Research

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17 pages, 1886 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Terrain-Following Control Method for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles with Single-Beam Sensor Configuration

by Zheping Yan, Lichao Hao, Yuzhu Wang and Tao Chen

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(3), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030366 - 21 Feb 2024

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This paper investigates the terrain-following problem for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) from control perspectives with full consideration of terrain characteristics. By equipping the AUV with three simple single-beam echo sounders, a set of precise along-track bottom slopes are obtained in a real-time [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the terrain-following problem for an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) from control perspectives with full consideration of terrain characteristics. By equipping the AUV with three simple single-beam echo sounders, a set of precise along-track bottom slopes are obtained in a real-time manner, and the occurrence of the lost bottom lock phenomenon caused by a single sonar altimeter is eliminated. A slope-based data processing method is developed, which enables an AUV to characterize seafloor features with complementary sensing modalities to generate proper adaptive height-modified values. In order to keep a fixed height when maneuvering over rugged terrains, a back-stepping depth control is implemented by adjusting horizontal rudder angle, and Lyapunov theory is adopted to analyze the asymptotic stability of the resulting terrain-following control system. At last, simulation results indicate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed methodology with a discussion of various sensor configurations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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15 pages, 5229 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Super Resolution Mapping of Scatterometer Ocean Surface Wind Speed Using Generative Adversarial Network: Experiments in the Southern China Sea

by Xianci Wan, Baojian Liu, Zhizhou Guo, Zhenghuan Xia, Tao Zhang, Rui Ji and Wei Wan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(2), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020228 - 27 Jan 2024

Viewed by 621

Abstract

This paper designed a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-based super-resolution framework for scatterometer ocean surface wind speed (OSWS) mapping. An improved GAN, WSGAN, was well-trained to generate high-resolution OSWS (~1/64 km) from low-resolution OSWS (~12.5 km) retrieved from scatterometer observations. The generator of GAN [...] Read more.

This paper designed a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-based super-resolution framework for scatterometer ocean surface wind speed (OSWS) mapping. An improved GAN, WSGAN, was well-trained to generate high-resolution OSWS (~1/64 km) from low-resolution OSWS (~12.5 km) retrieved from scatterometer observations. The generator of GAN incorporated Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) information in the training phase. Therefore, the pre-trained model could reconstruct high-resolution OSWS with historical local spatial and texture information. The training experiments were executed in the South China Sea using the OSWS generated from the Advanced SCATterometer (ASCAT) scatterometer and Sentinel-1 SAR OSWS set. Several GAN-based methods were compared, and WSGAN performed the best in most sea states, enabling more detail mining with fewer checkerboard artifacts at a scale factor of eight. The model reaches an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.81 m/s and an overall mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.68 m/s in the collocation region of ASCAT and Sentinel-1. The model also exhibits excellent generalization capability in another scatterometer with an overall RMSE of 1.11 m/s. This study benefits high-resolution OSWS users when no SAR observation is available. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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13 pages, 3562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Communication Management and Data Compression Algorithm Design of BeiDou Transparent Transmission Terminal for Argo Buoy

by Hongyu Li, Yanjun Fan, Yicheng Wen, Yanchao Zou, Qingfeng Ma and Shaobo Yang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(1), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12010173 - 16 Jan 2024

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Abstract

The Argo buoy detects marine environmental data by making profile movements in the ocean and transmits the profile detection data to the shore base through the communication terminal. However, due to the large volume of data collected from profile detections and the continuous [...] Read more.

The Argo buoy detects marine environmental data by making profile movements in the ocean and transmits the profile detection data to the shore base through the communication terminal. However, due to the large volume of data collected from profile detections and the continuous operation of the terminal, the remote communication of buoys is characterized by lengthy communication times and significant power consumption. A low-power Beidou transparent transmission terminal is designed to solve these problems in this paper. The terminal performs low-power operation management and power management for terminal remote communication. After the end of a communication process, the microcontroller turns the Beidou module power off and enters STOP mode. Before the next communication process begins, the serial port wakes up the microcontroller, which powers up the Beidou module. Before the remote communication, the microcontroller compacts the profile detection data collected by the buoy to reduce the quantity of remote communication data. In this paper, a variety of data compression methods are used to compare the compression rate, and the best compression method is selected according to the format characteristics of the data. The results show that the Beidou transparent transmission terminal of the Argo buoy can realize low power consumption for remote communication in ocean exploration. The terminal reduces power consumption by 77.282% per communication, and the average number of remote communications for each profile detection data are reduced by 55 times. The low-power Beidou transparent transmission terminal improves the battery life and is conducive to the long-term operation of the buoy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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19 pages, 5261 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Automatic Internal Wave Recognition Algorithm Based on CNN Applicable to an Ocean Data Buoy System

