Research

17 pages, 681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Evaluation of Bioavailability of Cr from Daily Food Rations and Dietary Supplements from the Polish Market

by Piotr Bawiec, Jan Sawicki, Paulina Łasińska-Pracuta, Marcin Czop, Ireneusz Sowa, Paweł Helon, Karolina Pietrzak and Wojciech Koch

Nutrients 2024, 16(7), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16071022 - 31 Mar 2024

Viewed by 667

Abstract

Only some of the nutrients consumed with food are able to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and enter the systemic circulation (blood). Because some elements are essential minerals for humans, their beneficial effect on the body depends significantly on their bioavailable [...] Read more.

Only some of the nutrients consumed with food are able to be absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and enter the systemic circulation (blood). Because some elements are essential minerals for humans, their beneficial effect on the body depends significantly on their bioavailable amount (the fraction that can be absorbed and used by the organism). The term bioavailability, which is very often used to describe the part of nutrients that is able to be absorbed, is influenced by various factors of exogenous and endogenous origin. The main purpose of the study was to assess the relative bioavailability of Cr from selected dietary supplements in the presence of various types of diets, which significantly influence the level of bioavailability. The research was performed using a previously developed and optimized two-stage in vitro digestion model using cellulose dialysis tubes of food rations with the addition of pharmaceutical products. Cr was determined using the ICP-OES and GF-AAS methods, depending on its concentration in particular fractions. The determined relative bioavailability ranged between 2.97 and 3.70%. The results of the study revealed that the type of diet, the chemical form of the molecule, and the pharmaceutical form of preparations have a significant influence on the bioavailability of Cr. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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14 pages, 1604 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin C Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Hyperinflammatory State of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells through Purinergic Signaling and Autophagy

by Daniela A. Pires, Maysa A. R. Brandão-Rangel, Anamei Silva-Reis, Fabiana R. S. Olímpio, Flavio Aimbire, Carlos R. Oliveira, José R. Mateus-Silva, Lucas S. Zamarioli, André L. L. Bachi, Yanesko F. Bella, Juliana M. B. Santos, Claudia Bincoletto, Antonio Herbert Lancha, Jr. and Rodolfo P. Vieira

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030383 - 29 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1226

Abstract

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the overproduction of white blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, infections, and other complications. CML patients must take measures to prevent infections to mitigate the exacerbation of cancer cell [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the overproduction of white blood cells, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, infections, and other complications. CML patients must take measures to prevent infections to mitigate the exacerbation of cancer cell proliferation and comorbidities. Methods: This study investigated whether vitamin C can suppress the hyperinflammatory activation of K-562 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and whether purinergic signaling (ATP and P2X7 receptor) and autophagy play a role in it. Two different doses of vitamin C (5 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL) were employed, along with the lysosome inhibitor chloroquine (CQ; 100 µM), administered 2 h prior to LPS stimulation (10 ng/mL) for a duration of 22 h in K-562 cells (3 × 10⁵ cells/mL/well). Results: Both doses of vitamin C reduced the release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (5 µg/mL, p < 0.01 and 10 µg/mL, p < 0.01) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) (5 µg/mL, p < 0.01 and 10 µg/mL, p < 0.01) induced by LPS. Furthermore, in LPS + CQ-stimulated cells, vitamin C at a concentration of 10 µg/mL inhibited the expression of LC3-II (p < 0.05). Conversely, both doses of vitamin C led to the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10) (5 µg/mL, p < 0.01 and 10 µg/mL, p < 0.01), while only the 10 µg/mL dose of vitamin C induced the release of Klotho (10 µg/mL, p < 0.01). In addition, both doses of vitamin C reduced the accumulation of ATP (5 µg/mL, p < 0.01 and 10 µg/mL, p < 0.01) and decreased the expression of the P2X7 receptor at the mRNA level. Conclusions: Vitamin C inhibits the hyperinflammatory state induced by LPS in K-562 cells, primarily by inhibiting the ATP accumulation, P2X7 receptor expression, and autophagy signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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23 pages, 1194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mineral Intake and Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All-Cause Mortality: Findings from the Golestan Cohort Study

by Mohammad Hosein Yazdanpanah, Maryam Sharafkhah, Hossein Poustchi, Arash Etemadi, Mahdi Sheikh, Farin Kamangar, Akram Pourshams, Paolo Boffetta, Sanford M. Dawsey, Christian C. Abnet, Reza Malekzadeh and Maryam Hashemian

Nutrients 2024, 16(3), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16030344 - 24 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1287

Abstract

Associations between mineral intake and mortality in non-Western countries have not been studied adequately. This study evaluated these associations in the Golestan Cohort Study, featuring a Middle Eastern population. The mineral intake was estimated from the baseline food frequency questionnaire, adjusted by using [...] Read more.

Associations between mineral intake and mortality in non-Western countries have not been studied adequately. This study evaluated these associations in the Golestan Cohort Study, featuring a Middle Eastern population. The mineral intake was estimated from the baseline food frequency questionnaire, adjusted by using the nutrient density method, and divided into quintiles. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the mortality. We analyzed 41,863 subjects with a mean age of 51.46 ± 8.73 years at the baseline. During 578,694 person-years of follow-up (median: 14.1 Years), 7217 deaths were recorded. Dietary calcium intake was inversely associated with the all-cause mortality (HR_{Q5 vs. Q1} = 0.91, 95%CI = 0.85–0.99). We observed significant associations between calcium (HR_{Q5 vs. Q1} = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.73–0.93), copper (HR_{Q5 vs. Q1} = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.99–1.26), and selenium intake (HR_{Q5 vs. Q1} = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.01–1.29) and CVD mortality. Dietary phosphorus (HR_{Q5 vs. Q1} = 0.81, 95%CI = 0.69–0.96) and copper intake (HR_{Q5 vs. Q1} = 0.84, 95%CI = 0.71–0.99) were inversely associated with cancer mortality. In this study within a Middle Eastern population, a higher dietary intake of calcium exhibited an inverse association with all-cause mortality. Furthermore, nuanced associations were observed in the cause-specific mortality, suggesting potential avenues for dietary interventions and emphasizing the importance of considering dietary factors in public health strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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11 pages, 1232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carrot Juice Intake Affects the Cytokine and Chemokine Response in Human Blood after Ex Vivo Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation

by Morten Kobaek-Larsen, Ulrik Deding, Issam Al-Najami, Bettina Hjelm Clausen and Lars Porskjær Christensen

Nutrients 2023, 15(23), 5002; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15235002 - 02 Dec 2023

Viewed by 2336

Abstract

In vitro and animal studies have shown that carrot juice containing bioactive natural products, such as falcarinol (FaOH) and falcarindiol (FaDOH), can affect inflammation. The present study was designed to test whether oral intake of carrot juice containing the bioactive acetylenic oxylipins FaOH [...] Read more.

