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Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

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17 pages, 3567 KiB  
Article
Galilean-Invariant Characteristic-Based Volume Penalization Method for Supersonic Flows with Moving Boundaries
by Nurlybek Kasimov, Eric Dymkoski, Giuliano De Stefano and Oleg V. Vasilyev
Fluids 2021, 6(8), 293; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6080293 - 20 Aug 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2495
Abstract
This work extends the characteristic-based volume penalization method, originally developed and demonstrated for compressible subsonic viscous flows in (J. Comput. Phys. 262, 2014), to a hyperbolic system of partial differential equations involving complex domains with moving boundaries. The proposed methodology is shown to [...] Read more.
This work extends the characteristic-based volume penalization method, originally developed and demonstrated for compressible subsonic viscous flows in (J. Comput. Phys. 262, 2014), to a hyperbolic system of partial differential equations involving complex domains with moving boundaries. The proposed methodology is shown to be Galilean-invariant and can be used to impose either homogeneous or inhomogeneous Dirichlet, Neumann, and Robin type boundary conditions on immersed boundaries. Both integrated and non-integrated variables can be treated in a systematic manner that parallels the prescription of exact boundary conditions with the approximation error rigorously controlled through an a priori penalization parameter. The proposed approach is well suited for use with adaptive mesh refinement, which allows adequate resolution of the geometry without over-resolving flow structures and minimizing the number of grid points inside the solid obstacle. The extended Galilean-invariant characteristic-based volume penalization method, while being generally applicable to both compressible Navier–Stokes and Euler equations across all speed regimes, is demonstrated for a number of supersonic benchmark flows around both stationary and moving obstacles of arbitrary shape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wavelets and Fluid Dynamics)
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19 pages, 39580 KiB  
Article
Thermo-Environmental Performance of Four Different Shapes of Solar Greenhouse Dryer with Free Convection Operating Principle and No Load on Product
by Edwin Villagran, Juan Camilo Henao-Rojas and German Franco
Fluids 2021, 6(5), 183; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6050183 - 13 May 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3900
Abstract
Solar drying using greenhouse dryers is a viable method from the technical, economic, and environmental perspectives, allowing the drying of agricultural products for conservation purposes in different regions of the world. In Colombia, the drying of aromatic plants such as mint (Mentha [...] Read more.
Solar drying using greenhouse dryers is a viable method from the technical, economic, and environmental perspectives, allowing the drying of agricultural products for conservation purposes in different regions of the world. In Colombia, the drying of aromatic plants such as mint (Mentha spicata) is usually done directly and in open fields, which exposes the product to contamination and loss of quality. Therefore, the objective of this research was to use a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD-3D) model previously successfully validated and implemented in this work to study the performance of air flow patterns, temperature, and humidity inside four greenhouse-type dryers contemplated for a region with hot and humid climatic conditions. The results found allowed us to observe that the spatial distribution of temperature and relative humidity are related to the air flows generated inside each dryer, therefore, there were differences of up to 7.91 °C and 23.81% for the same evaluated scenario. The study also allowed us to conclude that the CFD methodology is an agile and precise tool that allows us to evaluate prototypes that have not been built to real scale, which allows us to generate useful information for decision-making regarding the best prototype to build under a specific climate condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Thermo-Fluid Dynamics of Industrial Systems)
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17 pages, 1030 KiB  
Article
Characterising Momentum Flux Events in High Reynolds Number Turbulent Boundary Layers
by Rahul Deshpande and Ivan Marusic
Fluids 2021, 6(4), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6040168 - 20 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2539
Abstract
The momentum flux in a canonical turbulent boundary layer is known to have a time-series signature that is characterised by a highly intermittent variation, which includes very short periods of intense flux activity. Here, we study the variation in these flux signal characteristics [...] Read more.
The momentum flux in a canonical turbulent boundary layer is known to have a time-series signature that is characterised by a highly intermittent variation, which includes very short periods of intense flux activity. Here, we study the variation in these flux signal characteristics across almost a decade of flow Reynolds number (Reτ) by analysing datasets acquired using miniature cross-wire probes with matched spatial resolution. The analysis is facilitated by conditionally sampling the signal based on the quadrant (Qi; i = 1–4) and magnitude of the flux, revealing fractional cumulative contribution from Q4 to increase at a much faster rate than from Q2 with Reτ. An episodic description of the flux signal is subsequently undertaken, which associates this rapid increase in Q4 contributions with the emergence of extreme and rare flux events with Reτ. The same dataset is also used to test Townsend’s hypothesis on the active and inactive components of the momentum flux, which are obtained for the first time by implementing a spectral linear stochastic estimation-based decomposition methodology. While the active component is found to be the dominant contributor to the mean momentum flux consistent with Townsend’s hypothesis, the inactive component is found to be small but non-zero, owing to the non-linear interactions associated with the modulation phenomenon. Finally, an episodic description of the active and inactive momentum flux signal is undertaken to highlight the starkly different time series characteristics of the two flux components. The inactive flux signal is found to comprise individual statistically significant events associated with all four quadrants, leading to a small net contribution to the total flux. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Turbulent Flows at Solid and Free Surface Boundaries in Memory of William W. Willmarth)
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20 pages, 7279 KiB  
Article
Experimental and Numerical Study of Swirling Diffusion Flame Provided by a Coaxial Burner: Effect of Inlet Velocity Ratio
by Sawssen Chakchak, Ammar Hidouri, Hajar Zaidaoui, Mouldi Chrigui and Toufik Boushaki
Fluids 2021, 6(4), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6040159 - 16 Apr 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3474
Abstract
This paper reports an experimental and numerical investigation of a methane-air diffusion flame stabilized over a swirler coaxial burner. The burner configuration consists of two tubes with a swirler placed in the annular part. The passage of the oxidant is ensured by the [...] Read more.
This paper reports an experimental and numerical investigation of a methane-air diffusion flame stabilized over a swirler coaxial burner. The burner configuration consists of two tubes with a swirler placed in the annular part. The passage of the oxidant is ensured by the annular tube; however, the fuel is injected by the central jet through eight holes across the oxidizer flow. The experiments were conducted in a combustion chamber of 25 kW power and 48 × 48 × 100 cm3 dimensions. Numerical flow fields were compared with stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (stereo-PIV) fields for non-reacting and reacting cases. The turbulence was captured using the Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach, associated with the eddy dissipation combustion model (EDM) to resolve the turbulence/chemistry interaction. The simulations were performed using the Fluent CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) code. Comparison of the computed results and the experimental data showed that the RANS results were capable of predicting the swirling flow. The effect of the inlet velocity ratio on dynamic flow behavior, temperature distribution, species mass fraction and the pollutant emission were numerically studied. The results showed that the radial injection of fuel induces a partial premixing between reactants, which affects the flame behavior, in particular the flame stabilization. The increase in the velocity ratio (Rv) improves the turbulence and subsequently ameliorates the mixing. CO emissions caused by the temperature variation are also decreased due to the improvement of the inlet velocity ratio. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Flow and Its Impact on Combustion)
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14 pages, 1108 KiB  
Article
Precise Method to Estimate the Herschel-Bulkley Parameters from Pipe Rheometer Measurements
by Elie Magnon and Eric Cayeux
Fluids 2021, 6(4), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6040157 - 14 Apr 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6173
Abstract
Accurate characterization of the rheological behavior of non-Newtonian fluids is critical in a wide range of industries as it governs process efficiency, safety, and end-product quality. When the rheological behavior of fluid may vary substantially over a relatively short period of time, it [...] Read more.
Accurate characterization of the rheological behavior of non-Newtonian fluids is critical in a wide range of industries as it governs process efficiency, safety, and end-product quality. When the rheological behavior of fluid may vary substantially over a relatively short period of time, it is desirable to measure its viscous properties on a more continuous basis than relying on spot measurements made with a viscometer on a few samples. An attractive solution for inline rheological measurements is to measure pressure gradients while circulating fluid at different bulk velocities in a circular pipe. Yet, extracting the rheological model parameters may be challenging as measurement uncertainty may influence the precision of the model fitting. In this paper, we present a method to calibrate the Herschel-Bulkley rheological model to a series of differential pressure measurements made at variable bulk velocities using a combination of physics-based equations and nonlinear optimization. Experimental validation of the method is conducted on non-Newtonian shear-thinning fluid based on aqueous solutions of polymers and the results are compared to those obtained with a scientific rheometer. It is found that using a physics-based method to estimate the parameters contributes to reducing prediction errors, especially at low flow rates. With the tested polymeric fluid, the proportion difference between the estimated Herschel-Bulkley parameters and those obtained using the scientific rheometer are −24% for the yield stress, 0.26% for the consistency index, and 0.30% for the flow behavior index. Finally, the computation requires limited resources, and the algorithm can be implemented on low-power devices such as an embedded single-board computer or a mobile device. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Complex Fluids and Flows: Algorithms and Applications)
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15 pages, 5118 KiB  
Article
Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer without Phase Change in Microfluidic Heat Exchanger
by Maksim P. Vasilev and Rufat Sh. Abiev
Fluids 2021, 6(4), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6040150 - 09 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3547
Abstract
This work presents an experimental study of the possibility of intensifying in microfluidic heat exchangers (MFHE) by creating a two-phase segmented flow (gas–liquid). Measurements of convective heat transfer were carried out using an MFHE, consisting of six channels 1 × 1 mm. Experimental [...] Read more.