by Guozheng Yuan, Chunlin Ning, Lin Liu, Chao Li, Yanliang Liu, Chalermrat Sangmanee, Xuerong Cui, Jinkai Zhao, Jiuke Wang and Weidong Yu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(11), 2110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11112110 - 04 Nov 2023

Viewed by 928

Abstract

The application of internal wave recognition to the buoy system is of great significance to enhance the understanding of the ocean internal wave phenomenon and provide more accurate data and information support. This article proposes an automatic internal wave recognition algorithm based on [...] Read more.

The application of internal wave recognition to the buoy system is of great significance to enhance the understanding of the ocean internal wave phenomenon and provide more accurate data and information support. This article proposes an automatic internal wave recognition algorithm based on convolutional neural networks (CNN), which is used in the tight-profile intelligent buoy system. The sea profile temperature data were collected using the Bailong buoy system in the Andaman Sea in 2018. The CNN network structure is applied to feature compression of ocean temperature profile data, reducing the input feature amount of the feature recognition network, thereby reducing the overall algorithm parameters and computational complexity. By adjusting the number of convolution kernels and the length of convolution steps, the original data features in the time domain and the space domain are compressed, respectively. The experimental results show that the identification accuracy and robustness of this method are clearly superior to those of other methods. Additionally, the parameter number and calculation amount of this algorithm are very tiny, which greatly improves the possibility of its deployment in the buoy system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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24 pages, 11959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Real-Time Processing and High-Quality Imaging of Navigation Strip Data Using SSS Based on AUVs

by Yulin Tang, Junsen Wang, Shaohua Jin, Jianhu Zhao, Liming Wang, Gang Bian and Xinyang Zhao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(9), 1769; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11091769 - 10 Sep 2023

Viewed by 876

Abstract

In light of the prevailing approach in which data from side-scan sonar (SSS) from Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are primarily processed and visualized post mission, failing to meet the requirements in terms of timeliness for on-the-fly image acquisition, this paper introduces a novel [...] Read more.

In light of the prevailing approach in which data from side-scan sonar (SSS) from Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are primarily processed and visualized post mission, failing to meet the requirements in terms of timeliness for on-the-fly image acquisition, this paper introduces a novel method for real-time processing and superior imaging of navigation strip data from SSS aboard AUVs. Initially, a comprehensive description of the real-time processing sequence is provided, encompassing the integration of multi-source navigation data using Kalman filtering, and high-pass filtering of attitude and heading data to exclude anomalies, as well as the use of bidirectional filtering techniques within and between pings, ensuring real-time quality control of raw data. In addition, this study adopts the semantic segmentation Unet network for automatic real-time tracking of seafloor lines, devises a real-time correction strategy for radial distortion based on historical echo data, and utilizes the alternating direction multiplier method for real-time noise reduction in strip images. With the combined application of these four pivotal techniques, we adeptly address the primary challenges in real-time navigation data processing. In conclusion, marine tests conducted in Bohai Bay substantiate the efficacy of the methodologies delineated in this research, offering a fresh paradigm for real-time processing and superior visualization of SSS navigation strip data on AUVs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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16 pages, 5303 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Curvelet-Transform-Based Image Fusion Method Incorporating Side-Scan Sonar Image Features

by Xinyang Zhao, Shaohua Jin, Gang Bian, Yang Cui, Junsen Wang and Bo Zhou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(7), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11071291 - 25 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 921

Abstract

Current methods of fusing side-scan sonar images fail to tackle the issues of shadow removal, preservation of information from adjacent strip images, and maintenance of image clarity and contrast. To address these deficiencies, a novel curvelet-transform-based approach that integrates the complementary attribute of [...] Read more.