In vitro and animal studies have shown that carrot juice containing bioactive natural products, such as falcarinol (FaOH) and falcarindiol (FaDOH), can affect inflammation. The present study was designed to test whether oral intake of carrot juice containing the bioactive acetylenic oxylipins FaOH and FaDOH affects mediators of acute inflammation or the innate immune response in human blood. Carrot juice (500 mL) was administered orally to healthy volunteers, and blood samples were drawn before and 1 h after juice intake. Next, the blood samples were split in two, and one sample was stimulated ex vivo with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. The concentrations of 44 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were examined using multiplex electrochemiluminescence analysis. In blood samples not stimulated with LPS, a significant increase in IL-15 was measured 1 h after carrot juice intake. Cytokines like IFN-ɣ, IL-12/IL-23(p40), IL-23, IL-17A, IL-17B, IL-17D, and IL-22 were significantly increased in LPS-stimulated blood samples after carrot juice intake. The upregulation of the immunostimulating cytokines belonging to the IL-23/IL-17 Th17 axis suggests that carrot juice intake could benefit diseases where inflammation plays a role, like in the early stages of diabetes or cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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16 pages, 1459 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selenium in Cancer Rehabilitation—A Retrospective Study from a Specialized Clinic

by Christina Pfister and Joerg Schoenemann

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3827; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173827 - 01 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies are common at the time of cancer diagnosis and are associated with worse prognosis. Little is known about them in cancer rehabilitation. Methods: Data from routine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were analyzed at an inpatient cancer rehabilitation center. Rehabilitation [...] Read more.

Background: Micronutrient deficiencies are common at the time of cancer diagnosis and are associated with worse prognosis. Little is known about them in cancer rehabilitation. Methods: Data from routine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) were analyzed at an inpatient cancer rehabilitation center. Rehabilitation patients completed the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire before and after multidisciplinary rehabilitation treatment and three months after discharge. Selenium and zinc status were measured in whole blood at these three time points. In case of selenium deficiency, up to 600 µg selenium per day as sodium selenite was supplemented for three weeks during and for three months after rehabilitation. Results: A total of 271 patients (breast, colon, and pancreatic cancer) were included in the analysis. There was clinically meaningful improvement in many domains of the EORTC QLQ-C30 during rehabilitation. However, the effect often waned in the three months after. Prevalence for selenium deficiency varied between 34 to 90% depending on cancer type (breast < colon < pancreas). In contrast, zinc deficiency was rare. Daily selenium supplementation of 600 µg was more efficient to correct selenium deficiency compared to 300 µg selenium per day. Rehabilitation and increasing selenium status after rehabilitation were associated with improved global quality of life, physical and emotional functioning, and fatigue. In cancer patients with decreasing selenium status, values of global quality of life, physical and emotional functioning, and fatigue were back to the values at the beginning of rehabilitation. Conclusions: Selenium deficiency is common in cancer patients admitted to a cancer rehabilitation clinic. Selenium supplementation during rehabilitation effectively corrected selenium deficiency in most cases. The positive effects of rehabilitation persisted longer when selenium status did not decrease after rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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18 pages, 2968 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Vitamin E Isoforms Intake: Development of a New Tool to Assess Tocopherols and Tocotrienols Intake in Adults

by Kacper Szewczyk and Magdalena Górnicka

Nutrients 2023, 15(17), 3759; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15173759 - 28 Aug 2023

Viewed by 846

Abstract

Due to the documented health benefits of tocopherols and tocotrienols as bioactive compounds, it seems important to assess their intake. The aim of this study was to develop a new tool and its application for assessment of tocopherol and tocotrienol intake in adults. [...] Read more.

Due to the documented health benefits of tocopherols and tocotrienols as bioactive compounds, it seems important to assess their intake. The aim of this study was to develop a new tool and its application for assessment of tocopherol and tocotrienol intake in adults. Dietary data were collected by semiquantitative FFQ (VitE-FFQ) and by a 1-day dietary record in a group of 447 subjects. The database of the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) was used to calculate the individual isoforms of vitamin E and develop the tool—VIT_E.CAL. The assessment of measuring agreement between the two methods was conducted by analysis of the correlations and Bland–Altman plots. The average α-tocopherol intake was 11.3 mg/day for the data obtained using the FFQ method and 12.8 mg/day for the results obtained using the 1-day dietary record. Depending on the adopted recommendation, only 40–57% of the subjects had adequate vitamin E intake. The intake of α-tocopherol did not exceed the UL value in any of the respondents. The dominant forms of vitamin E in the diet of the studied group were α- and γ- forms (55% and 38% of the total sum) among tocopherols and β- and γ- forms (49% and 24% of the total sum) among tocotrienols. VIT_E.CAL allows us to calculate not only the total amount of vitamin E but also its eight isoforms. It can be a useful tool to assess individual and group intake of various forms of vitamin E in the diet. The use of VIT_E.CAL enables the proper assessment of vitamin E (as α-tocopherol and not α-tocopherol equivalent) in the diet of Poles, and most likely also in the European diet. The obtained results indicate the need to take into account the content of individual forms of vitamin E in food/diet, which will allow for a reliable assessment of its consumption. It also seems necessary to standardize the nomenclature regarding the name of vitamin E and its use for correct nutritional assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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20 pages, 3593 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selenium, Zinc, and Copper Status of Vegetarians and Vegans in Comparison to Omnivores in the Nutritional Evaluation (NuEva) Study

by Lea Klein, Christine Dawczynski, Maria Schwarz, Maria Maares, Kristin Kipp, Hajo Haase and Anna P. Kipp

Nutrients 2023, 15(16), 3538; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15163538 - 11 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2212

Abstract

Plant-based diets usually contain more nutrient-dense foods such as vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fruits than a standard Western diet. Yet, the amount and especially the bioavailability of several nutrients, such as trace elements, is supposed to be lower in comparison to diets [...] Read more.