This work presents an experimental study of the possibility of intensifying in microfluidic heat exchangers (MFHE) by creating a two-phase segmented flow (gas–liquid). Measurements of convective heat transfer were carried out using an MFHE, consisting of six channels 1 × 1 mm. Experimental studies have shown that segmented flow makes it possible to increase the Nusselt number of a laminar flow in MFHE up to 1.67 and reduce thermal resistance up to 1.7 times compared to single-phase flow. At the same time, it was found that the intensification of heat exchange by a two-phase flow is observed only for the range of the volume fraction of gas from 10 to 30%. In addition, the calculation of the thermal performance criterion, including both thermal and hydraulic parameters (friction factor), also confirmed the promise of using the Taylor segmented flow as a method for single-phase heat transfer intensifying in microchannels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow and Heat Transfer Intensification in Chemical Engineering)
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48 pages, 8203 KiB  
Review
An Overview of the Lagrangian Dispersion Modeling of Heavy Particles in Homogeneous Isotropic Turbulence and Considerations on Related LES Simulations
by Daniel G. F. Huilier
Fluids 2021, 6(4), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6040145 - 08 Apr 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3402
Abstract
Particle tracking is a competitive technique widely used in two-phase flows and best suited to simulate the dispersion of heavy particles in the atmosphere. Most Lagrangian models in the statistical approach to turbulence are based either on the eddy interaction model (EIM) and [...] Read more.
Particle tracking is a competitive technique widely used in two-phase flows and best suited to simulate the dispersion of heavy particles in the atmosphere. Most Lagrangian models in the statistical approach to turbulence are based either on the eddy interaction model (EIM) and the Monte-Carlo method or on random walk models (RWMs) making use of Markov chains and a Langevin equation. In the present work, both discontinuous and continuous random walk techniques are used to model the dispersion of heavy spherical particles in homogeneous isotropic stationary turbulence (HIST). Their efficiency to predict particle long time dispersion, mean-square velocity and Lagrangian integral time scales are discussed. Computation results with zero and no-zero mean drift velocity are reported; they are intended to quantify the inertia, gravity, crossing-trajectory and continuity effects controlling the dispersion. The calculations concern dense monodisperse spheres in air, the particle Stokes number ranging from 0.007 to 4. Due to the weaknesses of such models, a more sophisticated matrix method will also be explored, able to simulate the true fluid turbulence experienced by the particle for long time dispersion studies. Computer evolution and performance since allowed to develop, instead of Reynold-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS)-based studies, large eddy simulation (LES) and direct numerical simulation (DNS) of turbulence coupled to Generalized Langevin Models. A short review on the progress of the Lagrangian simulations based on large eddy simulation (LES) will therefore be provided too, highlighting preferential concentration. The theoretical framework for the fluid time correlation functions along the heavy particle path is that suggested by Wang and Stock. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Numerical Methods and Physical Aspects of Multiphase Flow)
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13 pages, 2175 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Propagation and Run-Up of Long Waves in U-Shaped Bays
by Sri R. Pudjaprasetya, Vania M. Risriani and Iryanto
Fluids 2021, 6(4), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6040146 - 08 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2406
Abstract
Wave propagation and run-up in U-shaped channel bays are studied here in the framework of the quasi-1D Saint-Venant equations. Our approach is numerical, using the momentum conserving staggered-grid (MCS) scheme, as a consistent approximation of the Saint-Venant equations. We carried out simulations regarding [...] Read more.
Wave propagation and run-up in U-shaped channel bays are studied here in the framework of the quasi-1D Saint-Venant equations. Our approach is numerical, using the momentum conserving staggered-grid (MCS) scheme, as a consistent approximation of the Saint-Venant equations. We carried out simulations regarding wave focusing and run-ups in U-shaped bays. We obtained good agreement with the existing analytical results on several aspects: the moving shoreline, wave shoaling, and run-up heights. Our findings also confirm that the run-up height is significantly higher in the parabolic bay than on a plane beach. This assessment shows the merit of the MCS scheme in describing wave focusing and run-up in U-shaped bays. Moreover, the MCS scheme is also efficient because it is based on the quasi-1D Saint-Venant equations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theory and Applications of Ocean Surface Waves)
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12 pages, 555 KiB  
Article
Effect of Wall Boundary Conditions on a Wall-Modeled Large-Eddy Simulation in a Finite-Difference Framework
by H. Jane Bae and Adrián Lozano-Durán
Fluids 2021, 6(3), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6030112 - 10 Mar 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 2802
Abstract
We studied the effect of wall boundary conditions on the statistics in a wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) of turbulent channel flows. Three different forms of the boundary condition based on the mean stress-balance equations were used to supply the correct mean wall shear [...] Read more.
We studied the effect of wall boundary conditions on the statistics in a wall-modeled large-eddy simulation (WMLES) of turbulent channel flows. Three different forms of the boundary condition based on the mean stress-balance equations were used to supply the correct mean wall shear stress for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and grid resolutions applicable to WMLES. In addition to the widely used Neumann boundary condition at the wall, we considered a case with a no-slip condition at the wall in which the wall stress was imposed by adjusting the value of the eddy viscosity at the wall. The results showed that the type of boundary condition utilized had an impact on the statistics (e.g., mean velocity profile and turbulence intensities) in the vicinity of the wall, especially at the first off-wall grid point. Augmenting the eddy viscosity at the wall resulted in improved predictions of statistics in the near-wall region, which should allow the use of information from the first off-wall grid point for wall models without additional spatial or temporal filtering. This boundary condition is easy to implement and provides a simple solution to the well-known log-layer mismatch in WMLES. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Turbulent Flows at Solid and Free Surface Boundaries in Memory of William W. Willmarth)
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44 pages, 8408 KiB  
Review
Physical Background, Computations and Practical Issues of the Magnetohydrodynamic Pressure Drop in a Fusion Liquid Metal Blanket
by Sergey Smolentsev
Fluids 2021, 6(3), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6030110 - 08 Mar 2021
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 3651
Abstract
In blankets of a fusion power reactor, liquid metal (LM) breeders, such as pure lithium or lead-lithium alloy, circulate in complex shape blanket conduits for power conversion and tritium breeding in the presence of a strong plasma-confining magnetic field. The interaction of the [...] Read more.
In blankets of a fusion power reactor, liquid metal (LM) breeders, such as pure lithium or lead-lithium alloy, circulate in complex shape blanket conduits for power conversion and tritium breeding in the presence of a strong plasma-confining magnetic field. The interaction of the magnetic field with induced electric currents in the breeder results in various magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effects on the flow. Of them, high MHD pressure losses in the LM breeder flows is one of the most important feasibility issues. To design new feasible LM breeding blankets or to improve the existing blanket concepts and designs, one needs to identify and characterize sources of high MHD pressure drop, to understand the underlying physics of MHD flows and to eventually define ways of mitigating high MHD pressure drop in the entire blanket and its sub-components. This article is a comprehensive review of earlier and recent studies of MHD pressure drop in LM blankets with a special focus on: (1) physics of LM MHD flows in typical blanket configurations, (2) development and testing of computational tools for LM MHD flows, (3) practical aspects associated with pumping of a conducting liquid breeder through a strong magnetic field, and (4) approaches to mitigation of the MHD pressure drop in a LM blanket. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluids in Magnetic/Electric Fields)
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16 pages, 5619 KiB  
Article
Experimental Study on Coherent Structures by Particles Suspended in Half-Zone Thermocapillary Liquid Bridges: Review
by Ichiro Ueno
Fluids 2021, 6(3), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6030105 - 04 Mar 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1804
Abstract
Coherent structures by the particles suspended in the half-zone thermocapillary liquid bridges via experimental approaches are introduced. General knowledge on the particle accumulation structures (PAS) is described, and then the spatial–temporal behaviours of the particles forming the PAS are illustrated with the results [...] Read more.
Coherent structures by the particles suspended in the half-zone thermocapillary liquid bridges via experimental approaches are introduced. General knowledge on the particle accumulation structures (PAS) is described, and then the spatial–temporal behaviours of the particles forming the PAS are illustrated with the results of the two- and three-dimensional particle tracking. Variations of the coherent structures as functions of the intensity of the thermocapillary effect and the particle size are introduced by focusing on the PAS of the azimuthal wave number m=3. Correlation between the particle behaviour and the ordered flow structures known as the Kolmogorov–Arnold—Moser tori is discussed. Recent works on the PAS of m=1 are briefly introduced. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Flows)
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18 pages, 8052 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Spray Collapse in GDI with OpenFOAM
by Jan Wilhelm Gärtner, Ye Feng, Andreas Kronenburg and Oliver T. Stein
Fluids 2021, 6(3), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6030104 - 04 Mar 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3092
Abstract
During certain operating conditions in spark-ignited direct injection engines (GDI), the injected fuel will be superheated and begin to rapidly vaporize. Fast vaporization can be beneficial for fuel–oxidizer mixing and subsequent combustion, but it poses the risk of spray collapse. In this work, [...] Read more.
During certain operating conditions in spark-ignited direct injection engines (GDI), the injected fuel will be superheated and begin to rapidly vaporize. Fast vaporization can be beneficial for fuel–oxidizer mixing and subsequent combustion, but it poses the risk of spray collapse. In this work, spray collapse is numerically investigated for a single hole and the spray G eight-hole injector of an engine combustion network (ECN). Results from a new OpenFOAM solver are first compared against results of the commercial CONVERGE software for single-hole injectors and validated. The results corroborate the perception that the superheat ratio Rp, which is typically used for the classification of flashing regimes, cannot describe spray collapse behavior. Three cases using the eight-hole spray G injector geometry are compared with experimental data. The first case is the standard G2 test case, with iso-octane as an injected fluid, which is only slightly superheated, whereas the two other cases use propane and show spray collapse behavior in the experiment. The numerical results support the assumption that the interaction of shocks due to the underexpanded vapor jet causes spray collapse. Further, the spray structures match well with experimental data, and shock interactions that provide an explanation for the observed phenomenon are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Reactive and Non-reactive Multiphase Flows)
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16 pages, 4249 KiB  
Article
Machine Learning Techniques for Fluid Flows at the Nanoscale
by Filippos Sofos and Theodoros E. Karakasidis
Fluids 2021, 6(3), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6030096 - 01 Mar 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2435
Abstract
Simulations of fluid flows at the nanoscale feature massive data production and machine learning (ML) techniques have been developed during recent years to leverage them, presenting unique results. This work facilitates ML tools to provide an insight on properties among molecular dynamics (MD) [...] Read more.
