Plants

14 pages, 8614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Capitulum Development and Gametophyte Ontogeny: Histological Insight into the Reproductive Process of a Hexaploidy Population of Solidago canadensis in China

by Yu Zhang, Fei Cao and Sheng Qiang

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152073 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1484

Abstract

Solidago canadensis L., native to North America, has become a troublesome invasive plant worldwide due to its strong sexual reproductive capacity. Although there have been studies on some stages of sexual reproduction, there has been no systematic description of the process. In this [...] Read more.

Solidago canadensis L., native to North America, has become a troublesome invasive plant worldwide due to its strong sexual reproductive capacity. Although there have been studies on some stages of sexual reproduction, there has been no systematic description of the process. In this study, we observed capitulum development, the occurrence of megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis, and embryo development using a scanning electron microscope. The results showed that there was a close relationship between the length of the capitulum bud and the stage in the reproductive process. Capitulum development appeared when the length of the capitate inflorescence was less than 1.73 ± 0.08 mm. The meiosis of microspores occurred when the length of the capitate inflorescence ranged from 2.20 ± 0.07 mm to 3.50 ± 0.10 mm, and mature pollen grains and embryo sacs formed when the length of the capitate inflorescence was greater than 5.15 ± 0.14 mm. Based on the available information, a reproductive calendar showing the key reproductive events from capitulum development to seed formation has been prepared. These processes may be related to its inherent temperature adaptation and non-synchronization of flowering, which may avoid embryo abortion during embryo development and consequently as a key step for its successful invasion in China. These results open up new horizons for effective prevention and control of spread in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Science Research in Nanjing Agricultural University: Commemorating the University’s 120th Anniversary)

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16 pages, 4419 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Isolation and In Silico Inhibitory Potential against SARS-CoV-2 RNA Polymerase of the Rare Kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-Glucoside from Calligonum tetrapterum

by Yerlan M. Suleimen, Rani A. Jose, Gulnur K. Mamytbekova, Raigul N. Suleimen, Margarita Y. Ishmuratova, Wim Dehaen, Bshra A. Alsfouk, Eslam B. Elkaeed, Ibrahim H. Eissa and Ahmed M. Metwaly

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2072; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152072 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2284

Abstract

The phytochemical constituents of Calligonum tetrapterum Jaub. & Spach (Family Polygonaceae) were studied for the first time. The study resulted in the isolation of the rare flavonol glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside,(K3G-A). The potential inhibitive activity of K3G-A toward SARS-CoV-2 was [...] Read more.

The phytochemical constituents of Calligonum tetrapterum Jaub. & Spach (Family Polygonaceae) were studied for the first time. The study resulted in the isolation of the rare flavonol glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl)-glucoside,(K3G-A). The potential inhibitive activity of K3G-A toward SARS-CoV-2 was investigated utilizing several in silico approaches. First, molecular fingerprints and structural similarity experiments were carried out for K3G-A against nine co-crystallized ligands of nine proteins of SARS-CoV-2 to reveal if there is a structural similarity with any of them. The conducted studies showed the high similarity of K3G-A and remdesivir, the co-crystallized ligand of SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (PDB ID: 7BV2), RdRp. To validate these findings, a DFT study was conducted and confirmed the proposed similarity on the electronic and orbital levels. The binding of K3G-A against RdRp was confirmed through molecular docking studies exhibiting a binding energy of −27.43 kcal/mol, which was higher than that of remdesivir. Moreover, the RdRp-K3G-A complex was subjected to several MD studies at 100 ns that authenticated the accurate mode of binding and the correct dynamic behavior. Finally, in silico ADMET and toxicity evaluation of K3G-A was conducted and denoted the safety and the drug-likeness of K3G-A. In addition to K3G-A, two other metabolites were isolated and identified to be kaempferol (K) and β-sitosterol (β-S). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction Technologies, Isolation, Separation, and Application of Phytochemicals)

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15 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Mammalian Sex Hormones on Polymorphism and Genomic Instability in the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

by Aras Türkoğlu, Kamil Haliloğlu, Özge Balpinar, Halil Ibrahim Öztürk, Güller Özkan and Peter Poczai

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2071; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152071 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2074

Abstract

Mammalian sex hormones are steroid-structured compounds that support the growth and development of plants at low concentrations. Since they affect the physiological processes in plants, it has been thought that mammalian sex hormones may cause modifications to plant genomes and epigenetics. This study [...] Read more.

Mammalian sex hormones are steroid-structured compounds that support the growth and development of plants at low concentrations. Since they affect the physiological processes in plants, it has been thought that mammalian sex hormones may cause modifications to plant genomes and epigenetics. This study aims to determine whether different mammalian sex hormones (17 β-estradiol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone) in several concentrations (0, 10⁻⁴, 10⁻⁶, and 10⁻⁸ mM) affect genetic or epigenetic levels in bean plants, using in vitro tissue cultures from plumule explants. We investigated levels of DNA damage, changes in DNA methylation and DNA stability in common bean exposed to mammalian sex hormones (MSH) using inter-primer binding site (iPBS) and Coupled Restriction Enzyme Digestion-iPBS (CRED-iPBS) assays, respectively. The highest rate of polymorphism in iPBS profiles was observed when 10⁻⁴ mM of estrogen (52.2%) hormone was administered. This finding indicates that genetic stability is reduced. In the CRED-iPBS profile, which reveals the methylation level associated with the DNA cytosine nucleotide, 10⁻⁴ mM of estrogen hormone exhibited the highest hypermethylation value. Polymorphism was observed in all hormone administrations compared to the control (without hormone), and it was determined that genomic stability was decreased at high concentrations. Taken together, the results indicate that 17 β-estradiol, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone in bean plants affect genomic instability and cause epigenetic modifications, which is an important control mechanism in gene expression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Somatic Embryogenesis and Plant Regeneration)

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19 pages, 4200 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Identification of Soil Properties Associated with the Incidence of Banana Wilt Using Supervised Methods

by Barlin O. Olivares, Andrés Vega, María A. Rueda Calderón, Juan C. Rey, Deyanira Lobo, José A. Gómez and Blanca B. Landa

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152070 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2945

Abstract

Over the last few decades, a growing incidence of Banana Wilt (BW) has been detected in the banana-producing areas of the central zone of Venezuela. This disease is thought to be caused by a fungal–bacterial complex, coupled with the influence of specific soil [...] Read more.