Plant-based diets usually contain more nutrient-dense foods such as vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and fruits than a standard Western diet. Yet, the amount and especially the bioavailability of several nutrients, such as trace elements, is supposed to be lower in comparison to diets with consumption of animal-derived foods. Based on this, the Nutritional Evaluation (NuEva) study (172 participants) was initiated to compare the trace element status of omnivores, flexitarians, vegetarians, and vegans. Serum selenium, zinc, and copper concentrations and biomarkers were evaluated at baseline and during a 12-month intervention with energy- and nutrient-optimized menu plans. The implementation of optimized menu plans did not substantially influence the status of trace elements. At baseline, serum selenium biomarkers were lower in vegetarians and vegans compared to omnivores and flexitarians. The zinc intake of vegetarians and vegans was significantly lower compared to omnivores, whereas the Phytate Diet Score was increased. Accordingly, total serum zinc concentrations were reduced in vegans which was, however, only significant in women and was further supported by the analysis of free zinc. Regarding copper status, no differences were observed for total serum copper. Overall, we identified selenium and zinc as critical nutrients especially when maintaining a vegan diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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11 pages, 531 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Serum Selenium Levels and Lipids among People with and without Diabetes

by Qi Nie, Changsi Wang and Li Zhou

Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3190; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143190 - 19 Jul 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1322

Abstract

The current study aimed to examine the association between serum selenium levels and lipids and explore whether the association was modified by diabetic status. A total of 4132 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2016) were included in this study. [...] Read more.

The current study aimed to examine the association between serum selenium levels and lipids and explore whether the association was modified by diabetic status. A total of 4132 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2016) were included in this study. Multiple linear regression models were used to estimate the association between serum selenium and lipids. Higher serum selenium levels were significantly associated with increased total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.001), triglyceride (TG) (p = 0.003), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p = 0.003) in the overall population. Diabetic status interacted with serum selenium for TC and LDL-C (p for interaction = 0.007 and <0.001). Comparing the highest with the lowest tertiles of serum selenium, the multivariate-adjusted β coefficients (95% CIs) were 17.88 (10.89, 24.87) for TC, 13.43 (7.68, 19.18) for LDL-C among subjects without diabetes, but nonsignificant among those with diabetes. In US adults, the serum selenium was positively associated with lipids and the association was modified by diabetic status. Higher serum selenium levels were significantly associated with increased TC and LDL-C among participants without diabetes, but not among participants with diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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17 pages, 1977 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake of Multiple Nutrient Elements and Associated Health Effects in the Chinese General Population from a Total Diet Study

by Lan Ma, Huijing Shen, Xiaohong Shang, Shuang Zhou, Bing Lyu, Xin Zhao, Jingguang Li, Yunfeng Zhao and Yongning Wu

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2613; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112613 - 02 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1538

Abstract

Nutrient elements are essential for human health. The intake of nutrient elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Mo, and Cr) in the general Chinese population was comprehensively evaluated via a recent total diet study (2016–2019), covering more than [...] Read more.

Nutrient elements are essential for human health. The intake of nutrient elements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, Se, Mo, and Cr) in the general Chinese population was comprehensively evaluated via a recent total diet study (2016–2019), covering more than two-thirds of the total population. The contents of nutrient elements in 288 composite dietary samples were determined by ICP-MS. The dietary sources, regional distribution, the relationship with the earth’s crust, dietary intake, and health effects were discussed. Plant foods were the main source of both macro-elements and trace elements, accounting for 68–96% of total intake. Trace elements in food were compatible with their abundance in the earth’s crust. Na intake reduced by 1/4 over the last decade but was still high. The average intake of Ca, Mg, Zn, and Se did not reach the health guidance values, while the average intake of K, P, Mn, Fe, Cu, Mo, and Cr fell within a reasonable range. No element exceeded the UL. However, an imbalance was identified in the dietary Na/K ratio and Ca/P ratio. This paper provides a most recent and national-representative assessment of nutrient element intake, indicating the significance of salt reduction and dietary structure optimization for the population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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17 pages, 5068 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selenium and Zinc Intakes of Staple Grains and Their Correlation with Urine Selenium and Zinc in the Tibetan Rural Residents along the Yarlung Zangbo River

by Yumin Jia, Cangjue Nima, Linsheng Yang, Li Wang, Binggan Wei, Yonghua Li, Hairong Li, Yangzong Deji, Shengcheng Zhao, Min Guo, Hongqiang Gong, Chang Kong, Lijuan Gu, Zongji Gesang and Rujun Li

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 2010; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15082010 - 21 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1238

Abstract

Grains account for a large proportion of the diet of rural residents in Tibet. The lack of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) threatens the population’s nutrition and health. However, the intakes of selenium and zinc in grains remains unclear. To clarify the nutritional [...] Read more.