Simulations of fluid flows at the nanoscale feature massive data production and machine learning (ML) techniques have been developed during recent years to leverage them, presenting unique results. This work facilitates ML tools to provide an insight on properties among molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, covering missing data points and predicting states not previously located by the simulation. Taking the fluid flow of a simple Lennard-Jones liquid in nanoscale slits as a basis, ML regression-based algorithms are exploited to provide an alternative for the calculation of transport properties of fluids, e.g., the diffusion coefficient, shear viscosity and thermal conductivity and the average velocity across the nanochannels. Through appropriate training and testing, ML-predicted values can be extracted for various input variables, such as the geometrical characteristics of the slits, the interaction parameters between particles and the flow driving force. The proposed technique could act in parallel to simulation as a means of enriching the database of material properties, assisting in coupling between scales, and accelerating data-based scientific computations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Flows at the Nanoscale)
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15 pages, 4818 KiB  
Article
Time-Periodic Cooling of Rayleigh–Bénard Convection
by Lyes Nasseri, Nabil Himrane, Djamel Eddine Ameziani, Abderrahmane Bourada and Rachid Bennacer
Fluids 2021, 6(2), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020087 - 16 Feb 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2219
Abstract
The problem of Rayleigh–Bénard’s natural convection subjected to a temporally periodic cooling condition is solved numerically by the Lattice Boltzmann method with multiple relaxation time (LBM-MRT). The study finds its interest in the field of thermal comfort where current knowledge has gaps in [...] Read more.
The problem of Rayleigh–Bénard’s natural convection subjected to a temporally periodic cooling condition is solved numerically by the Lattice Boltzmann method with multiple relaxation time (LBM-MRT). The study finds its interest in the field of thermal comfort where current knowledge has gaps in the fundamental phenomena requiring their exploration. The Boussinesq approximation is considered in the resolution of the physical problem studied for a Rayleigh number taken in the range 103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106 with a Prandtl number equal to 0.71 (air as working fluid). The physical phenomenon is also controlled by the amplitude of periodic cooling where, for small values of the latter, the results obtained follow a periodic evolution around an average corresponding to the formulation at a constant cold temperature. When the heating amplitude increases, the physical phenomenon is disturbed, the stream functions become mainly multicellular and an aperiodic evolution is obtained for the heat transfer illustrated by the average Nusselt number. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Flows)
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11 pages, 1697 KiB  
Article
Velocity Profile and Turbulence Structure Measurement Corrections for Sediment Transport-Induced Water-Worked Bed
by Jaan H. Pu
Fluids 2021, 6(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020086 - 16 Feb 2021
Cited by 32 | Viewed by 2832
Abstract
When using point measurement for environmental or sediment laden flows, there is well-recognised risk for not having aligned measurements that causes misinterpretation of the measured velocity data. In reality, these kinds of mismeasurement mainly happen due to the misinterpretation of bed orientation caused [...] Read more.
When using point measurement for environmental or sediment laden flows, there is well-recognised risk for not having aligned measurements that causes misinterpretation of the measured velocity data. In reality, these kinds of mismeasurement mainly happen due to the misinterpretation of bed orientation caused by the complexity of its determination in natural flows, especially in bedload laden or rough bed flows. This study proposes a novel bed realignment method to improve the measured data benchmarking by three-dimensional (3D) bed profile orientation and implemented it into different sets of experimental data. More specifically, the effects of realignment on velocity profile and streamwise turbulence structure measurements were investigated. The proposed technique was tested against experimental data collected over a water-worked and an experimentally arranged well-packed beds. Different from the well-packed rough bed, the water-worked bed has been generated after long sediment transport and settling and hence can be used to verify the proposed bed-alignment technique thoroughly. During the flow analysis, the corrected velocity, turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress profiles were compared to the theoretical logarithmic law, exponential law and linear gravity (universal Reynolds stress distribution) profiles, respectively. It has been observed that the proposed method has improved the agreement of the measured velocity and turbulence structure data with their actual theoretical profiles, particularly in the near-bed region (where the ratio of the flow measurement vertical distance to the total water depth, z/h, is limited to ≤0.4). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Sediment Transport: Methods and Applications)
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16 pages, 8028 KiB  
Article
Gas–Liquid Mass Transfer around a Rising Bubble: Combined Effect of Rheology and Surfactant
by Gaelle Lebrun, Feishi Xu, Claude Le Men, Gilles Hébrard and Nicolas Dietrich
Fluids 2021, 6(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020084 - 15 Feb 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4044
Abstract
The influence of viscosity and surface tension on oxygen transfer was investigated using planar laser-induced fluorescence with inhibition (PLIF-I). The surface tension and the viscosity were modified using Triton X-100 and polyacrylamide, respectively. Changes in the hydrodynamic parameters of millimetric bubbles were identified, [...] Read more.
The influence of viscosity and surface tension on oxygen transfer was investigated using planar laser-induced fluorescence with inhibition (PLIF-I). The surface tension and the viscosity were modified using Triton X-100 and polyacrylamide, respectively. Changes in the hydrodynamic parameters of millimetric bubbles were identified, and transfer parameters were calculated. The results revealed a decrease in the mass transferred in the presence of a contaminant. For modified viscosity, the decrease in mass transferred was allowed for by current correlations, but the presence of surfactant led to a sharp decrease in the liquid side mass transfer coefficient, which became even lower when polymer was added. An explanation for the gap between classical correlations and experimental values of kL is discussed, and a hypothesis of the existence of an accumulation of contaminant in the diffusion layer is proposed. This led to the possibility of a decrease in the diffusion coefficient and oxygen saturation concentration in the liquid film, explaining the discrepancy between models and experience. Adapted values of DO2 and [O2] * in this layer were estimated. This original study unravels the complexity of mass transfer from an air bubble in a complex medium. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flow and Heat Transfer Intensification in Chemical Engineering)
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14 pages, 10626 KiB  
Review
Hierarchical Adaptive Eddy-Capturing Approach for Modeling and Simulation of Turbulent Flows
by Giuliano De Stefano and Oleg V. Vasilyev
Fluids 2021, 6(2), 83; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020083 - 13 Feb 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 1957
Abstract
A short review of wavelet-based adaptive methods for modeling and simulation of incompressible turbulent flows is presented. Wavelet-based computational modeling approaches of different fidelities are recast into an integrated hierarchical adaptive eddy-capturing turbulence modeling framework. The wavelet threshold filtering procedure and the [...] Read more.
A short review of wavelet-based adaptive methods for modeling and simulation of incompressible turbulent flows is presented. Wavelet-based computational modeling approaches of different fidelities are recast into an integrated hierarchical adaptive eddy-capturing turbulence modeling framework. The wavelet threshold filtering procedure and the associated wavelet-filtered Navier–Stokes equations are briefly discussed, along with the adaptive wavelet collocation method that is used for numerical computations. Depending on the level of wavelet thresholding, the simulation is possibly supplemented with a localized closure model. The latest advancements in spatiotemporally varying wavelet thresholding procedures along with the adaptive-anisotropic wavelet-collocation method make the development of a fully adaptive approach feasible with potential applications for complex turbulent flows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wavelets and Fluid Dynamics)
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16 pages, 95290 KiB  
Article
CFD and Experimental Study of Wind Pressure Distribution on the High-Rise Building in the Shape of an Equilateral Acute Triangle
by Norbert Jendzelovsky and Roland Antal
Fluids 2021, 6(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020081 - 12 Feb 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4530
Abstract
There is a lack of detailed information about wind flow and distribution of wind pressure around atypically shaped high-rise buildings. The national standard EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode 1 used to determine the effects of wind on the territory of Slovakia (and indeed other countries [...] Read more.
There is a lack of detailed information about wind flow and distribution of wind pressure around atypically shaped high-rise buildings. The national standard EN 1991-1-4 Eurocode 1 used to determine the effects of wind on the territory of Slovakia (and indeed other countries of the European Union) does not have a procedure for determining the effects of wind on objects of triangular shape. This presents a problem for designers and engineers, as there exist no generally binding/valid rules to follow when performing the wind effect analysis. This paper shows the procedure of identification and results of the external wind pressure coefficient for the triangularly shaped high-rise building. Two methods of calculation have been chosen for this purpose. First, experimental measurements were performed on a scaled model of the building cross-section in the wind tunnel. Subsequently, software simulations were performed on the same scaled model in the CFD (computational fluid dynamics) program ANSYS CFX. Results of wind pressure were obtained for two directions of wind flow measured in 16 sampling points distributed irregularly around the circumference of the model. Results were mutually compared and verified. At the end, the wind flow effects on a real-size triangular high-rise building in the built-up area performed by software simulation are shown. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Computational Methods in Fluid Dynamics and Applications)
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49 pages, 4163 KiB  
Review
A Review of Vortex Methods and Their Applications: From Creation to Recent Advances
by Chloé Mimeau and Iraj Mortazavi
Fluids 2021, 6(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020068 - 04 Feb 2021
Cited by 38 | Viewed by 9061
Abstract
This review paper presents an overview of Vortex Methods for flow simulation and their different sub-approaches, from their creation to the present. Particle methods distinguish themselves by their intuitive and natural description of the fluid flow as well as their low numerical dissipation [...] Read more.
This review paper presents an overview of Vortex Methods for flow simulation and their different sub-approaches, from their creation to the present. Particle methods distinguish themselves by their intuitive and natural description of the fluid flow as well as their low numerical dissipation and their stability. Vortex methods belong to Lagrangian approaches and allow us to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in their velocity-vorticity formulation. In the last three decades, the wide range of research works performed on these methods allowed us to highlight their robustness and accuracy while providing efficient computational algorithms and a solid mathematical framework. On the other hand, many efforts have been devoted to overcoming their main intrinsic difficulties, mostly relying on the treatment of the boundary conditions and the distortion of particle distribution. The present review aims to describe the Vortex methods by following their chronological evolution and provides for each step of their development the mathematical framework, the strengths and limits as well as references to applications and numerical simulations. The paper ends with a presentation of some challenging and very recent works based on Vortex methods and successfully applied to problems such as hydrodynamics, turbulent wake dynamics, sediment or porous flows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Fluid Mechanics: Feature Papers)
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10 pages, 1417 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Forces Impacting Cleavage of Von Willebrand Factor in Laminar and Turbulent Blood Flow
by Alireza Sharifi and David Bark
Fluids 2021, 6(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020067 - 03 Feb 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2319
Abstract
Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a large multimeric hemostatic protein. VWF is critical in arresting platelets in regions of high shear stress found in blood circulation. Excessive cleavage of VWF that leads to reduced VWF multimer size in plasma can cause acquired von [...] Read more.
Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a large multimeric hemostatic protein. VWF is critical in arresting platelets in regions of high shear stress found in blood circulation. Excessive cleavage of VWF that leads to reduced VWF multimer size in plasma can cause acquired von Willebrand syndrome, which is a bleeding disorder found in some heart valve diseases and in patients receiving mechanical circulatory support. It has been proposed that hemodynamics (blood flow) found in these environments ultimately leads to VWF cleavage. In the context of experiments reported in the literature, scission theory, developed for polymers, is applied here to provide insight into flow that can produce strong extensional forces on VWF that leads to domain unfolding and exposure of a cryptic site for cleavage through a metalloproteinase. Based on theoretical tensile forces, laminar flow only enables VWF cleavage when shear rate is large enough (>2800 s−1) or when VWF is exposed to constant shear stress for nonphysiological exposure times (>20 min). Predicted forces increase in turbulence, increasing the chance for VWF cleavage. These findings can be used when designing blood-contacting medical devices by providing hemodynamic limits to these devices that can otherwise lead to acquired von Willebrand syndrome. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Turbulence in Blood Flow)
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15 pages, 9396 KiB  
Review
Blood Flow Modeling in Coronary Arteries: A Review
by Violeta Carvalho, Diana Pinho, Rui A. Lima, José Carlos Teixeira and Senhorinha Teixeira
Fluids 2021, 6(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020053 - 23 Jan 2021
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 7381
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is one of the main causes of cardiovascular events, namely, myocardium infarction and cerebral stroke, responsible for a great number of deaths every year worldwide. This pathology is caused by the progressive accumulation of low-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, and other substances on the [...] Read more.
Atherosclerosis is one of the main causes of cardiovascular events, namely, myocardium infarction and cerebral stroke, responsible for a great number of deaths every year worldwide. This pathology is caused by the progressive accumulation of low-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, and other substances on the arterial wall, narrowing its lumen. To date, many hemodynamic studies have been conducted experimentally and/or numerically; however, this disease is not yet fully understood. For this reason, the research of this pathology is still ongoing, mainly, resorting to computational methods. These have been increasingly used in biomedical research of atherosclerosis because of their high-performance hardware and software. Taking into account the attempts that have been made in computational techniques to simulate realistic conditions of blood flow in both diseased and healthy arteries, the present review aims to give an overview of the most recent numerical studies focused on coronary arteries, by addressing the blood viscosity models, and applied physiological flow conditions. In general, regardless of the boundary conditions, numerical studies have been contributed to a better understanding of the development of this disease, its diagnosis, and its treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Biofluid Mechanics)
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24 pages, 553 KiB  
Article
Effects of Reaction Mechanisms and Differential Diffusion in Oxy-Fuel Combustion Including Liquid Water Dilution
by Fernando Luiz Sacomano Filho, Luis Eduardo de Albuquerque Paixão e Freire de Carvalho, Jeroen Adrianus van Oijen and Guenther Carlos Krieger Filho
Fluids 2021, 6(2), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020047 - 21 Jan 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2521
Abstract
The influence of chemistry and differential diffusion transport modeling on methane oxy-fuel combustion is analyzed considering different diluent characteristics. Analyses are conducted in terms of numerical simulations using a detailed description of the chemistry. Herein, different reaction mechanisms are employed to represent the [...] Read more.
The influence of chemistry and differential diffusion transport modeling on methane oxy-fuel combustion is analyzed considering different diluent characteristics. Analyses are conducted in terms of numerical simulations using a detailed description of the chemistry. Herein, different reaction mechanisms are employed to represent the combustion of methane. Simulations were performed with the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code CHEM1D following different numerical setups, freely propagating flame, counter flow flame, and propagating flame in droplet mist reactors. The employed method is validated against experimental data and simulation results available in the literature. While the counter-flow flame reactor is exclusively used in the validation stage, different scenarios have been established for propagating flame simulations, as in single- or two-phase flow configuration. These comprehend variations in diluent compositions, reaction mechanisms, and different models to account for diffusion transport. Conducted investigations show that the choice for a specific reaction mechanism can interfere with computed flame speed values, which may agree or deviate from experimental observations. The achieved outcomes from these investigations indicate that the so-called GRI 3.0 mechanism is the best option for general application purposes, as a good balance is found between accuracy and computational efforts. However, in cases where more detailed information and accuracy are required, the CRECK C1-C3 mechanism demonstrated to be the best choice from the evaluated mechanisms. Additionally, the results clearly indicate that commonly applied simplifications to general flame modeling as the unitary Lewis number and mixture averaged approach strongly interfere with the computation of flame propagation speed values for single- and two-phase flows. While the application of unitary Lewis number approach is limited to certain conditions, the mixture averaged approach demonstrated a good agreement with the complex model for flame speed computations in the various tested scenarios. Such an outcome is not limited to oxy-fuel applications, but are straightly extensible to oxy-steam and air-blown combustion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analytical and Computational Fluid Dynamics of Combustion and Fires [dedicated to Prof. Vitaly Bychkov (1968–2015) of Umea University, Sweden])
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22 pages, 2005 KiB  
Article
Turbulent Bubble-Laden Channel Flow of Power-Law Fluids: A Direct Numerical Simulation Study
by Felix Bräuer, Elias Trautner, Josef Hasslberger, Paolo Cifani and Markus Klein
Fluids 2021, 6(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6010040 - 12 Jan 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2521
Abstract
The influence of non-Newtonian fluid behavior on the flow statistics of turbulent bubble-laden downflow in a vertical channel is investigated. A Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) study is conducted for power-law fluids with power-law indexes of 0.7 (shear-thinning), 1 (Newtonian) and 1.3 (shear-thickening) in [...] Read more.
The influence of non-Newtonian fluid behavior on the flow statistics of turbulent bubble-laden downflow in a vertical channel is investigated. A Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) study is conducted for power-law fluids with power-law indexes of 0.7 (shear-thinning), 1 (Newtonian) and 1.3 (shear-thickening) in the liquid phase at a gas volume fraction of 6%. The flow is driven downward by a constant volumetric flow rate corresponding to a friction Reynolds number of Reτ≈127.3. The Eötvös number is varied between Eo=0.3125 and Eo=3.75 in order to investigate the influence of quasi-spherical as well as wobbling bubbles and thus the interplay of the bubble deformability with the power-law behavior of the liquid bulk. The resulting first- and second-order fluid statistics, i.e., the gas fraction, mean velocity and velocity fluctuation profiles across the channel, show clear trends in reply to varying power-law indexes. In addition, it was observed that the bubble oscillations increase with decreasing power-law index. In the channel core, the bubbles significantly increase the dissipation rate, which, in contrast to its behavior at the wall, shows similar orders of magnitude for all power-law indexes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Reactive and Non-reactive Multiphase Flows)
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34 pages, 11340 KiB  
Article
An Optimized-Parameter Spectral Clustering Approach to Coherent Structure Detection in Geophysical Flows
by Margaux Filippi, Irina I. Rypina, Alireza Hadjighasem and Thomas Peacock
Fluids 2021, 6(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6010039 - 12 Jan 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3518
Abstract
In Lagrangian dynamics, the detection of coherent clusters can help understand the organization of transport by identifying regions with coherent trajectory patterns. Many clustering algorithms, however, rely on user-input parameters, requiring a priori knowledge about the flow and making the outcome subjective. Building [...] Read more.
In Lagrangian dynamics, the detection of coherent clusters can help understand the organization of transport by identifying regions with coherent trajectory patterns. Many clustering algorithms, however, rely on user-input parameters, requiring a priori knowledge about the flow and making the outcome subjective. Building on the conventional spectral clustering method of Hadjighasem et al. (2016), a new optimized-parameter spectral clustering approach is developed that automatically identifies optimal parameters within pre-defined ranges. A noise-based metric for quantifying the coherence of the resulting coherent clusters is also introduced. The optimized-parameter spectral clustering is applied to two benchmark analytical flows, the Bickley Jet and the asymmetric Duffing oscillator, and to a realistic, numerically generated oceanic coastal flow. In the latter case, the identified model-based clusters are tested using observed trajectories of real drifters. In all examples, our approach succeeded in performing the partition of the domain into coherent clusters with minimal inter-cluster similarity and maximum intra-cluster similarity. For the coastal flow, the resulting coherent clusters are qualitatively similar over the same phase of the tide on different days and even different years, whereas coherent clusters for the opposite tidal phase are qualitatively different. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lagrangian Transport in Geophysical Fluid Flows)
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23 pages, 14025 KiB  
Article
The Zoo of Modes of Convection in Liquids Vibrated along the Direction of the Temperature Gradient
by Georgie Crewdson and Marcello Lappa
Fluids 2021, 6(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6010030 - 08 Jan 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2302
Abstract
Thermovibrational flow can be seen as a variant of standard thermogravitational convection where steady gravity is replaced by a time-periodic acceleration. As in the parent phenomena, this type of thermal flow is extremely sensitive to the relative directions of the acceleration and the [...] Read more.
