International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

19 pages, 733 KiB

Open AccessReview

Barriers to the Utilization of Low-Vision Rehabilitation Services among Over-50-Year-Old People in East and Southeast Asian Regions: A Scoping Review

by Saito Takashi and Imahashi Kumiko

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237141 - 04 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1476

Abstract

East and Southeast Asia (ESEA) are facing age-related eye health issues. Low-vision rehabilitation (LVR), which is a special rehabilitation service for individuals with vision impairment, is a promising solution for these health issues; however, poor accessibility to LVR services has been reported globally, [...] Read more.

East and Southeast Asia (ESEA) are facing age-related eye health issues. Low-vision rehabilitation (LVR), which is a special rehabilitation service for individuals with vision impairment, is a promising solution for these health issues; however, poor accessibility to LVR services has been reported globally, including ESEA. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to summarize and understand the barriers to accessing LVR services in ESEA. In total, 20 articles were ultimately considered eligible for this scoping review after an electronic database search using MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), and Ichushi-Web (Japanese medical literature database), and an independent review by two reviewers. Twenty-one potential barrier factors were identified in the full-text review. Notably, age, education, economic status, “previous experience using eye care service”, and “knowledge, information, and awareness” were the possible barrier factors that were examined for their association with LVR utilization, with supportive evidence in many eligible studies. We also identified research gaps relating to geographical and ethnic diversity, the scope of LVR services, and barriers among eligible articles. Therefore, by conducting further studies addressing the research gaps identified in this scoping review, these findings can be used to make LVR services more accessible to people in ESEA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health, Physical Activity, and Recreation in Individuals with Visual Impairments, Deafblindness, or Visual Impairment with Additional Disabilities)

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22 pages, 415 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Eight-Week Zen Meditation and Music Programme for Mindfulness and Happiness: Qualitative Content Analysis

by Mi Hyang Hwang, Leslie Bunt and Catherine Warner

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237140 - 04 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1993

Abstract

Mental wellness can be related to healthier living, the learning process and working environments for people in the university community. A wide range of mental wellness programmes have been explored to provide students with pleasant and satisfying experiences. The purpose of this study [...] Read more.

Mental wellness can be related to healthier living, the learning process and working environments for people in the university community. A wide range of mental wellness programmes have been explored to provide students with pleasant and satisfying experiences. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of integrating Zen meditation and music listening on the mindfulness and happiness levels of university music therapy students. A qualitative methodology was used, and data were collected through surveys and semi-structured interviews. To investigate various aspects of data regarding the role of the meditation and music (MM) programme for mindfulness and happiness, this study used thematic analysis within a qualitative research design. The findings of this study suggest that the 8-week Mindfulness Meditation (MM) programme is a potential approach for enhancing mindfulness, happiness and stress management. These results carry broader implications, particularly in terms of supporting mental health resources in higher education. Furthermore, the study contributes to the ongoing discussion regarding the positive impact of combining meditation and music to promote mental well-being. This integrated approach has the potential to strengthen coping strategies and further promote the integration of music and meditation practices in various contexts, including higher education. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music for Health Care and Well-Being)

13 pages, 1062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antidiabetic Therapy during Pregnancy: The Prescription Pattern in Italy

by Anna Locatelli, Sara Ornaghi, Alessandra Terzaghi, Valeria Belleudi, Filomena Fortinguerra, Francesca Romana Poggi, Serena Perna, Francesco Trotta and MoM-Net Group

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237139 - 04 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1404

Abstract

Pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus are relevant complications of pregnancy, and antidiabetic drugs are prescribed to obtain glycemic control and improve perinatal outcomes. The objective of this study was to describe the prescription pattern of antidiabetics before, during and after pregnancy in Italy [...] Read more.

Pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus are relevant complications of pregnancy, and antidiabetic drugs are prescribed to obtain glycemic control and improve perinatal outcomes. The objective of this study was to describe the prescription pattern of antidiabetics before, during and after pregnancy in Italy and to evaluate its concordance with the Italian guideline on treatment of diabetes mellitus. A multi-database cross-sectional population study using a Common Data Model was performed. In a cohort of about 450,000 women, the prescribing profile of antidiabetics seemed to be in line with the Italian guideline, which currently does not recommend the use of oral antidiabetics and non-insulin injection, even if practice is still heterogeneous (up to 3.8% in the third trimester used oral antidiabetics). A substantial variability in the prescription pattern was observed among the Italian regions considered: the highest increase was registered in Tuscany (4.2%) while the lowest was in Lombardy (1.5%). Women with multiple births had a higher proportion of antidiabetic prescriptions than women with singleton births both in the preconception period and during pregnancy (1.3% vs. 0.7%; 3.4% vs. 2.6%) and used metformin more frequently. The consumption of antidiabetics in foreign women was higher than Italians (second trimester: 1.8% vs. 0.9%, third trimester: 3.6% vs. 1.8%). Full article

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19 pages, 378 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Organizational Aspects of the U.S. Agricultural Industry and Socioeconomic and Political Conditions on Farmworkers’ COVID-19 Workplace Safety

by Fabiola M. Perez-Lua, Alec M. Chan-Golston, Nancy J. Burke and Maria-Elena De Trinidad Young

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237138 - 03 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1994

Abstract

Farmworkers in the U.S. experienced high rates of COVID-19 infection and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their workplace may have been a significant place of exposure to the novel coronavirus. Using political economy of health theory, this study sought to understand how organizational [...] Read more.

Farmworkers in the U.S. experienced high rates of COVID-19 infection and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their workplace may have been a significant place of exposure to the novel coronavirus. Using political economy of health theory, this study sought to understand how organizational aspects of the agricultural industry and broader socioeconomic and political conditions shaped farmworkers’ COVID-19 workplace safety during the pandemic. Between July 2020 and April 2021, we conducted and analyzed fourteen in-depth, semi-structured phone interviews with Latinx farmworkers in California. Findings show that regulatory oversight reinforced COVID-19 workplace safety. In the absence of regulatory oversight, the organization of the agricultural industry produced COVID-19 workplace risks for farmworkers; it normalized unsafe working conditions and the worker—rather than employer—responsibility for workplace safety. Under these conditions, farmworkers enacted personal COVID-19 preventative practices but were limited by financial hardships that were exacerbated by the precarious nature of agricultural employment and legal status exclusions from pandemic-related aid. Unsafe workplace conditions negatively impacted workplace camaraderie. Study findings have implications for farmworkers’ individual and collective agency to achieve safe working conditions. Occupational safety interventions must address the organizational aspects that produce workplace health and safety inequities and disempower farmworkers in the workplace. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Determinants of Health Disparities and Health Inequities in Populations)

18 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Interface between the State and NGOs in Delivering Health Services in Zimbabwe—A Case of the MSF ART Programme

by Blessing Magocha, Mokgadi Molope, Martin Palamuleni and Munyaradzi Saruchera

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237137 - 03 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1550

Abstract

An over-reliance on donor funding for HIV/AIDS healthcare services remains a concern in Africa. This study, therefore, explores the partnership between the Zimbabwean government and an international non-governmental organisation in delivering HIV/AIDS healthcare services. An interpretivist paradigm and descriptive phenomenological design were used [...] Read more.

