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Volume 6
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Fluids, Volume 6, Issue 7 (July 2021) – 31 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Results from a pilot program to assess boundary mixing processes along the northern continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico are presented. We report a novel attempt to utilize a turbulence flux sensor on conventional mooring. These data document many of the features expected of a stratified Ekman layer: a buoyancy anomaly over a height less than that of the unstratified Ekman layer and an enhanced turning of the velocity vector with depth. Turbulent stress estimates have an appropriate magnitude and are aligned with the near-bottom velocity vector. There are also surprising departures from the Ekman paradigm: an internal wave band momentum flux is directed upslope, and temperature variance production resides solely in these internal waveband frequencies. View this paper
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25 pages, 9478 KiB  
Article
An Improved Conservative Direct Re-Initialization Method (ICDR) for Two-Phase Flow Simulations
by Mehdi Mostafaiyan, Sven Wießner, Gert Heinrich and Mahdi Salami Hosseini
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070261 - 20 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1397
Abstract
We introduce an improved conservative direct re-initialization (ICDR) method (for two-phase flow problems) as a new and efficient geometrical re-distancing scheme. The ICDR technique takes advantage of two mass-conserving and fast re-distancing schemes, as well as a global mass correction concept to reduce [...] Read more.
We introduce an improved conservative direct re-initialization (ICDR) method (for two-phase flow problems) as a new and efficient geometrical re-distancing scheme. The ICDR technique takes advantage of two mass-conserving and fast re-distancing schemes, as well as a global mass correction concept to reduce the extent of the mass loss/gain in two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) problems. We examine the ICDR method, at the first step, with two 2D benchmarks: the notched cylinder and the swirling flow vortex problems. To do so, we (for the first time) extensively analyze the dependency of the regenerated interface quality on both time-step and element sizes. Then, we quantitatively assess the results by employing a defined norm value, which evaluates the deviation from the exact solution. We also present a visual assessment by graphical demonstration of original and regenerated interfaces. In the next step, we investigate the performance of the ICDR in three-dimensional (3D) problems. For this purpose, we simulate drop deformation in a simple shear flow field. We describe our reason for this choice and show that, by employing the ICDR scheme, the results of our analysis comply with the existing numerical and experimental data in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Fluids and Flows: Algorithms and Applications)
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17 pages, 5541 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Mixed Convective Williamson Fluid Flow Over an Exponentially Stretching Permeable Curved Surface
by Kamran Ahmed, Waqar A. Khan, Tanvir Akbar, Ghulam Rasool, Sayer O. Alharbi and Ilyas Khan
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070260 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 3245
Abstract
The present investigation aims to examine the heat flux mechanism in the hagnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convective flow of Williamson-type fluid across an exponential stretching porous curved surface. The significant role of thermal conductivity (variable), non-linear thermal radiation, unequal source-sink, and Joules heating is [...] Read more.
The present investigation aims to examine the heat flux mechanism in the hagnetohydrodynamic (MHD) mixed convective flow of Williamson-type fluid across an exponential stretching porous curved surface. The significant role of thermal conductivity (variable), non-linear thermal radiation, unequal source-sink, and Joules heating is considered. The governing problems are obtained using the Navier–Stokes theory, and the appropriate similarity transformation is applied to write the partial differential equations in the form of single-variable differential equations. The solutions are obtained by using a MATLAB-based built-in bvp4c package. The vital aspect of this analysis is to observe the effects of the curvature parameter, magnetic number, suction/injection parameter, permeability parameter, Prandtl factor, Eckert factor, non-linear radiation parameter, buoyancy parameter, temperature ratio parameter, Williamson fluid parameter, and thermal conductivity (variable) parameter on the velocity field, thermal distribution, and pressure profile which are discussed in detail using a graphical approach. The correlation with the literature reveals a satisfactory improvement in the existing results on permeability factors in Williamson fluids. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Implementations of Heat and Fluids Flow)
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25 pages, 6978 KiB  
Article
Real-Time Simulation of Parameter-Dependent Fluid Flows through Deep Learning-Based Reduced Order Models
by Stefania Fresca and Andrea Manzoni
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070259 - 18 Jul 2021
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4031
Abstract
Simulating fluid flows in different virtual scenarios is of key importance in engineering applications. However, high-fidelity, full-order models relying, e.g., on the finite element method, are unaffordable whenever fluid flows must be simulated in almost real-time. Reduced order models (ROMs) relying, e.g., on [...] Read more.
Simulating fluid flows in different virtual scenarios is of key importance in engineering applications. However, high-fidelity, full-order models relying, e.g., on the finite element method, are unaffordable whenever fluid flows must be simulated in almost real-time. Reduced order models (ROMs) relying, e.g., on proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) provide reliable approximations to parameter-dependent fluid dynamics problems in rapid times. However, they might require expensive hyper-reduction strategies for handling parameterized nonlinear terms, and enriched reduced spaces (or Petrov–Galerkin projections) if a mixed velocity–pressure formulation is considered, possibly hampering the evaluation of reliable solutions in real-time. Dealing with fluid–structure interactions entails even greater difficulties. The proposed deep learning (DL)-based ROMs overcome all these limitations by learning, in a nonintrusive way, both the nonlinear trial manifold and the reduced dynamics. To do so, they rely on deep neural networks, after performing a former dimensionality reduction through POD, enhancing their training times substantially. The resulting POD-DL-ROMs are shown to provide accurate results in almost real-time for the flow around a cylinder benchmark, the fluid–structure interaction between an elastic beam attached to a fixed, rigid block and a laminar incompressible flow, and the blood flow in a cerebral aneurysm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Deep Learning for Fluid Simulation)
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12 pages, 4831 KiB  
Article
Natural Convection Melting Influence on the Thermal Resistance of a Brick Partially Filled with Phase Change Material
by Nadezhda S. Bondareva and Mikhail A. Sheremet
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070258 - 14 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1817
Abstract
The constant growth of urban agglomerations with the development of transport networks requires the optimal use of energy and new ways of storing it. Energy efficiency is becoming one of the main challenges of modern engineering. The use of phase change materials in [...] Read more.