Over the last few decades, a growing incidence of Banana Wilt (BW) has been detected in the banana-producing areas of the central zone of Venezuela. This disease is thought to be caused by a fungal–bacterial complex, coupled with the influence of specific soil properties. However, until now, there was no consensus on the soil characteristics associated with a high incidence of BW. The objective of this study was to identify the soil properties potentially associated with BW incidence, using supervised methods. The soil samples associated with banana plant lots in Venezuela, showing low (n = 29) and high (n = 49) incidence of BW, were collected during two consecutive years (2016 and 2017). On those soils, sixteen soil variables, including the percentage of sand, silt and clay, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, available contents of K, Na, Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cu, S and P, were determined. The Wilcoxon test identified the occurrence of significant differences in the soil variables between the two groups of BW incidence. In addition, Orthogonal Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and the Random Forest (RF) algorithm was applied to find soil variables capable of distinguishing banana lots showing high or low BW incidence. The OPLS-DA model showed a proper fitting of the data (R²Y: 0.61, p value < 0.01), and exhibited good predictive power (Q²: 0.50, p value < 0.01). The analysis of the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves by RF revealed that the combination of Zn, Fe, Ca, K, Mn and Clay was able to accurately differentiate 84.1% of the banana lots with a sensitivity of 89.80% and a specificity of 72.40%. So far, this is the first study that identifies these six soil variables as possible new indicators associated with BW incidence in soils of lacustrine origin in Venezuela. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Disease Management in Fruit Crops)

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17 pages, 530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Metal(loid)s in Common Medicinal Plants in a Uranium Mining-Impacted Area in Northwestern New Mexico, USA

by Christine Samuel-Nakamura and Abdul-Mehdi S. Ali

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2069; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152069 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1154

Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine uranium (U) and other metal(loid) concentrations (As, Cd, Cs, Pb, Mo, Se, Th, and V) in eight species of plants that are commonly used for medicinal purposes on Diné (Navajo) lands in northwestern New Mexico. [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to determine uranium (U) and other metal(loid) concentrations (As, Cd, Cs, Pb, Mo, Se, Th, and V) in eight species of plants that are commonly used for medicinal purposes on Diné (Navajo) lands in northwestern New Mexico. The study setting was a prime target for U mining, where more than 500 unreclaimed abandoned U mines and structures remain. The plants were located within 3.2 km of abandoned U mines and structures. Plant biota samples (N = 32) and corresponding soil sources were collected. The samples were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry. In general, the study findings showed that metal(loid)s were concentrated greatest in soil > root > aboveground plant parts, respectively. Several medicinal plant samples were found to exceed the World Health Organization Raw Medicinal Plant Permissible Level for As and Cd; however, using the calculated human intake data, Reference Dietary Intakes, Recommended Dietary Allowances, and tolerable Upper Limits, the levels were not exceeded for those with established food intake or ingestion guidelines. There does not appear to be a dietary food rise of metal(loid) ingestion based solely on the eight medicinal plants examined. Food intake recommendations informed by research are needed for those who may be more sensitive to metal(loid) exposure. Further research is needed to identify research gaps and continued surveillance and monitoring are recommended for mining-impacted communities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microelements in Plant and Soil)

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27 pages, 8158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functional Ecology of External Secretory Structures in Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae)

by Natthaphong Chitchak, Alyssa B. Stewart and Paweena Traiperm

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2068; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152068 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

Plants have evolved numerous secretory structures that fulfill diverse roles and shape their interactions with other organisms. Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae) is one species that possesses various external secretory organs hypothesized to be ecologically important. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate five [...] Read more.

Plants have evolved numerous secretory structures that fulfill diverse roles and shape their interactions with other organisms. Rivea ornata (Roxb.) Choisy (Convolvulaceae) is one species that possesses various external secretory organs hypothesized to be ecologically important. This study, therefore, aimed to investigate five secretory structures (nectary disc, petiolar nectaries, calycinal glands, staminal hairs, and foliar glands) using micromorphology, anatomy, histochemistry, and field observations of plant–animal interactions in order to assess the functional contributions of these structures. Results show that the nectary disc and petiolar nectaries are complex working units consisting of at least epidermis and ground tissue, while the other structures are glandular trichomes. Various groups of metabolites (lipids, phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, terpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids) were detected in all structures, while starch grains were only found in the nectary disc, petiolar nectaries, and their adjacent tissues. Integrating preliminary observation of animal visitors with micromorphological, anatomical, and histochemical results, two hypotheses are proposed: (I) nectary disc and staminal hairs are important for pollination as they potentially attract and reward floral visitors, and (II) petiolar nectaries, calycinal glands, and foliar glands contribute to plant defense. Specifically, petiolar nectaries and calycinal glands provide protection from herbivores via guard ants, while calycinal and foliar glands may use plant metabolites to help prevent tissue damage from dehydration and insolation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Floral Biology 2.0)

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13 pages, 518 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polyphenolic Compound Variation in Globe Artichoke Cultivars as Affected by Fertilization and Biostimulants Application

by Vincenzo Montesano, Donatella Negro, Gabriella Sonnante, Gaetano Laghetti and Marcella Urbano

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2067; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152067 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1555

Abstract

Globe artichoke is an ancient herbaceous plant native to the Mediterranean Basin. The edible part of the plant is limited to the fleshy leaves (bracts) and receptacle of a large immature inflorescence (head) that has been shown to be a rich source of [...] Read more.

Globe artichoke is an ancient herbaceous plant native to the Mediterranean Basin. The edible part of the plant is limited to the fleshy leaves (bracts) and receptacle of a large immature inflorescence (head) that has been shown to be a rich source of bioactive compounds. Nutritional and pharmacological properties of artichoke heads and leaves are attributed mainly to polyphenolic compounds and inulin present at high concentration. In this study, polyphenols were investigated in two artichoke cultivars (Opal and Madrigal) in response to four nitrogen rates and foliar applications of biostimulating products under drip irrigation. Field experiments were carried out over two growing seasons (2015–2016, 2016–2017) in Policoro (MT), Southern Italy, on a deep clay soil in sub-humid climate conditions. Phenolic compounds were isolated and characterized by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS/MS) analysis. In both cultivars, caffeoylquinic acids were more abundant when a dose of 100 kg ha⁻¹ of ammonium nitrate was provided, whereas apigenins were not affected by nitrogen fertilization. Luteolins increased in cv Opal and decreased in cv Madrigal following N fertilization. The application of biostimulants (3 L ha⁻¹) favored the accumulation of polyphenols, in particular of caffeoylquinic acids and apigenin, in artichoke heads in both cultivars. The results obtained highlight some positive aspects related to the synergistic effect of nitrogen fertilization and biostimulant foliar application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Polyphenols - from Plants to Human Health Volume III)

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14 pages, 3681 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Polyphenolic Contents, Free Radical Scavenging and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of Dalbergiella welwitschii Leaf Extracts

by Tabisa Diniso, Jerry Adeyemi, Ayodeji Oriola, Taiwo Elufioye, Mavuto Gondwe and Adebola Oyedeji

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2066; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152066 - 08 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1495

Abstract

A decoction of Dalbergiella welwitschii leaves has been used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of mental illness and inflammatory diseases amongst other diseases. In this study, the leaf methanol extract of D. welwitschii and its partition fractions: n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous, were tested [...] Read more.