An over-reliance on donor funding for HIV/AIDS healthcare services remains a concern in Africa. This study, therefore, explores the partnership between the Zimbabwean government and an international non-governmental organisation in delivering HIV/AIDS healthcare services. An interpretivist paradigm and descriptive phenomenological design were used to elicit the opinions, perceptions, and experiences of forty purposively sampled key informants. Thematic analysis was employed using ATLAS.ti version 7.1.4 to analyse the data. The differences in terms of policies, structures, and administrative issues between the partners identified challenges in the implementation of the programme. This was demonstrated through the reversal of the gains attained in prevention, care, and treatment. This raises concerns for increased risk of defaulters, drug resistance, and deaths. Therefore, the partners in this endeavour should negotiate an aligned approach for the efficient delivery of HIV/AIDS healthcare services. Full article

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15 pages, 638 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Transitional Care Program among High-Risk Discharged Patients: A Quasi-Experimental Study on Saving Costs, Post-Discharge Readmissions and Emergency Department Visits

by Moonseong Heo, Kevin Taaffe, Ankita Ghadshi, Leigh D. Teague, Jeffrey Watts, Snehal S. Lopes, Peter Tilkemeier and Alain H. Litwin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237136 - 02 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1757

Abstract

Transitional care programs (TCPs), where hospital care team members repeatedly follow up with discharged patients, aim to reduce post-discharge hospital or emergency department (ED) utilization and healthcare costs. We examined the effectiveness of TCPs at reducing healthcare costs, hospital readmissions, and ED visits. [...] Read more.

Transitional care programs (TCPs), where hospital care team members repeatedly follow up with discharged patients, aim to reduce post-discharge hospital or emergency department (ED) utilization and healthcare costs. We examined the effectiveness of TCPs at reducing healthcare costs, hospital readmissions, and ED visits. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) program adjudicated claims files and electronic health records from Greenville Memorial Hospital, Greenville, SC, were accessed. Data on post-discharge 30- and 90-day ED visits and readmissions, total costs, and episodes with costs over BPCI target prices were extracted from November 2017 to July 2020 and compared between the “TCP-Graduates” (N = 85) and “Did Not Graduate” (DNG) (N = 1310) groups. As compared to the DNG group, the TCP-Graduates group had significantly fewer 30-day (7.1% vs. 14.9%, p = 0.046) and 90-day (15.5% vs. 26.3%, p = 0.025) readmissions, episodes with total costs over target prices (25.9% vs. 36.6%, p = 0.031), and lower total cost/episode (USD 22,439 vs. USD 28,633, p = 0.018), but differences in 30-day (9.4% vs. 11.2%, p = 0.607) and 90-day (20.0% vs. 21.9%, p = 0.680) ED visits were not significant. TCP was associated with reduced post-discharge hospital readmissions, total care costs, and episodes exceeding target prices. Further studies with rigorous designs and individual-level data should test these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Care Sciences & Services)

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13 pages, 1324 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Association of Insomnia and Stress on Cardiovascular Risk Factors during COVID-19 Confinement in the Mexican Population

by Sergio Urriza-Trejo, Héctor Hurtazo, Jorge Palacios and Martha Cruz-Soto

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237135 - 01 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1396

Abstract

During the pandemic confinement, the WHO changed the term “social distancing” to “physical distancing”, to help people deal with the lack of social contact. As a result, there was an increase in mental health problems, including insomnia and stress, with a negative impact [...] Read more.

During the pandemic confinement, the WHO changed the term “social distancing” to “physical distancing”, to help people deal with the lack of social contact. As a result, there was an increase in mental health problems, including insomnia and stress, with a negative impact on cardiovascular health. The objective of this research was to identify the association between insomnia and stress and cardiovascular risk (CVR) during the pandemic in a sample of the general population in Mexico; the participants were chosen using the non-probabilistic method. The data were obtained from an online questionnaire about medical histories focused on cardiovascular risk, according to the Official Mexican Standards and Regulations for patients’ clinical records, NOM-004-SSA3-2012, along with an index for the severity of insomnia, measured with a seven-item guide, and an instrument to measure stress. The data were analyzed with descriptive statistics for several different variables: sociodemographics, stress, insomnia, and cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk was compared to insomnia and stress variables, which led to statistically significant differences and correlations between the variables. Participants were divided into four groups with respect to CVR, from low to very high CVR. This research demonstrated that women were more susceptible to stress and cardiovascular risk. However, stress was a more major indicator of CVR than insomnia, but in the high and very high CVR groups, insomnia contributed along with stress; coping strategies reduced the risk in the high CVR group but did not function as expected with respect to reducing risk in the very high CVR group. These findings suggest that sleep patterns and mental health alterations present during the pandemic may persist even when the pandemic was declared as having ended and may contribute to increases in cardiovascular risk in the long-term. Full article

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11 pages, 2157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Variation in Fungi in Beach Sand in Summertime: Stintino (Italy)

by Massimo Deligios, Vittorio Mazzarello, Maura Fiamma, Aleksandra Barac, Lorenzo Diana, Marco Ferrari, Manuela Murgia, Bianca Paglietti and Salvatore Rubino

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237134 - 01 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1170

Abstract

Background: The goal of this study was to monitor the microbial biodiversity in beach sand that is heavily visited by tourists during the summer, and to determinate whether the high presence of bathers (around 5000 per day) can modify sand microbial composition. Methods: [...] Read more.