Grains account for a large proportion of the diet of rural residents in Tibet. The lack of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) threatens the population’s nutrition and health. However, the intakes of selenium and zinc in grains remains unclear. To clarify the nutritional status of selenium and zinc consumed from staple grains of residents along the Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet, 341 grain samples and 242 urine samples were collected, and 244 food frequency questionnaires were completed along the Yarlung Zangbo River in 2020–2021. The results showed that the selenium concentrations of 88.5% of self-produced tsampa and 80.8% of self-produced flour were lower than the grain selenium threshold (<25 μg·kg⁻¹). The intake of selenium and zinc from staple grains (tsampa, flour, and rice) contributed 15.0% and 43.5% to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) on average, respectively. A geographical detector model analyzed factors affecting urinary selenium and zinc levels. Selenium and zinc intakes in rice and flour, and dietary diversity score (DDS) were the main factors affecting urinary selenium and zinc (p < 0.01). Their interaction effects on urinary selenium and zinc were greater than those of a single factor. The staple grains of rural residents along the Yarlung Zangbo River were in a state of selenium deficiency. The zinc content of the staple grain purchased was lower than that of the main grain produced by rural residents. Changing the grain consumption pattern and adjusting the proportion of exogenous grains can improve selenium and zinc nutrition in residents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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15 pages, 1304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Trends in Diet Quality and Increasing Inadequacies of Micronutrients Vitamin C, Vitamin B12, Iron and Potassium in US Type 2 Diabetic Adults

by Hongbing Sun and Connie M. Weaver

Nutrients 2023, 15(8), 1980; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15081980 - 20 Apr 2023

Viewed by 1682

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of diabetes was high and rose significantly in the US between 1999 and 2018. A healthy dietary pattern that provides micronutrient adequacy is one of the most important lifestyle choices for battling the progress of diabetes. Yet, the patterns and trends [...] Read more.

BACKGROUND: Prevalence of diabetes was high and rose significantly in the US between 1999 and 2018. A healthy dietary pattern that provides micronutrient adequacy is one of the most important lifestyle choices for battling the progress of diabetes. Yet, the patterns and trends of diet quality of the US type 2 diabetes are understudied. OBJECTIVES: We aim to examine the patterns and trends of diet quality and major food sources of macronutrients of US type 2 diabetic adults. METHODS: The 24 h dietary recalls of 7789 type 2 diabetic adults, comprising 94.3% of total adults with diabetes from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles (1999–2018), were analyzed. Diet quality was measured by the total Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 scores and 13 individual components. Trends of usual intakes of vitamin C (VC), vitamin B12 (VB12), iron, and potassium and supplements from two 24 h recalls were also examined for type 2 diabetic population. RESULTS: Diet quality of type 2 diabetic adults worsened between 1999 and 2018 while that of US adults of general population improved based on the total HEI 2015 scores. For people with type 2 diabetes, consumption of saturated fat and added sugar increased while consumption of vegetables and fruits declined significantly, although consumption of refined grain declined and consumption of seafood and plant protein increased significantly. In addition, usual intakes of micronutrients VC, VB12, iron, and potassium from food sources declined significantly during this period. CONCLUSIONS: Diet quality generally worsened for US type 2 diabetic adults between 1999 and 2018. Declining consumptions of fruits, vegetables, and non-poultry meat may have contributed to the increasing inadequacies of VC, VB12, iron, and potassium in the US type 2 diabetic adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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12 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low Vitamin K and Vitamin D Dietary Intake in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

by Filippo Vernia, Giorgia Burrelli Scotti, Noemi Sara Bertetti, Giuseppe Donato, Stefano Necozione, Piero Vernia and Nadia Pallotta

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071678 - 30 Mar 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3090

Abstract

The inadequate dietary intake of Vitamin D and Vitamin K is an easily reversible factor favoring IBD-associated bone loss, but data on Vitamin K are lacking. A 28-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered to 193 IBD patients (89 Crohn’s disease and 104 [...] Read more.

The inadequate dietary intake of Vitamin D and Vitamin K is an easily reversible factor favoring IBD-associated bone loss, but data on Vitamin K are lacking. A 28-item quantitative food frequency questionnaire was administered to 193 IBD patients (89 Crohn’s disease and 104 ulcerative colitis), and 199 controls. Patients’ demographics, clinical and laboratory findings were analyzed in relation to recommended daily allowances. VitD intake was inadequate both in the IBD and control patients (8.3 ± 4.5 µg/day in IBD, 53.1% RDA, and 9.7 ± 5.9 µg/day, 63.2% RDA, respectively). Conversely, the mean ViK intake was less than adequate in IBD, at 116.7 ± 116.3 µg/day (78.7% RDA), and high in controls, at 203.1 ± 166.9 µg/day (138.8% RDA). Nonetheless, due to marked inter-individual differences, diets were severely lacking VitK in 40% of UC and 49% of CD patients, more so in females and those with active disease. The intake of Vit D was non-significantly lower in colitis than that in Crohn’s disease (7.9 vs. 8.7 µg/day). The opposite was observed for VitK (123.5 vs. 107.0 µg/day). Thus, the diet lacks the micronutrients involved in bone wellbeing in a large proportion of IBD patients. While VitD supplementation is the rule, VitK shortages need proactive nutritional intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

12 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Single Multi-Vitamin and Mineral Supplement on Nutritional Intake in Korean Elderly: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2018–2020

by Hyoeun Kim and Seung Guk Park

Nutrients 2023, 15(7), 1561; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071561 - 23 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1376

Abstract

Inadequate nutritional intake is common, especially among elderly individuals. Although micronutrient intake may help fill nutritional gaps, the effects of multi-vitamin and mineral supplements (MVMS) among the Korean elderly are not well known. Therefore, we investigated the nutrition-improving effects of a single MVMS. [...] Read more.

Inadequate nutritional intake is common, especially among elderly individuals. Although micronutrient intake may help fill nutritional gaps, the effects of multi-vitamin and mineral supplements (MVMS) among the Korean elderly are not well known. Therefore, we investigated the nutrition-improving effects of a single MVMS. A total of 2478 people aged ≥65 years who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018–2020 were analyzed. Nutrient intake from food and supplements was measured using the 24 h recall method. We compared the nutritional intake and insufficiency between the food-only group (n = 2170) and the food and MVMS group (n = 308). We also evaluated the differences in inadequate nutritional intake after taking MVMS with food. The analysis included vitamins A and C, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, calcium, iron, and phosphorus. The proportion of insufficient intake ranged from 6.2% to 80.5% for men and from 21.2% to 82.4% for women, depending on the nutrients. Intake of MVMS with food was associated with lower rates of inadequacy (3.8–68.5% for men and 3.3–75.5% for women) compared to the food-only group. The results suggest that micronutrient deficiency frequently occurs in the Korean elderly population and can be improved by MVMS intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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16 pages, 1843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of a Vegan Diet on the Coverage of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Iodine among People from Poland

by Agata Zaremba, Anna Gramza-Michalowska, Kunal Pal and Krystyna Szymandera-Buszka

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1163; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051163 - 25 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2494

Abstract

The aim of this research was to estimate the effect of a vegan diet on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) coverage for iodine in people from Poland. It was hypothesized that the problem of iodine deficiency is a concern, especially among vegans. The [...] Read more.