A decoction of Dalbergiella welwitschii leaves has been used ethnomedicinally for the treatment of mental illness and inflammatory diseases amongst other diseases. In this study, the leaf methanol extract of D. welwitschii and its partition fractions: n-hexane, ethyl acetate and aqueous, were tested and evaluated for their polyphenolic contents, free radical scavenging and cholinesterase inhibitory activities. The total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) and proanthocyanidin (TPA) contents were determined using standard colorimetric methods. The anti-radical activity of the extracts against the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric ion and nitric oxide (NO) radicals as well as their effects on lipid peroxidation were monitored spectrophotometrically. The cholinesterase enzyme (AChE and BuChE) inhibitions by the extracts were determined by a modified method of Ellman. The result showed a concentration-dependent increase in inhibition of the free radicals and the cholinesterase enzymes, except for that of lipid peroxidation. The ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction exhibited the highest polyphenolic contents among the fractions, with a TPC of 1.08 mgGAE/g, TFC of 0.38 mgQuE/g and TPA of 0.21 mgGAE/g. It also demonstrated the highest free radical scavenging activities with 72.63% and 65.43% inhibitions of DPPH and NO, respectively. The EtOAc fraction inhibited AChE and BuChE enzymes with IC₅₀ values of 0.94 and 8.49 mg/mL, respectively. Our findings show that the plant may have polyphenol contents, in particular in the methanol extract and EtOAc fraction. These extracts showed considerable free radical scavenging and cholinesterase inhibitory properties. Thus, the observed bioactivities may serve as a justification for its folkloric use as a remedy for mental illness. The study also provides relevant information that could help in the search for lead cholinesterase inhibitors from medicinal plants that can be exploited against neurodegenerative disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Plant Extracts Ⅱ)

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15 pages, 2827 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Marker-Trait Associations for Total Carotenoid Content and Individual Carotenoids in Durum Wheat Identified by Genome-Wide Association Analysis

by María Dolores Requena-Ramírez, Cristina Rodríguez-Suárez, Fernando Flores, Dámaso Hornero-Méndez and Sergio G. Atienza

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2065; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152065 - 07 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1727

Abstract

Yellow pigment content is one of the main traits considered for grain quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The yellow color is mostly determined by carotenoid pigments, lutein being the most abundant in wheat endosperm, although zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene are [...] Read more.

Yellow pigment content is one of the main traits considered for grain quality in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.). The yellow color is mostly determined by carotenoid pigments, lutein being the most abundant in wheat endosperm, although zeaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene are present in minor quantities. Due to the importance of carotenoids in human health and grain quality, modifying the carotenoid content and profile has been a classic target. Landraces are then a potential source for the variability needed for wheat breeding. In this work, 158 accessions of the Spanish durum wheat collection were characterized for carotenoid content and profile and genotyped using the DArTSeq platform for association analysis. A total of 28 marker-trait associations were identified and their co-location with previously described QTLs and candidate genes was studied. The results obtained confirm the importance of the widely described QTL in 7B and validate the QTL regions recently identified by haplotype analysis for the semolina pigment. Additionally, copies of the Zds and Psy genes on chromosomes 7B and 5B, respectively, may have a putative role in determining zeaxanthin content. Finally, genes for the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IPPI) carotenoid precursor pathways were revealed as additional sources of untapped variation for carotenoid improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Molecular Biology)

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16 pages, 3110 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Storage Condition on Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Pomelo Extract against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Anthracnose in Post-harvest Mango

by Yu-Jung Cheng, Ying-Jou Wu, Fang-Wei Lee, Ling-Yi Ou, Chi-Nan Chen, Yu-Ying Chu and Yen-Chou Kuan

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2064; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152064 - 07 Aug 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2559

Abstract

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum leads to a tremendous post-harvest mango loss. While chemical fungicides are applied to control anthracnose, natural alternatives are preferred due to food safety and environmental concerns. Pomelo extract (PE) exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities; however, its effect [...] Read more.

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum leads to a tremendous post-harvest mango loss. While chemical fungicides are applied to control anthracnose, natural alternatives are preferred due to food safety and environmental concerns. Pomelo extract (PE) exhibits a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities; however, its effect against anthracnose is unknown. Here we investigated the chemical profile of PE using GC-MS and the anti-anthracnose activity of PE using in vitro and in vivo assays. We also evaluated the impact of storage temperature (0°, 5°, 10°, 20°, −20°, and −80 °C) and light conditions on the composition and antifungal activity of PE. We found that PE inhibited C. gloeosporioides in vitro with an IC₅₀ of 3.2 mL L⁻¹. Applying chitosan-based coating incorporated with 20 mL L⁻¹ PE significantly suppressed anthracnose in post-harvest ‘Keitt’ mango. A storage temperature below 5 °C substantially preserved major compounds and the antifungal activity of PE after 6 m of storage. Finally, we showed that applying d-limonene, the key constituent of PE, inhibited C. gloeosporioides in vitro (IC₅₀: 10.9 mM) and suppressed anthracnose in vivo. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the application of PE and d-limonene are sustainable methods for anthracnose control in post-harvest crops and established the preservation protocol for PE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging Technologies for Reducing Postharvest Loss of Fruits and Vegetables)

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10 pages, 1372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Chlorogenic Acid in Sweet Potato Leaf Extracts

by Chun-Hui Chiu, Kuan-Hung Lin, Hsin-Hung Lin, Wen-Xin Chu, Yung-Chang Lai and Pi-Yu Chao

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2063; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152063 - 07 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2107

Abstract

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide, with leaves of different varieties showing purple, green and yellow, and these leaves provide a dietary source of nutrients and various bioactive compounds. The objective of this study [...] Read more.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide, with leaves of different varieties showing purple, green and yellow, and these leaves provide a dietary source of nutrients and various bioactive compounds. The objective of this study was to identify the active constituents of chlorogenic acids (CGAs) in different methanolic extract of leaves of three varieties of sweet potato (purple CYY 98-59, green Taoyuan 2, and yellow CN 1927-16) using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Genotype-specific metabolite variations were observed; CGAs and three isomeric peaks were detected in sweet potato leaf extracts (SPLEs). Among them, the yellow SPLE contained the highest contents of 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,5-di-CQA) and 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid (3,4-di-CQA), followed by the green SPLE, whereas the purple SPLE retained lower 3,5-di-CQA content compared to yellow and green SPLEs. All three SPLEs contained lower 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-di-CQA) and CGA contents compared to 3,5-di-CQA and 3,4-di-CQA, although CGA constituents were not significantly different in genotypes, whereas purple SPLE contained higher 4,5-di-CQA content compared to yellow and green SPLEs. This study indicates that SPLs marketed in Taiwan vary widely in their biological potentials and may impart different health benefits to consumers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Plant Extracts Ⅱ)

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27 pages, 4258 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Annotation of Siberian Larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.) Nuclear Genome—One of the Most Cold-Resistant Tree Species in the Only Deciduous GENUS in Pinaceae

by Eugenia I. Bondar, Sergey I. Feranchuk, Ksenia A. Miroshnikova, Vadim V. Sharov, Dmitry A. Kuzmin, Natalya V. Oreshkova and Konstantin V. Krutovsky

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152062 - 06 Aug 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2649

Abstract

The recent release of the nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genome assemblies of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), one of the most cold-resistant tree species in the only deciduous genus of Pinaceae, with seasonal senescence and a rot-resistant valuable timber widely used in [...] Read more.