The constant growth of urban agglomerations with the development of transport networks requires the optimal use of energy and new ways of storing it. Energy efficiency is becoming one of the main challenges of modern engineering. The use of phase change materials in construction expands the possibilities of accumulating and storing solar energy, as well as reducing energy consumption. In this study, we consider the problem of the effect of natural convection on heat transfer in a building block containing a phase change material. Heat transfer, taking into account melting in brick, was analyzed at various temperature differences. The mathematical model was formulated in the form of time-dependent equations of conjugate natural convection using non-dimensional stream function, vorticity, and temperature. The equations describing melting, taking into account natural convection, were solved using the finite difference method. Smoothing parameters were used to describe phase transitions in the material. As a result of calculations, local characteristics of heat and mass transfer at various points in time were obtained, as well as changes in temperature profiles on the side surfaces. It is shown that with a large volume of melt, natural convection increases heat loss by more than 10%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heat Transfer and Fluid Dynamics in Energy Systems)
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25 pages, 3435 KiB  
Article
Aerodynamic Characteristics of a Single Airfoil for Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Blades and Performance Prediction of Wind Turbines
by Samuel Mitchell, Iheanyichukwu Ogbonna and Konstantin Volkov
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070257 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5361
Abstract
The design of wind turbines requires a deep insight into their complex aerodynamics, such as dynamic stall of a single airfoil and flow vortices. The calculation of the aerodynamic forces on the wind turbine blade at different angles of attack (AOAs) is a [...] Read more.
The design of wind turbines requires a deep insight into their complex aerodynamics, such as dynamic stall of a single airfoil and flow vortices. The calculation of the aerodynamic forces on the wind turbine blade at different angles of attack (AOAs) is a fundamental task in the design of the blades. The accurate and efficient calculation of aerodynamic forces (lift and drag) and the prediction of stall of an airfoil are challenging tasks. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is able to provide a better understanding of complex flows induced by the rotation of wind turbine blades. A numerical simulation is carried out to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of a single airfoil in a wide range of conditions. Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and large-eddy simulation (LES) results of flow over a single NACA0012 airfoil are presented in a wide range of AOAs from low lift through stall. Due to the symmetrical nature of airfoils, and also to reduce computational cost, the RANS simulation is performed in the 2D domain. However, the 3D domain is used for the LES calculations with periodical boundary conditions in the spanwise direction. The results obtained are verified and validated against experimental and computational data from previous works. The comparisons of LES and RANS results demonstrate that the RANS model considerably overpredicts the lift and drag of the airfoil at post-stall AOAs because the RANS model is not able to reproduce vorticity diffusion and the formation of the vortex. LES calculations offer good agreement with the experimental measurements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applied Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics in Memory of Prof. Isaak P. Ginzburg)
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30 pages, 1199 KiB  
Article
TES-PD: A Fast and Reliable Numerical Model to Predict the Performance of Thermal Reservoir for Electricity Energy Storage Units
by Alberto Benato, Francesco De Vanna, Ennio Gallo, Anna Stoppato and Giovanna Cavazzini
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 256; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070256 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2085
Abstract
The spread of renewable resources, such as wind and solar, is one of the main drivers to move from a fossil-based to a renewable-based power generation system. However, wind and solar production are difficult to predict; hence, to avoid a mismatch between electricity [...] Read more.
The spread of renewable resources, such as wind and solar, is one of the main drivers to move from a fossil-based to a renewable-based power generation system. However, wind and solar production are difficult to predict; hence, to avoid a mismatch between electricity supply and demand, there is a need for energy storage units. To this end, new storage concepts have been proposed, and one of the most promising is to store electricity in the form of heat in a Thermal Energy Storage reservoir. However, in Thermal Energy Storage based systems, the critical component is the storage tank and, in particular, its mathematical model as this plays a crucial role in the storage unit performance estimation. Although the literature presents three modelling approaches, each of them differs in the considered parameters and in the method of modelling the fluid and the solid properties. Therefore, there is a need to clarify the model differences and the parameter influences on plant performance as well as to develop a more complete model. For this purpose, the present work first aim is to compare the models available in the literature to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Then, considering that the models’ comparison showed the importance of adopting temperature-dependent fluid and storage material properties to better predict the system performance, the authors developed a new and more detailed model, named TES-PD, which works with time and space variable fluid and solid properties. In addition, the authors included the tank heat losses and the solid effective thermal conductivity to improve the model accuracy. Based on the comparisons between the TES-PD model and the ones available in the literature, the proposal can better predict the first cycle charging time, as it avoids a 4% underestimation. This model also avoids overestimation of the delivery time, delivered energy, mean generated power and plant round-trip efficiency. Therefore, the results underline that a differential and time-accurate model, like the TES-PD, even if one-dimensional, allows a fast and effective prediction of the performance of both the tank and the storage plant. This is essential information for the preliminary design of innovative large-scale storage units operating with thermal storage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermo-Fluid Dynamics of Industrial Systems)
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22 pages, 6873 KiB  
Article
Towards Reconstruction of Complex Flow Fields Using Unit Flows
by Paul J. Kristo, Mark L. Kimber and Sharath S. Girimaji
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 255; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070255 - 13 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1877
Abstract
Many complex turbulent flows in nature and engineering can be qualitatively regarded as being constituted of multiple simpler unit flows. The objective of this work is to characterize the coherent structures in such complex flows as a combination of constituent unitary flow structures [...] Read more.
