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Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention...
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Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (12 April 2023) | Viewed by 10310

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Paolo Tessari

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, 35121 Padova, Italy
Interests: diabetes; insulin resistance; amino acid and protein metabolism; stable isotopes; dietary fibers; environmental impact of diets
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The goal of this Special Issue, “Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes”, is to review and discuss the role of dietary fiber, and fiber-containing foods, on diabetes control and prevention. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common noncommunicable diseases. Insulin resistance is a key causative defect in the pathophysiology of diabetes, particularly type 2. Diet is a cornerstone of diabetes treatment; it can combat diabetes’ effects, insulin resistance and the risk of developing diabetes in predisposed individuals. Dietary fiber (DF), usually classified as either soluble or insoluble, is an important vegetal component in the diet, as is not degraded in the gut and can variably modulate the abovementioned processes. The effects of DF could be relevant to satiety, weight control, gastric emptying, intestinal transit time, nutrient absorption, insulin-resistance, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and provision of active nutritional elements. These effects can differ between the two fiber types. The focus on the mechanism(s) and the effects of DF in diabetes is rapidly growing due to its prevalence in many popular foods (cereals, vegetables, fruit). There is specific interest regarding the effect(s) of the insoluble fiber of scarcely processed foods, such as whole grains.

Prof. Dr. Paolo Tessari
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • active components and structure of dietary fiber
  • dietary fiber, glucose control and diabetes risk
  • dietary fiber and the food’s glycemic index
  • dietary fiber and insulin resistance
  • animal models of soluble fiber intake, short-chain fatty acid production and IR
  • dietary fiber fermentability, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and metabolic regulation
  • whole grain and dietary fiber
  • effects of dietary fiber on energy metabolism
  • dietary fiber and protein absorption and metabolism

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 590 KiB  
Article
The Effects of a Western Diet vs. a High-Fiber Unprocessed Diet on Health Outcomes in Mice Offspring
by Elizabeth Herzl, Emily E. Schmitt, Grace Shearrer and Jill F. Keith
Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 2858; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15132858 - 24 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1515
Abstract
Diet influences critical periods of growth, including gestation and early development. We hypothesized that a maternal/early life diet reflecting unprocessed dietary components would positively affect offspring metabolic and anthropometric parameters. Using 9 C57BL-6 dams, we simulated exposure to a Western diet, a high-fiber [...] Read more.
Diet influences critical periods of growth, including gestation and early development. We hypothesized that a maternal/early life diet reflecting unprocessed dietary components would positively affect offspring metabolic and anthropometric parameters. Using 9 C57BL-6 dams, we simulated exposure to a Western diet, a high-fiber unprocessed diet (HFUD), or a control diet. The dams consumed their respective diets (Western [n = 3], HFUD [n = 3], and control [n = 3]) through 3 weeks of pregnancy and 3 weeks of weaning; their offspring consumed the diet of their mother for 4.5 weeks post weaning. Measurements included dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans, feed consumption, body weight, blood glucose, and insulin and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the offspring. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc analysis. The offspring DEXA measures at 5 and 7.5 weeks post parturition revealed higher lean body mass development in the HFUD and control diet offspring compared to the Western diet offspring. An analysis indicated that blood glucose (p = 0.001) and HbA1c concentrations (p = 0.002) were lower among the HFUD offspring compared to the Western and control offspring. The results demonstrate that diet during gestation and early life consistent with traditional diet patterns may influence hyperglycemia and adiposity in offspring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes)
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Review