The recent release of the nuclear, chloroplast and mitochondrial genome assemblies of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), one of the most cold-resistant tree species in the only deciduous genus of Pinaceae, with seasonal senescence and a rot-resistant valuable timber widely used in construction, greatly contributed to the development of genomic resources for the larch genus. Here, we present an extensive repeatome analysis and the first annotation of the draft nuclear Siberian larch genome assembly. About 66% of the larch genome consists of highly repetitive elements (REs), with the likely wave of retrotransposons insertions into the larch genome estimated to occur 4–5 MYA. In total, 39,370 gene models were predicted, with 87% of them having homology to the Arabidopsis-annotated proteins and 78% having at least one GO term assignment. The current state of the genome annotations allows for the exploration of the gymnosperm and angiosperm species for relative gene abundance in different functional categories. Comparative analysis of functional gene categories across different angiosperm and gymnosperm species finds that the Siberian larch genome has an overabundance of genes associated with programmed cell death (PCD), autophagy, stress hormone biosynthesis and regulatory pathways; genes that may play important roles in seasonal senescence and stress response to extreme cold in larch. Despite being incomplete, the draft assemblies and annotations of the conifer genomes are at a point of development where they now represent a valuable source for further genomic, genetic and population studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications of Bioinformatics in Plant Resources and Omics)

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10 pages, 2690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical Composition and Histochemical Localization of Essential Oil from Wild and Cultivated Rhaponticum carthamoides Roots and Rhizomes

by Velislava Todorova, Stanislava Ivanova, Yoana Georgieva, Vanya Nalbantova, Diana Karcheva-Bahchevanska, Niko Benbassat, Martina S. Savova, Milen I. Georgiev and Kalin Ivanov

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2061; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152061 - 06 Aug 2022

Viewed by 1697

Abstract

Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin is not only a source of phytosteroids and flavonoids, but is also source of essential oil (EO). This study evaluated the volatile metabolic constituents and histochemical localization of root and rhizome essential oils (EOs) from R. carthamoides populations wild-grown [...] Read more.

Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin is not only a source of phytosteroids and flavonoids, but is also source of essential oil (EO). This study evaluated the volatile metabolic constituents and histochemical localization of root and rhizome essential oils (EOs) from R. carthamoides populations wild-grown in Russia and cultivated in Bulgaria. The performed histochemical analysis confirmed the presence of lipophilic substances in the secretory ducts of the examined roots and rhizomes. Both EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and further analyzed by gas chromatography with mass detection. The results showed differences between the chemical compositions of both EOs. Forty-six components were tentatively identified in R. carthamoides oil from the wild population, with β-selinene (4.77%), estragole (6.32%), D-carvone (6.37%), cyperene (8.78%), and ledene oxide (11.52%) being the major constituents. In the EO isolated from cultivated R. carthamoides, twenty-three compounds were tentatively identified, with humulene (7.68%), β-elemene (10.76%), humulene-1,2-epoxide (11.55%), ledene oxide (13.50%), and δ-elemene (19.08%) predominating. This is the first report describing the histolocalization and chemical profile of EO from R. carthamoides cultivated in Bulgaria. Further research on the cultivation of R. carthamoides in Bulgaria would affect the relationship between its chemical composition and pharmacological effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Spectra Analysis and Plants Research)

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17 pages, 1101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant Capacity, Vitamin C and Polyphenol Profile Evaluation of a Capsicum chinense By-Product Extract Obtained by Ultrasound Using Eutectic Solvent

by Kevin Alejandro Avilés-Betanzos, Julio Enrique Oney-Montalvo, Juan Valerio Cauich-Rodríguez, Marisela González-Ávila, Matteo Scampicchio, Ksenia Morozova, Manuel Octavio Ramírez-Sucre and Ingrid Mayanin Rodríguez-Buenfil

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2060; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152060 - 06 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1786

Abstract

Habanero pepper leaves and stems (by-products) have been traditionally considered waste; however, bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamin C and carotenoids have been identified that can be used for formulation of nutraceuticals or functional foods. Furthermore, the extraction of these bioactive compounds by [...] Read more.

Habanero pepper leaves and stems (by-products) have been traditionally considered waste; however, bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamin C and carotenoids have been identified that can be used for formulation of nutraceuticals or functional foods. Furthermore, the extraction of these bioactive compounds by using environmentally friendly methods and solvents is desirable. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the antioxidant capacity, total polyphenol content (TPC), the phenolic profile and vitamin C content in extracts obtained from by-products (stems and leaves) of two varieties (Mayapan and Jaguar) of habanero pepper by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES). The results showed that NADES leads to extracts with significantly higher TPC, higher concentrations of individual polyphenols (gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, coumaric acid), vitamin C and, finally, higher antioxidant capacity (9.55 ± 0.02 eq mg Trolox/g DM) than UAE extraction performed with methanol as the solvent. The association of individual polyphenols with NADES was confirmed by principal component analysis (PCA). Overall, NADES is an innovative and promising “green” extraction technique that can be applied successfully for the extraction of phenolic compounds from habanero pepper by-products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structural and Functional Analysis of Extracts in Plants III)

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24 pages, 10565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Tolerance to Salt Stress and Water Deficit in Two Invasive Weeds of the Genus Erigeron (Asteraceae)

by Manel Bellache, Natalia Torres-Pagan, Mercedes Verdeguer, Josep V. Llinares, Leila Allal Benfekih, Radu E. Sestras, Oscar Vicente, Adriana F. Sestras and Monica Boscaiu

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2059; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152059 - 06 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1772

Abstract

Erigeron bonariensis and E. sumatrensis are two noxious weeds present in many parts of the world. Their tolerance to salinity and water deficit was analysed at the seed germination stage and during vegetative development. Seed germination was tested in solutions with different concentrations [...] Read more.