Many complex turbulent flows in nature and engineering can be qualitatively regarded as being constituted of multiple simpler unit flows. The objective of this work is to characterize the coherent structures in such complex flows as a combination of constituent unitary flow structures for the purpose of reduced-order representation. While turbulence is clearly a non-linear phenomenon, we aim to establish the degree to which the optimally weighted superposition of unitary flow structures can represent the complex flow structures. The rationale for investigating such superposition stems from the fact that the large-scale coherent structures are generated by underlying flow instabilities that may be reasonably described using linear analysis. Clearly, the degree of validity of superposition will depend on the flow under consideration. In this work, we take the first step toward establishing a procedure for investigating superposition. Experimental data of single and triple tandem jets in crossflow are used to demonstrate the procedure. A composite triple tandem jet flow field is generated from optimal superposition of single jet data and compared against ‘true’ triple jet data. Direct comparisons between the true and composite fields are made for spatial, temporal, and kinetic energy content. The large-scale features (obtained from proper orthogonal decomposition or POD) of true and composite tandem jet wakes exhibit nearly 70% agreement in terms of modal eigenvector correlation. Corresponding eigenvalues reveal that the kinetic energy of the flow is also emulated with only a slight overprediction. Temporal frequency features are also examined in an effort to completely characterize POD modes. The proposed method serves as a foundation for more rigorous and robust dimensional reduction in complex flows based on unit flow modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Scientific Computing in Fluids)
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20 pages, 5897 KiB  
Article
Improvement of a Diagnostic Urban Wind Model for Flow Fields around a Single Rectangular Obstacle in Micrometeorology Simulation
by Mitsufumi Asami, Arata Kimura and Hideyuki Oka
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 254; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070254 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2151
Abstract
In general, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models incur high computational costs when dealing with realistic and complicated flows. In contrast, the mass-consistent flow (MASCON) field model provides a three-dimensional flow field at reasonable computational cost. Unfortunately, some weaknesses in simulating the flow of [...] Read more.
In general, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models incur high computational costs when dealing with realistic and complicated flows. In contrast, the mass-consistent flow (MASCON) field model provides a three-dimensional flow field at reasonable computational cost. Unfortunately, some weaknesses in simulating the flow of the wake zone exist because the momentum equations are not considered in the MASCON field model. In the present study, a new set of improved algebraic models to provide initial flow fields for the MASCON field model are proposed to overcome these weaknesses by considering the effect of momentum diffusion in the wake zone. Specifically, these models for the wake region are developed on the basis of the wake models used in well-recognized Gaussian plume models, ADMS-build and PRIME. The MASCON fields provided by the new set of wake zone models are evaluated against wind-tunnel experimental data on flow around a wall-mounted rectangular obstacle. Each MASCON field is compared with the experimental results, focusing on the positions of the vortex core and saddle points of the vortex formed in the near-wake zone and the vertical velocity distribution in the far-wake zone. The set of wake zone models developed in the present study better reproduce the experimental results in both the wake zones compared to the previously proposed models. In particular, the complicated recirculation flow which is formed by the union of the sidewall recirculation zone and the near-wake zone is reproduced by the present wake zone model using the PRIME model that includes the parameterization of the sidewall recirculation zones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Paper for Mathematical and Computational Fluid Mechanics)
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19 pages, 8086 KiB  
Article
Effectiveness of Magnetized Flow on Nanofluid Containing Gyrotactic Micro-Organisms over an Inclined Stretching Sheet with Viscous Dissipation and Constant Heat Flux
by Hossam A. Nabwey, S.M.M. El-Kabeir, A.M. Rashad and M.M.M. Abdou
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 253; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070253 - 12 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1733
Abstract
The bioconvection phenomenon, through the utilization of nanomaterials, has recently encountered significant technical and manufacturing applications. Bioconvection has various applications in bio-micro-systems due to the improvement it brings in mixing and mass transformation, which are crucial problems in several micro-systems. The present investigation [...] Read more.
The bioconvection phenomenon, through the utilization of nanomaterials, has recently encountered significant technical and manufacturing applications. Bioconvection has various applications in bio-micro-systems due to the improvement it brings in mixing and mass transformation, which are crucial problems in several micro-systems. The present investigation aims to explore the bioconvection phenomenon in magneto-nanofluid flow via free convection along an inclined stretching sheet with useful characteristics of viscous dissipation, constant heat flux, solutal, and motile micro-organisms boundary conditions. The flow analysis is addressed based on the Buongiorno model with the integration of Brownian motion and thermophoresis diffusion effects. The governing flow equations are changed into ordinary differential equations by means of appropriate transformation; they were solved numerically using the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg integration scheme shooting technique. The influence of all the sundry parameters is discussed for local skin friction coefficient, local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number, and local density of the motile micro-organisms number. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Fluids and Flows: Algorithms and Applications)
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13 pages, 4850 KiB  
Article
Computational Fluid Dynamics Study of the Hydrodynamic Characteristics of a Torpedo-Shaped Underwater Glider
by Thanh-Long Le and Duc-Thong Hong
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 252; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070252 - 11 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4304
Abstract
In this study, numerical computation is used to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a torpedo-shaped underwater glider. The physical model of a torpedo-shaped underwater glider is developed by Myring profile equations and analyzed by the computational fluid dynamics approach. The Navier–Stokes equations and [...] Read more.
In this study, numerical computation is used to investigate the hydrodynamic characteristics of a torpedo-shaped underwater glider. The physical model of a torpedo-shaped underwater glider is developed by Myring profile equations and analyzed by the computational fluid dynamics approach. The Navier–Stokes equations and the energy equation coupled with the appropriate boundary conditions are solved numerically by using Comsol Multiphysics software. The numerical results contribute to the major part of reducing the effects of fluid flow on the glider’s profile and make the underwater glider more hydrodynamically efficient. The drag and lift forces acting on the underwater glider are enhanced by a higher velocity and a larger angle of attack of the underwater glider. Since the obtained results show a good observation with the experimental works, the need and the practicality of using CFD in the glider design process are proven. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Computational Methods in Fluid Dynamics and Applications)
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17 pages, 2732 KiB  
Article
Natural Yogurt Stabilized with Hydrocolloids from Butternut Squash (Cucurbita moschata) Seeds: Effect on Physicochemical, Rheological Properties and Sensory Perception
by Sergio A. Rojas-Torres, Somaris E. Quintana and Luis Alberto García-Zapateiro
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 251; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070251 - 09 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3028
Abstract
Stabilizers are ingredients employed to improve the technological properties of products. The food industry and consumers have recently become interested in the development of natural ingredients. In this work, the effects of hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) seeds (HBSS) [...] Read more.