Background: The goal of this study was to monitor the microbial biodiversity in beach sand that is heavily visited by tourists during the summer, and to determinate whether the high presence of bathers (around 5000 per day) can modify sand microbial composition. Methods: Between 2016 and 2020, 150 sand samples were collected from nine different points at La Pelosa beach in Sardinia, Italy. Non-culturing methods were used; DNA extraction and meta-barcode sequencing were performed. All samples were analyzed with sequencing methods for 16S and ITS sequences. Results: Fungal genera differ on the three beaches and in the winter/summer zones. The ITS sequence showed the most common presence of Candida during summer and Paradendryphiella in the winter. The greatest diversity was found in the dune during winter, while in other parts of the beach, there are differences between bacteria and fungi, particularly in the wash zone during the winter, with high diversity for 16S sequences but low diversity for ITS sequences. Conclusions: It appears reasonable that the sands, even on non-urban beaches, should be included in health monitoring programs in addition to the waters, and that access to them should be regulated by limiting the number of bathers with the aim of reducing the presence of pathogenic fungal species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Microbiology: Perspectives for Medicine and Public Health)

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12 pages, 1926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Long- and Short-Term Trends in Outpatient Attendance by Speciality in Japan: A Joinpoint Regression Analysis in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

by Asuka Takeda, Yuichi Ando and Jun Tomio

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237133 - 01 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1384

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a decline in outpatient attendance. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify long- and short-term clinic attendance trends by speciality in Japan between 2009 and 2021. A retrospective observational study of Japan’s claims between 2009 and 2021 was conducted [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a decline in outpatient attendance. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify long- and short-term clinic attendance trends by speciality in Japan between 2009 and 2021. A retrospective observational study of Japan’s claims between 2009 and 2021 was conducted using the Estimated Medical Expenses Database. The number of monthly outpatient claims in clinics was used as a proxy indicator for monthly outpatient attendance, and specialities were categorised into internal medicine, paediatrics, surgery, orthopaedics, dermatology, obstetrics and gynaecology, ophthalmology, otolaryngology, and dentistry. The annually summarised age-standardised proportions and the percentage of change were calculated. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to evaluate long-term secular trends. The data set included 4,975,464,894 outpatient claims. A long-term statistically significant decrease was observed in outpatient attendance in internal medicine, paediatrics, surgery, ophthalmology, and otolaryngology during the pandemic. From March 2020 to December 2021, which includes the COVID-19 pandemic period, outpatient attendance in paediatrics, surgery, and otolaryngology decreased in all months compared with that of the corresponding months in 2019. For some specialities, the impact of the pandemic was substantial, even in the context of long-term trends. Speciality-specific preparedness is required to ensure essential outpatient services in future public health emergencies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Care Sciences & Services)

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13 pages, 391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Relationship between Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Burnout Syndrome among Speech and Language Therapists

by Jimmy Bordarie and Caroline Mourtialon

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237132 - 01 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1647

Abstract

Background: Burnout syndrome can arise due to either situational factors such as working conditions, or dispositional factors such as certain temperaments, like a high sensory processing sensitivity. We aim to address the relative absence of studies on speech-language therapists and seek to determine [...] Read more.

Background: Burnout syndrome can arise due to either situational factors such as working conditions, or dispositional factors such as certain temperaments, like a high sensory processing sensitivity. We aim to address the relative absence of studies on speech-language therapists and seek to determine the role of high sensitivity for these healthcare workers in relation to burnout syndrome. Method: The sample consisted of 602 female speech-language pathologists who anonymously completed a questionnaire measuring burnout (ProQOL 5th edition) and sensory processing sensitivity (HSPS-FR). Results: The results revealed that 77.41% of the participants reported moderate or high burnout scores. Furthermore, the analyses revealed that highly sensitive participants are more vulnerable to burnout than others. Conclusion: This study highlights the negative impact of high sensory processing sensitivity on burnout. However, according to the kind of sensitivity, we discuss the way in which highly sensitive caregivers can master this sensitivity in order to use it as a strength in their professions and to spare themselves from suffering deleterious effects, such as compassion fatigue and/or burnout. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Occupational Health Psychology: From Burnout to Well-Being)

5 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessComment

Comment on Marsigliante et al. Effects on Children’s Physical and Mental Well-Being of a Physical-Activity-Based School Intervention Program: A Randomized Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1927

by Raphiel Murden, Jon Agley, Lilian Golzarri-Arroyo, Armando Peña, Danny Valdez, Abu Bakkar Siddique, Moonseong Heo and David B. Allison

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237131 - 01 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1504

Abstract

We conducted a critical review of the article “Effects on Children’s Physical and Mental Well-Being of a Physical-Activity-Based School Intervention Program: A Randomized Study”, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2023 as part of the Special Issue [...] Read more.

We conducted a critical review of the article “Effects on Children’s Physical and Mental Well-Being of a Physical-Activity-Based School Intervention Program: A Randomized Study”, published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health in 2023 as part of the Special Issue “Psychomotricity and Physical Education in School Health”. We identified multiple mistakes in the statistical analyses applied. First, the authors claim to have found a statistically significant association between the proposed intervention and change in body composition (body mass index (BMI) percentiles, relative fat mass, and BMI classes) by way of exhibiting differences in nominal significance between the pre- and post-intervention changes within the control and intervention groups, instead of exhibiting a significant difference between groups. Furthermore, the analysis described fails to account for clustering and nesting in the data. The reporting of the statistical methods and results include multiple elements that are variously incorrect, incoherent, or impossible. Revised statistical analyses are proposed which can render the study’s methods valid and its results substantiated, whereas the current methods and results are invalid and unsubstantiated, respectively. Full article

17 pages, 955 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Determinants of Compliance with Contribution Payments to the National Health Insurance Scheme among Informal Workers in Indonesia

by Trisnasari, Orapin Laosee, Cheerawit Rattanapan and Piyapong Janmaimool

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237130 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1311

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the determinants of compliance with contribution payments to the National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme among informal workers in Bogor Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Surveys of 418 informal workers in Bogor Regency from April to May 2023 were [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the determinants of compliance with contribution payments to the National Health Insurance (NHI) scheme among informal workers in Bogor Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Surveys of 418 informal workers in Bogor Regency from April to May 2023 were conducted. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the factors associated with informal workers’ compliance with NHI contribution payments. The results revealed that being female, having lower secondary education or below, perceiving good health of family members, having negative attitudes toward and poor knowledge of the NHI, experiencing financial difficulties, preferring to visit health facilities other than public ones, and utilizing fewer outpatient services were significantly associated with the noncompliance of informal workers with NHI contribution payments. It was concluded that economic factors alone cannot contribute to informal workers’ payment compliance and that motivational factors (knowledge, attitudes toward the insurance system, and self-related health status) also encourage them to comply with contribution payments. Improving people’s knowledge, especially on the risk-sharing concept of the NHI, should be done through extensive health insurance education using methods that are appropriate for the population’s characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Universal Health Coverage—for a Globally Accessible and Affordable Health Care Service)

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17 pages, 1722 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beauty Beware: Associations between Perceptions of Harm and Safer Hair-Product-Purchasing Behaviors in a Cross-Sectional Study of Adults Affiliated with a University in the Northeast

by Cathryn E. Payne, Amber Rockson, Adiba Ashrafi, Jasmine A. McDonald, Traci N. Bethea, Emily S. Barrett and Adana A. M. Llanos

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237129 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1491