Thermovibrational flow can be seen as a variant of standard thermogravitational convection where steady gravity is replaced by a time-periodic acceleration. As in the parent phenomena, this type of thermal flow is extremely sensitive to the relative directions of the acceleration and the prevailing temperature gradient. Starting from the realization that the overwhelming majority of research has focused on circumstances where the directions of vibrations and of the imposed temperature difference are perpendicular, we concentrate on the companion case in which they are parallel. The increased complexity of this situation essentially stems from the properties that are inherited from the corresponding case with steady gravity, i.e., the standard Rayleigh–Bénard convection. The need to overcome a threshold to induce convection from an initial quiescent state, together with the opposite tendency of acceleration to damp fluid motion when its sign is reversed, causes a variety of possible solutions that can display synchronous, non-synchronous, time-periodic, and multi-frequency responses. Assuming a square cavity as a reference case and a fluid with Pr = 15, we tackle the problem in a numerical framework based on the solution of the governing time-dependent and non-linear equations considering different amplitudes and frequencies of the applied vibrations. The corresponding vibrational Rayleigh number spans the interval from Raω = 104 to Raω = 106. It is shown that a kaleidoscope of possible variants exist whose nature and variety calls for the simultaneous analysis of their temporal and spatial behavior, thermofluid-dynamic (TFD) distortions, and the Nusselt number, in synergy with existing theories on the effect of periodic accelerations on fluid systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Flows)
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13 pages, 2473 KiB  
Article
Time-Dependent Motion of a Floating Circular Elastic Plate
by Michael H. Meylan
Fluids 2021, 6(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6010029 - 08 Jan 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2801
Abstract
The motion of a circular elastic plate floating on the surface is investigated in the time-domain. The solution is found from the single frequency solutions, and the method to solve for the circular plate is given using the eigenfunction matching method. Simple plane [...] Read more.
The motion of a circular elastic plate floating on the surface is investigated in the time-domain. The solution is found from the single frequency solutions, and the method to solve for the circular plate is given using the eigenfunction matching method. Simple plane incident waves with a Gaussian profile in wavenumber space are considered, and a more complex focused wave group is considered. Results are given for a range of plate and incident wave parameters. Code is provided to show how to simulate the complex motion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical and Numerical Modeling of Water Waves)
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30 pages, 24108 KiB  
Article
Reduced Order Models for the Quasi-Geostrophic Equations: A Brief Survey
by Changhong Mou, Zhu Wang, David R. Wells, Xuping Xie and Traian Iliescu
Fluids 2021, 6(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6010016 - 31 Dec 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2877
Abstract
Reduced order models (ROMs) are computational models whose dimension is significantly lower than those obtained through classical numerical discretizations (e.g., finite element, finite difference, finite volume, or spectral methods). Thus, ROMs have been used to accelerate numerical simulations of many query problems, e.g., [...] Read more.
Reduced order models (ROMs) are computational models whose dimension is significantly lower than those obtained through classical numerical discretizations (e.g., finite element, finite difference, finite volume, or spectral methods). Thus, ROMs have been used to accelerate numerical simulations of many query problems, e.g., uncertainty quantification, control, and shape optimization. Projection-based ROMs have been particularly successful in the numerical simulation of fluid flows. In this brief survey, we summarize some recent ROM developments for the quasi-geostrophic equations (QGE) (also known as the barotropic vorticity equations), which are a simplified model for geophysical flows in which rotation plays a central role, such as wind-driven ocean circulation in mid-latitude ocean basins. Since the QGE represent a practical compromise between efficient numerical simulations of ocean flows and accurate representations of large scale ocean dynamics, these equations have often been used in the testing of new numerical methods for ocean flows. ROMs have also been tested on the QGE for various settings in order to understand their potential in efficient numerical simulations of ocean flows. In this paper, we survey the ROMs developed for the QGE in order to understand their potential in efficient numerical simulations of more complex ocean flows: We explain how classical numerical methods for the QGE are used to generate the ROM basis functions, we outline the main steps in the construction of projection-based ROMs (with a particular focus on the under-resolved regime, when the closure problem needs to be addressed), we illustrate the ROMs in the numerical simulation of the QGE for various settings, and we present several potential future research avenues in the ROM exploration of the QGE and more complex models of geophysical flows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Teaching and Learning of Fluid Mechanics, Volume II)
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11 pages, 290 KiB  
Article
Determination of Critical Reynolds Number for the Flow Near a Rotating Disk on the Basis of the Theory of Stochastic Equations and Equivalence of Measures
by Artur V. Dmitrenko
Fluids 2021, 6(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6010005 - 25 Dec 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2087
Abstract
The determination of the flow regime of liquid and gas in power plants is the most important design task. Performing the calculations based on modern calculation methods requires a priori knowledge of the initial and boundary conditions, which significantly affect the final results. [...] Read more.
The determination of the flow regime of liquid and gas in power plants is the most important design task. Performing the calculations based on modern calculation methods requires a priori knowledge of the initial and boundary conditions, which significantly affect the final results. The purpose of the article is to present the solution for the critical Reynolds number for the flow near a rotating disk on the basis of the theory of stochastic equations of continuum laws and equivalence of measures between random and deterministic motions. The determination of the analytical dependence for the critical Reynolds number is essential for the study of flow regimes and the thermal state of disks and blades in the design of gas and steam turbines. The result of the calculation with using the new formula shows that for the flow near a wall of rotating disk, the critical Reynolds number is 325,000, when the turbulent Reynolds is 5 ÷ 10 and the degree of turbulence is 0.01 ÷ 0.02. Therefore, the result of solution shows a satisfactory correspondence of the obtained analytical dependence for the critical Reynolds number with the experimental data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermal Flows)
16 pages, 1504 KiB  
Article
OpenFOAM Simulations of Late Stage Container Draining in Microgravity
by Joshua McCraney, Mark Weislogel and Paul Steen
Fluids 2020, 5(4), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040207 - 11 Nov 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3325
Abstract
In the reduced acceleration environment aboard orbiting spacecraft, capillary forces are often exploited to access and control the location and stability of fuels, propellants, coolants, and biological liquids in containers (tanks) for life support. To access the ‘far reaches’ of such tanks, the [...] Read more.
In the reduced acceleration environment aboard orbiting spacecraft, capillary forces are often exploited to access and control the location and stability of fuels, propellants, coolants, and biological liquids in containers (tanks) for life support. To access the ‘far reaches’ of such tanks, the passive capillary pumping mechanism of interior corner networks can be employed to achieve high levels of draining. With knowledge of maximal corner drain rates, gas ingestion can be avoided and accurate drain transients predicted. In this paper, we benchmark a numerical method for the symmetric draining of capillary liquids in simple interior corners. The free surface is modeled through a volume of fluid (VOF) algorithm via interFoam, a native OpenFOAM solver. The simulations are compared with rare space experiments conducted on the International Space Station. The results are also buttressed by simplified analytical predictions where practicable. The fact that the numerical model does well in all cases is encouraging for further spacecraft tank draining applications of significantly increased geometric complexity and fluid inertia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the 15th OpenFOAM Workshop)
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24 pages, 5054 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Single-Droplet Dynamics, Vaporization, and Heat Transfer from Impingement onto Static and Vibrating Surfaces
by J. Thalackottore Jose and J. F. Dunne
Fluids 2020, 5(4), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040188 - 23 Oct 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3146
Abstract
A numerical study is presented to examine the behavior of a single liquid droplet initially passing through air or steam, followed by impingement onto a static or vibrating surface. The fluid dynamic equations are solved using the Volume of Fluid method, which includes [...] Read more.
A numerical study is presented to examine the behavior of a single liquid droplet initially passing through air or steam, followed by impingement onto a static or vibrating surface. The fluid dynamic equations are solved using the Volume of Fluid method, which includes both viscous and surface tension effects, and the possibility of droplet evaporation when the impact surface is hot. Initially, dynamic behavior is examined for isothermal impingement of a droplet moving through air, first without and then with boundary vibration. Isothermal simulations are used to establish how droplet rebound conditions and the time interval between initial contact to detachment vary with droplet diameter for droplet impingement onto a stationary boundary. Heat transfer is then assessed for a liquid droplet initially at saturation temperature passing through steam, followed by contact with a hot vibrating boundary, in which droplet evaporation commences. The paper shows that, for droplet impingement onto a static boundary, the minimum impact velocity for rebound reduces linearly with droplet diameter, whereas the time interval between initial contact and detachment appears to increase linearly with droplet diameter. With the introduction of a vibrating surface, the minimum relative impact velocity for isothermal rebound is found to be higher than the minimum impact velocity for static boundary droplet rebound. For impingement onto a hot surface, in which droplet evaporation commences, it is shown that large-amplitude surface vibration reduces heat transfer, whereas low-amplitude high-frequency vibration appears to increase heat transfer. Full article
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28 pages, 1978 KiB  
Article
Hydrodynamic Responses of a 6 MW Spar-Type Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Regular Waves and Uniform Current
by Zhiping Zheng, Jikang Chen, Hui Liang, Yongsheng Zhao and Yanlin Shao
Fluids 2020, 5(4), 187; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040187 - 21 Oct 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3112
Abstract
In order to improve the understanding of hydrodynamic performances of spar-type Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs), in particular the effect of wave-current-structure interaction, a moored 6MW spar-type FOWT in regular waves and uniform current is considered. The wind loads are not considered at [...] Read more.