Erigeron bonariensis and E. sumatrensis are two noxious weeds present in many parts of the world. Their tolerance to salinity and water deficit was analysed at the seed germination stage and during vegetative development. Seed germination was tested in solutions with different concentrations of NaCl and polyethylene glycol (PEG). Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, ion accumulation, and antioxidant mechanisms were analysed in plants that were subjected to increasing NaCl solutions, or severe water deficit by completely restricting irrigation. Seed germination was mostly affected by NaCl, but less by PEG in both species. E. bonariensis had a faster germination in all treatments and maintained a higher percentage of germination under the highest concentration of salt applied. Growth responses were similar in the two species, both being more affected by higher salt concentrations than by water deficit. The main differences in the responses of the two species to stress regard K⁺ and proline concentration. K⁺ in roots decreased under salt stress in E. sumatrensis, but remained constant in leaves, whereas in E. bonariensis increased in roots and leaves in salt-stressed plants. Proline concentration increased in all E. bonariensis plants under salt stress, but only in those under the highest salt concentration in E. sumatrensis. The results obtained indicate that the two species are relatively tolerant to water deficit and medium salinity but are susceptible to high NaCl concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)

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11 pages, 1443 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Xylem Sap Acidification Is Governed by Tree Phenology, Temperature and Elevation of Growing Site

by Manuel Pramsohler, Edith Lichtenberger and Gilbert Neuner

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2058; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152058 - 06 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1514

Abstract

pH of xylem sap (pHx) was determined in three trees (Malus domestica (apple tree), Picea abies and Pinus cembra) in response to seasonal changes. Conifer trees from lowland (600 m) were compared to trees growing at the alpine timberline [...] Read more.

pH of xylem sap (pHx) was determined in three trees (Malus domestica (apple tree), Picea abies and Pinus cembra) in response to seasonal changes. Conifer trees from lowland (600 m) were compared to trees growing at the alpine timberline (1950 m a.s.l.). Xylem sap was extracted with a Scholander pressure bomb and pHx was measured with a pH microsensor. In all species, pHx changed markedly with season. In spring, pHx was acidic; during winter, the pHx was more alkaline. In apple trees, the pHx did not show a significant correlation with temperature but was rather affected by developmental stage. During flushing in spring, xylem sap acidification took place concomitant to the developmental stage “tight cluster”, when foliar development enables a significant transpiration and a consequent movement of water in the xylem. The xylem sap of the two studied conifers showed a significantly larger seasonal alkalinisation (+2.1) than found in apple trees (+1.2) and was significantly more pronounced at the timberline. Xylem sap acidification took place before bud break. pHx had a significant negative correlation with soil temperatures and corresponded to already reported pHx of angiosperms. Overall, pHx appears to be a sensitive stress marker and indicator of activity status in tree xylem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 10th Anniversary of Plants—Recent Advances and Perspectives)

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16 pages, 13932 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Dof Transcription Factors in Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.)

by Xiaohan Cao, Wenyang Wan, Huimin Mao, Dandan Yin, Xianhui Deng, Huan Yan and Liping Ren

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2057; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152057 - 06 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1912

Abstract

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is a traditional Chinese aquatic flower with high ornamental and economic value, but water salinity seriously affects lotus cultivation and distribution. The Dof transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial function in the regulatory network of growth and defense [...] Read more.

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is a traditional Chinese aquatic flower with high ornamental and economic value, but water salinity seriously affects lotus cultivation and distribution. The Dof transcription factors (TFs) play a crucial function in the regulatory network of growth and defense in plants. However, no systematic investigations of the Dof TFs in lotus have been performed. In this study, comprehensive searches of the lotus genome yielded 29 potential NnDofs. We carried out a series of standardized analyses, which include physical properties, multiple sequence alignment, phylogenetic analysis, gene structure, motif composition, cis-acting element prediction, chromosome distribution, and synteny analysis. The results showed that segment duplication probably caused the NnDofs gene family expansion. The potential functions of NnDofs in lotus development and stress conditions are speculated by promoter analysis. Furthermore, a complete expression investigation of NnDofs utilizing an RNA-seq atlas and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was performed. The majority of the NnDofs exhibit tissue-specific expression patterns, and many genes have been identified as being extremely sensitive to salt stressors. Overall, this study is the first to report a genome-wide assessment of the Dof family in lotus, and the findings offer vital insights for prospective functional studies on lotus salinity stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biology of Ornamental Plants)

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15 pages, 895 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Seed Coat’s Impact on Crop Performance in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

by Teagen D. Quilichini, Peng Gao, Bianyun Yu, Dengjin Bing, Raju Datla, Pierre Fobert and Daoquan Xiang

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2056; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152056 - 06 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2404

Abstract

Seed development in angiosperms produces three genetically and developmentally distinct sub-compartments: the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. The maternally derived seed coat protects the embryo and interacts closely with the external environment especially during germination and seedling establishment. Seed coat is a key [...] Read more.

Seed development in angiosperms produces three genetically and developmentally distinct sub-compartments: the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. The maternally derived seed coat protects the embryo and interacts closely with the external environment especially during germination and seedling establishment. Seed coat is a key contributor to seed composition and an important determinant of nutritional value for humans and livestock. In this review, we examined pea crop productivity through the lens of the seed coat, its contribution to several valued nutritional traits of the pea crop, and its potential as a breeding target. Key discoveries made in advancing the knowledge base for sensing and transmission of external signals, the architecture and chemistry of the pea seed coat, and relevant insights from other important legumes were discussed. Furthermore, for selected seed coat traits, known mechanisms of genetic regulation and efforts to modulate these mechanisms to facilitate composition and productivity improvements in pea were discussed, alongside opportunities to support the continued development and improvement of this underutilized crop. This review describes the most important features of seed coat development in legumes and highlights the key roles played by the seed coat in pea seed development, with a focus on advances made in the genetic and molecular characterization of pea and other legumes and the potential of this key seed tissue for targeted improvement and crop optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seed Biology at the System Level)

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11 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biological Pests Management for Sustainable Agriculture: Understanding the Influence of Cladosporium-Bioformulated Endophytic Fungi Application to Control Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) in Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)

by Oussama A. Bensaci, Khamsa Rouabah, Toufik Aliat, Nadia Lombarkia, Vadim G. Plushikov, Dmitry E. Kucher, Petr A. Dokukin, Sulukhan K. Temirbekova and Nazih Y. Rebouh

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2055; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152055 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1607

Abstract

The potato is a staple food crop worldwide and the need for this product has increased due to the burgeoning population. However, potato production is highly constrained by biotic stress interference, such as Myzus persicae Sulzer, which causes serious yield losses and thus [...] Read more.