The aim of this research was to estimate the effect of a vegan diet on the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) coverage for iodine in people from Poland. It was hypothesized that the problem of iodine deficiency is a concern, especially among vegans. The survey study was conducted in the years 2021–2022 on 2200 people aged 18–80 with omnivore and vegan diets. The exclusion criteria in the study were pregnancy and lactation. The study found that the coverage of RDA for iodine among people with a vegan diet was lower than among people with an omnivore diet (p < 0.05); 90% of the participants with a vegan diet had an iodine intake below 150 µg/day. Plant-based dairy and meat analogs were consumed by vegans frequently and in large portions, but none were fortified with iodine. It was found that iodized salt was each group’s primary source of iodine. However, it was observed that the iodine supply from this source was limited among vegans, especially in female subjects, who consumed less salt and smaller portions of meals. That is why consideration should be given to the iodine fortification of plant-based foods commonly consumed by vegans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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15 pages, 2508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Associations between Multiple Essential Metal(loid)s and Gut Microbiota in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older Adults

by Jianghui Zhang, Yuan Wang, Guimei Chen, Hongli Wang, Liang Sun, Dongmei Zhang, Fangbiao Tao, Zhihua Zhang and Linsheng Yang

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1137; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051137 - 24 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1683

Abstract

Several experimental studies have suggested that individual essential metal(loid)s (EMs) could regulate the gut microbiota. However, human studies assessing the associations between EMs and gut microbiota are limited. This study aimed to examine the associations of individual and multiple EMs with the compositions [...] Read more.

Several experimental studies have suggested that individual essential metal(loid)s (EMs) could regulate the gut microbiota. However, human studies assessing the associations between EMs and gut microbiota are limited. This study aimed to examine the associations of individual and multiple EMs with the compositions of the gut microbiota in older adults. A total of 270 Chinese community-dwelling people over 60 years old were included in this study. Urinary concentrations of selected EMs, including vanadium (V), cobalt (Co), selenium (Se), strontium (Sr), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and molybdenum (Mo), were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The gut microbiome was assessed using the 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. The zero-inflated probabilistic principal components analysis PCA (ZIPPCA) model was performed to denoise substantial noise in microbiome data. Linear regression and the Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR) models were utilized to determine the associations between urine EMs and gut microbiota. No significant association between urine EMs and gut microbiota was found in the total sample, whereas some significant associations were found in subgroup analyses: Co was negatively associated with the microbial Shannon (β = −0.072, p < 0.05) and the inverse-Simpson (β = −0.045, p < 0.05) indices among urban older adults; Ca (R² = 0.035) and Sr (R² = 0.023) exhibited significant associations with the altercations of beta diversity in females, while V (R² = 0.095) showed a significant association with altercations of beta diversity in those who often drank. Furthermore, the associations between partial EMs and specific bacterial taxa were also found: the negative and linear associations of Mo with Tenericutes, Sr with Bacteroidales, and Ca with Enterobacteriaceae and Lachnospiraceae, and a positive and linear association of Sr with Bifidobacteriales were found. Our findings suggested that EMs may play an important role in maintaining the steady status of gut microbiota. Prospective studies are needed to replicate these findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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14 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Milling on Nutritional Components in Common and Zinc-Biofortified Wheat

by Zefang Jiang, Shiyue Zhou, Yu Peng, Xin Wen, Yuanying Ni and Mo Li

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 833; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040833 - 06 Feb 2023

Viewed by 2174

Abstract

Biofortification is one of the most successful approaches to enhance the level of micronutrients in wheat. In the present study, wheats with zinc biofortification (foliar fertilization and breeding strategies) were milled into five components (whole flour, break flour, reduction flour, fine bran, and [...] Read more.

Biofortification is one of the most successful approaches to enhance the level of micronutrients in wheat. In the present study, wheats with zinc biofortification (foliar fertilization and breeding strategies) were milled into five components (whole flour, break flour, reduction flour, fine bran, and coarse bran) and their mineral content and nutritional components were evaluated. The results revealed that biofortification greatly increased the Zn concentration (by 30.58%–30.86%) and soluble Zn content (by 28.57%–42.86%) of whole flour after digestion. This improvement is mainly in break flour, reduction flour, and fine bran. Meanwhile, the contents of macronutrients including ash, lipids, and proteins and micronutrients containing iron, calcium, and vitamins (B₁, B₆, and B₉) increased after biofortification. In addition, there was a decline in the concentrations of vitamins B₂ and B₅. Although dietary fibers and starch are the major carbohydrates, total dietary fiber exhibited a declining trend in coarse bran, and starch exhibited a rising trend in break and reduction flour. There was a decrease in the molar ratio of phytates: zinc did not promote a significant improvement in zinc bioaccessibility. These results can be useful for generating wheat varieties rich in micronutrients as well as having better nutritional traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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13 pages, 917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Zinc Intake and All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in Korean Middle-Aged and Older Adults

by Yu-Jin Kwon, Hye Sun Lee, Goeun Park, Juyeon Yang, Hyung-Mi Kim and Ji-Won Lee

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 358; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020358 - 11 Jan 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2387

Abstract

We aimed to investigate the association between dietary zinc intake and total deaths, cancer, and cardiovascular disease death. In this prospective, 10-year, community-based cohort analysis, data from 143,050 adult participants (aged 40 years and older) were analyzed. Dietary zinc intake at baseline was [...] Read more.