In order to improve the understanding of hydrodynamic performances of spar-type Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs), in particular the effect of wave-current-structure interaction, a moored 6MW spar-type FOWT in regular waves and uniform current is considered. The wind loads are not considered at this stage. We apply the potential-flow theory and perturbation method to solve the weakly-nonlinear problem up to the second order. Unlike the conventional formulations in the inertial frame of reference, which involve higher derivatives on the body surface, the present method based on the perturbation method in the non-inertial body-fixed coordinate system can potentially avoid theoretical inconsistency at sharp edges and associated numerical difficulties. A cubic Boundary Element Method (BEM) is employed to solve the resulting boundary-value problems (BVPs) in the time domain. The convective terms in the free-surface conditions are dealt with using a newly developed conditionally stable explicit scheme, which is an approximation of the implicit Crank–Nicolson scheme. The numerical model is firstly verified against three reference cases, where benchmark results are available, showing excellent agreement. Numerical results are also compared with a recent model test, with a fairly good agreement though differences are witnessed. Drag loads based on Morison’s equation and relative velocities are also applied to quantify the influence of the viscous loads. To account for nonlinear restoring forces from the mooring system, a catenary line model is implemented and coupled with the time-domain hydrodynamic solver. For the considered spar-type FOWT in regular-wave and current conditions, the current has non-negligible effects on the motions at low frequencies, and a strong influence on the mean wave-drift forces. The second-order sum-frequency responses are found to be negligibly small compared with their corresponding linear components. The viscous drag loads do not show a strong influence on the motions responses, while their contribution to the wave-drift forces being notable, which increases with increasing wave steepness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wind and Wave Renewable Energy Systems)
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23 pages, 15945 KiB  
Article
Uncertainty Quantification of Trajectory Clustering Applied to Ocean Ensemble Forecasts
by Guilherme S. Vieira, Irina I. Rypina and Michael R. Allshouse
Fluids 2020, 5(4), 184; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040184 - 17 Oct 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2562
Abstract
Partitioning ocean flows into regions dynamically distinct from their surroundings based on material transport can assist search-and-rescue planning by reducing the search domain. The spectral clustering method partitions the domain by identifying fluid particle trajectories that are similar. The partitioning validity depends on [...] Read more.
Partitioning ocean flows into regions dynamically distinct from their surroundings based on material transport can assist search-and-rescue planning by reducing the search domain. The spectral clustering method partitions the domain by identifying fluid particle trajectories that are similar. The partitioning validity depends on the accuracy of the ocean forecasting, which is subject to several sources of uncertainty: model initialization, limited knowledge of the physical processes, boundary conditions, and forcing terms. Instead of a single model output, multiple realizations are produced spanning a range of potential outcomes, and trajectory clustering is used to identify robust features and quantify the uncertainty of the ensemble-averaged results. First, ensemble statistics are used to investigate the cluster sensitivity to the spectral clustering method free-parameters and the forecast parameters for the analytic Bickley jet, a geostrophic flow model. Then, we analyze an operational coastal ocean ensemble forecast and compare the clustering results to drifter trajectories south of Martha’s Vineyard. This approach identifies regions of low uncertainty where drifters released within a cluster predominantly remain there throughout the window of analysis. Drifters released in regions of high uncertainty tend to either enter neighboring clusters or deviate from all predicted outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lagrangian Transport in Geophysical Fluid Flows)
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17 pages, 6683 KiB  
Article
On the Effect of Block Roughness in Ogee Spillways with Flip Buckets
by Rasoul Daneshfaraz, Amir Ghaderi, Aliakbar Akhtari and Silvia Di Francesco
Fluids 2020, 5(4), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040182 - 16 Oct 2020
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4682
Abstract
In this study, the effect of the presence of bed-block roughness in an ogee spillway on energy dissipation and jet length is investigated. A series of experimental and numerical tests were conducted using an ogee spillway with block roughness on the bed without [...] Read more.
In this study, the effect of the presence of bed-block roughness in an ogee spillway on energy dissipation and jet length is investigated. A series of experimental and numerical tests were conducted using an ogee spillway with block roughness on the bed without a flip bucket and with a flip bucket at different take-off angles (32 °C and 52 °C). To model the free-flow surface, the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method and turbulence model from RNG k–ε were used. Results indicated that the numerical model is fairly capable of simulating a free-flow surface over an ogee spillway; using block roughness on the spillway chute without a bucket, relative energy dissipation increased by 15.4% compared to that in the spillway with a smooth bed, while for the spillway with 32 °C and 52 °C buckets, it increased by 9.5%. The jet length for a spillway with a flip bucket and roughened bed decreased by 8% to 58% compared to that in a smooth bed. Lastly, the relationships for the estimation of relative energy dissipation and jet length are presented. Full article
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23 pages, 7074 KiB  
Article
Influence of Hydrodynamic Conditions on Micromixing in Microreactors with Free Impinging Jets
by Rufat Sh Abiev and Alexey A Sirotkin
Fluids 2020, 5(4), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040179 - 13 Oct 2020
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2295
Abstract
An experimental study and mathematical modeling of micromixing in a microreactor with free impinging jets (MRFIJ) with a diameter of 1 mm was carried out. In the experimental part, the iodide-iodate technique was used (involving parallel competing Villermaux–Dushman reactions with the formation of [...] Read more.
An experimental study and mathematical modeling of micromixing in a microreactor with free impinging jets (MRFIJ) with a diameter of 1 mm was carried out. In the experimental part, the iodide-iodate technique was used (involving parallel competing Villermaux–Dushman reactions with the formation of I3−). Theoretical assessment revealed that more than 50% of the introduced energy is dissipated in the jets collision region. Through the use of differentiated sampling, an uneven quality distribution of micro mixing in the central and peripheral zones of the reactor was found: at moderate flow rates (700–1000 mL/min, jets velocity of 15–21 m/s) the micromixing in the central part of reactor is up to 12 times better than that in the periphery. Furthermore, the weight fraction of the probes in the central zones of MRFIJ is reduced with increasing jet velocity; this effect is attributed to a more intense formation of ligaments and droplets upon collision of jets and their secondary mixing on the walls of the apparatus. In terms of the weighted average concentration, the best quality of micromixing in the samples is achieved at a flow rate of 300 mL/min. With an increase in the flow rate (and velocity) of the jets, the dependence of the I3− concentration on the flow rate has a nonmonotonic character, which is explained by a change in the nature of the flow in the collision zone of the jets: the transition from the formation of a liquid sheet to the intensive formation of ligaments and drops and secondary mixing of the liquid film formed on the walls of the reactor. The effect of “freshness” of solutions on the concentration of reaction products was studied. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Single and Multiphase Flows in Microchannels)
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14 pages, 526 KiB  
Article
The Effect of the Vadasz Number on the Onset of Thermal Convection in Rotating Bidispersive Porous Media
by Florinda Capone and Roberta De Luca
Fluids 2020, 5(4), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5040173 - 06 Oct 2020
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 1848
Abstract
The onset of thermal convection in uniformly rotating bidispersive horizontal porous layer, uniformly heated from below, is analyzed. A generalized Darcy equation for the macro-phase is considered to take the Vadasz number into account. It is proved that the presence of the Vadasz [...] Read more.
The onset of thermal convection in uniformly rotating bidispersive horizontal porous layer, uniformly heated from below, is analyzed. A generalized Darcy equation for the macro-phase is considered to take the Vadasz number into account. It is proved that the presence of the Vadasz number can give rise to oscillatory motion at the loss of stability of thermal conduction solution. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Classical and Modern Topics in Fluid Dynamics and Transport Phenomena)
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19 pages, 4415 KiB  
Article
On the Optimal Control of Stationary Fluid–Structure Interaction Systems
by Leonardo Chirco and Sandro Manservisi
Fluids 2020, 5(3), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030144 - 28 Aug 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2255
Abstract
Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) systems consist of a fluid which flows and deforms one or more solid surrounding structures. In this paper, we study inverse FSI problems, where the goal is to find the optimal value of some control parameters, such that the FSI [...] Read more.
Fluid–structure interaction (FSI) systems consist of a fluid which flows and deforms one or more solid surrounding structures. In this paper, we study inverse FSI problems, where the goal is to find the optimal value of some control parameters, such that the FSI solution is close to a desired one. Optimal control problems are formulated with Lagrange multipliers and adjoint variables formalism. In order to recover the symmetry of the stationary state-adjoint system an auxiliary displacement field is introduced and used to extend the velocity field from the fluid into the structure domain. As a consequence, the adjoint interface forces are balanced automatically. We present three different FSI optimal controls: inverse parameter estimation, boundary control and distributed control. The optimality system is derived from the first order necessary condition by taking the Fréchet derivatives of the augmented Lagrangian with respect to all the variables involved. The optimal solution is obtained through a gradient-based algorithm applied to the optimality system. In order to support the proposed approach and compare these three optimal control approaches numerical tests are performed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Classical and Modern Topics in Fluid Dynamics and Transport Phenomena)
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24 pages, 4913 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Cavitation Models for Compressible Flows Inside a Nozzle
by Aishvarya Kumar, Ali Ghobadian and Jamshid M. Nouri
Fluids 2020, 5(3), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030134 - 13 Aug 2020
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4887
Abstract
This study assessed two cavitation models for compressible cavitating flows within a single hole nozzle. The models evaluated were SS (Schnerr and Sauer) and ZGB (Zwart-Gerber-Belamri) using realizable k-epsilon turbulent model, which was found to be the most appropriate model to use for [...] Read more.
This study assessed two cavitation models for compressible cavitating flows within a single hole nozzle. The models evaluated were SS (Schnerr and Sauer) and ZGB (Zwart-Gerber-Belamri) using realizable k-epsilon turbulent model, which was found to be the most appropriate model to use for this flow. The liquid compressibility was modeled using the Tait equation, and the vapor compressibility was modeled using the ideal gas law. Compressible flow simulation results showed that the SS model failed to capture the flow physics with a weak agreement with experimental data, while the ZGB model predicted the flow much better. Modeling vapor compressibility improved the distribution of the cavitating vapor across the nozzle with an increase in vapor volume compared to that of the incompressible assumption, particularly in the core region which resulted in a much better quantitative and qualitative agreement with the experimental data. The results also showed the prediction of a normal shockwave downstream of the cavitation region where the local flow transforms from supersonic to subsonic because of an increase in the local pressure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cavitating Flows)
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19 pages, 4594 KiB  
Article
CFD Modeling of Hydrocyclones—A Study of Efficiency of Hydrodynamic Reservoirs
by Marvin Durango-Cogollo, Jose Garcia-Bravo, Brittany Newell and Andres Gonzalez-Mancera
Fluids 2020, 5(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030118 - 21 Jul 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 7079
Abstract
The dynamics of hydrocyclones is complex, because it is a multiphase flow problem that involves interaction between a discrete phase and multiple continuum phases. The performance of hydrocyclones is evaluated by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and it is characterized by the pressure [...] Read more.
