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The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases in Middle-Aged and Older Adults

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Geriatric Nutrition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 January 2024) | Viewed by 18297

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Jan Chojnacki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
Interests: gastroenterology; nutritional treatment; neurotransmitters
Prof. Dr. Tomasz Popławski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Microbiology and Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 90-136 Lodz, Poland
Interests: DNA; epigenetics; genetic analysis; cyto and genotoxicity; biochemistry; enzymes; metabolism
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Cezary Chojnacki

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterological Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, 90-647 Lodz, Poland
Interests: amino acids; gut microbiota; mood disorders

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Any chronic disease requires nutritional treatment. Food products are a source of many ingredients, including vitamins, microelements and amino acids needed for the synthesis of cellular proteins and biologically active compounds for the functioning of the body. The optimal diet should be adapted to the needs of the body in health and disease. Both the deficiency and the excess of many dietary compounds may adversely affect the course of chronic disease. Indication for dietary restriction or supplementation requires the careful assessment of patients’ health as well as the monitoring of treatment results. The absorption and metabolism of nutrients changes with the age of patients. It also depends on changes in the digestive tract environment, especially the gut microbiota.  Interaction between drugs and foods is also very important. The search for optimal methods of nutritional treatment is one of the most important tasks of clinical dietetics in patients of different ages.

Prof. Dr. Jan Chojnacki
Prof. Dr. Tomasz Popławski
Prof. Dr. Cezary Chojnacki
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nutrients
  • proper diet
  • absorption
  • metabolism
  • gut microbiota
  • chronic diseases