The potato is a staple food crop worldwide and the need for this product has increased due to the burgeoning population. However, potato production is highly constrained by biotic stress interference, such as Myzus persicae Sulzer, which causes serious yield losses and thus minimizing production income. The current study aims to investigate the effect of different formulations prepared as an invert emulsion with different concentrations of fungal culture filtrates derived from three endophytic fungi (genus Cladosporium) against Myzus persicae. All formulations have demonstrated an aphicidal activity, which increases with the increasing concentration of fungal filtrates. Furthermore, it has been noted that chitinolytic activity recorded for 12 days is important in Cladosporium sp. BEL21 isolated from dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium oxycedri. The study of demographic and embryonic parameters of aphids settled on potato plants previously treated with formulations revealed a significant reduction in the numbers of colonizing aphids and a relative increase in the numbers of winged adults, especially in plants treated with BEL21-derived emulsion. The pre-treatment of plants may interfere with and negatively influence embryonic development and early maturity of the embryo and thus affect the fertility of parthenogenetic aphids. BEL21-derived emulsion can ensure effective and an inexpensive control of M. persicae for potato spring cropping systems. The current results open real opportunities concerning the implementation of ecofriendly and potent potato protection systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Symbiosis of Plants with Mycorrhizal and Endophytic Fungi)

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19 pages, 2108 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Callus Induction from Diverse Explants and Genotypes Enables Robust Transformation of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

by Daniel Grogg, Marius Rohner, Steven Yates, Chloe Manzanares, Simon E. Bull, Sue Dalton, Maurice Bosch, Bruno Studer and Giovanni A. L. Broggini

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2054; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152054 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3360

Abstract

Genetic transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is critical for fundamental and translational research in this important grass species. It often relies on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of callus tissue. However, callus induction is restricted to a few genotypes that respond well [...] Read more.

Genetic transformation of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is critical for fundamental and translational research in this important grass species. It often relies on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of callus tissue. However, callus induction is restricted to a few genotypes that respond well to tissue culture. Here, we report callus induction from different perennial ryegrass genotypes and explants, such as shoot tips, seeds, and anthers, which were transformed with several plasmids for functional genomics. β-glucuronidase (GUS) histochemical staining showed the LmdsRNAbp promoter sequence was active in stigmas, spikelets, anthers, and leaves. We also transformed calli with plasmids allowing gene silencing and gene knock-out using RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9, respectively, for which genotypic and phenotypic investigations are ongoing. Using 19 different constructs, 262 transgenic events were regenerated. Moreover, the protocol regenerated a doubled haploid transgenic event from anther-derived calli. This work provides a proof-of-concept method for expanding the range of genotypes amenable to transformation, thus, serving research and breeding initiatives to improve this important grass crop for forage and recreation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Tissue Culture III)

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20 pages, 4629 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes and Epigenetic Modification-Related Expression Variation Induced by Saline Stress at Seedling Stage in Fiber and Oil Flax, Linum usitatissimum L.

by Ningning Wang, Yujie Lin, Fan Qi, Chunxiao Xiaoyang, Zhanwu Peng, Ying Yu, Yingnan Liu, Jun Zhang, Xin Qi, Michael Deyholos and Jian Zhang

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152053 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1578

Abstract

The ability of different germplasm to adapt to a saline–alkali environment is critical to learning about the tolerance mechanism of saline–alkali stress in plants. Flax is an important oil and fiber crop in many countries. However, its molecular tolerance mechanism under saline stress [...] Read more.

The ability of different germplasm to adapt to a saline–alkali environment is critical to learning about the tolerance mechanism of saline–alkali stress in plants. Flax is an important oil and fiber crop in many countries. However, its molecular tolerance mechanism under saline stress is still not clear. In this study, we studied morphological, physiological characteristics, and gene expression variation in the root and leaf in oil and fiber flax types under saline stress, respectively. Abundant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) induced by saline stress, tissue/organ specificity, and different genotypes involved in plant hormones synthesis and metabolism and transcription factors and epigenetic modifications were detected. The present report provides useful information about the mechanism of flax response to saline stress and could lead to the future elucidation of the specific functions of these genes and help to breed suitable flax varieties for saline/alkaline soil conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pre-breeding towards the Effective Utilization of Plant Genetic Resources Volume II)

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23 pages, 5679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Waterlogging Stress Induces Antioxidant Defense Responses, Aerenchyma Formation and Alters Metabolisms of Banana Plants

by Ee Yang Teoh, Chee How Teo, Nadiya Akmal Baharum, Teen-Lee Pua and Boon Chin Tan

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2052; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152052 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3846

Abstract

Flooding caused or exacerbated by climate change has threatened plant growth and food production worldwide. The lack of knowledge on how crops respond and adapt to flooding stress imposes a major barrier to enhancing their productivity. Hence, understanding the flooding-responsive mechanisms of crops [...] Read more.

Flooding caused or exacerbated by climate change has threatened plant growth and food production worldwide. The lack of knowledge on how crops respond and adapt to flooding stress imposes a major barrier to enhancing their productivity. Hence, understanding the flooding-responsive mechanisms of crops is indispensable for developing new flooding-tolerant varieties. Here, we examined the banana (Musa acuminata cv. Berangan) responses to soil waterlogging for 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 24 days. After waterlogging stress, banana root samples were analyzed for their molecular and biochemical changes. We found that waterlogging treatment induced the formation of adventitious roots and aerenchyma with conspicuous gas spaces. In addition, the antioxidant activities, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde contents of the waterlogged bananas increased in response to waterlogging stress. To assess the initial response of bananas toward waterlogging stress, we analyzed the transcriptome changes of banana roots. A total of 3508 unigenes were differentially expressed under 1-day waterlogging conditions. These unigenes comprise abiotic stress-related transcription factors, such as ethylene response factors, basic helix-loop-helix, myeloblastosis, plant signal transduction, and carbohydrate metabolisms. The findings of the study provide insight into the complex molecular events of bananas in response to waterlogging stress, which could later help develop waterlogging resilient crops for the future climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impacts of Abiotic Stresses on Plant Development 2.0)

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14 pages, 1665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Endophytic Bacillus subtilis SR22 Triggers Defense Responses in Tomato against Rhizoctonia Root Rot

by Younes M. Rashad, Sara A. Abdalla and Mohamed M. Sleem

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2051; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152051 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1935

Abstract

Rhizoctonia root rot is one of the most destructive diseases of tomato and other crops. The biocontrol of plant diseases using endophytic bacteria has gained significant attention due to their distinct advantages compared with the free-living ones, as well as their new unexplored [...] Read more.