The dynamics of hydrocyclones is complex, because it is a multiphase flow problem that involves interaction between a discrete phase and multiple continuum phases. The performance of hydrocyclones is evaluated by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), and it is characterized by the pressure drop, split water ratio, and particle collection efficiency. In this paper, a computational model to improve and evaluate hydrocyclone performance is proposed. Four known computational turbulence models (renormalization group (RNG) k- ε , Reynolds stress model (RSM), and large-eddy simulation (LES)) are implemented, and the accuracy of each for predicting the hydrocyclone behavior is assessed. Four hydrocyclone configurations were analyzed using the RSM model. By analyzing the streamlines resulting from those simulations, it was found that the formation of some vortices and saddle points affect the separation efficiency. Furthermore, the effects of inlet width, cone length, and vortex finder diameter were found to be significant. The cut-size diameter was decreased by 33% compared to the Hsieh experimental hydrocyclone. An increase in the pressure drop leads to high values of cut-size and classification sharpness. If the pressure drop increases to twice its original value, the cut-size and the sharpness of classification are reduced to less than 63% and 55% of their initial values, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Numerical Methods for Multiphase Flows)
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13 pages, 3014 KiB  
Article
On the Effect of the Respiratory Droplet Generation Condition on COVID-19 Transmission
by Ali Hosseinpour Shafaghi, Farzad Rokhsar Talabazar, Ali Koşar and Morteza Ghorbani
Fluids 2020, 5(3), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030113 - 16 Jul 2020
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 5876
Abstract
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a highly infectious viral disease and first appeared in Wuhan, China. Within a short time, it has become a global health issue. The sudden emergence of COVID-19 has been accompanied by numerous uncertainties about its impact in many perspectives. One [...] Read more.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) is a highly infectious viral disease and first appeared in Wuhan, China. Within a short time, it has become a global health issue. The sudden emergence of COVID-19 has been accompanied by numerous uncertainties about its impact in many perspectives. One of major challenges is understanding the underlying mechanisms in the spread of this outbreak. COVID-19 is spread similar to the majority of infectious diseases through transmission via relatively large respiratory droplets. The awareness of the dispersal of these droplets is crucial in not only improving methods for controlling the dispersion of COVID-19 droplets, but also in discovering fundamental mechanisms of its transmission. In this study, a numerical model is developed to study the motion of droplets expelled through the respiratory system. Based on the source of these droplets, different sizes of droplets such as large ones and aerosols, which behave differently in the environment, can be generated. In this regard, diverse sources of droplets, namely breathing, coughing, and sneezing, are considered in this analysis. Besides, the time for a single droplet to fall from a height of 1.8 m is also obtained. The results reveal that the traditional distances suggested by different sources for keeping the social distance are not enough, which is linked to different nature of the droplet generation. Full article
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19 pages, 14668 KiB  
Article
Data-Driven Pulsatile Blood Flow Physics with Dynamic Mode Decomposition
by Milad Habibi, Scott T. M. Dawson and Amirhossein Arzani
Fluids 2020, 5(3), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030111 - 14 Jul 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5669
Abstract
Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is a purely data-driven and equation-free technique for reduced-order modeling of dynamical systems and fluid flow. DMD finds a best fit linear reduced-order model that represents any given spatiotemporal data. In DMD, each mode evolves with a fixed frequency [...] Read more.
Dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is a purely data-driven and equation-free technique for reduced-order modeling of dynamical systems and fluid flow. DMD finds a best fit linear reduced-order model that represents any given spatiotemporal data. In DMD, each mode evolves with a fixed frequency and therefore DMD modes represent physically meaningful structures that are ranked based on their dynamics. The application of DMD to patient-specific cardiovascular flow data is challenging. First, the input flow rate is unsteady and pulsatile. Second, the flow topology can change significantly in different phases of the cardiac cycle. Finally, blood flow in patient-specific diseased arteries is complex and often chaotic. The objective of this study was to overcome these challenges using our proposed multistage dynamic mode decomposition with control (mDMDc) method and use this technique to study patient-specific blood flow physics. The inlet flow rate was considered as the controller input to the systems. Blood flow data were divided into different stages based on the inlet flow waveform and DMD with control was applied to each stage. The system was augmented to consider both velocity and wall shear stress (WSS) vector data, and therefore study the interaction between the coherent structures in velocity and near-wall coherent structures in WSS. First, it was shown that DMD modes can exactly represent the analytical Womersley solution for incompressible pulsatile flow in tubes. Next, our method was applied to image-based coronary artery stenosis and cerebral aneurysm models where complex blood flow patterns are anticipated. The flow patterns were studied using the mDMDc modes and the reconstruction errors were reported. Our augmented mDMDc framework could capture coherent structures in velocity and WSS with a fewer number of modes compared to the traditional DMD approach and demonstrated a close connection between the velocity and WSS modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Classical and Modern Topics in Fluid Dynamics and Transport Phenomena)
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18 pages, 4027 KiB  
Review
An Introduction of Droplet Impact Dynamics to Engineering Students
by Sara Moghtadernejad, Christian Lee and Mehdi Jadidi
Fluids 2020, 5(3), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5030107 - 02 Jul 2020
Cited by 44 | Viewed by 8972
Abstract
An intensive training course has been developed and implemented at the California State University Long Beach based on 8 years of experience in the multiphase flow area with the specific focus on droplet–solid interactions. Due to the rapid development of droplet-based equipment and [...] Read more.
An intensive training course has been developed and implemented at the California State University Long Beach based on 8 years of experience in the multiphase flow area with the specific focus on droplet–solid interactions. Due to the rapid development of droplet-based equipment and industrial techniques, numerous industries are concerned with understanding the behavior of droplet dynamics and the characteristics that govern them. The presence and ensuing characteristics of the droplet regimes (spreading, receding, rebounding, and splashing) are heavily dependent on droplet and surface conditions. The effect of surface temperature, surface wettability, impact velocity, droplet shape and volume on droplet impact dynamics, and heat transfer are discussed in this training paper. Droplet impacts on moving solid surfaces and the effects of normal and tangential velocities on droplet dynamics are other topics that are discussed here. Despite the vast amount of studies into the dynamics of droplet impact, there is still much more to be investigated as research has expanded into a myriad of different conditions. However, the current paper is intended as a practical training document and a source of basic information, therefore, the scope is kept sufficiently broad to be of interest to readers from different engineering disciplines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Teaching and Learning of Fluid Mechanics, Volume II)
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23 pages, 587 KiB  
Article
On the Data-Driven Modeling of Reactive Extrusion
by Ruben Ibañez, Fanny Casteran, Clara Argerich, Chady Ghnatios, Nicolas Hascoet, Amine Ammar, Philippe Cassagnau and Francisco Chinesta
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020094 - 15 Jun 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3333
Abstract
This paper analyzes the ability of different machine learning techniques, able to operate in the low-data limit, for constructing the model linking material and process parameters with the properties and performances of parts obtained by reactive polymer extrusion. The use of data-driven approaches [...] Read more.
This paper analyzes the ability of different machine learning techniques, able to operate in the low-data limit, for constructing the model linking material and process parameters with the properties and performances of parts obtained by reactive polymer extrusion. The use of data-driven approaches is justified by the absence of reliable modeling and simulation approaches able to predict induced properties in those complex processes. The experimental part of this work is based on the in situ synthesis of a thermoset (TS) phase during the mixing step with a thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) phase in a twin-screw extruder. Three reactive epoxy/amine systems have been considered and anhydride maleic grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) has been used as compatibilizer. The final objective is to define the appropriate processing conditions in terms of improving the mechanical properties of these new PP materials by reactive extrusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Experimental and Computational Rheology, Volume II)
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15 pages, 4717 KiB  
Article
A Numerical Study of Metachronal Propulsion at Low to Intermediate Reynolds Numbers
by Shawtaroh Granzier-Nakajima, Robert D. Guy and Calvin Zhang-Molina
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020086 - 31 May 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2911
Abstract
Inspired by the forward swimming of long-tailed crustaceans, we study an underwater propulsion mechanism for a swimming body with multiple rigid paddles attached underneath undergoing cycles of power and return strokes with a constant phase-difference between neighboring paddles, a phenomenon known as metachronal [...] Read more.
Inspired by the forward swimming of long-tailed crustaceans, we study an underwater propulsion mechanism for a swimming body with multiple rigid paddles attached underneath undergoing cycles of power and return strokes with a constant phase-difference between neighboring paddles, a phenomenon known as metachronal propulsion. To study how inter-paddle phase-difference affects flux production, we develop a computational fluid dynamics model and a numerical algorithm based on the immersed boundary method, which allows us to simulate metachronal propulsion at Reynolds numbers (RE) ranging from close to 0 to about 100. Our main finding is that the highest average flux is generated when nearest-neighbor paddles maintain an approximate 20%–25% phase-difference with the more posterior paddle leading the cycle; this result is independent of stroke frequency across the full range of RE considered here. We also find that the optimal paddle spacing and the number of paddles depend on RE; we see a qualitative transition in the dynamics of flow generated by metachronal propulsion as RE rises above 80. Roughly speaking, in terms of average flux generation, a tight paddle spacing is preferred when RE is less than 10, but a wider spacing becomes clearly favored when RE is close to or above 100. In terms of efficiency of flux generation, at RE 0.1 the maximum efficiency occurs at two paddles, and the efficiency decreases as the number of paddles increases. At RE 100 the efficiency increases as the number of paddles increases, and it appears to saturate by eight paddles, whereas using four paddles is a good tradeoff for both low and intermediate RE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biological Flows and Biomimetics)
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24 pages, 9530 KiB  
Article
Verification and Validation of openInjMoldSim, an Open-Source Solver to Model the Filling Stage of Thermoplastic Injection Molding
by João Pedro, Bruno Ramôa, João Miguel Nóbrega and Célio Fernandes
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 84; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020084 - 29 May 2020
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 3739
Abstract
In the present study, the simulation of the three-dimensional (3D) non-isothermal, non-Newtonian fluid flow of polymer melts is investigated. In particular, the filling stage of thermoplastic injection molding is numerically studied with a solver implemented in the open-source computational library [...] Read more.