Stabilizers are ingredients employed to improve the technological properties of products. The food industry and consumers have recently become interested in the development of natural ingredients. In this work, the effects of hydrocolloids from butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata) seeds (HBSS) as stabilizers on the physicochemical, rheological, and sensory properties of natural yogurt were examined. HBSS improved the yogurt’s physical stability and physicochemical properties, decreasing syneresis and modifying the samples’ rheological properties, improving the assessment of sensory characteristics. The samples presented shear thinning behavior characterized by a decrease in viscosity with the increase of the shear rate; nevertheless, the samples showed a two-step yield stress. HBSS is an alternative as a natural stabilizer for the development of microstructured products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Complex Fluids)
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9 pages, 430 KiB  
Article
A Simple Gas-Kinetic Model for Dilute and Weakly Charged Plasma Micro-Jet Flows
by Shiying Cai and Chunpei Cai
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070250 - 07 Jul 2021
Viewed by 1846
Abstract
This paper presents a simple model for slightly charged gas expanding into a vacuum from a planar exit. The number density, bulk velocity, temperature, and potential at the exit are given. The electric field force is assumed weaker than the convection term and [...] Read more.
This paper presents a simple model for slightly charged gas expanding into a vacuum from a planar exit. The number density, bulk velocity, temperature, and potential at the exit are given. The electric field force is assumed weaker than the convection term and is neglected in the analysis. As such, the quasi-neutral condition is naturally adopted and the potential field is computed with the Boltzmann relation. At far field, the exit degenerates as a point source, and simplified analytical formulas for flow and electric fields are obtained. The results are generic and offer insights on many existing models in the literature. They can be used to quickly approximate the flowfield and potential distributions without numerical simulations. They can also be used to initialize a simulation. Based on these results, more advanced models may be further developed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Impinging Jets)
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17 pages, 12861 KiB  
Article
Overcoming Drag at the Water-Air Interface Constrains Body Size in Whirligig Beetles
by Ludovic Jami, Grey T. Gustafson, Thomas Steinmann, Miguel Piñeirua and Jérôme Casas
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070249 - 06 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2845
Abstract
Whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) are among the best swimmers of all aquatic insects. They live mostly at the water’s surface and their capacity to swim fast is key to their survival. We present a minimal model for the viscous and wave drags they [...] Read more.
Whirligig beetles (Coleoptera: Gyrinidae) are among the best swimmers of all aquatic insects. They live mostly at the water’s surface and their capacity to swim fast is key to their survival. We present a minimal model for the viscous and wave drags they face at the water’s surface and compare them to their thrust capacity. The swimming speed accessible is thus derived according to size. An optimal size range for swimming at the water’s surface is observed. These results are in line with the evolutionary trajectories of gyrinids which evolved into lineages whose members are a few milimeter’s long to those with larger-sized genera being tens of millimeters in length. The size of these beetles appears strongly constrained by the fluid mechanical laws ruling locomotion and adaptation to the water-air interface. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Fluid Dynamics)
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15 pages, 3770 KiB  
Article
Performance Investigation of MQL Parameters Using Nano Cutting Fluids in Hard Milling
by Tran Minh Duc, Tran The Long and Ngo Minh Tuan
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 248; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070248 - 06 Jul 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2701
Abstract
Machining difficult-to-cut materials is one of the increasingly concerned issues in the metalworking industry. Low machinability and high cutting temperature generated from the contact zone are the main obstacles that need to be solved in order to improve economic and technical efficiency but [...] Read more.
Machining difficult-to-cut materials is one of the increasingly concerned issues in the metalworking industry. Low machinability and high cutting temperature generated from the contact zone are the main obstacles that need to be solved in order to improve economic and technical efficiency but still have to ensure environmental friendliness. The application of MQL method using nano cutting fluid is one of the suggested solutions to improve the cooling and lubricating performance of pure-MQL for machining difficult-to-cut materials. The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of nanofluid MQL (NFMQL) parameters including the fluid type, type of nanoparticles, air pressure and air flow rate on cutting forces and surface roughness in hard milling of 60Si2Mn hardened steel (50–52 HRC). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was implemented to study the effects of investigated variables on hard machining performance. The most outstanding finding is that the main effects of the input variables and their interaction are deeply investigated to prove the better machinability and the superior cooling lubrication performance when machining under NFMQL condition. The experimental results indicate that the uses of smaller air pressure and higher air flow rate decrease the cutting forces and improve the surface quality. Al2O3 nanoparticles show the better results than MoS2 nanosheets. The applicability of soybean oil, a type of vegetable oil, is proven to be enlarged in hard milling by suspending nanoparticles, suitable for further studies in the field of sustainable manufacturing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lubrication Flows)
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11 pages, 26452 KiB  
Article
Numerical Analysis for Heat Transfer Augmentation in a Circular Tube Heat Exchanger Using a Triangular Perforated Y-Shaped Insert
by Lokesh Pandey and Satyendra Singh
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070247 - 05 Jul 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2426
Abstract
The present investigation constitutes CFD analysis of the heat transmission phenomenon in a tube heat exchanger with a Y-shaped insert with triangular perforation. The analysis is accomplished by considering air as a working fluid with a Reynolds number ranging from 3000 to 21,000. [...] Read more.