Rhizoctonia root rot is one of the most destructive diseases of tomato and other crops. The biocontrol of plant diseases using endophytic bacteria has gained significant attention due to their distinct advantages compared with the free-living ones, as well as their new unexplored and unique properties. Endophytic Bacillus subtilis SR22 represents a promising and more effective biocontrol and growth-promoting agent for tomato plants than the free-living agents, being an ecofriendly and sustainable tool in modern agriculture. In this study, the direct antagonistic activity of B. subtilis SR22 was investigated against Rhizoctonia solani in vitro. The biocontrol activity of B. subtilis SR22 against Rhizoctonia root rot of tomato was also investigated. Effects on the level of the transcriptional expression of defense-related genes, biochemical responses, and the vegetative growth of tomato plants were also studied. The dual culture test showed 51% inhibition in the mycelial growth of R. solani due to B. subtilis SR22, indicating its potent antagonistic behavior. Using a GC-MS analysis, twenty bioactive compounds were detected to be produced by B. subtilis SR22, including chlorogenic acid, pyrrolo [1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro, propyl thioglycolic acid, phthalic acid, and 2,3-butanediol. Under greenhouse conditions, the application of B. subtilis SR22 led to a reduction (up to 51%) in Rhizoctonia root rot of tomato. Furthermore, an upregulation in the expression of the responsive factor JERF3 (10.9-fold) and the defense-related genes POD (9.1-fold) and PR1 (4.5-fold) in tomato plants was recorded due to the application of B. subtilis SR22. In addition, this treatment enhanced the total phenolic content (76.8%) and activity of the antioxidant enzymes POD (56%) and PPO (29.2%) in tomato roots, indicating its resistance-inducing effect on tomato plants. Moreover, this treatment enhanced most of the evaluated growth parameters in tomato plants (up to 35%). We can conclude that B. subtilis SR22 is a promising biocontrol agent and growth promoter in tomato plants against Rhizoctonia root rot. An evaluation of the formulation and field application of this bio-agent is necessary in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Induced Plant Defense and Biological Control)

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9 pages, 2402 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mummified Wood of Juniperus (Cupressaceae) from the Late Miocene of Taman Peninsula, South Russia

by Anna V. Stepanova, Anastasia A. Odintsova, Alena I. Rybkina, Yuliana V. Rostovtseva and Alexei A. Oskolski

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2050; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152050 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1721

Abstract

Juniperus L. is the second-largest genus of conifers, having the widest distribution of all conifer genera. Its phytogeographic history is, however, obscure due to its very poor fossil record. We described a wood of Juniperus sp. from the lower Maeotian sediments of the [...] Read more.

Juniperus L. is the second-largest genus of conifers, having the widest distribution of all conifer genera. Its phytogeographic history is, however, obscure due to its very poor fossil record. We described a wood of Juniperus sp. from the lower Maeotian sediments of the Popov Kamen section, Taman Peninsula, South Russia, in order to clarify its taxonomic position shedding light on the phytogeographic history of the genus. This fossil wood was well-preserved by mummification, which allowed for it to be studied by the same methods as used for the anatomical examination of modern woods. The wood from the Popov Kamen section shows the greatest similarity to the extant Mediterranean species J. excelsa, belonging to the section Sabina. This is the first reliable macrofossil evidence of the sect. Sabina from Eurasia convincingly dated to the Miocene. The age of the mummified wood from the Popov Kamen section is consistent with molecular dating of diversification of the lineage comprising juniper species of the sect. Sabina from Europe, Asia and eastern Africa. The wood of Juniperus sp. has not been buried in situ, as it was found in the relatively deep-water marine sediments. The available coeval pollen series and macrofossils of Cupressaceae from the surrounding regions suggest that this wood was likely transferred by sea current from the northwestern side of the Black Sea, which was a part of the Eastern Paratethys. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Systematics, Taxonomy, Nomenclature and Classification)

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18 pages, 2398 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyanobacteria-Mediated Immune Responses in Pepper Plants against Fusarium Wilt

by Amer Morsy Abdelaziz, Mohamed S. Attia, Marwa S. Salem, Dina A. Refaay, Wardah A. Alhoqail and Hoda H. Senousy

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2049; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152049 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 1970

Abstract

Research in plant pathology has increasingly focused on developing environmentally friendly, effective strategies for controlling plant diseases. Cyanobacteria, including Desmonostoc muscorum, Anabaena oryzae, and Arthrospiraplatensis, were applied to Capsicum annuum L. to induce immunity against Fusarium wilt. Soil irrigation [...] Read more.

Research in plant pathology has increasingly focused on developing environmentally friendly, effective strategies for controlling plant diseases. Cyanobacteria, including Desmonostoc muscorum, Anabaena oryzae, and Arthrospiraplatensis, were applied to Capsicum annuum L. to induce immunity against Fusarium wilt. Soil irrigation and foliar shoots (FS) application were used in this investigation. The disease symptoms, disease index, osmotic contents, total phenol, Malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), antioxidant enzymes (activity and isozymes), endogenous hormone content, and response to stimulation of defense resistance in infected plants were assessed. Results demonstrated that using all cyanobacterial aqueous extracts significantly reduced the risk of infection with Fusarium oxysporum. One of the most effective ways to combat the disease was through foliar spraying with Arthrospira platensis, Desmonostoc muscorum, and Anabaena oryzae (which provided 95, 90, and 69% protection percent, respectively). All metabolic resistance indices increased significantly following the application of the cyanobacterial aqueous extracts. Growth, metabolic characteristics, and phenols increased due to the application of cyanobacteria. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) expressions improved in response to cyanobacteria application. Furthermore, treatment by cyanobacteria enhanced salicylic acid (SA) and Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) in the infected plants while decreasing Abscisic acid (ABA). The infected pepper plant recovered from Fusarium wilt because cyanobacterial extract contained many biologically active compounds. The application of cyanobacteria through foliar spraying seems to be an effective approach to relieve the toxic influences of F. oxysporum on infected pepper plants as green and alternative therapeutic nutrients of chemical fungicides. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biocontrol of Plant Diseases: Antagonist Microorganisms, Biostimulants, Induced Resistance (IR))

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20 pages, 2299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Irrigation Regimes and Nitrogen Rates as the Contributing Factors in Quinoa Yield to Increase Water and Nitrogen Efficiencies

by Maryam Bahrami, Rezvan Talebnejad, Ali Reza Sepaskhah and Didier Bazile

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2048; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152048 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1644

Abstract

Sustainable field crop management has been considered to reach the food security issue due to global warming and water scarcity. The effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen rates on quinoa yield is a challenging issue in those areas. In this regard, the interaction [...] Read more.