In the present study, the simulation of the three-dimensional (3D) non-isothermal, non-Newtonian fluid flow of polymer melts is investigated. In particular, the filling stage of thermoplastic injection molding is numerically studied with a solver implemented in the open-source computational library O p e n F O A M ® . The numerical method is based on a compressible two-phase flow model, developed following a cell-centered unstructured finite volume discretization scheme, combined with a volume-of-fluid (VOF) technique for the interface capturing. Additionally, the Cross-WLF (Williams–Landel–Ferry) model is used to characterize the rheological behavior of the polymer melts, and the modified Tait equation is used as the equation of state. To verify the numerical implementation, the code predictions are first compared with analytical solutions, for a Newtonian fluid flowing through a cylindrical channel. Subsequently, the melt filling process of a non-Newtonian fluid (Cross-WLF) in a rectangular cavity with a cylindrical insert and in a tensile test specimen are studied. The predicted melt flow front interface and fields (pressure, velocity, and temperature) contours are found to be in good agreement with the reference solutions, obtained with the proprietary software M o l d e x 3 D ® . Additionally, the computational effort, measured by the elapsed wall-time of the simulations, is analyzed for both the open-source and proprietary software, and both are found to be similar for the same level of accuracy, when the parallelization capabilities of O p e n F O A M ® are employed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Experimental and Computational Rheology, Volume II)
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28 pages, 18030 KiB  
Article
Droplet Impact on Suspended Metallic Meshes: Effects of Wettability, Reynolds and Weber Numbers
by Konstantinos Vontas, Cristina Boscariol, Manolia Andredaki, Anastasios Georgoulas, Cyril Crua, Jens Honoré Walther and Marco Marengo
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020081 - 22 May 2020
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4748
Abstract
Liquid penetration analysis in porous media is of great importance in a wide range of applications such as ink jet printing technology, painting and textile design. This article presents an investigation of droplet impingement onto metallic meshes, aiming to provide insights by identifying [...] Read more.
Liquid penetration analysis in porous media is of great importance in a wide range of applications such as ink jet printing technology, painting and textile design. This article presents an investigation of droplet impingement onto metallic meshes, aiming to provide insights by identifying and quantifying impact characteristics that are difficult to measure experimentally. For this purpose, an enhanced Volume-Of-Fluid (VOF) numerical simulation framework is utilised, previously developed in the general context of the OpenFOAM CFD Toolbox. Droplet impacts on metallic meshes are performed both experimentally and numerically with satisfactory degree of agreement. From the experimental investigation three main outcomes are observed—deposition, partial imbibition, and penetration. The penetration into suspended meshes leads to spectacular multiple jetting below the mesh. A higher amount of liquid penetration is linked to higher impact velocity, lower viscosity and larger pore size dimension. An estimation of the liquid penetration is given in order to evaluate the impregnation properties of the meshes. From the parametric analysis it is shown that liquid viscosity affects the adhesion characteristics of the drops significantly, whereas droplet break-up after the impact is mostly controlled by surface tension. Additionally, wettability characteristics are found to play an important role in both liquid penetration and droplet break-up below the mesh. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Classical and Modern Topics in Fluid Dynamics and Transport Phenomena)
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12 pages, 7396 KiB  
Article
Rotational Maneuvers of Copepod Nauplii at Low Reynolds Number
by Kacie T. M. Niimoto, Kyleigh J. Kuball, Lauren N. Block, Petra H. Lenz and Daisuke Takagi
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020078 - 21 May 2020
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3098
Abstract
Copepods are agile microcrustaceans that are capable of maneuvering freely in water. However, the physical mechanisms driving their rotational motion are not entirely clear in small larvae (nauplii). Here we report high-speed video observations of copepod nauplii performing acrobatic feats with three pairs [...] Read more.
Copepods are agile microcrustaceans that are capable of maneuvering freely in water. However, the physical mechanisms driving their rotational motion are not entirely clear in small larvae (nauplii). Here we report high-speed video observations of copepod nauplii performing acrobatic feats with three pairs of appendages. Our results show rotations about three principal axes of the body: yaw, roll, and pitch. The yaw rotation turns the body to one side and results in a circular swimming path. The roll rotation consists of the body spiraling around a nearly linear path, similar to an aileron roll of an airplane. We interpret the yaw and roll rotations to be facilitated by appendage pronation or supination. The pitch rotation consists of flipping on the spot in a maneuver that resembles a backflip somersault. The pitch rotation involved tail bending and was not observed in the earliest stages of nauplii. The maneuvering strategies adopted by plankton may inspire the design of microscopic robots, equipped with suitable controls for reorienting autonomously in three dimensions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Mechanics of Plankton)
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16 pages, 1027 KiB  
Article
Modeling Acoustic Cavitation Using a Pressure-Based Algorithm for Polytropic Fluids
by Fabian Denner, Fabien Evrard and Berend van Wachem
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020069 - 13 May 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2880
Abstract
A fully coupled pressure-based algorithm and finite-volume framework for the simulation of the acoustic cavitation of bubbles in polytropic gas-liquid systems is proposed. The algorithm is based on a conservative finite-volume discretization with collocated variable arrangement, in which the discretized governing equations are [...] Read more.
A fully coupled pressure-based algorithm and finite-volume framework for the simulation of the acoustic cavitation of bubbles in polytropic gas-liquid systems is proposed. The algorithm is based on a conservative finite-volume discretization with collocated variable arrangement, in which the discretized governing equations are solved in a single linear system of equations for pressure and velocity. Density is described by the polytropic Noble-Abel stiffened-gas model and the interface between the interacting bulk phases is captured by a state-of-the-art algebraic Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method. The new numerical algorithm is validated using representative test-cases of the interaction of acoustic waves with the gas-liquid interface as well as pressure-driven bubble dynamics in infinite and confined domains, showing excellent agreement of the results obtained with the proposed algorithm compared to linear acoustic theory, the Gilmore model and high-fidelity experiments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modelling of Reactive and Non-reactive Multiphase Flows)
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28 pages, 4940 KiB  
Review
Kinematic and Dynamic Scaling of Copepod Swimming
by Leonid Svetlichny, Poul S. Larsen and Thomas Kiørboe
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020068 - 11 May 2020
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3294
Abstract
Calanoid copepods have two swimming gaits, namely cruise swimming that is propelled by the beating of the cephalic feeding appendages and short-lasting jumps that are propelled by the power strokes of the four or five pairs of thoracal swimming legs. The latter may [...] Read more.
Calanoid copepods have two swimming gaits, namely cruise swimming that is propelled by the beating of the cephalic feeding appendages and short-lasting jumps that are propelled by the power strokes of the four or five pairs of thoracal swimming legs. The latter may be 100 times faster than the former, and the required forces and power production are consequently much larger. Here, we estimated the magnitude and size scaling of swimming speed, leg beat frequency, forces, power requirements, and energetics of these two propulsion modes. We used data from the literature together with new data to estimate forces by two different approaches in 37 species of calanoid copepods: the direct measurement of forces produced by copepods attached to a tensiometer and the indirect estimation of forces from swimming speed or acceleration in combination with experimentally estimated drag coefficients. Depending on the approach, we found that the propulsive forces, both for cruise swimming and escape jumps, scaled with prosome length (L) to a power between 2 and 3. We further found that power requirements scales for both type of swimming as L3. Finally, we found that the cost of transportation (i.e., calories per unit body mass and distance transported) was higher for swimming-by-jumping than for cruise swimming by a factor of 7 for large copepods but only a factor of 3 for small ones. This may explain why only small cyclopoid copepods can afford this hydrodynamically stealthy transportation mode as their routine, while large copepods are cruise swimmers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fluid Mechanics of Plankton)
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21 pages, 3233 KiB  
Article
Soliton Turbulence in Approximate and Exact Models for Deep Water Waves
by Dmitry Kachulin, Alexander Dyachenko and Vladimir Zakharov
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020067 - 10 May 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2551
Abstract
We investigate and compare soliton turbulence appearing as a result of modulational instability of the homogeneous wave train in three nonlinear models for surface gravity waves: the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the super compact Zakharov equation, and the fully nonlinear equations written in conformal [...] Read more.
We investigate and compare soliton turbulence appearing as a result of modulational instability of the homogeneous wave train in three nonlinear models for surface gravity waves: the nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the super compact Zakharov equation, and the fully nonlinear equations written in conformal variables. We show that even at a low level of energy and average wave steepness, the wave dynamics in the nonlinear Schrödinger equation fundamentally differ from the dynamics in more accurate models. We study energy losses of wind waves due to their breaking for large values of total energy in the super compact Zakharov equation and in the exact equations and show that in both models, the wave system loses 50% of energy very slowly, during few days. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Geophysical Fluid Dynamics)
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10 pages, 448 KiB  
Article
Multiple Soliton Interactions on the Surface of Deep Water
by Dmitry Kachulin, Alexander Dyachenko and Sergey Dremov
Fluids 2020, 5(2), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids5020065 - 28 Apr 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2071
Abstract
The paper presents the long-time dynamics with multiple collisions of breathers in the super compact Zakharov equation for unidirectional deep water waves. Solutions in the form of breathers were found numerically by the Petviashvili method. In the terms of envelope and the assumption [...] Read more.
The paper presents the long-time dynamics with multiple collisions of breathers in the super compact Zakharov equation for unidirectional deep water waves. Solutions in the form of breathers were found numerically by the Petviashvili method. In the terms of envelope and the assumption of the narrow spectral width the super compact equation turns into the well known exact integrable model—nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and the breather solution in this case turns into envelope soliton. The results of numerical simulations show that two main scenarios of long-time dynamics occur during numerous collisions of breathers. In the first case, one of the breathers regularly takes a number of particles from the other one at each collision and in the second one a structure resembling the bi-soliton solution of nonlinear Schrödinger equation arises during the collision. Despite these scenarios, it is shown that after numerous collisions the only one breather having initially a larger number of particles remains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Geophysical Fluid Dynamics)
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