Pathogens

4 pages, 161 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Bacterial Infections: Surveillance, Prevention and Control

by Anna Maria Spagnolo

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020181 - 17 Feb 2024

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Bacteria play a vital role in maintaining human health, but they may also be responsible for many different serious infections and diseases [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bacterial Infections: Surveillance, Prevention and Control)

15 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessReview

Updated Clinical Guidelines on the Management of Hepatitis C Infection in Children

by Chaowapong Jarasvaraparn, Christopher Hartley and Wikrom Karnsakul

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 180; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020180 - 16 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1339

Abstract

Children represent only a small proportion of those infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared to adults. Nevertheless, a substantial number of children have chronic HCV infection and are at risk of complications including cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hepatic decompensation with hepatic encephalopathy, [...] Read more.

Children represent only a small proportion of those infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared to adults. Nevertheless, a substantial number of children have chronic HCV infection and are at risk of complications including cirrhosis, portal hypertension, hepatic decompensation with hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma in adulthood. The overall prevalence of the HCV in children was estimated to be 0.87% worldwide. The HCV spreads through the blood. Children born to women with chronic hepatitis C should be evaluated and tested for HCV due to the known risk of infection. The course of treatment for hepatitis C depends on the type of HCV. Currently, there are two pan-genotype HCV treatments (Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir and Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir) for children. We aim to review the updated clinical guidelines on the management of HCV infection in children, including screening, diagnosis, and long-term monitoring, as well as currently published clinical trials and ongoing research on direct acting antiviral hepatitis C treatment in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Humans and Animals: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment)

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16 pages, 1773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exposure to Brucella Species, Coxiella burnetii, and Trichinella Species in Recently Imported Camels from Sudan to Egypt: Possible Threats to Animal and Human Health

by Ragab M. Fereig, Amira M. Mazeed, Ashraf A. Abd El Tawab, Mohamed El-Diasty, Ahmed Elsayed, Raafat M. Shaapan, Abdelbaset E. Abdelbaset, Caroline F. Frey, Bader S. Alawfi, Sarah A. Altwaim, Azzah S. Alharbi and Gamal Wareth

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020179 - 16 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1043

Abstract

Brucellosis and coxiellosis/Q fever are bacterial infections caused by Brucella species and Coxiella burnetii, respectively; camels are highly susceptible to both pathogens. Trichinellosis is a parasitic infection caused by various Trichinella nematode species. Reportedly, camels are susceptible to experimental infection with Trichinella [...] Read more.

Brucellosis and coxiellosis/Q fever are bacterial infections caused by Brucella species and Coxiella burnetii, respectively; camels are highly susceptible to both pathogens. Trichinellosis is a parasitic infection caused by various Trichinella nematode species. Reportedly, camels are susceptible to experimental infection with Trichinella spp., but information on this potential host species is scarce. All three infections are of zoonotic nature and thus of great public health concern. The current study aimed to determine antibodies against the three pathogens in recently imported camels (n = 491) from Sudan at the two main ports for the entrance of camels into southern Egypt using commercial indirect ELISAs. Samples were collected in two sampling periods. The seropositivity rates of Brucella spp., C. burnetii, and Trichinella spp. were 3.5%, 4.3%, and 2.4%, respectively. Mixed seropositivity was found in 1% for Brucella spp. and C. burnetii. Marked differences were found between the two study sites and the two sampling periods for Brucella. A higher rate of seropositivity was recorded in the Red Sea/older samples that were collected between 2015 and 2016 (4.3%, 17/391; odds ratio = 9.4; p < 0.030) than in those collected in Aswan/recent samples that were collected between 2018 and 2021 (0/100). Concerning C. burnetii, samples collected during November and December 2015 had a significantly higher positivity rate than the other samples (13%, 13/100; OD = 4.8; p < 0.016). The same effect was observed for antibodies to Trichinella spp., with samples collected during November and December 2015 showing a higher positivity rate than the other samples (7%, 7/100; OD = 10.9; p < 0.001). This study provides valuable information on the seroprevalence of Brucella spp. and additional novel information on C. burnetii and Trichinella spp. in recently imported camels kept in quarantine before delivery to other Egyptian regions. This knowledge can be utilized to reduce health hazards and financial burdens attributable to brucellosis, Q fever, and trichinellosis in animals and humans in Egypt. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epidemiology and Outcomes Research in Infectious Diseases)

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19 pages, 10752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Variability of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Evidence of Dual Infection, Recombination and Quasi-Species

by Aneta Pluta, Marzena Rola-Łuszczak, Federico G. Hoffmann, Irina Donnik, Maxim Petropavlovskiy and Jacek Kuźmak

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020178 - 15 Feb 2024

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Abstract

We have characterized the intrahost genetic variation in the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) by examining 16 BLV isolates originating from the Western Siberia–Tyumen and South Ural–Chelyabinsk regions of Russia. Our research focused on determining the genetic composition of an 804 bp fragment of [...] Read more.