Sustainable field crop management has been considered to reach the food security issue due to global warming and water scarcity. The effect of deficit irrigation and nitrogen rates on quinoa yield is a challenging issue in those areas. In this regard, the interaction effects of different N rates (0, 125, 250, and 375 kg N ha⁻¹) and irrigation regimes [full irrigation (FI) and deficit irrigation at 0.75 FI and 0.5 FI] on quinoa yield and water and nitrogen efficiencies were evaluated with a two-year field experiment. Increasing nitrogen fertilizer application levels from 250 to 375 kg N ha⁻¹ under FI and deficit irrigation did not cause a significant difference in seed yield and the total dry matter of quinoa. Furthermore, 20% and 34% reductions were observed for nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen yield efficiency with the application of 375 kg N ha⁻¹ compared with that obtained in 250 kg N ha⁻¹ nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. Therefore, a Nitrogen application rate of 250 kg ha⁻¹ and applying 0.75 FI is suggested as the optimum rate to reach the highest seed water use efficiency (0.7 kg m⁻³) and NUE (0.28 kg m⁻³) to gain 4.12 Mg ha⁻¹ quinoa seed yield. Under non–limited water resource conditions, an FI and N application rate of 375 kg ha⁻¹ could be used for higher seed yield; however, under water-deficit regimes, an N application rate of 250 kg ha⁻¹ could be adequate. However, questions about which environmental factors impressively restricted the quinoa growth for optimizing the potential yield need further investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Worldwide Evaluations of Quinoa—Biodiversity and Food Security under Climate Change Pressures)

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6 pages, 242 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for Special Issue: “Production and Role of Molecular Hydrogen in Plants”

by John T. Hancock

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2047; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152047 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1169

Abstract

Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is an extremely small molecule, which is relatively insoluble in water and relatively inert [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production and Role of Molecular Hydrogen in Plants)

10 pages, 1217 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mercury Phytotoxicity and Tolerance in Three Wild Plants during Germination and Seedling Development

by Carolina Kalinhoff and Norma-Thalia Calderón

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2046; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152046 - 05 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1666

Abstract

By examining plant responses to heavy metal stress during the early stages of the life cycle, we can predict their tolerance and survival in polluted areas as well as their potential for bioremediation. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect [...] Read more.

By examining plant responses to heavy metal stress during the early stages of the life cycle, we can predict their tolerance and survival in polluted areas as well as their potential for bioremediation. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effect of exposure to mercury (Hg) on the germination and in vitro development of three plant species: Bidens pilosa, Taraxacum officinale (Asteraceae), and Heliocarpus americanus (Malvaceae). These are wild ecotypes adapted to local edaphoclimatic conditions in southern Ecuador, an area which has been historically affected by artisanal and small-scale gold mining (SSGM). For comparison, we additionally used a known Hg-tolerant plant, Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae). We tested biorelevant concentrations of Hg, equivalent to those occurring in soils affected by SSGM, i.e., up to 4.0 mg/L of Hg. The relative inhibitory effects of the treatments (0.6, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/L of Hg) on the germination percentage were most evident in T. officinale, followed by B. pilosa, while L. sativa and H. americanus were not affected. In terms of the time needed to reach 50% germination (T50), B. pilosa exposed to higher concentrations of Hg showed an increase in T50, while H. americanus showed a significant reduction compared to the control treatment. The reduction in radicle length at 4.0 mg/L Hg compared to the control was more evident in L. sativa (86%) than in B. pilosa (55.3%) and H. americanus (31.5%). We concluded that, in a scenario of Hg contamination in the evaluated concentration range, the grass B. pilosa and the tree H. americanus could have a higher probability of establishment and survival. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Potential of Plants to Absorb Xenobiotics)

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10 pages, 2760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Trait-Based Methods to Study the Response of Grassland to Fertilization in the Grassland in Semiarid Areas in the Loess Plateau of China

by Yuting Yang, Zhifei Chen, Bingcheng Xu, Jiaqi Wei, Xiaoxu Zhu, Hongbin Yao and Zhongming Wen

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2045; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152045 - 04 Aug 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1547

Abstract

Grassland is the dominant vegetation type in the Loess Plateau, and grassland productivity and processes are limited by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Studies have shown that productivity would change following fertilization in the grassland. The response of productivity to fertilization mainly depends [...] Read more.

Grassland is the dominant vegetation type in the Loess Plateau, and grassland productivity and processes are limited by nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Studies have shown that productivity would change following fertilization in the grassland. The response of productivity to fertilization mainly depends on the dominant species traits. Trait-based methods provide a useful tool for explaining the variations in grassland productivity following fertilization. However, the relative contribution of plant functional traits to grassland productivity under N and P addition in the Loess Plateau is not clear. We measured aboveground biomass (AGB) and leaf N content (LN), leaf P content (LP), leaf N/P ratio (LN/P), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf tissue density (LTD), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and maximum plant height (H_max) to study how these plant functional traits regulate the relative biomass of different species and grassland productivity following fertilization. Our results showed, that under different nutrient addition levels, the linkages between plant functional traits and the relative biomass of different species were different. Community AGB was positively related to community−weighted mean LN (CWM_LN), CWM_LN/P, CWM_SLA, and CWM_H_max, but negatively related to CWM_LTD and CWM_LDMC. Dominant species traits largely determined grassland productivity, in line with the mass ratio hypothesis. These findings further highlight the close linkages between community-level functional traits and grassland productivity. Our study contributes to the mechanisms underlying biodiversity–ecosystem function relationships and has significance for guiding semiarid grassland management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecophysiology and Ecology of Grassland)

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18 pages, 1391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

ABA and Not Chilling Reduces Heat Requirement to Force Cherry Blossom after Endodormancy Release

by Frank-M. Chmielewski and Klaus-Peter Götz

Plants 2022, 11(15), 2044; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11152044 - 04 Aug 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1445

Abstract

Models used to predict the onset of fruit tree blossom under changed climate conditions should be physiologically based as much as possible. Pure optimized phenology models carry the risk of unrealistic predictions due to a misinterpretation of metabolic processes. This was the motivation [...] Read more.

Models used to predict the onset of fruit tree blossom under changed climate conditions should be physiologically based as much as possible. Pure optimized phenology models carry the risk of unrealistic predictions due to a misinterpretation of metabolic processes. This was the motivation determining the relevant phases for chill and heat accumulation, which induces cherry blossom (cv. Summit). Investigations are based on 8 years of observational and analytical data, as well as on controlled experiments. For ‘Summit’ buds, to be released from endodormancy, 43 chill portions from 1 September are necessary. After endodormancy release (t₁), on average on 30 November, no further chilling is required, because no correlation between chill accumulation during ecodormancy and the subsequent heat accumulation until ‘Summit’ blossom exist. The declining amount of heat, which induces cherry blossom after t₁—shown in several forcing experiments—seems to be the result of the declining bud’s abscisic acid (ABA) content, up to ~50% until the beginning of ontogenetic development. Shortly after t₁, when the bud’s ABA content is high, a huge amount of heat is necessary to induce cherry blossom under controlled conditions. Heat requirement reduces during ecodormancy along with the reduction in the ABA content. According to these findings, plant development during ecodormancy is suppressed by low temperatures in the orchard and a slowly declining bud’s ABA content. These results should lead to a better consideration of the ecodormancy phase in phenology models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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Plants, Volume 11, Issue 15 (August-1 2022) – 176 articles

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