Abstract

(1) Background: Widespread personal care product (PCP) use can expose individuals to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) associated with adverse health outcomes. This study investigated the association between harm perceptions and hair-product-purchasing behaviors in adults enrolled in a cross-sectional study. (2) Methods: Respondents rated their [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Widespread personal care product (PCP) use can expose individuals to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) associated with adverse health outcomes. This study investigated the association between harm perceptions and hair-product-purchasing behaviors in adults enrolled in a cross-sectional study. (2) Methods: Respondents rated their agreement with five PCP-related harm statements using a five-point Likert scale. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine the associations between harm perceptions with hair-product-purchasing behaviors and hair product use (i.e., number of products used). (3) Results: Among 567 respondents (non-Hispanic White, 54.9%; non-Hispanic Black, 9.5%; Hispanic/Latinx, 10.1%; Asian American/Pacific Islander, 20.1%; and multiracial/other, 5.5%), stronger harm perceptions around PCP use were associated with potentially “safer” hair-product-purchasing behaviors. Respondents who strongly agreed that consumers should be concerned about the health effects of PCPs had more than fourfold increased odds of always/usually using healthy product apps (OR 4.10, 95% CI: 2.04–8.26); reading ingredient labels (OR 4.53, 95% CI: 2.99–6.87); and looking for natural, non-toxic, or eco-friendly product labels (OR 4.53, 95% CI: 2.99–6.88) when buying hair products. (4) Conclusions: Promoting environmental health literacy and raising awareness of potential PCP use-related harms might encourage healthier hair product use behaviors. Full article

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22 pages, 361 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Radon Action Plans: Searching for a Systematic and Standardised Method

by Meritxell Martell, Tanja Perko, Kateřina Navrátilová Rovenská, Ivana Fojtíková and Robbe Geysmans

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237128 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1340

Abstract

Radon, a carcinogenic radioactive gas, is a leading cause of lung cancer according to the World Health Organization. European Member States are required to develop and implement National Radon Action Plans (RAPs) to address its dangerous health effects. However, assessing the effectiveness of [...] Read more.

Radon, a carcinogenic radioactive gas, is a leading cause of lung cancer according to the World Health Organization. European Member States are required to develop and implement National Radon Action Plans (RAPs) to address its dangerous health effects. However, assessing the effectiveness of these RAPs presents challenges for authorities. This study aims to explore the possibility of a systematic and standardised assessment method to evaluate the effectiveness of RAP strategies and its implementation. The method involved analysing the strategies of 27 EU Member States and the UK, conducting legal document analysis and group interviews with responsible authorities. Additionally, four regional workshops and one final European workshop were held. The research took place from March 2021 to May 2023. Findings indicate that evaluating RAP effectiveness is challenging due to limited existing common criteria or indicators. To address this, the study proposes guiding questions for each element required by the EU Directive, as well as additional questions related to education and training. This contribution benefits RAP owners and European regulatory authorities, supporting the development of effectiveness indicators for RAPs. By improving assessment methods, we can enhance the effectiveness of strategies in mitigating the risks associated with radon exposure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

22 pages, 3943 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Five Years of Accurate PM_2.5 Measurements Demonstrate the Value of Low-Cost PurpleAir Monitors in Areas Affected by Woodsmoke

by Dorothy L. Robinson, Nigel Goodman and Sotiris Vardoulakis

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237127 - 30 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1445

Abstract

Low-cost optical sensors are used in many countries to monitor fine particulate (PM_2.5) air pollution, especially in cities and towns with large spatial and temporal variation due to woodsmoke pollution. Previous peer-reviewed research derived calibration equations for PurpleAir (PA) sensors by [...] Read more.

Low-cost optical sensors are used in many countries to monitor fine particulate (PM_2.5) air pollution, especially in cities and towns with large spatial and temporal variation due to woodsmoke pollution. Previous peer-reviewed research derived calibration equations for PurpleAir (PA) sensors by co-locating PA units at a government regulatory air pollution monitoring site in Armidale, NSW, Australia, a town where woodsmoke is the main source of PM_2.5 pollution. The calibrations enabled the PA sensors to provide accurate estimates of PM_2.5 that were almost identical to those from the NSW Government reference equipment and allowed the high levels of wintertime PM_2.5 pollution and the substantial spatial and temporal variation from wood heaters to be quantified, as well as the estimated costs of premature mortality exceeding $10,000 per wood heater per year. This follow-up study evaluates eight PA sensors co-located at the same government site to check their accuracy over the following four years, using either the original calibrations, the default woodsmoke equation on the PA website for uncalibrated sensors, or the ALT-34 conversion equation (see text). Minimal calibration drift was observed, with year-round correlations, r = 0.98 ± 0.01, and root mean square error (RMSE) = 2.0 μg/m³ for daily average PA PM_2.5 vs. reference equipment. The utitilty of the PA sensors without prior calibration at locations affected by woodsmoke was also demonstrated by the year-round correlations of 0.94 and low RMSE between PA (woodsmoke and ALT-34 conversions) and reference PM_2.5 at the NSW Government monitoring sites in Orange and Gunnedah. To ensure the reliability of the PA data, basic quality checks are recommended, including the agreement of the two laser sensors in each PA unit and removing any transient spikes affecting only one sensor. In Armidale, from 2019 to 2022, the continuing high spatial variation in the PM_2.5 levels observed during the colder months was many times higher than any discrepancies between the PA and reference measurements. Particularly unhealthy PM_2.5 levels were noted in southern and eastern central Armidale. The measurements inside two older weatherboard houses in Armidale showed that high outdoor pollution resulted in high pollution inside the houses within 1–2 h. Daily average PM_2.5 concentrations available on the PA website allow air pollution at different sites across regions (and countries) to be compared. Such comparisons revealed major elevations in PA PM_2.5 at Gunnedah, Orange, Monash (Australian Capital Territory), and Christchurch (New Zealand) during the wood heating season. The data for Gunnedah and Muswellbrook suggest a slight underestimation of PM_2.5 at other times of the year when there are proportionately more dust and other larger particles. A network of appropriately calibrated PA sensors can provide valuable information on the spatial and temporal variation in the air pollution that can be used to identify pollution hotspots, improve estimates of population exposure and health costs, and inform public policy. Full article

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15 pages, 2299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Consensus on the Point-of-Care Ultrasound Skills Required for Effective Healthcare Service Delivery at District Hospitals in South Africa: A Delphi Study

by Pierre-Andre Mans, Parimalaranie Yogeswaran and Oladele Vincent Adeniyi

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7126; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237126 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1172

Abstract

Background: Despite the widespread availability of ultrasound machines in South African district hospitals, there are no guidelines on the competency in point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) use required by generalist doctors in this setting. This study aimed to define the required POCUS competencies by means [...] Read more.