The present investigation constitutes CFD analysis of the heat transmission phenomenon in a tube heat exchanger with a Y-shaped insert with triangular perforation. The analysis is accomplished by considering air as a working fluid with a Reynolds number ranging from 3000 to 21,000. The segment considered for analysis consists of a circular tube of 68 mm diameter and 1.5 m length. The geometrical parameter considered is the perforation index (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%). The constant heat flux is provided at the tube wall and a pressure-based solver is used for the solution. The studies are performed for analyzing the effects of inserts on the heat transfer and friction factor in the circular tube heat exchanger which results in augmented heat transfer at a higher perforation index (PI) and lower friction factor. The investigation results show that the highest heat transfer is 5.84 times over a simple plain tube and the maximum thermal performance factor (TPF) is 3.25 at PI = 30%, Re = 3000. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unsteady Flows in Pipes)
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12 pages, 19209 KiB  
Article
Assessing IDDES-Based Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulation (WMLES) for Separated Flows with Heat Transfer
by Rozie Zangeneh
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 246; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070246 - 05 Jul 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2186
Abstract
The Wall-modeled Large-eddy Simulation (WMLES) methods are commonly accompanied with an underprediction of the skin friction and a deviation of the velocity profile. The widely-used Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) method is suggested to improve the prediction of the mean skin friction [...] Read more.
The Wall-modeled Large-eddy Simulation (WMLES) methods are commonly accompanied with an underprediction of the skin friction and a deviation of the velocity profile. The widely-used Improved Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (IDDES) method is suggested to improve the prediction of the mean skin friction when it acts as WMLES, as claimed by the original authors. However, the model tested only on flow configurations with no heat transfer. This study takes a systematic approach to assess the performance of the IDDES model for separated flows with heat transfer. Separated flows on an isothermal wall and walls with mild and intense heat fluxes are considered. For the case of the wall with heat flux, the skin friction and Stanton number are underpredicted by the IDDES model however, the underprediction is less significant for the isothermal wall case. The simulations of the cases with intense wall heat transfer reveal an interesting dependence on the heat flux level supplied; as the heat flux increases, the IDDES model declines to predict the accurate skin friction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Turbulent Flow)
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13 pages, 9608 KiB  
Article
Free Stream Behavior of Hydrogen Released from a Fluidic Oscillating Nozzle
by Anja Fink, Oliver Nett, Simon Schmidt, Oliver Krüger, Thomas Ebert, Alexander Trottner and Bojan Jander
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 245; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070245 - 05 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2385
Abstract
The H2 internal combustion engine (ICE) is a key technology for complete decarbonization of the transport sector. To match or exceed the power density of conventional combustion engines, H2 direct injection (DI) is essential. Therefore, new injector concepts that meet the [...] Read more.
The H2 internal combustion engine (ICE) is a key technology for complete decarbonization of the transport sector. To match or exceed the power density of conventional combustion engines, H2 direct injection (DI) is essential. Therefore, new injector concepts that meet the requirements of a H2 operation have to be developed. The macroscopic free stream behavior of H2 released from an innovative fluidic oscillating nozzle is investigated and compared with that of a conventional multi-hole nozzle. This work consists of H2 flow measurements and injection tests in a constant volume chamber using the Schlieren method and is accompanied by a LES simulation. The results show that an oscillating H2 free stream has a higher penetration velocity than the individual jets of a multi-hole nozzle. This behavior can be used to inject H2 far into the combustion chamber in the vertical direction while the piston is still near bottom dead center. As soon as the oscillation of the H2 free stream starts, the spray angle increases and therefore H2 is also distributed in the horizontal direction. In this phase of the injection process, spray angles comparable to those of a multi-hole nozzle are achieved. This behavior has a positive effect on H2 homogenization, which is desirable for the combustion process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluidic Oscillators-Devices and Applications)
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23 pages, 6232 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Flow and Heat Transfer over a Shallow Cavity: Effect of Cavity Height Ratio
by Salem S. Abdel Aziz and Abdel-Halim Saber Salem Said
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070244 - 03 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2759
Abstract
Flow over shallow cavities is used to model the flow field and heat transfer in a solar collector and a variety of engineering applications. Many studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effect of cavity aspect ratio (AR), but very few studies have [...] Read more.
Flow over shallow cavities is used to model the flow field and heat transfer in a solar collector and a variety of engineering applications. Many studies have been conducted to demonstrate the effect of cavity aspect ratio (AR), but very few studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of cavity height ratio (HR) on shallow cavity flow behavior. In this paper, flow field structure and heat transfer within the 3-D shallow cavity are obtained numerically for two height ratio categories: HR = 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0 and HR = 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0, 2.25, and 2.5. The governing equations, continuity, momentum, and energy are solved numerically and using the standard (K-ε) turbulence model. ANSYS FLUENT 14 CFD code is used to perform the numerical simulation based on the finite volume method. In this study, the cavity aspect ratio, AR = 5.0, and Reynolds number, Re = 3 × 105, parameters are fixed. The cavity’s bottom wall is heated with a constant and uniform heat flux (q = 740 W/m2), while the other walls are assumed to be adiabatic. For the current Reynolds number and cavity geometry, a single vortex structure (recirculation region) is formed and occupies most of the cavity volume. The shape and location of the vortex differ according to the height ratio. A reverse velocity profile across the recirculation region near the cavity’s bottom wall is shown at all cavity height ratios. Streamlines and temperature contours on the plane of symmetry and cavity bottom wall are displayed. Local static pressure coefficient and Nusselt number profiles are obtained along the cavity’s bottom wall, and the average Nusselt number for various height ratios is established. The cavity height ratio (HR) is an important geometry parameter in shallow cavities, and it plays a significant role in the cavity flow behavior and heat transfer characteristics. The results indicate interesting flow dynamics based on height ratio (HR), which includes a minimal value in average Nusselt number for HR ≈ 1.75 and spatial transitions in local Nusselt number distribution along the bottom wall for different HRs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cavitating Flows)
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27 pages, 7264 KiB  
Article
Onset of Linear and Nonlinear Thermosolutal Convection with Soret and Dufour Effects in a Porous Collector under a Uniform Magnetic Field
by Redha Rebhi, Mahmoud Mamou and Noureddine Hadidi
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 243; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070243 - 03 Jul 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1856
Abstract
The present paper reports on an analytical and numerical study of combined Soret and Dufour effects on thermosolutal convection in a horizontal porous cavity saturated with an electrically conducting binary fluid under a magnetic field. The horizontal walls of the system are subject [...] Read more.