We have characterized the intrahost genetic variation in the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) by examining 16 BLV isolates originating from the Western Siberia–Tyumen and South Ural–Chelyabinsk regions of Russia. Our research focused on determining the genetic composition of an 804 bp fragment of the BLV env gene, encoding for the entire gp51 protein. The results provide the first indication of the quasi-species genetic nature of BLV infection and its relevance for genome-level variation. Furthermore, this is the first phylogenetic evidence for the existence of a dual infection with BLV strains belonging to different genotypes within the same host: G4 and G7. We identified eight cases of recombination between these two BLV genotypes. The detection of quasi-species with cases of dual infection and recombination indicated a higher potential of BLV for genetic variability at the intra-host level than was previously considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Bovine Leukemia Virus Infection)

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21 pages, 1419 KiB

Open AccessReview

Zika Virus—A Reemerging Neurotropic Arbovirus Associated with Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Neuropathogenesis

by Kenneth C. Elliott and Joseph J. Mattapallil

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020177 - 15 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a reemerging flavivirus that is primarily spread through bites from infected mosquitos. It was first discovered in 1947 in sentinel monkeys in Uganda and has since been the cause of several outbreaks, primarily in tropical and subtropical areas. Unlike [...] Read more.

Zika virus (ZIKV) is a reemerging flavivirus that is primarily spread through bites from infected mosquitos. It was first discovered in 1947 in sentinel monkeys in Uganda and has since been the cause of several outbreaks, primarily in tropical and subtropical areas. Unlike earlier outbreaks, the 2015–2016 epidemic in Brazil was characterized by the emergence of neurovirulent strains of ZIKV strains that could be sexually and perinatally transmitted, leading to the Congenital Zika Syndrome (CZS) in newborns, and Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) along with encephalitis and meningitis in adults. The immune response elicited by ZIKV infection is highly effective and characterized by the induction of both ZIKV-specific neutralizing antibodies and robust effector CD8⁺ T cell responses. However, the structural similarities between ZIKV and Dengue virus (DENV) lead to the induction of cross-reactive immune responses that could potentially enhance subsequent DENV infection, which imposes a constraint on the development of a highly efficacious ZIKV vaccine. The isolation and characterization of antibodies capable of cross-neutralizing both ZIKV and DENV along with cross-reactive CD8⁺ T cell responses suggest that vaccine immunogens can be designed to overcome these constraints. Here we review the structural characteristics of ZIKV along with the evidence of neuropathogenesis associated with ZIKV infection and the complex nature of the immune response that is elicited by ZIKV infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host Immune Responses to RNA Viruses, Volume II)

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14 pages, 2151 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping the Silent Threat: A Comprehensive Analysis of Chagas Disease Occurrence in Riverside Communities in the Western Amazon

by Daniela da Silva Paixão, Fernanda Portela Madeira, Adila Costa de Jesus, Hêmilly Caroline da Silva Paixão, Juliana de Souza Almeida Aranha Camargo, Mariane Albuquerque Lima Ribeiro, Leandro José Ramos, Jader de Oliveira, João Aristeu da Rosa, Paulo Sérgio Bernarde, Antonieta Pereira Relvas, Sergio de Almeida Basano, Luis Marcelo Aranha Camargo and Dionatas Ulises de Oliveira Meneguetti

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 176; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020176 - 15 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Chagas disease (CD) is a typical tropical illness caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of Chagas disease in communities in two states of the Brazilian Amazon. Data collection occurred in July in the Alto [...] Read more.