Background: Despite the widespread availability of ultrasound machines in South African district hospitals, there are no guidelines on the competency in point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) use required by generalist doctors in this setting. This study aimed to define the required POCUS competencies by means of consensus via the Delphi method. Methods: An online Delphi process was initiated in June 2022, using the existing American Academy of Family Physicians’ ultrasound curriculum (84 skillsets) as the starting questionnaire. Panelists were selected across the country, including two from district hospitals in each province and two from each academic family medicine department in South Africa (N = 36). In each iterative round, the participants were asked to identify which POCUS skillsets were essential, optional (region-specific), or non-essential for South African district hospitals. This process continued until consensus (>70% agreement) was achieved on all of the skillsets. Results: Consensus was achieved on 81 of the 84 skillsets after 5 iterative rounds (96.4%), with 3 skillsets that could not achieve consensus (defined as <5% change over more than 2 consecutive rounds). The final consensus identified 38 essential, 28 optional, and 15 non-essential POCUS skillsets for the South African district hospital context. Conclusions: The list of essential POCUS skillsets provided by this study highlights the predominance of obstetric- and trauma-based skillsets required for generalist healthcare workers in South African district hospitals. The findings will require priority setting and revalidation prior to their implementation across the country. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

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11 pages, 667 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome: What Differences in Mentalization Abilities? A Scoping Review

by Agata Benfante, Fabio Cisarò, Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone, Lorys Castelli, Nikolas Sandroni and Annunziata Romeo

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237125 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1471

Abstract

Mentalization is a psychological process that enables individuals to understand the self and others in terms of intentional mental states. The aim of this scoping review was to provide an overview of the findings on mentalization in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [...] Read more.

Mentalization is a psychological process that enables individuals to understand the self and others in terms of intentional mental states. The aim of this scoping review was to provide an overview of the findings on mentalization in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). A literature search, in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols extension for Scoping Review guidelines, was conducted in the following bibliographic databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus. Databases were queried using the following strings (with Boolean operators): (“mentaliz*” OR “metacogniti*” OR “theory of mind” OR “ToM” OR “reflective function*”) AND (“irritable bowel syndrome” OR “IBS” OR “inflammatory bowel disease” OR “IBD”). In line with the eligibility criteria, seven articles were included. Results showed that no significant differences in metacognitive ability were found between patients in the IBD and IBS groups. This review revealed the mentalizing difficulties for patients with IBD and IBS. These results should be interpreted with caution since they are based on a few studies that used different instruments to assess mentalizing processes. Future studies are needed to clarify the role of mentalization in patients with these gastrointestinal conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Health)

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14 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climate Change, Extreme Weather, and Intimate Partner Violence in East African Agrarian-Based Economies

by Leso Munala, Elizabeth M. Allen, Andrew J. Frederick and Anne Ngũnjiri

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7124; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237124 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1794

Abstract

Severe weather events can be a catalyst for intimate partner violence, particularly in agricultural settings. This research explores the association between weather and violence in parts of East Africa that rely on subsistence farming. We used IPUMS-DHS data from Uganda in 2006, Zimbabwe [...] Read more.

Severe weather events can be a catalyst for intimate partner violence, particularly in agricultural settings. This research explores the association between weather and violence in parts of East Africa that rely on subsistence farming. We used IPUMS-DHS data from Uganda in 2006, Zimbabwe in 2010, and Mozambique in 2011 for intimate partner violence frequency and EM-DAT data to identify weather events by region in the year of and year prior to IPUMS-DHS data collection. This work is grounded in a conceptual framework that illustrates the mechanisms through which violence increases. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds of reporting violence in regions with severe weather events. The odds of reporting violence were 25% greater in regions with severe weather compared to regions without in Uganda (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.11–1.41), 38% greater in Zimbabwe (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.13–1.70), and 91% greater in Mozambique (OR = 1.91, 95% CI: 1.64–2.23). Our results add to the growing body of evidence showing that extreme weather can increase women’s and girls’ vulnerability to violence. Moreover, this analysis demonstrates that climate justice and intimate partner violence must be addressed together. Full article

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12 pages, 655 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Safety of Janssen Ad26.COV.S and Astra Zeneca AZD1222 COVID-19 Vaccines among Mobile Phone Users in Malawi: Findings from a National Mobile-Based Syndromic Surveillance Survey, July 2021 to December 2021

by Lucky Makonokaya, Lester Kapanda, Godfrey B. Woelk, Annie Chauma-Mwale, Louiser Upile Kalitera, Harrid Nkhoma, Suzgo Zimba, Rachel Chamanga, Cathy Golowa, Rhoderick Machekano and Thulani Maphosa

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7123; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237123 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1590

Abstract

The safety profiles of the Ad26.COV2.S and AZD1222 COVID-19 vaccines have not been described in the general population in Malawi. We present self-reported adverse events (AE) following the receipt of these vaccines in Malawi as part of a national syndromic surveillance survey. We [...] Read more.

The safety profiles of the Ad26.COV2.S and AZD1222 COVID-19 vaccines have not been described in the general population in Malawi. We present self-reported adverse events (AE) following the receipt of these vaccines in Malawi as part of a national syndromic surveillance survey. We conducted phone-based syndromic surveillance surveys among adults (≥18 years) with verbal consent. We used secure tablets through random digit dialing to select mobile phone numbers and collected data electronically. Survey questions included whether the respondent had received the COVID-19 vaccines, whether they had experienced any AE following vaccination, and the severity of the AE. We used multivariable analysis to identify factors associated with self-reported AE post-COVID-19 vaccination. A total of 11,924 (36.0%) out of 33,150 respondents reported receiving at least one dose of either Ad26.COV2.S or AZD1222 between July–December 2021; of those, 65.1% were female. About 49.2% of the vaccine recipients reported at least one AE, 90.6% of which were mild, and 2.6% were severe. Higher education level and concern about the safety of COVID-19 vaccines were associated with AE self-report (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 2.63 [95% CI 1.96–3.53] and 1.44, [95% CI 1.30–1.61], respectively), while male gender and older age were associated with reduced likelihood of AE self-report (AORs 0.81, [95% CI 0.75–0.88], 0.62 [95% CI 0.50–0.77], respectively). Ad26.COV2.S and AZD1222 vaccines are well-tolerated, with primarily mild and few severe AE among adults living in Malawi. Self-reporting of AE following COVID-19 vaccination is associated with gender, age, education, and concern about the safety of the vaccines. Recognizing these associations is key when designing and implementing COVID-19 vaccination communication messages to increase vaccination coverage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Disease Prevention)

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11 pages, 1147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Race- and Gender-Specific Associations between Neighborhood-Level Socioeconomic Status and Body Mass Index: Evidence from the Southern Community Cohort Study

by Lauren Giurini, Loren Lipworth, Harvey J. Murff, Wei Zheng and Shaneda Warren Andersen

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7122; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237122 - 30 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1420

Abstract

Obesity and a low socioeconomic status (SES), measured at the neighborhood level, are more common among Americans of Black race and with a low individual-level SES. We examined the association between the neighborhood SES and body mass index (BMI) using data from 80,970 [...] Read more.