The present paper reports on an analytical and numerical study of combined Soret and Dufour effects on thermosolutal convection in a horizontal porous cavity saturated with an electrically conducting binary fluid under a magnetic field. The horizontal walls of the system are subject to vertical uniform fluxes of heat and mass, whereas the vertical walls are assumed to be adiabatic and impermeable. The main governing parameters of the problem are the Rayleigh, the Hartmann, the Soret, the Dufour and the Lewis numbers, the buoyancy ratio, the enclosure aspect ratio, and the normalized porosity of the porous medium. An asymptotic parallel flow approximation is applied to determine the onset of subcritical nonlinear convection. In addition, a linear stability analysis is performed to predict explicitly the thresholds for the onset of stationary, overstable and oscillatory convection, and the Hopf bifurcation as functions of the governing parameters. The combined effect of a magnetic field, Soret and Dufour parameters have a noticeable influence on the intensity of the convective flow, the heat and mass transfer rates, and the thresholds of linear convection. It is found that the imposition of a magnetic field delays the onset of convection and its intensification can lead to the total suppression of the convective currents. The heat transfer rate increases with the Dufour number and decreases with the Soret number and vice versa for the mass transfer rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Convection in Fluid and Porous Media)
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29 pages, 6272 KiB  
Article
Open Water Flume for Fluid Mechanics Lab
by Rachmadian Wulandana
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070242 - 03 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4711
Abstract
Open water flume tanks with closed-loop circulation driven by centrifugal pumps are essential for hydro experimentation in academic settings as well as research centers. The device is also attractive due to its versatility and easy-to-maintain characteristics. Nevertheless, commercial open flume systems can be [...] Read more.
Open water flume tanks with closed-loop circulation driven by centrifugal pumps are essential for hydro experimentation in academic settings as well as research centers. The device is also attractive due to its versatility and easy-to-maintain characteristics. Nevertheless, commercial open flume systems can be expensive and become less prioritized in engineering schools. This paper describes the design and fabrication of an affordable, medium-size water flume tank, suitable for education purposes. The central piece of the system is a transparent observation chamber where fluid experiments are typically conducted and observed. The expected maximum average water speed in the observation chamber of about 60 cm per second was achieved by the inclusion of a 3 hp centrifugal pump. The size and capacity of the current design were constrained by space limitation and available funds. The educational facility was assigned as a two-semester multi-disciplinary capstone senior design project incorporating students and faculty of mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering programs in our campus. The design process provides a training platform for skills in the area of Computer Aided Designs (CAD), Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), manufacturing, and experimentation. The multi-disciplinary project has contributed to the improvement of soft skills, such as time management, team working, and professional presentation, of the team members. The total material cost of the facility was less than USD 6000, which includes the pump and its variable frequency driver. The project was made possible due to the generous sponsor of the Vibration Institute. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Teaching and Learning of Fluid Mechanics, Volume II)
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15 pages, 674 KiB  
Article
Re-Entrant Corner for a White-Metzner Fluid
by Stephen Chaffin, Nicholas Monk, Julia Rees and William Zimmerman
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 241; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070241 - 02 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2072
Abstract
Viscoelastic fluids can be difficult to model due to the wide range of different physical behaviors that polymer melts can exhibit. One such feature is the viscous elastic boundary layer. We address the particular problem of a viscoelastic shear-dependent fluid flowing past a [...] Read more.
Viscoelastic fluids can be difficult to model due to the wide range of different physical behaviors that polymer melts can exhibit. One such feature is the viscous elastic boundary layer. We address the particular problem of a viscoelastic shear-dependent fluid flowing past a corner and investigate how the properties of the boundary layer change for a White-Metzner fluid. The boundary layer equations are derived and the upstream layer is matched with the far-field flow. It was found that if the fluid is sufficiently shear thinning then the viscoelastic boundary layer formulation fails due to the inertial forces becoming dominant. The depth of the boundary layer is controlled by the shear-thinning parameters. These effects are not a feature of other shear-thinning models, such as the Phan-Thien-Tanner model. This study provides insight in the different effects of some commonly used viscoelastic models in corner flows in the upstream boundary layer, the downstream boundary layer is not addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics)
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13 pages, 393 KiB  
Article
Hydrodynamic Entrance Length for Laminar Flow in Microchannels with Rectangular Cross Section
by Germán Ferreira, Artur Sucena, Luís L. Ferrás, Fernando T. Pinho and Alexandre M. Afonso
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 240; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070240 - 01 Jul 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 6085
Abstract
This work presents a detailed numerical investigation on the required development length (L=L/B) in laminar Newtonian fluid flow in microchannels with rectangular cross section and different aspect ratios (AR). The advent of new microfluidic [...] Read more.
This work presents a detailed numerical investigation on the required development length (L=L/B) in laminar Newtonian fluid flow in microchannels with rectangular cross section and different aspect ratios (AR). The advent of new microfluidic technologies shifted the practical Reynolds numbers (Re) to the range of unitary (and even lower) orders of magnitude, i.e., creeping flow conditions. Therefore, accurate estimations of L at Re≤O(1) are important for microsystem design. At such low Reynolds numbers, in which inertial forces are less dominant than viscous forces, flow characteristics become necessarily different from those at the macroscale where Re is typically much larger. A judicious choice of mesh refinement and adequate numerical methods allowed obtaining accurate results and a general correlation for estimating L, valid in the ranges 0≤Re≤2000 and 0.1≤AR≤1, thus covering applications in both macro and microfluidics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Paper for Mathematical and Computational Fluid Mechanics)
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14 pages, 3215 KiB  
Article
A Comparative Study between Sand- and Gravel-Bed Open Channel Flows in the Wake Region of a Bed-Mounted Horizontal Cylinder
by Kalpana Devi, Prashanth Reddy Hanmaiahgari, Ram Balachandar and Jaan H. Pu
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070239 - 01 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2509
Abstract
In nature, environmental and geophysical flows frequently encounter submerged cylindrical bodies on a rough bed. The flows around the cylindrical bodies on the rough bed are very complicated as the flow field in these cases will be a function of bed roughness apart [...] Read more.