We aimed to investigate the association between dietary zinc intake and total deaths, cancer, and cardiovascular disease death. In this prospective, 10-year, community-based cohort analysis, data from 143,050 adult participants (aged 40 years and older) were analyzed. Dietary zinc intake at baseline was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Harrell’s C-index was used to determine the optimal cut-off of dietary zinc intake with the log-rank test. Using the Cox proportional hazards regression models, the association between dietary zinc intake and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality was estimated using hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. During the mean 10.1 years of follow-up, 5436 participants expired, of whom 2355 died due to cancer and 985 died due to cardiovascular causes. After adjustment for confounders, dietary zinc intake was inversely associated with all-cause mortality (≤5.60 mg/day vs. >7.98 mg/day; hazard ratio, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–1.25) and cardiovascular disease mortality (≤5.12 mg/day vs. >7.28 mg/day; hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–1.81) but not with cancer mortality (≤5.60 mg/day vs. >10.08 mg/day; hazard ratio, 1.09; 95% confidence interval, 0.90–1.33). Dietary zinc intake was associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality but not with cancer mortality. Our findings could suggest that recommending optimal dietary zinc intake is helpful for human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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13 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Possible Impact of Vitamin D Status and Supplementation on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Risk and COVID-19 Symptoms in a Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Amedeo De Nicolò, Jessica Cusato, Cristina Bezzio, Simone Saibeni, Marta Vernero, Michela Disabato, Gian Paolo Caviglia, Alice Ianniello, Alessandra Manca, Antonio D’Avolio and Davide Giuseppe Ribaldone

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010169 - 29 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2576

Abstract

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic represents a global health challenge, particularly considering concomitant diseases. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) can be considered a population at risk. On the other hand, the risk of developing IBD and COVID-19 have both been described as [...] Read more.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic represents a global health challenge, particularly considering concomitant diseases. Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) can be considered a population at risk. On the other hand, the risk of developing IBD and COVID-19 have both been described as modulated by vitamin D (VD) levels. In this work, a cohort of 106 adult patients affected by IBD was prospectively enrolled, during the second wave of the pandemic in Italy. In these patients, VD plasma levels, demographic, and clinical characteristics were tested for a correlation/an association with the risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the study period (anti-spike IgG positivity) and the severity of COVID-19 symptoms. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, VD supplementation (Odds Ratio; OR 0.116, p = 0.002), therapy with monoclonal antibodies (OR 0.227, p = 0.007), and the use of mesalazine (OR 2.968, p = 0.046) were found to be independent predictors of SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Moreover, hypertension was associated with severe disease (p = 0.019), while a VD level higher than 30 ng/mL (p = 0.031, OR 0.078) was associated with asymptomatic infection. No interplay between IBD activity and COVID-19 risk of infection or symptoms was observed. These results confirm the importance of VD levels in defining the risk of COVID-19 and give encouraging data about the safety of maintaining immunomodulatory treatments for IBD during the COVID-19 pandemic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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Review

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18 pages, 827 KiB

Open AccessReview

Relationship of Low Vitamin B6 Status with Sarcopenia, Frailty, and Mortality: A Narrative Review

by Norihisa Kato, Akiko Kimoto, Peipei Zhang, Chanikan Bumrungkit, Sajith Karunaratne, Noriyuki Yanaka and Thanutchaporn Kumrungsee

Nutrients 2024, 16(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16010177 - 04 Jan 2024

Viewed by 2861

Abstract

Marginal vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency is a widespread global concern. Inadequate B6 levels have been linked to an increased risk of age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In recent years, the growing concern over sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle [...] Read more.

Marginal vitamin B6 (B6) deficiency is a widespread global concern. Inadequate B6 levels have been linked to an increased risk of age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancers. In recent years, the growing concern over sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength) and frailty (a decline in physiological resilience and increased vulnerability associated with aging) is particularly relevant due to the emergence of super-aged societies in developed countries. Notably, among the thirty-one studies included in this review, twenty-five showed a significant association of B6 status with sarcopenia, frailty, and all-cause mortality in adults (p < 0.05), while six showed no association. Emerging studies have suggested novel mechanisms underlying this association. These mechanisms involve P2X7 receptor-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, AMPK signaling, PD-L1 signaling, and satellite cell-mediated myogenesis. Furthermore, the modulation of PLP-dependent enzymes due to B6 deficiency is associated with impaired metabolic processes, affecting energy utilization, imidazole peptide production, and hydrogen sulfide production, as well as the kynurenine pathway, all of which play vital roles in skeletal muscle health and pathophysiology. This narrative review provides an up-to-date assessment of our current understanding of the potential role of nutritional B6 status in combating sarcopenia, frailty, and mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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15 pages, 2543 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bibliometric and Visual Analysis of Global Research on Taurine, Creatine, Carnosine, and Anserine with Metabolic Syndrome: From 1992 to 2022

by Jiaru Sun, Fang Guo, Jinjun Ran, Haisheng Wu, Yang Li, Mingxu Wang and Xiaoqin Wang

Nutrients 2023, 15(15), 3374; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153374 - 29 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1583

Abstract

Red meat and animal-sourced protein are often disparaged as risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome, while emerging research has shown the beneficial effects of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, and anserine which are all exclusively abundant in red meat. Thus, it is imperative to [...] Read more.

Red meat and animal-sourced protein are often disparaged as risk factors for developing metabolic syndrome, while emerging research has shown the beneficial effects of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, and anserine which are all exclusively abundant in red meat. Thus, it is imperative to highlight the available evidence to help promote red meat as part of a well-balanced diet to optimize human health. In this study, a bibliometric analysis was conducted to investigate the current research status of dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, and anserine with metabolic syndrome, identify research hotspots, and delineate developmental trends by utilizing the visualization software CiteSpace. A total of 1094 publications were retrieved via the Web of Science Core Collection from 1992 to 2022. There exists a gradual increase in the number of publications on this topic, but there is still much room for research papers to rise. The United States has participated in the most studies, followed by China and Japan. The University of Sao Paulo was the research institute contributing the most; Kyung Ja Chang and Sanya Roysommuti have been identified as the most prolific authors. The analysis of keywords reveals that obesity, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and glucose metabolism, as well as ergogenic aid and growth promoter have been the research hotspots. Inflammation and diabetic nephropathy will likely be frontiers of future research related to dietary taurine, creatine, carnosine, and anserine. Overall, this paper may provide insights for researchers to further delve into this field and enlist the greater community to re-evaluate the health effects of red meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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25 pages, 1350 KiB

Open AccessReview

Iodine Deficiency, Maternal Hypothyroxinemia and Endocrine Disrupters Affecting Fetal Brain Development: A Scoping Review

by Rolf Grossklaus, Klaus-Peter Liesenkötter, Klaus Doubek, Henry Völzke and Roland Gaertner

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2249; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102249 - 09 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3583

Abstract

This scoping review critically discusses the publications of the last 30 years on the impact of mild to moderate iodine deficiency and the additional impact of endocrine disrupters during pregnancy on embryonal/fetal brain development. An asymptomatic mild to moderate iodine deficiency and/or isolated [...] Read more.