Obesity and a low socioeconomic status (SES), measured at the neighborhood level, are more common among Americans of Black race and with a low individual-level SES. We examined the association between the neighborhood SES and body mass index (BMI) using data from 80,970 participants in the Southern Community Cohort Study, a cohort that oversamples Black and low-SES participants. BMI (kg/m²) was examined both continuously and categorically using cut points defined by the CDC. Neighborhood SES was measured using a neighborhood deprivation index composed of census-tract variables in the domains of education, employment, occupation, housing, and poverty. Generally, the participants in lower-SES neighborhoods were more likely to have a higher BMI and to be considered obese. We found effect modification by race and sex, where the neighborhood-BMI association was most apparent in White female participants in all the quintiles of the neighborhood SES (OR_Q2 = 1.55, 95%CI = 1.34, 1.78; OR_Q3 = 1.71, 95%CI = 1.48, 1.98; OR_Q4 = 1.76, 95%CI = 1.52, 2.03; OR_Q5 = 1.64, 95%SE = 1.39, 1.93). Conversely, the neighborhood-BMI association was mostly null in Black male participants (OR_Q2 = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.72, 1.15; OR_Q3 = 1.05, 95%CI = 0.84, 1.31; β_Q4 = 1.00, 95%CI = 0.81, 1.23; OR_Q5 = 0.76, 95%CI = 0.63, 0.93). Within all the subgroups, the associations were attenuated or null in participants residing in the lowest-SES neighborhoods. These findings suggest that the associations between the neighborhood SES and BMI vary, and that other factors aside from the neighborhood SES may better predict the BMI in Black and low-SES groups. Full article

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20 pages, 2018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Prescribed Exercise on the Physical and Cognitive Health of Adults with Down Syndrome: The MinDSets Study

by Viviane Merzbach, Michael Ferrandino, Marie Gernigon, Jorge Marques Pinto, Adrian Scruton and Dan Gordon

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237121 - 29 Nov 2023

Viewed by 3757

Abstract

The duplication of chromosome 21, as evidenced in Down Syndrome (DS), has been linked to contraindications to health, such as chronotropic and respiratory incompetence, neuromuscular conditions, and impaired cognitive functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of eight weeks [...] Read more.

The duplication of chromosome 21, as evidenced in Down Syndrome (DS), has been linked to contraindications to health, such as chronotropic and respiratory incompetence, neuromuscular conditions, and impaired cognitive functioning. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of eight weeks of prescribed exercise and/or cognitive training on the physical and cognitive health of adults with DS. Eighty-three participants (age 27.1 ± 8.0 years) across five continents participated. Physical fitness was assessed using a modified version of the six-minute walk test (6MWT), while cognitive and executive functions were assessed using the Corsi block test, the Sustained-Attention-To-Response Task (SART), and the Stroop task (STROOP). All were completed pre- and post-intervention. Participants were assigned to eight weeks of either exercise (EXE), 3 × 30 min of walking/jogging per week, cognitive training (COG) 6 × ~20 min per week, a combined group (COM), and a control group (CON) engaging in no intervention. 6MWT distance increased by 11.4% for EXE and 9.9% for COM (p < 0.05). For SART, there were positive significant interactions between the number of correct and incorrect responses from pre- to post-intervention when participants were asked to refrain from a response (NO-GO-trials) across all experimental groups (p < 0.05). There were positive significant interactions in the number of correct, incorrect, and timeout incompatible responses for STROOP in EXE, COG, and COM (p < 0.05). Walking generated a cognitive load attributed to heightened levels of vigilance and decision-making, suggesting that exercise should be adopted within the DS community to promote physical and cognitive well-being. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic The Promotion and Development of Community Health for Personal Health: Theories and Applications)

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26 pages, 814 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Effects of Music-Based Interventions for Pain and Anxiety Management during Vaginal Labour and Caesarean Delivery: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Randomised Controlled Trials

by Amy Rose Hunter, Annie Heiderscheit, Megan Galbally, Davide Gravina, Hiba Mutwalli and Hubertus Himmerich

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7120; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237120 - 29 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2086

Abstract

Music-based interventions are not physically invasive, they usually have minimal side effects, and they are increasingly being implemented during the birthing process for pain and anxiety relief. The aim of this systematic review is to summarise and evaluate published, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) [...] Read more.

Music-based interventions are not physically invasive, they usually have minimal side effects, and they are increasingly being implemented during the birthing process for pain and anxiety relief. The aim of this systematic review is to summarise and evaluate published, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of music-based interventions for pain and anxiety management during vaginal labour and caesarean delivery. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search of the literature was conducted using: PsychInfo (Ovid), PubMed, and Web of Science. Studies were included in the review if they were RCTs that assessed the effects of music on pain and anxiety during vaginal and caesarean delivery by human mothers. A narrative synthesis was conducted on 28 identified studies with a total of 2835 participants. Most, but not all, of the included studies assessing music-based interventions resulted in reduced anxiety and pain during vaginal and caesarean delivery. Music as part of a comprehensive treatment strategy, participant-selected music, music coupled with another therapy, and relaxing/instrumental music was specifically useful for reducing light to moderate pain and anxiety. Music-based interventions show promising effects in mitigating pain and anxiety in women during labour. However, the long-term effects of these interventions are unclear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Music for Health Care and Well-Being)

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12 pages, 331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

COVID-19 Vaccine Mandates and Vaccine Hesitancy among Black People in Canada

by Aisha Giwa, Morolake Adeagbo, Shirley Anne Tate, Mia Tulli-Shah and Bukola Salami

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7119; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237119 - 28 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1516

Abstract

Objectives: COVID-19 vaccine mandates increased vaccination rates globally. Implemented as a one-size-fits-all policy, these mandates have unintended harmful consequences for many, including Black Canadians. This article reports findings on the interconnectedness of vaccine mandates and vaccine hesitancy by describing a range of responses [...] Read more.

Objectives: COVID-19 vaccine mandates increased vaccination rates globally. Implemented as a one-size-fits-all policy, these mandates have unintended harmful consequences for many, including Black Canadians. This article reports findings on the interconnectedness of vaccine mandates and vaccine hesitancy by describing a range of responses to mandatory COVID-19 vaccination policies among Black people in Canada. Methods: Using qualitative research methods, semi-structured interviews with 36 Black people living in Canada aged 18 years and over across 6 provinces in Canada were conducted. Participants were selected across intersectional categories including migration status, income, religion, education, sex, and Black ethnicity. Thematic analysis informed the identification of key themes using Foucauldian notions of biopower and governmentality. Results: Our results show how the power relations present in the ways many Black people actualize vaccine intentions. Two main themes were identified: acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in the context of governmentality and resistance to vaccine mandates driven by oppression, mistrust, and religion. Conclusion: COVID-19 vaccine mandates may have reinforced mistrust of the government and decreased confidence in the COVID-19 vaccine. Policy makers need to consider non-discriminatory public health policies and monitor how these policies are implemented over time and across multiple sectors to better understand vaccine hesitancy. Full article

9 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessReview

Period Poverty from a Public Health and Legislative Perspective

by Simranjot Mann and Sharon K. Byrne

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7118; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237118 - 28 Nov 2023

Viewed by 3167

Abstract

Period poverty is a global issue that needs to be addressed as a public health crisis. It is directly related to Sustainable Health Goals three, four, five, six, and eight. Period poverty adversely affects the health of anyone capable of menstruating, which is [...] Read more.