Chagas disease (CD) is a typical tropical illness caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of Chagas disease in communities in two states of the Brazilian Amazon. Data collection occurred in July in the Alto Juruá region of Acre and in December in the communities of Humaitá, Amazonas, in 2019. A total of 477 participants were included in the study. In the communities of Alto Juruá, triatomine collections and analyses of T. cruzi infection were also carried out. All confirmed cases were found in the state of Acre, resulting in a total prevalence of 1.67. Of these eight cases, seven underwent ECG, all of which were concluded as normal by the physician team’s cardiologists. Seventeen triatomine bugs, all belonging to the Rhodnius genus, were captured. The natural infection rate by T. cruzi was 25% in the Nova Cintra community and 66.67% in the Boca do Moa community (Alto Juruá). This research found that more than 1% of the studied population exhibited positive serological results for Chagas disease in the riverine communities during the study period, representing a small portion of cases among those who have not yet been diagnosed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insects Vectors of Pathogens)

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9 pages, 1016 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

First Molecular Data of Gongylonema pulchrum (Rhabditida: Gongylonematidae) in European Fallow Deer Dama dama from Romania

by Dan-Cornel Popovici, Ana-Maria Marin, Ovidiu Ionescu, Maria Monica Florina Moraru, Durmuș Alpaslan Kaya, Mirela Imre and Narcisa Mederle

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020175 - 15 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Due to its adaptive versatility to numerous types of habitats, extremely diverse both in terms of composition and specificity, developed in various areas of the Western Plains of Romania, the European fallow deer (Dama dama) is a species with high ecological [...] Read more.

Due to its adaptive versatility to numerous types of habitats, extremely diverse both in terms of composition and specificity, developed in various areas of the Western Plains of Romania, the European fallow deer (Dama dama) is a species with high ecological plasticity. In this area, the D. dama interacts with other species of wild fauna but also with numerous domestic animals, an important aspect in terms of the sanitary-veterinary status of animal populations, as well as the existence of a potential risk of infection with various species of parasites that can cause the D. dama specimens to obtain certain diseases and even zoonoses. A total of 133 esophagi from D. dama have been examined for helminths. Of the 133 esophagus samples from D. dama, nematodes of the genus Gongylonema were identified in 25 (18.80%). Sequencing revealed that the nematode identified in the samples was 99% similar to the sequence of Gongylonema pulchrum (GenBank no. LC026018.1, LC388754.1, AB646061). The present research is the first report of the nematode G. pulchrum from D. dama in Romania. Full article

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17 pages, 23562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Different Infectivity of Swine Enteric Coronaviruses in Cells of Various Species

by Zhongyuan Li, Yunyan Chen, Liang Li, Mei Xue and Li Feng

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020174 - 15 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs), including porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), have caused high mortality in piglets and, therefore, pose serious threats to the pork industry. Coronaviruses exhibit a trend [...] Read more.

Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECoVs), including porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), have caused high mortality in piglets and, therefore, pose serious threats to the pork industry. Coronaviruses exhibit a trend of interspecies transmission, and understanding the host range of SECoVs is crucial for improving our ability to predict and control future epidemics. Here, the replication of PDCoV, TGEV, and PEDV in cells from different host species was compared by measuring viral genomic RNA transcription and protein synthesis. We demonstrated that PDCoV had a higher efficiency in infecting human lung adenocarcinoma cells (A549), Madin–Darby bovine kidney cells (MDBK), Madin–Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK), and chicken embryonic fibroblast cells (DF-1) than PEDV and TGEV. Moreover, trypsin can enhance the infectivity of PDCoV to MDCK cells that are nonsusceptible to TGEV. Additionally, structural analyses of the receptor ectodomain indicate that PDCoV S1 engages Aminopeptidase N (APN) via domain II, which is highly conserved among animal species of different vertebrates. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the interspecies transmission potential of these three porcine coronaviruses. Full article

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10 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inflammatory Patterns Associated with Legionella in HIV and Pneumonia Coinfections

by Breanne M. Head, Adriana Trajtman, Ruochen Mao, Kathryn Bernard, Lázaro Vélez, Diana Marin, Lucelly López, Zulma Vanessa Rueda and Yoav Keynan

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 173; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020173 - 14 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Legionella infections have a propensity for occurring in HIV-infected individuals, with immunosuppressed individuals tending to present with more severe disease. However, understanding regarding the Legionella host response in immune compromised individuals is lacking. This study investigated the inflammatory profiles associated with Legionella infection [...] Read more.

