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Interaction of Nutrition and Exercise for Health Promotion and Exercise Performance Enhancement

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Dear Colleagues,

Adopting a specific diet, accompanied by systematic physical activity or organized exercise training, is essential for maintaining and improving various aspects of wellbeing (e.g., physical, mental, and social health) in healthy and clinical populations. On the other hand, diet and exercise are crucial for exercise performance enhancement in athletes and people who are training regularly. This Special Issue aims to provide further evidence that exercise and diet may act synergistically for the promotion of health and the improvement of exercise performance. Emphasis will be given to the effect of promising and popular diets, such as time-restricted feeding, the Mediterranean diet, high-protein diets, low-carbohydrate diets, etc., combined with various forms of exercise, including high-intensity interval training, high-intensity functional training, and sprint interval training, as well as regular low-intensity exercise, such as walking.

Articles discussing the mechanisms responsible for the combined action of nutrition and exercise are highly encouraged.

This Special Issue welcomes different types of submissions, including original research articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.

Dr. Christoforos D. Giannaki
Prof. Dr. Gregory C. Bogdanis
Guest Editors

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Keywords

time-restricted feeding
Mediterranean diet
carbohydrate restriction
periodization of carbohydrate intake
high-protein diets
ketogenic diets
vegan diets
fitness
metabolism
body composition
weight loss
cognition
aging
muscle performance
bone health
high-intensity interval training
high-intensity functional training
sprint interval training

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Research

14 pages, 2069 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Short-Term L-Citrulline Supplementation Does Not Affect Inspiratory Muscle Oxygenation and Respiratory Performance in Older Adults

by Anastasios A. Theodorou, Panagiotis N. Chatzinikolaou, Nikos V. Margaritelis, Filippos Christodoulou, Themistoklis Tsatalas and Vassilis Paschalis

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1951; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081951 - 18 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1783

Abstract

In sports nutrition, nitric oxide (NO^•) precursors such as L-citrulline are widely used to enhance NO^• bioavailability, which is considered an ergogenic aid. Our study aimed to examine the effect of short-term L-citrulline supplementation on respiratory muscles’ performance, fatigue, and oxygenation in older adults. Fourteen healthy older males took 6 g of L-citrulline or a placebo for seven days in a double-blind crossover design. Pulmonary function via spirometry (i.e., forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV₁), forced vital capacity (FVC), and their ratio)), fractional exhaled nitric oxide (NO^•), maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), rate of perceived exertion, and sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation (i.e., oxyhemoglobin (Δ[O₂Hb]) and de-oxyhemoglobin (Δ[HHb]), total hemoglobin concentration (Δ[tHb]), and tissue saturation index (TSI%)) were evaluated at baseline, after seven days of L-citrulline supplementation, and after incremental resistive breathing to task failure of the respiratory muscles. The exhaled NO^• value was only significantly increased after the supplementation (26% p < 0.001) in the L-citrulline condition. Pulmonary function, MIP, rate of perceived exertion, and sternocleidomastoid muscle oxygenation were not affected by the L-citrulline supplementation. In the present study, although short-term L-citrulline supplementation increased exhaled NO^•, no ergogenic aids were found on the examined parameters at rest and after resistive breathing to task failure in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction of Nutrition and Exercise for Health Promotion and Exercise Performance Enhancement)

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17 pages, 624 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake of Vegan and Non-Vegan Endurance Runners—Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2)

by Katharina Wirnitzer, Karl-Heinz Wagner, Mohamad Motevalli, Derrick Tanous, Gerold Wirnitzer, Claus Leitzmann, Thomas Rosemann and Beat Knechtle

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3151; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153151 - 30 Jul 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3189

Abstract

Nowadays, the growing popularity of distance running has been accompanied by the increasing prevalence of vegan and vegetarian diets, especially among endurance athletes. The present study aimed to examine the association between diet type and dietary intake of distance runners competing at distances longer than 10 km. From a total of 317 participants, 211 endurance runners (57% females) were considered the final sample after applying the exclusion criteria. Runners were assigned to three groups based on the self-reported diet types: 95 omnivores, 40 vegetarians, and 76 vegans. Data collection was conducted using an online survey with questions about sociodemographic information, dietary intake, and dietary-associated motives. A comprehensive food frequency questionnaire with 53 food groups (categorized in 14 basic—plus three umbrella—food clusters) was used to assess dietary intake. Vegan runners had a higher intake of “beans and seeds”, “fruit and vegetables”, and “dairy alternatives”, as well as lower intakes of “oils” than other two groups. Vegetarian runners had a lower intake of “dairy products” and “eggs” than omnivores. A greater intake of “alcohol” and a lower intake of “meat alternatives” was observed in omnivorous runners compared to vegans and vegetarians. Despite the existence of a tendency toward the consumption of health-related food clusters by vegan runners, further investigations are needed to verify the predominance of vegans in health-oriented dietary patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interaction of Nutrition and Exercise for Health Promotion and Exercise Performance Enhancement)

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