Period poverty is a global issue that needs to be addressed as a public health crisis. It is directly related to Sustainable Health Goals three, four, five, six, and eight. Period poverty adversely affects the health of anyone capable of menstruating, which is nearly half of the world population, at the physiological, emotional, and psychosocial level. Biases, cultural beliefs, ethical reproductive justice issues, social stigma, and systemic factors contribute to period poverty. Every month, certain menstruators are disproportionately impacted by period poverty and struggle to access basic hygienic necessities. Important stakeholders include not only the individual who experiences menses but also educators and school systems, healthcare professionals, policymakers, public health officials, and researchers. Everyone has a role in addressing period poverty by voting for officials that proactively support legislation, policy, and programs at all levels to effectively advocate for menstrual equity and address barriers contributing to period poverty. This includes policies that increase access to menstrual hygiene products, safe menstrual management methods, and reproductive and women’s health education. Programs globally that focus on capacity building and sustainability strategies can be used as models to reduce period poverty, thereby fostering a sense of empowerment and menstruators’ sense of autonomy, dignity, and equality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion and Interventions for Marginalized Mothers and Children)

13 pages, 763 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospective Associations between Maternal Depressive Symptoms during Early Infancy and Growth Deficiency from Childhood to Adolescence

by Linda S. Pagani, Kianoush Harandian, Beatrice Necsa and Marie-Josée Harbec

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237117 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2402

Abstract

Maternal health represents an important predictor of child development; yet it often goes unnoticed during pediatric visits. Previous work suggests that mental state affects parenting. The relationship between infant exposure to maternal depressive symptoms suggests conflicting findings on physical growth. Body mass index [...] Read more.

Maternal health represents an important predictor of child development; yet it often goes unnoticed during pediatric visits. Previous work suggests that mental state affects parenting. The relationship between infant exposure to maternal depressive symptoms suggests conflicting findings on physical growth. Body mass index (BMI) has not been rigorously examined across development. Using a prospective-longitudinal birth cohort of 2120 infants (50.7% boys), we estimated the prospective relationship between symptoms of maternal depressive symptoms at 5 months postpartum and later BMI in typically developing children. We hypothesized that maternal depressive symptom severity would predict later BMI through to adolescence. Mothers self-reported depressive symptoms at 5 months. Child BMI was measured by a trained research assistant at ages 6, 8, 10, 13, and 15 years. We estimated a series of sex-stratified regressions in which BMI was linearly regressed on maternal symptoms, while controlling for potential pre-existing/concurrent individual and family confounding factors. Boys born to mothers with more severe depressive symptoms at age 5 months had a significantly lower BMI than other boys at subsequent ages. There were no such associations observed for girls. Maternal depressive symptoms were prospectively associated with later BMI for sons and not daughters, predicting risk of faltering in growth through to adolescence. Health practitioners should routinely assess maternal psychological functioning during pediatric visits to optimize parent and child flourishment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Children and Adolescents Obesity: Causes, Risks and Prevention)

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11 pages, 893 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners regarding Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Silicosis in Zimbabwe

by Dingani Moyo, Fungai Kavenga, Ronald Thulani Ncube, Farai Peter Macheri, Tariro Christwish Mando, Florence Moyo, Orippa Muzvidziwa, Mpokiseng Ncube, Hellen Masvingo, Blessings Chigaraza, Andrew Nyambo, Albert Mangwanya, Rosemary Ncube Mwale, Trust Mazadza, Tinashe Magidi, Gerald Benny, Chamunorwa Ndudzo, Victoria Varaidzo Kandido, Kudzaishe Mutungamiri and Collins Timire

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237116 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1699

Abstract

In Zimbabwe, artisanal and small-scale miners (ASMs) have a high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and silicosis. Previous studies on ASMs utilised programme data, and it was not possible to understand reasons for the high prevalence of these comorbidities. We [...] Read more.

In Zimbabwe, artisanal and small-scale miners (ASMs) have a high prevalence of tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and silicosis. Previous studies on ASMs utilised programme data, and it was not possible to understand reasons for the high prevalence of these comorbidities. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of ASMs regarding TB, HIV, and silicosis. We enrolled a convenience sample of 652 ASMs. Their mean (standard deviation) age was 34.2 (10.8) years. There were 602 (92%) men and over 75% had attained secondary education. A total of 504 (80%) of the ASMs knew that TB is a curable disease, and 564 (87%) knew that they were at higher risk of TB than the general population. However, they were less likely to know that HIV increases the risk of TB disease, 340 (52%), with only 226 (35%) who perceived the risk of TB infection to be high among ASMs. Only 564 (59%) were aware that silica dust causes permanent and incurable lung diseases. Six hundred and twenty (97%) showed a positive attitude towards healthcare when they were sick, and 97% were willing to use special respirators to prevent dust inhalation. On practices, only 159 (30%) reported consistent use of either cloth or respirators to prevent dust inhalation. Three hundred and five (49%) ASMs reported consistent use of condoms outside their homes and 323 (50%) reported use of water to suppress dust. Only 480 (75%) of ASMs sought healthcare services when sick. ASMs cited challenges of accessing healthcare services due to lack of money to pay for healthcare (50%), long distances to clinics (17%), and the shortage of medicines at clinics (11%). Effective control of TB, silicosis, and HIV among ASMs requires addressing the identified knowledge gaps and barriers that are faced by ASMs in accessing personal protective equipment and healthcare services. This will require multisector collaboration and the involvement of ASMs in co-designing a package of healthcare services that are tailored for them. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Occupational Safety and Health)

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17 pages, 2394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Precision Recruitment and Engagement of Individuals at Risk for Diabetes and Hypertension in Clinical Trials (PREDHICT): A Randomized Trial for an E-Persuasive Mobile Application to Inform Decision Making about Clinical Trials

by Azizi Seixas, Shannique Richards, Jesse Q. Moore, Chigozirim Izeogu, Laronda A. Hollimon, Peng Jin and Girardin Jean-Louis

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237115 - 27 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1825

Abstract

The primary objective of this randomized trial was to test the effectiveness of the PREDHiCT digital application, which provides educational and supportive navigation to increase willingness to participate in a future clinical trial. The second objective was to test whether PREDHiCT increased clinical [...] Read more.