In nature, environmental and geophysical flows frequently encounter submerged cylindrical bodies on a rough bed. The flows around the cylindrical bodies on the rough bed are very complicated as the flow field in these cases will be a function of bed roughness apart from the diameter of the cylinder and the flow velocity. In addition, the sand-bed roughness has different effects on the flow compared to the gravel-bed roughness due to differences in the roughness heights. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to compare the mean velocities and turbulent flow properties in the wake region of a horizontal bed-mounted cylinder over the sand-bed with that over the gravel-bed. Three experimental runs, two for the sand-bed and one for the gravel-bed with similar physical and hydraulic conditions, were recorded to fulfil this purpose. The Acoustic Doppler Velocimetry (ADV) probe was used for measuring the three-dimensional (3D) instantaneous velocity data. This comparative study shows that the magnitude of mean streamwise flow velocity, streamwise Reynolds normal stress, and Reynolds shear stress are reduced on the gravel-bed compared to the sand-bed. Conversely, the vertical velocities and vertical Reynolds normal stress are higher on the gravel-bed than the sand-bed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Hydraulics, Turbulence and Sediment Transport)
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16 pages, 4674 KiB  
Article
Turbulence Characteristics of the Flexible Circular Cylinder Agitator
by Sharul Sham Dol, Tshun Howe Yong, Hiang Bin Chan, Siaw Khur Wee and Shaharin Anwar Sulaiman
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 238; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070238 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1939
Abstract
A flexible protruding surface was employed as the flow disturbance to promote turbulence at the area of interest. An ultrasonic velocity profiler, UVP technique, was used to study the mean and fluctuating flow properties in the near wake of the rigid and flexible [...] Read more.
A flexible protruding surface was employed as the flow disturbance to promote turbulence at the area of interest. An ultrasonic velocity profiler, UVP technique, was used to study the mean and fluctuating flow properties in the near wake of the rigid and flexible protruding surface in a water tunnel. The polymer based, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) with an aspect ratio of AR = 10, 12, 14, 16 was used as the flexible circular cylinder, and submerged in a flow at Re = 4000, 6000 and 8000. The motion of the cylinder altered the fluid flow significantly. As a means to quantify turbulence, the wakes regions and production terms were analyzed. In general, the flexible cylinders show better capability in augmenting the turbulence than the rigid cylinder. The results show that the turbulence production term generated by the flexible cylinder is higher than that of rigid cylinder. The localized maximum shear production values have increased significantly from 131%, 203% and 94% against their rigid counterparts of AR = 16 at the Re = 4000, 6000 and 8000, respectively. The performance of turbulence enhancement depends heavily on the motion of the cylinder. The findings suggest that the turbulence enhancement was due to the oscillation of the flexible cylinder. The results have concluded that the flexible cylinder is a better turbulence generator than the rigid cylinder, thus improving the mixing of fluid through augmented turbulent flow. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances on Modeling, Analysis and Applications of Unsteady Aerodynamics)
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28 pages, 2077 KiB  
Article
Moored Flux and Dissipation Estimates from the Northern Deepwater Gulf of Mexico
by Kurt L. Polzin, Binbin Wang, Zhankun Wang, Fred Thwaites and Albert J. Williams III
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 237; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070237 - 30 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1945
Abstract
Results from a pilot program to assess boundary mixing processes along the northern continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico are presented. We report a novel attempt to utilize a turbulence flux sensor on a conventional mooring. These data document many of the [...] Read more.
Results from a pilot program to assess boundary mixing processes along the northern continental slope of the Gulf of Mexico are presented. We report a novel attempt to utilize a turbulence flux sensor on a conventional mooring. These data document many of the features expected of a stratified Ekman layer: a buoyancy anomaly over a height less than that of the unstratified Ekman layer and an enhanced turning of the velocity vector with depth. Turbulent stress estimates have an appropriate magnitude and are aligned with the near-bottom velocity vector. However, the Ekman layer is time dependent on inertial-diurnal time scales. Cross slope momentum and temperature fluxes have significant contributions from this frequency band. Collocated turbulent kinetic energy dissipation and temperature variance dissipation estimates imply a dissipation ratio of 0.14 that is not sensibly different from canonical values for shear instability (0.2). This mixing signature is associated with production in the internal wave band rather than frequencies associated with turbulent shear production. Our results reveal that the expectation of a quasi-stationary response to quasi-stationary forcing in the guise of eddy variability is naive and a boundary layer structure that does not support recent theoretical assumptions concerning one-dimensional models of boundary mixing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Boundary Layer Processes in Geophysical/Environmental Flows)
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19 pages, 4826 KiB  
Review
Adaptive Wavelet Methods for Earth Systems Modelling
by Nicholas K.-R. Kevlahan
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070236 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1634
Abstract
This paper reviews how dynamically adaptive wavelet methods can be designed to simulate atmosphere and ocean dynamics in both flat and spherical geometries. We highlight the special features that these models must have in order to be valid for climate modelling applications. These [...] Read more.