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1004 KiB  
Article
Impact of Folate Intake on Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
by Alicja Ewa Ratajczak-Pawłowska, Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak, Michał Michalak, Anna Maria Rychter, Agnieszka Zawada, Kinga Skoracka, Agnieszka Dobrowolska and Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak
Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010006 - 19 Dec 2023
Viewed by 954
Abstract
Background: Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) is a common problem among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hypothesised that an insufficient intake of folate might affect BMD. Methods: The study subjects included 26 with Crohn’s disease—CD, 30 with ulcerative colitis—UC, and 31 [...] Read more.
Background: Decreased bone mineral density (BMD) is a common problem among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We hypothesised that an insufficient intake of folate might affect BMD. Methods: The study subjects included 26 with Crohn’s disease—CD, 30 with ulcerative colitis—UC, and 31 healthy adults (control group—CG) aged 18–50 years. Participants were asked to follow their usual diet, and dietary intake was assessed by a 4-day, 24 h dietary recall. All the participants filled in a questionnaire referring to folic acid supplementation. The BMD, T-score, and Z-score of the lumbar spine (L1–L4) and femoral neck (FN) were assessed. Results: We found significant differences in the body mass, BMI (body mass index), CRP (C-reactive protein), BMD, Z-score, and T-score of the L1–L4 and FN between groups. There were no differences in energy and folate intake or the percentage coverage of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) of folate in all groups. Moreover, 70% of patients with UC, 92% of patients with CD, and 77% of CG patients showed insufficient folate intake. Folic acid was supplemented with a similar frequency in patients covering and not covering the RDA of folate. The intake of folate per 1000 kcal correlated positively with the CD group’s BMD and T-score of L1–L4. Conclusions: Insufficient folate intake is common in patients with IBD and healthy individuals. The impact of folate on BMD in IBD is not clear. We need more studies on the association between folate intake, folic acid concentration, and BMD in IBD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases in Middle-Aged and Older Adults)
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10 pages, 259 KiB  
Article
Reduced Intake of Dietary Tryptophan Improves Beneficial Action of Budesonide in Patients with Lymphocytic Colitis and Mood Disorders
by Cezary Chojnacki, Anita Gąsiorowska, Tomasz Popławski, Aleksandra Błońska, Paulina Konrad, Radosław Zajdler, Jan Chojnacki and Janusz Blasiak
Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071674 - 30 Mar 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1588
Abstract
Lymphocytic colitis (LC) is a gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease with poorly known pathogenesis, but some environmental and lifestyle factors, including certain dietary components, may play a role. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which plays important structural and functional roles as a component [...] Read more.
Lymphocytic colitis (LC) is a gastrointestinal (GI) tract disease with poorly known pathogenesis, but some environmental and lifestyle factors, including certain dietary components, may play a role. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid, which plays important structural and functional roles as a component of many proteins. It is important in the development and maintenance of the body, in which it is metabolized in two main pathways: kynurenine (KYN) and serotonin. In this work, we explored the effect of reducing of TRP in the diet of patients with LC with mood disorders. We enrolled 40 LC patients who had a normal diet, 40 LC patients with the 8-week diet with TRP content reduced by 25% and 40 controls. All LC patients received budesonide at 9 mg per day, and the severity of their GI symptoms was evaluated by the Gastrointestinal Symptoms Rating Scale. Mood disorders were evaluated by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). The concentration of TRP and its metabolites, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA) and quinolinic acid (QA), in urine were determined. Budesonide improved the GI and mental states of LC patients, and the diet with reduced TRP content further amended these symptoms. Dietary intervention decreased the concentration of 5-HIAA by about 50% (3.4 vs. 6.3) and QA by about 45% (3.97 vs. 7.20). These changes were correlated with a significant improvement in the profitable action of budesonide on gastrointestinal and mental health of LC patients as they displayed significantly lower GSRS, HAM-A and HAM-B scores after than before the intervention—10.5 vs. 32, 11.0 vs. 21 and 12 vs. 18, respectively. In conclusion, a reduction in TRP intake in diet may improve GI and mental symptoms in LC patients treated with budesonide and these changes may be mediated by the products of TRP metabolism. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases in Middle-Aged and Older Adults)
10 pages, 309 KiB  
Article
High Protein Intake at Lunch Is Negatively Associated with Blood Pressure in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Hélio José Coelho-Júnior, Samuel da Silva Aguiar, Ivan de Oliveira Gonçalves, Riccardo Calvani, Matteo Tosato, Francesco Landi, Anna Picca and Emanuele Marzetti
Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051251 - 02 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1576
Abstract
Background: The present study was conducted to explore the association between protein intake across the main meals and hypertension (HTN)-related parameters in community-dwelling Brazilian older adults. Methods: Brazilian community-dwelling older adults were recruited in a senior center. Dietary habits were assessed through 24 [...] Read more.
Background: The present study was conducted to explore the association between protein intake across the main meals and hypertension (HTN)-related parameters in community-dwelling Brazilian older adults. Methods: Brazilian community-dwelling older adults were recruited in a senior center. Dietary habits were assessed through 24 h recall. Protein intake was classified as high and low according to median and recommended dietary allowance values. Absolute and body weight (BW)–adjusted protein consumption levels were quantified and analyzed according to ingestion across the main meals. Systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using an oscilometric monitor. Participants were categorized as hypertensive according to physician diagnosis or the detection of high SBP and/or DBP values. Results: One hundred ninety-seven older adults were enrolled in the present study. Protein intake at lunch was independently and negatively associated with SBP. Furthermore, a lower prevalence of HTN (diagnosed by a physician) was observed in participants with higher intakes of protein. These results remained significant after adjustment for many covariates. However, significance was lost when kilocalories and micronutrients were included in the model. Conclusions: Findings of the present study indicate that protein intake at lunch was independently and negatively associated with systolic BP in community-dwelling older adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases in Middle-Aged and Older Adults)
13 pages, 1184 KiB  
Article
Beneficial Effect of Increased Tryptophan Intake on Its Metabolism and Mental State of the Elderly
by Cezary Chojnacki, Anita Gąsiorowska, Tomasz Popławski, Paulina Konrad, Marcin Chojnacki, Michal Fila and Janusz Blasiak
Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 847; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040847 - 07 Feb 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3921
Abstract
The elderly often suffer from sleep disorders and depression, which contribute to mood disorders. In our previous work, we showed that elderly individuals with mood disorders had a lower intake of TRP and recommended a TRP-based dietary intervention to improve the mental state [...] Read more.
The elderly often suffer from sleep disorders and depression, which contribute to mood disorders. In our previous work, we showed that elderly individuals with mood disorders had a lower intake of TRP and recommended a TRP-based dietary intervention to improve the mental state of such individuals. In this work, we assessed the impact of a TRP-rich diet on the mental state of, and TRP metabolism in, elderly individuals with mood disorders. Forty elderly individuals with depression and sleep disorders and an equal number of elderly subjects without mood disorders were enrolled in this study. TRP intake was evaluated with the nutrition calculator. Patients with mood disorders had a lower TRP intake than their normal counterparts and received a TRP-rich diet with TRP content of 25 mg per kilogram of the body per day for 12 weeks. The mental state was assessed before and after this dietary intervention with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). At those times, urinary levels of TRP and its metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), L-kynurenine (KYN), kynurenic acid (KYNA), and quinolinic acid (QA) were determined by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and related to creatinine level. After TRP-based dietary intervention, the score of ISI and HAM-D decreased by more than half. A correlation analysis reveals that TRP, 5-HIAA, and KYNA might have anti-depressive action, while KYN and QA—pro-depressive. The levels of TRP, 5-HIAA, and KYNA in urine of mood disorder patients increased, while the levels of KYN and QA decreased. In conclusion, dietary consumption of adequate amount of tryptophan has a beneficial effect on mental health of the elderly with mood disorders and improves metabolism of this amino acid. Therefore, a TRP-enriched diet may be considered as a component of the treatment of elderly individuals with mood disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases in Middle-Aged and Older Adults)
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11 pages, 2282 KiB  
Article
Dietary Characteristics of Elders with Frailty and with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Cross-Sectional Findings and Implications from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan 2014–2017
by Szu-Yun Wu, Shu-Chen Lee, Nai-Hua Yeh, Chi-Fen Wang, Shu-Yi Hung, Shin-Jiuan Wu and Wen-Harn Pan
Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5216; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245216 - 07 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2000
Abstract
It is unclear whether low dietary intake accompanied with multiple nutrient deficiencies or specific nutrient inadequacy is associated with geriatric syndrome. This study aimed to examine the nutrition inadequacy profiles associated with frailty and cognitive impairment (CI). With information from the Nutrition and [...] Read more.
It is unclear whether low dietary intake accompanied with multiple nutrient deficiencies or specific nutrient inadequacy is associated with geriatric syndrome. This study aimed to examine the nutrition inadequacy profiles associated with frailty and cognitive impairment (CI). With information from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, 2014–2017, sex-specific nutrient intakes and intake per kg of body weight (BW) were estimated from 24-hour recall data for two age groups (65–74 years; ≥75 years) regarding the three frailty and three CI subgroups. Total energy intakes were significantly lower with the severity of both frailty and CI in analysis combining both gender and age groups, and in both the 65-to-74-year-old women or the over-75-year-old women. These trends were observed but not significant in either of the two age groups in men. Significantly lower levels of energy intake have been observed when age, sex, and sampling strata were adjusted. Intake levels of multiple nutrients also decreased with the severity of frailty and CI. A greater number of nutrient inadequacies for the frail and the CI was found in the 65-to-74-year-old group than the over-75-year-old age group. However, most of the associations between micronutrients and the two geriatric syndromes disappeared after energy adjustment. The remaining few did not show consistency across age–sex subgroups. In conclusion, frailty or CI was associated with low amounts of food consumption accompanied by multiple nutrient insufficiencies. Dietary intervention to ensure adequate total energy and multiple nutrient intakes should be trialed in the geriatric population to address both the causal and efficacy issues. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases in Middle-Aged and Older Adults)
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Review