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15 pages, 797 KiB  
Review
Impact of Dietary Fiber on Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Older Patients: A Narrative Review
by Michele Niero, Giulio Bartoli, Paolo De Colle, Marialaura Scarcella and Michela Zanetti
Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2365; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102365 - 18 May 2023
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2833
Abstract
The beneficial impact of dietary fiber on the prevention and management of several chronic conditions associated with aging, including diabetes, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, is well-known. High fiber intake has been associated with reduced inflammatory mediators counteracting the low-grade chronic inflammation typical [...] Read more.
The beneficial impact of dietary fiber on the prevention and management of several chronic conditions associated with aging, including diabetes, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer, is well-known. High fiber intake has been associated with reduced inflammatory mediators counteracting the low-grade chronic inflammation typical of older age. In addition, dietary fiber improves postprandial glucose response and insulin resistance. In contrast, during acute diseases, its effects on insulin resistance and modulation of immune response are unclear. The aim of this narrative is to summarize the evidence for the potential impact of dietary fiber on inflammation and insulin resistance in older adults, with a particular focus on those acutely ill. Available evidence suggests that dietary fiber has the potential to counteract acute inflammation and to improve metabolic health. In addition, modulation of gut microbiota composition may contribute to improved immune function, particularly in the setting of aging-associated dysbiosis. This phenomenon has relevant implications in those acutely ill, in whom dysbiosis can be exacerbated. Our review leads to the conclusion that dietary interventions based on fiber manipulation could exploit its beneficial effects on inflammation and insulin resistance, if conducted from a precision nutrition perspective. This could also be true for the acutely ill patient, even though strong evidence is lacking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes)
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15 pages, 888 KiB  
Review
Beta-Glucans of Cereals: Functional and Technological Properties
by Anna Lante, Elisa Canazza and Paolo Tessari
Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092124 - 28 Apr 2023
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3072
Abstract
β-glucans are a polymeric dietary fiber characterized by β-(1,3) and β-(1,4) glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers. They are often used as thickeners, stabilizers, and fat substitutes in foods. The functional and technological quality of β-glucans is attributed to their origin/source, molecular weight, and [...] Read more.
β-glucans are a polymeric dietary fiber characterized by β-(1,3) and β-(1,4) glycosidic bonds between glucose monomers. They are often used as thickeners, stabilizers, and fat substitutes in foods. The functional and technological quality of β-glucans is attributed to their origin/source, molecular weight, and structural properties. In particular, physical treatments such as drying, cooking, freezing, and refrigeration influence their molecular, morphological, and rheological characteristics. In addition to their useful technical qualities, β-glucans are recognized for their numerous beneficial impacts on human health. For this reason, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has provided a positive opinion on health claims such as cholesterol lowering and hypoglycemic properties relating to oats and barley β-glucans. This paper provides insight into the properties of β-glucans and different treatments affecting their characteristics and then reviews the latest research on β-glucans as a functional ingredient for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes)
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Other

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38 pages, 2342 KiB  
Systematic Review
Acute Effects of Dietary Fiber in Starchy Foods on Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Crossover Trials
by Sofia Tsitsou, Christina Athanasaki, George Dimitriadis and Emilia Papakonstantinou
Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2383; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102383 - 19 May 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2493
Abstract
Dietary fiber (DF) consumption has been associated with improved glycemic control in epidemiological and long-term interventional studies. However, its acute effects are not yet clear. This systematic review aims to elucidate the postprandial effects of DF in starchy products on glycemia and insulinemia. [...] Read more.
Dietary fiber (DF) consumption has been associated with improved glycemic control in epidemiological and long-term interventional studies. However, its acute effects are not yet clear. This systematic review aims to elucidate the postprandial effects of DF in starchy products on glycemia and insulinemia. An electronic search of databases was conducted, and forty-one records met the inclusion criteria and underwent a risk-of-bias assessment. It was shown that soluble DF does not clearly affect glycemia in individuals with normal weight, while resistant starch may be more effective in flattening glycemic responses. Concerning insulinemia, both soluble DF and resistant starch have mixed results, with either favorable or no effects. Data on insoluble DF and glucose metabolism are scarce. The same mixed results for glycemia can be seen in healthy volunteers with overweight/obesity, while resistant starch seems to improve insulinemic responses. Finally, more studies need to examine the acute effects of DF in starchy foods on glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in individuals facing glucose abnormalities. Additionally, more studies are needed to prove whether ingesting high-fiber carbohydrate-containing products per se can result in blunted glycemic and insulinemic responses and which DF type and amount are more effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impact of Dietary Fiber on Insulin Resistance and the Prevention of Diabetes)
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