The primary objective of this randomized trial was to test the effectiveness of the PREDHiCT digital application, which provides educational and supportive navigation to increase willingness to participate in a future clinical trial. The second objective was to test whether PREDHiCT increased clinical trial literacy or enhanced psychological facilitators of clinical trial participation, such as altruism. To test these two objectives, we conducted a 1-month remote decentralized trial with 100 participants who either have a personal or family history of cardiometabolic health conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity. Results indicated significant changes in altruism (mean: −2.94 vs. 0.83; p-value = 0.011) and clinical trial literacy (mean: 0.55 vs. 2.59; p-value = 0.001) from baseline to 1-month follow-up between the control and intervention groups. Additionally, participants exposed to personalized clinical trial navigation had greater clinical trial literacy at the end of the study relative to the individuals in the control arm of the study. Our findings indicate that tailored education, navigation, and access to clinical trials—three unique features of our PREDHiCT app—increased altruism and clinical trial literacy but not willingness to participate in a trial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Digital Health)

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15 pages, 1360 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interdisciplinary Therapy Improves the Mediators of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents with Obesity

by Deborah Cristina Landi Masquio, Raquel Munhoz da Silveira Campos, Bárbara Dal Molin Netto, Joana Pereira de Carvalho-Ferreira, Carlos Roberto Bueno, Jr., Stella Alouan, Gabriela Tronca Poletto, Aline de Piano Ganen, Sergio Tufik, Marco Túlio de Mello, Nelson Nardo, Jr. and Ana R. Dâmaso

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7114; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237114 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1853

Abstract

Obesity is associated with inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality, as well as a range of other conditions. Obesity is a growing global problem, not only in adults, but also in children and adolescents. Therefore, the present study [...] Read more.

Obesity is associated with inflammation and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and premature mortality, as well as a range of other conditions. Obesity is a growing global problem, not only in adults, but also in children and adolescents. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the effects of a one-year interdisciplinary intervention on the cardiometabolic and inflammatory profiles of adolescents with obesity. Twenty-two adolescents completed the intervention, which included clinical, nutritional, psychological and physical exercise counselling. Body composition, and metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular risk biomarkers were analyzed before and after one year of intervention. Visceral and subcutaneous fat were determined ultrasonographically. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) equation were used to estimate insulin resistance and insulin sensitivity, respectively. A reduction in body mass, adiposity, glucose, and insulin and an improved lipid profile were observed after the therapy. Hyperleptinemia was reduced from 77.3% to 36.4%. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), leptin, the leptin/adiponectin ratio, and the adiponectin/leptin ratio were also significantly improved. Metabolic changes were associated with a reduction in visceral fat and waist circumference, and adiponectin and the leptin/adiponectin ratio were associated with HOMA-IR. The interdisciplinary therapy promoted improvements in hyperleptinemia and metabolic, inflammatory, and cardiovascular biomarkers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Treatment of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome)

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16 pages, 357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UK Nurses Delivering Physical Activity Advice: What Are the Challenges and Possible Solutions? A Qualitative Study

by Anoop Raghavan, Dane Vishnubala, Adil Iqbal, Ruth Hunter, Katherine Marino, David Eastwood, Camilla Nykjaer and Andy Pringle

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7113; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237113 - 27 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1447

Abstract

There are a multitude of health benefits gained from regular physical activity (PA). Currently, PA advice implementation from NHS nurses is inadequate despite their ever-increasing role in lifestyle and preventive medicine. By assessing their knowledge of current PA guidance, this study proposed to [...] Read more.

There are a multitude of health benefits gained from regular physical activity (PA). Currently, PA advice implementation from NHS nurses is inadequate despite their ever-increasing role in lifestyle and preventive medicine. By assessing their knowledge of current PA guidance, this study proposed to investigate the issues with regular PA advice being given and expand upon nurses’ proposed barriers and solutions. A qualitative approach using semi structured interviews was undertaken between March and August 2023 involving 13 NHS nurses. Thematic analysis was undertaken using Braun and Clarke’s six step approach. Four themes and fifteen subthemes emerged as barriers and solutions in delivering PA advice. Intrinsic barriers included a lack of nurse knowledge on the topic and PA being seen as an afterthought. Extrinsic barriers included time pressures and a lack of staff engagement. Solutions involved increasing staff awareness of guidelines through teaching, policy, encouraging staff to be active and optimising PA advice delivery through a piecemeal approach and utilising online and visual resources. This study displayed an insight into nurses’ thoughts on their consultations with patients regarding PA, and proposed several barriers and solutions. Further work is needed to improve nurses’ PA knowledge and to assess the proposed strategies to improve its delivery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Trends in Sport Healthcare)

17 pages, 1923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modelling the Predictors of Mobile Health (mHealth) Adoption among Healthcare Professionals in Low-Resource Environments

by Mehreen Azam, Salman Bin Naeem, Maged N. Kamel Boulos and Anthony Faiola

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(23), 7112; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20237112 - 26 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1769

Abstract

This study was conducted with objectives to measure and validate the unified theory of the acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model as well as to identify the predictors of mobile health (mHealth) technology adoption among healthcare professionals in limited-resource settings. A cross-sectional [...] Read more.

This study was conducted with objectives to measure and validate the unified theory of the acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model as well as to identify the predictors of mobile health (mHealth) technology adoption among healthcare professionals in limited-resource settings. A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the six public and private hospitals in the two districts (Lodhran and Multan) of Punjab, Pakistan. The participants of the study comprised healthcare professionals (registered doctors and nurses) working in the participating hospitals. The findings of the seven-factor measurement model showed that behavioral intention (BI) to mHealth adoption is significantly influenced by performance expectancy (β = 0.504, CR = 5.064, p < 0.05) and self-concept (β = 0.860, CR = 5.968, p < 0.05) about mHealth technologies. The findings of the structural equation model (SEM) showed that the model is acceptable (χ² (df = 259) = 3.207; p = 0.000; CFI = 0.891, IFI = 0.892, TLI = 0.874, RMSEA = 0.084). This study suggests that the adoption of mHealth can significantly help in improving people’s access to quality healthcare resources and services as well as help in reducing costs and improving healthcare services. This study is significant in terms of identifying the predictors that play a determining role in the adoption of mHealth among healthcare professionals. This study presents an evidence-based model that provides an insight to policymakers, health organizations, governments, and political leaders in terms of facilitating, promoting, and implementing mHealth adoption plans in low-resource settings, which can significantly reduce health disparities and have a direct impact on health promotion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2nd Edition: Mobile Health Interventions)

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Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, Volume 20, Issue 23 (December-1 2023) – 54 articles

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