This scoping review critically discusses the publications of the last 30 years on the impact of mild to moderate iodine deficiency and the additional impact of endocrine disrupters during pregnancy on embryonal/fetal brain development. An asymptomatic mild to moderate iodine deficiency and/or isolated maternal hypothyroxinemia might affect the development of the embryonal/fetal brain. There is sufficient evidence underlining the importance of an adequate iodine supply for all women of childbearing age in order to prevent negative mental and social consequences for their children. An additional threat to the thyroid hormone system is the ubiquitous exposure to endocrine disrupters, which might exacerbate the effects of iodine deficiency in pregnant women on the neurocognitive development of their offspring. Ensuring adequate iodine intake is therefore essential not only for healthy fetal and neonatal development in general, but it might also extenuate the effects of endocrine disruptors. Individual iodine supplementation of women of childbearing age living in areas with mild to moderate iodine deficiency is mandatory as long as worldwide universal salt iodization does not guarantee an adequate iodine supply. There is an urgent need for detailed strategies to identify and reduce exposure to endocrine disrupters according to the “precautional principle”. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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14 pages, 377 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Comprehensive Review of Health-Benefiting Components in Rapeseed Oil

by Junjun Shen, Yejia Liu, Xiaoling Wang, Jie Bai, Lizhong Lin, Feijun Luo and Haiyan Zhong

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 999; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040999 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4587

Abstract

Rapeseed oil is the third most consumed culinary oil in the world. It is well-known for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which make it of great nutritional value. There is increasing evidence that a diet rich in [...] Read more.

Rapeseed oil is the third most consumed culinary oil in the world. It is well-known for its high content of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which make it of great nutritional value. There is increasing evidence that a diet rich in unsaturated fatty acids offers health benefits. Although the consumption of rapeseed oil cuts across many areas around the world, the nutritional elements of rapeseed oil and the exact efficacy of the nutrients remain unclear. In this review, we systematically summarized the latest studies on functional rapeseed components to ascertain which component of canola oil contributes to its function. Apart from unsaturated fatty acids, there are nine functional components in rapeseed oil that contribute to its anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and cardioprotective, among others. These nine functional components are vitamin E, flavonoids, squalene, carotenoids, glucoraphanin, indole-3-Carbinol, sterols, phospholipids, and ferulic acid, which themselves or their derivatives have health-benefiting properties. This review sheds light on the health-benefiting effects of rapeseed oil in the hope of further development of functional foods from rapeseed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

16 pages, 2566 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Different Dietary Patterns on Macronutrient Composition in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Qinghua Xi, Weixin Liu, Tianyuan Zeng, Xuan Chen, Ting Luo and Zeyuan Deng

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 485; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030485 - 17 Jan 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2909

Abstract

The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically review the relationships between lactation diet and the composition of mature breast milk through screening multiple databases and gray literatures, with priority given to quantitative articles published in Chinese and English. We identified 27 cross-sectional [...] Read more.

The aim of this meta-analysis was to systematically review the relationships between lactation diet and the composition of mature breast milk through screening multiple databases and gray literatures, with priority given to quantitative articles published in Chinese and English. We identified 27 cross-sectional studies that included 4355 lactating women. According to these data, dietary patterns were categorized into four patterns based on the fat and protein energy supplying ratio, including rational-fat and rational-protein dietary (RR), high-fat and high-protein dietary (HH), rational-fat and high-protein dietary (RH), and high-fat and rational-protein dietary (HR). The results showed the fat content in mature milk was increased with increments of fat intake, while both the protein and lactose contents in mature milk did not increase with their intakes for lactating mothers. Among these four dietary patterns, the energy ratio of macronutrients in human milk at the RR was the closest to the estimated energy ratio for infants aged 0–6 M. In conclusion, our study represents that the rational dietary pattern should be advocated, and the irrational dietary patterns, especially high-fat and high-protein dietary patterns, should be avoided during lactation stage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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Other

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19 pages, 2296 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Relationship between Iron Deficiency and Thyroid Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Vincenzo Garofalo, Rosita A. Condorelli, Rossella Cannarella, Antonio Aversa, Aldo E. Calogero and Sandro La Vignera

Nutrients 2023, 15(22), 4790; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224790 - 15 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3716

Abstract

Objective: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide. Low levels of serum ferritin (SF) could affect the thyroid gland and its functioning. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the main currently available evidence and analyze [...] Read more.

