion velocity in side-cuts than the other shoes (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, the rearfoot support shoes reduced inversion velocity in side-cut between ~78–92% (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that a forefoot upper support induced most changes in ankle mechanics during basketball cutting maneuvers, with only inversion angle in the complete turn being influenced during the initial period where ankle injury may occur. Future research should examine if these coronal ankle mechanics influence change-of-direction performance and injury risk with regular wear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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12 pages, 4177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Performance and Biomechanics in the Flight Period of Ski Jumping: Influence of Ski Attitude

by Lin Zhang, Xiong Li, Xin Wang, Long Chen and Tianyu Zhao

Biology 2022, 11(5), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11050671 - 27 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3563

Abstract

The performance of ski jumping is underpinned by multi-disciplinary principles, in which the aerodynamics of the ski dominates the flying distance and affects the biomechanics of the athletes’ ankle during the flight period. Conventional research on this topic was supported by wind tunnel [...] Read more.

The performance of ski jumping is underpinned by multi-disciplinary principles, in which the aerodynamics of the ski dominates the flying distance and affects the biomechanics of the athletes’ ankle during the flight period. Conventional research on this topic was supported by wind tunnel experiments. Here, the aerodynamics of a full-scale ski jumping ski was calculated via Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods and good agreement with experimental data was achieved. The impacts of the angle of attack, yaw angle, and roll angle on the aerodynamic performance are explained. The inclusion of yaw angle can enhance the lift generation, which originates from the formation of a tilted multi-vortex system and the induced low-pressure footprints on the upper surface of the ski. Our results thus establish a database for the aerodynamic forces and moments of the ski and the associations between our findings and the skills in ankle control are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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Jump to: Research

2 pages, 232 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Cebrián-Ponce et al. Bioelectrical, Anthropometric, and Hematological Analysis to Assess Body Fluids and Muscle Changes in Elite Cyclists during the Giro d’Italia. Biology 2023, 12, 450

by Álex Cebrián-Ponce, Alfredo Irurtia, Jorge Castizo-Olier, Manuel Vicente Garnacho-Castaño, Javier Espasa-Labrador, Zeasseska Noriega and Marta Carrasco-Marginet

Biology 2023, 12(6), 863; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12060863 - 15 Jun 2023

Viewed by 602

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

16 pages, 958 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review of Post-Work Core Temperature Cooling Rates Conferred by Passive Rest

by Matt Brearley, Rachel Berry, Andrew P. Hunt and Rodney Pope

Biology 2023, 12(5), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12050695 - 09 May 2023

Viewed by 1800

Abstract

Physical work increases energy expenditure, requiring a considerable elevation of metabolic rate, which causes body heat production that can cause heat stress, heat strain, and hyperthermia in the absence of adequate cooling. Given that passive rest is often used for cooling, a systematic [...] Read more.

Physical work increases energy expenditure, requiring a considerable elevation of metabolic rate, which causes body heat production that can cause heat stress, heat strain, and hyperthermia in the absence of adequate cooling. Given that passive rest is often used for cooling, a systematic search of literature databases was conducted to identify studies that reported post-work core temperature cooling rates conferred by passive rest, across a range of environmental conditions. Data regarding cooling rates and environmental conditions were extracted, and the validity of key measures was assessed for each study. Forty-four eligible studies were included, providing 50 datasets. Eight datasets indicated a stable or rising core temperature in participants (range 0.000 to +0.028 °C min⁻¹), and forty-two datasets reported reducing core temperature (−0.002 to −0.070 °C min⁻¹) during passive rest, across a range of Wet-Bulb Globe Temperatures (WBGT). For 13 datasets where occupational or similarly insulative clothing was worn, passive rest resulted in a mean core temperature decrease of −0.004 °C min⁻¹ (−0.032 to +0.013 °C min⁻¹). These findings indicate passive rest does not reverse the elevated core temperatures of heat-exposed workers in a timely manner. Climate projections of higher WBGT are anticipated to further marginalise the passive rest cooling rates of heat-exposed workers, particularly when undertaken in occupational attire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological, Physiological, and Biomechanical Determinants of Human Performance Optimization)

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