Current methods of fusing side-scan sonar images fail to tackle the issues of shadow removal, preservation of information from adjacent strip images, and maintenance of image clarity and contrast. To address these deficiencies, a novel curvelet-transform-based approach that integrates the complementary attribute of details from side-scan sonar strip images is proposed. By capitalizing on the multiple scales and orientations of the curvelet transform and its intricate hierarchical nature, myriad fusion rules were applied at the corresponding frequency levels, enabling a more-tailored image fusion technique for side-scan sonar imagery. The experimental results validated the effectiveness of this method in preserving valuable information from side-scan sonar images, reducing the presence of shadows and ensuring both clarity and contrast in the fused images. By meeting the aforementioned challenges encountered in existing methodologies, this approach demonstrated great practical significance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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20 pages, 7023 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Climatic Trend of Wind Energy Resource in the Antarctic

by Kai-Shan Wang, Di Wu, Tao Zhang, Kai Wu, Chong-Wei Zheng, Cheng-Tao Yi and Yue Yu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 1088; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051088 - 22 May 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1094

Abstract

Wind energy resource is an important support for the sustainable development of Antarctica. The evaluation of wind energy potential determines the feasibility and economy of wind power generation in Antarctica, among which mastering the variation rule of wind energy resource is the key [...] Read more.

Wind energy resource is an important support for the sustainable development of Antarctica. The evaluation of wind energy potential determines the feasibility and economy of wind power generation in Antarctica, among which mastering the variation rule of wind energy resource is the key to realizing the effective utilization of polar wind energy. Based on the 6-h ERA-5 reanalysis data of ECMWF from January 1981 to December 2020, this paper systematically analyzed the long-term variation trend of Antarctic wind energy resource by using the climate statistical analysis method and the least square fitting, with the comprehensive consideration of a series of key indicators such as Wind Power Density, Effective Wind Speed Occurrence, Energy Level Occurrence, and Stability. The results show that it indicates a positive trend for wind power density (0.5~2 W × m⁻² × a⁻¹), effective wind speed occurrence (2~3%/a), energy level occurrence (0.1~0.2%/a), and coefficient of variation (−0.005/a) in the South Pole—Kunlun station and the central region of Queen Maud land. The westerly belt exhibits a decreasing index (−0.5%/a) in terms of stability trend, indicating a positive potential. Kemp Land, the Ross Island—Balleny Islands waters show shortages in all indicators. The wind power density in the Antarctic region is stronger in spring and summer than in autumn and winter, with the weakest in autumn. Based on the above indicators, the variation trend in the East Antarctic coast, Wilhelm II Land—Wilkes Land, the South Pole—Kunlun station, and the westerlies is generally superior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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25 pages, 20448 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction Method for RUL of Underwater Self-Enhancement Structure: Subsea Christmas Tree High-Pressure Valve Actuator as a Case Study

by Peng Liu, Chen Dai, Shuo Zhao, Shuaiqiang Li, Bilong Liu and Guijie Liu

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 1065; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051065 - 17 May 2023

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Abstract

Underwater pressure-bearing structures are produced in practice by means of pressure self-enhancement methods in order to improve the stress distribution and enhance the pressure-bearing performance. On the other hand, the pairs equation shows that stress is an important factor influencing the degradation of [...] Read more.

Underwater pressure-bearing structures are produced in practice by means of pressure self-enhancement methods in order to improve the stress distribution and enhance the pressure-bearing performance. On the other hand, the pairs equation shows that stress is an important factor influencing the degradation of the structure. In fact, improving the stress distribution will not only improve the pressure-bearing performance, but will have an impact on the life degradation trend. Thus, pressure self-enhancement affects the structural life by changing the stress distribution. With this in mind, this paper considers the effect of pressure self-enhancement on the service time of subsea structures, and a Bayesian network (BN)-based method that can be used to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of underwater self-enhanced structures is proposed. The method also takes into account the influence of multiple sources of structural factors in order to predict the RUL of the structure more accurately. The life degradation process of an all-electric Christmas tree valve actuator is used as a case study. The prediction results are compared with data in the literature to verify the validity of the method. The results have implications for guidance on the O&M assurance of underwater production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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21 pages, 5455 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Simulation of the Interaction between Solitary Waves and Underwater Barriers Using a VPM–THINC/QQ-Coupled Model

by Mengyu Li, Xizeng Zhao, Mingjian Yin, Yiyang Zong, Jinyou Lu, Shiming Yao, Geng Qu and Hualong Luan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(5), 1011; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11051011 - 08 May 2023

Viewed by 1218

Abstract

The interaction between solitary waves and underwater barriers is investigated using our in-house code, entitled VPM (volume-average/point-value multi-moment)–THINC/QQ (THINC method with quadratic surface representation and Gaussian quadrature)-coupled model. The stability and accuracy of the proposed model are validated by comparing the numerical results [...] Read more.