Objective: Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency worldwide. Low levels of serum ferritin (SF) could affect the thyroid gland and its functioning. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to summarize the main currently available evidence and analyze data on the relationship between ID and thyroid function. Methods: This study included all articles evaluating the relationship between ID and thyroid function. Quality assessment was performed using Cambridge Quality Checklists. The search strategy included the following combination of Medical Subjects Headings terms and keywords: “iron deficiency”, “thyroid function”, “thyroid disease”, “thyroid dysfunction”, and “hypothyroidism”. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate whether thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels differed between patients with ID and healthy controls without ID. For statistical comparison between cases and controls, the mean difference (MD) was calculated, and a subgroup analysis of pregnant and non-pregnant women was performed. Cochran’s Q testing and heterogeneity indices (I²) were used to assess statistical heterogeneity. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias analyses were also performed, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, a meta-regression analysis was performed to evaluate the correlation between serum TSH or FT4 levels and SF in the study population. Results: Ten cross-sectional studies were identified and reviewed. Patients with ID showed TSH (MD: −0.24 mIU/L; 95% CI −0.41, −0.07; I² = 100%, p = 0.005), FT4 (MD: −1.18 pmol/L; 95% CI −1.43, −0.94; I² = 99%, p < 0.000001), and FT3 (MD: −0.22 pmol/L; 95% CI −0.32, −0.12; I² = 99%, p < 0.00001) levels that were significantly lower. Subgroup analysis confirmed significantly lower TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels in pregnant women. Non-pregnant women showed significantly lower serum FT4 and FT3 levels but no difference in TSH values. Meta-regression analysis showed that serum TSH and FT4 levels were positively correlated with SF levels. Our systematic review of the literature found that ID significantly increases the prevalence of thyroid autoantibody (anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies) positivity both individually and collectively. Conclusion: Studies currently published in the literature indicate a possible relationship between ID, thyroid function, and autoimmunity, especially in some patient groups. Data analysis shows that thyroid hormone levels are lower in patients with ID and, in particular, in pregnant women. Further studies are needed to understand the role played by iron in thyroid metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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12 pages, 870 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Impact of Prenatal Vitamin D on Enamel Defects and Tooth Erosion: A Systematic Review

by Gianina Tapalaga, Bogdan Andrei Bumbu, Sandhya Rani Reddy, Sai Diksha Vutukuru, Akhila Nalla, Felix Bratosin, Roxana Manuela Fericean, Catalin Dumitru, Doru Ciprian Crisan, Nicoleta Nicolae and Magda Mihaela Luca

Nutrients 2023, 15(18), 3863; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15183863 - 05 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1614

Abstract

Prenatal Vitamin D has been suggested to be critical for dental health in children, affecting outcomes including the prevalence of enamel defects and tooth erosion. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential impact of prenatal Vitamin D levels on these dental health [...] Read more.

Prenatal Vitamin D has been suggested to be critical for dental health in children, affecting outcomes including the prevalence of enamel defects and tooth erosion. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the potential impact of prenatal Vitamin D levels on these dental health outcomes. A total of seven studies, involving 6978 participants, were included after a comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus from 2013 to June 2023. The average age of mothers varied across studies, with Vitamin D levels or supplementation practices displaying significant variation among the study populations. The age of children at examination ranged from 3.6 to 6.6 years. The analysis demonstrated a diverse association between Vitamin D levels and dental outcomes, with enamel defects reported in 21.1% to 64% of the children and opacities ranging from 36% to 79.5% across studies. Maternal Vitamin D insufficiency was identified as a significant risk factor for enamel defects in one study (OR: 3.55), whereas high prenatal Vitamin D levels indicated a protective effect against Hypomineralized Second Primary Molars (OR: 0.84) and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization (OR: 0.95) in another. Conversely, low Vitamin D levels increased the risk of enamel hypoplasia (OR: 1.29) and dental decay. The maternal and child demographics varied greatly across the studies, and the assessment and prevalence of Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency were heterogenous. This review illuminates the potential influence of prenatal Vitamin D on dental health in children, underscoring the importance of adequate Vitamin D levels during pregnancy. However, more robust research is required to establish the optimal Vitamin D intake during pregnancy to ensure healthy dental outcomes in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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9 pages, 1176 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Large Iodine Variability in Retail Cows’ Milk in the U.S.: A Follow-Up Study among Different Retail Outlets

by Janet M. Roseland, Katherine M. Phillips, Bryan T. Vinyard, Todor Todorov, Abby G. Ershow and Pamela R. Pehrsson

Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3077; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143077 - 08 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1146

Abstract

In a previous study, large variability in iodine content was found among samples of store brand retail milk at a single time point in a sampling taken from 24 nationwide U.S. locations for the USDA FoodData Central database, but the sampling plan was [...] Read more.

In a previous study, large variability in iodine content was found among samples of store brand retail milk at a single time point in a sampling taken from 24 nationwide U.S. locations for the USDA FoodData Central database, but the sampling plan was not designed to detect differences among locations. This follow-up study was carried out to evaluate iodine levels in retail milk across the U.S. over time. Milk samples (2% fat) were collected bimonthly in fourteen locations for one year and analyzed in duplicate. Control materials were used to support accuracy of results and ensure precision across analytical batches. The overall mean and standard error (SE) for iodine concentration were 82.5 (7.0) µg/240 mL serving, which was comparable to the previous national mean [85.0 (5.5) µg/240 mL]. A similar wide range among individual samples was detected (27.9–282 µg/240 mL). For some locations, the mean iodine concentration differed significantly from others, and differed from the national average by amounts ranging from −47 µg to +37 µg per serving. The between-sample range within location was large for some (up to 229 µg/serving) and minimal for others (as little as 13.2 µg/serving). These findings suggest iodine intake from some retail milk supplies could be over- or underestimated relative to the national average, even if the national average is suitable for population-wide intake estimates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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16 pages, 981 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency and Insufficiency on the Outcome of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Systematic Review

by Zaleha Md Isa, Norizzati Amsah and Norfazilah Ahmad

Nutrients 2023, 15(10), 2310; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15102310 - 15 May 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4842

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are public health concerns that have contributed to multiple negative health outcomes. Recent studies have revealed that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency influence glycaemic control and the development of diabetes complications. The goal of this systematic review is [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are public health concerns that have contributed to multiple negative health outcomes. Recent studies have revealed that vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency influence glycaemic control and the development of diabetes complications. The goal of this systematic review is to summarise the latest evidence on the impact of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency on the outcome of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients. In this PRISMA-guided systematic review, articles were sourced from three databases, namely, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review only included literature published from 2012 until 2022, and 33 eligible studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. The included articles were critically appraised using the Mixed Method Appraisal Tool (MMAT). According to our findings, vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is associated with mental health status, macrovascular and microvascular complications of T2DM, metabolic syndrome, increased risk of obesity, increased blood pressure, dyslipidaemia, glycaemic control, nerve-related disease, musculoskeletal-related complications, and reduced quality of life. Due to the diverse implications of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, screening for vitamin D levels in T2DM patients may be beneficial. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Health)

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