This paper reviews how dynamically adaptive wavelet methods can be designed to simulate atmosphere and ocean dynamics in both flat and spherical geometries. We highlight the special features that these models must have in order to be valid for climate modelling applications. These include exact mass conservation and various mimetic properties that ensure the solutions remain physically realistic, even in the under-resolved conditions typical of climate models. Particular attention is paid to the implementation of complex topography in adaptive models. Using wavetrisk as an example, we explain in detail how to build a semi-realistic global atmosphere or ocean model of interest to the geophysical community. We end with a discussion of the challenges that remain to developing a realistic dynamically adaptive atmosphere or ocean climate models. These include scale-aware subgrid scale parameterizations of physical processes, such as clouds. Although we focus on adaptive wavelet methods, many of the topics we discuss are relevant for adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wavelets and Fluid Dynamics)
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13 pages, 9600 KiB  
Article
Abundant Wave Accurate Analytical Solutions of the Fractional Nonlinear Hirota–Satsuma–Shallow Water Wave Equation
by Chen Yue, Dianchen Lu and Mostafa M. A. Khater
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 235; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070235 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 2170
Abstract
This research paper targets the fractional Hirota’s analytical solutions–Satsuma (HS) equations. The conformable fractional derivative is employed to convert the fractional system into a system with an integer–order. The extended simplest equation (ESE) and modified Kudryashov (MKud) methods are used to [...] Read more.
This research paper targets the fractional Hirota’s analytical solutions–Satsuma (HS) equations. The conformable fractional derivative is employed to convert the fractional system into a system with an integer–order. The extended simplest equation (ESE) and modified Kudryashov (MKud) methods are used to construct novel solutions of the considered model. The solutions’ accuracy is investigated by handling the computational solutions with the Adomian decomposition method. The solutions are explained in some different sketches to demonstrate more novel properties of the considered model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical and Numerical Modeling of Water Waves)
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11 pages, 3714 KiB  
Article
Insight of Numerical Simulation for Current Circulation on the Steep Slopes of Bathymetry and Topography in Palu Bay, Indonesia
by Mohammad Lutfi
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 234; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070234 - 29 Jun 2021
Viewed by 1935
Abstract
The steep slope of the bathymetry and topography that surrounds Palu Bay is a unique morphology of the area that affects the currents. A simulation was carried out in three regions with seven scenarios to understand the effect of wind, tide, and discharge [...] Read more.
The steep slope of the bathymetry and topography that surrounds Palu Bay is a unique morphology of the area that affects the currents. A simulation was carried out in three regions with seven scenarios to understand the effect of wind, tide, and discharge on currents. The results showed that the average current pattern in Palu Bay is more dominantly influenced by tides at the open boundary and in the middle of the bay, steered by wind directions. The velocity decreases when it reaches the end of the bay and eventually reverses back to the mouth of the bay through both sides of the bay. The current in the Palu River estuary with a discharge of 36 m3/s moves out of the river mouth. On the other hand, results with a discharge of 2 m3/s revealed that the tidal current in the middle layer to the lower layer moves in the opposite direction to the current generated by the discharge in the layer above. It means that the tidal current velocity is lower than that generated by the river discharge. The computation revealed a good agreement with observed current velocity at the selected observation points. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling the Behaviour of Water Systems to Increase Sustainability)
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18 pages, 11784 KiB  
Article
High-Efficiency Can Be Achieved for Non-Uniformly Flexible Pitching Hydrofoils via Tailored Collective Interactions
by Melike Kurt, Amin Mivehchi and Keith Moored
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 233; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070233 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2366
Abstract
New experiments examine the interactions between a pair of three-dimensional (AR = 2) non-uniformly flexible pitching hydrofoils through force and efficiency measurements. It is discovered that the collective efficiency is improved when the follower foil has a nearly out-of-phase synchronization with [...] Read more.
New experiments examine the interactions between a pair of three-dimensional (AR = 2) non-uniformly flexible pitching hydrofoils through force and efficiency measurements. It is discovered that the collective efficiency is improved when the follower foil has a nearly out-of-phase synchronization with the leader and is located directly downstream with an optimal streamwise spacing of X*=0.5. The collective efficiency is further improved when the follower operates with a nominal amplitude of motion that is 36% larger than the leader’s amplitude. A slight degradation in the collective efficiency was measured when the follower was slightly-staggered from the in-line arrangement where direct vortex impingement is expected. Operating at the optimal conditions, the measured collective efficiency and thrust are ηC=62% and CT,C=0.44, which are substantial improvements over the efficiency and thrust of ηC=29% and CT,C=0.16 of two fully-rigid foils in isolation. This demonstrates the promise of achieving high-efficiency with simple purely pitching mechanical systems and paves the way for the design of high-efficiency bio-inspired underwater vehicles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hydrodynamics of Swimming)
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10 pages, 4858 KiB  
Article
Oscillatory Reversible Osmotic Growth of Sessile Saline Droplets on a Floating Polydimethylsiloxane Membrane
by Pritam Kumar Roy, Shraga Shoval, Leonid A. Dombrovsky and Edward Bormashenko
Fluids 2021, 6(7), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6070232 - 22 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1943
Abstract
We report a cyclic growth/retraction phenomena observed for saline droplets placed on a cured poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane with a thickness of 7.8 ± 0.1 µm floating on a pure water surface. Osmotic mass transport across the micro-scaled floating PDMS membrane provided the [...] Read more.
We report a cyclic growth/retraction phenomena observed for saline droplets placed on a cured poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) membrane with a thickness of 7.8 ± 0.1 µm floating on a pure water surface. Osmotic mass transport across the micro-scaled floating PDMS membrane provided the growth of the sessile saline droplets followed by evaporation of the droplets. NaCl crystals were observed in the vicinity of the triple line at the evaporation stage. The observed growth/retraction cycle was reversible. A model of the osmotic mass transfer across the cured PDMS membrane is suggested and verified. The first stage of the osmotic growth of saline droplets is well-approximated by the universal linear relationship, whose slope is independent of the initial radius of the droplet. The suggested physical model qualitatively explains the time evolution of the droplet size. The reported process demonstrates a potential for use in industrial desalination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluids and Surfaces)
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