The interaction between solitary waves and underwater barriers is investigated using our in-house code, entitled VPM (volume-average/point-value multi-moment)–THINC/QQ (THINC method with quadratic surface representation and Gaussian quadrature)-coupled model. The stability and accuracy of the proposed model are validated by comparing the numerical results with those of the well established two-phase flow solver interFoam. All the results indicate that the presented coupled model has the advantage of high fidelity in simulating solitary wave propagation. Subsequently, solitary waves passing over a single underwater barrier are simulated by the present model. Numerical results are compared with experimental results in terms of the free surface elevation, velocity profile, vorticity field, and wave forces. Great agreements are obtained. In the end, the interactions between solitary waves and double underwater barriers are investigated numerically. The results reveal that the reflection coefficient increases first, and then decreases, with the increasing space between the two barriers. For cases with different wave heights, the transmission coefficient decreases monotonically, and the dissipation coefficient is opposed to the transmission coefficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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15 pages, 5563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Time Variation Trend of Wave Power Density in the South China Sea

by Hongyu Li, Qingshan Gao, Shaobo Yang, Weizhuang Ma, Dongsong Zhen and Yu Zhang

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(3), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11030608 - 13 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1247

Abstract

Based on the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH-III (WW3), this paper analyzes the changing trend of wave power density (WPD) in the South China Sea, which can provide necessary references for the development and utilization of wave energy resources in the future. In this [...] Read more.

Based on the third-generation wave model WAVEWATCH-III (WW3), this paper analyzes the changing trend of wave power density (WPD) in the South China Sea, which can provide necessary references for the development and utilization of wave energy resources in the future. In this study, multi-platform cross-calibrated (CCMP) wind data was used to drive WW3 to calculate the WPD of the South China Sea. The Mann-Kendall (MK) algorithm can be used to determine the mutation of WPD, and the accuracy of the CCMP wind was verified. Next, the time distribution of WPD is analyzed for the whole sea area and dominant sea area of the South China Sea, and on this basis, the dominant sea area for the development of wave energy resources in the South China Sea was studied. The results are as follows: (1) Extreme weather has a significant impact on the change of WPD in the South China Sea, and this change is likely due to the effect of extreme weather on sea temperature. (2) Dongsha Islands has the highest annual WPD value and has the greatest impact on the overall trend change of the South China Sea. (3) Integrated wave energy exploitability and safety and technology perspectives, the waters around Taiwan Strait are more suitable as the primary site for energy conversion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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Review

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18 pages, 4227 KiB

Open AccessReview

Underwater Acoustic Technology-Based Monitoring of Oil Spill: A Review

by Huaxin Pan, Kangxu Tang, Jia Zhuo, Yuming Lu, Jialong Chen and Zhichao Lv

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2023, 11(4), 870; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11040870 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2811

Abstract

Acoustic monitoring is an efficient technique for oil spill detection, and the development of acoustic technology is conducive to achieving real-time monitoring of underwater oil spills, providing data references and guidance for emergency response work. Starting from the research background of oil spills, [...] Read more.

Acoustic monitoring is an efficient technique for oil spill detection, and the development of acoustic technology is conducive to achieving real-time monitoring of underwater oil spills, providing data references and guidance for emergency response work. Starting from the research background of oil spills, this review summarizes and evaluates the existing research on acoustic technology for monitoring underwater oil spills. Underwater oil spills are more complex than surface oil spills, and further research is needed to investigate the feasibility of acoustic technology in underwater oil spill monitoring, verify the accuracy of monitoring data, and assess its value. In the future, the impact mechanism and dynamic research of acoustic technology in oil spill monitoring should be explored, and the advantages and differences between acoustic technology and other detection techniques should be compared. The significance of auxiliary mechanisms combined with acoustic technology in oil spill monitoring should be studied. Moreover, acoustic research methods and experimental techniques should be enriched and improved to fully tap into the future value of acoustic technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Celebrating the 70th Anniversary of China University of Petroleum: Invited Papers for Ocean Engineering)

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