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17 pages, 1043 KiB  
Review
Nutrition and Calcitonin Gene Related Peptide (CGRP) in Migraine
by Michal Fila, Jan Chojnacki, Piotr Sobczuk, Cezary Chojnacki and Janusz Blasiak
Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020289 - 06 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7473
Abstract
Targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor by antibodies and antagonists was a breakthrough in migraine prevention and treatment. However, not all migraine patients respond to CGRP-based therapy and a fraction of those who respond complain of aliments mainly in the gastrointestinal [...] Read more.
Targeting calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its receptor by antibodies and antagonists was a breakthrough in migraine prevention and treatment. However, not all migraine patients respond to CGRP-based therapy and a fraction of those who respond complain of aliments mainly in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, CGRP and migraine are associated with obesity and metabolic diseases, including diabetes. Therefore, CGRP may play an important role in the functioning of the gut-brain-microflora axis. CGRP secretion may be modulated by dietary compounds associated with the disruption of calcium signaling and upregulation of mitogen-activated kinase phosphatases 1 and 3. CGRP may display anorexigenic properties through induction of anorexigenic neuropeptides, such as cholecystokinin and/or inhibit orexigenic neuropeptides, such as neuropeptide Y and melanin-concentrating hormone CH, resulting in the suppression of food intake, functionally coupled to the activation of the hypothalamic 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The anorexigenic action of CGRP observed in animal studies may reflect its general potential to control appetite/satiety or general food intake. Therefore, dietary nutrients may modulate CGRP, and CGRP may modulate their intake. Therefore, anti-CGRP therapy should consider this mutual dependence to increase the efficacy of the therapy and reduce its unwanted side effects. This narrative review presents information on molecular aspects of the interaction between dietary nutrients and CGRP and their reported and prospective use to improve anti-CGRP therapy in migraine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutrition in the Prevention and Management of Chronic Diseases in Middle-Aged and Older Adults)
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