Legionella infections have a propensity for occurring in HIV-infected individuals, with immunosuppressed individuals tending to present with more severe disease. However, understanding regarding the Legionella host response in immune compromised individuals is lacking. This study investigated the inflammatory profiles associated with Legionella infection in patients hospitalized with HIV and pneumonia in Medellín, Colombia from February 2007 to April 2014, and correlated these profiles with clinical outcomes. Sample aliquots from the Colombian cohort were shipped to Canada where Legionella infections and systemic cytokine profiles were determined using real-time PCR and bead-based technology, respectively. To determine the effect of Legionella coinfection on clinical outcome, a patient database was consulted, comparing laboratory results and outcomes between Legionella-positive and -negative individuals. Principal component analysis revealed higher plasma concentrations of eotaxin, IP-10 and MCP-1 (p = 0.0046) during Legionella infection. Individuals with this immune profile also had higher rates of intensive care unit admissions (adjusted relative risk 1.047 [95% confidence interval 1.027–1.066]). Results demonstrate that systemic markers of monocyte/macrophage activation and differentiation (eotaxin, MCP-1, and IP-10) are associated with Legionella infection and worse patient outcomes. Further investigations are warranted to determine how this cytokine profile may play a role in Legionella pneumonia pathogenesis or immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immunity to Respiratory Infections)

13 pages, 614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Genetic Diversity and Multiplicity of Infection in Uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Selected Regions of Pre-Elimination and High Transmission Settings Using MSP1 and MSP2 Genes

by Olusegun Philip Akoniyon, Moses Akiibinu, Matthew A. Adeleke, Rajendra Maharaj and Moses Okpeku

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020172 - 13 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Background: Understanding the genetic structure of P. falciparum population in different regions is pivotal to malaria elimination. Genetic diversity and the multiplicity of infection are indicators used for measuring malaria endemicity across different transmission settings. Therefore, this study characterized P. falciparum infections [...] Read more.

Background: Understanding the genetic structure of P. falciparum population in different regions is pivotal to malaria elimination. Genetic diversity and the multiplicity of infection are indicators used for measuring malaria endemicity across different transmission settings. Therefore, this study characterized P. falciparum infections from selected areas constituting pre-elimination and high transmission settings in South Africa and Nigeria, respectively. Methods: Parasite genomic DNA was extracted from 129 participants with uncomplicated P. falciparum infections. Isolates were collected from 78 participants in South Africa (southern Africa) and 51 in Nigeria (western Africa). Allelic typing of the msp1 and msp2 genes was carried out using nested PCR. Results: In msp1, the K1 allele (39.7%) was the most common allele among the South African isolates, while the RO33 allele (90.2%) was the most common allele among the Nigerian isolates. In the msp2 gene, FC27 and IC3D7 showed almost the same percentage distribution (44.9% and 43.6%) in the South African isolates, whereas FC27 had the highest percentage distribution (60.8%) in the Nigerian isolates. The msp2 gene showed highly distinctive genotypes, indicating high genetic diversity in the South African isolates, whereas msp1 showed high genetic diversity in the Nigerian isolates. The RO33 allelic family displayed an inverse relationship with participants’ age in the Nigerian isolates. The overall multiplicity of infection (MOI) was significantly higher in Nigeria (2.87) than in South Africa (2.44) (p < 0.000 *). In addition, heterozygosity was moderately higher in South Africa (1.46) than in Nigeria (1.13). Conclusions: The high genetic diversity and MOI in P. falciparum that were observed in this study could provide surveillance data, on the basis of which appropriate control strategies should be adopted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites Series: Parasitic Infection, Characterisation and Host Health, Parasitic Diversity and Host Range)

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16 pages, 1354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli Populations from Water and Biofilm in River Environments

by Aline Skof, Michael Koller, Rita Baumert, Jürgen Hautz, Fritz Treiber, Clemens Kittinger and Gernot Zarfel

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 171; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020171 - 13 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Antibiotic-resistant, facultative pathogenic bacteria are commonly found in surface water; however, the factors influencing the spread and stabilization of antibiotic resistance in this habitat, particularly the role of biofilms, are not fully understood. The extent to which bacterial populations in biofilms or sediments [...] Read more.

Antibiotic-resistant, facultative pathogenic bacteria are commonly found in surface water; however, the factors influencing the spread and stabilization of antibiotic resistance in this habitat, particularly the role of biofilms, are not fully understood. The extent to which bacterial populations in biofilms or sediments exacerbate the problem for specific antibiotic classes or more broadly remains unanswered. In this study, we investigated the differences between the bacterial populations found in the surface water and sediment/biofilm of the Mur River and the Drava River in Austria. Samples of Escherichia coli were collected from both the water and sediment at two locations per river: upstream and downstream of urban areas that included a sewage treatment plant. The isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against 21 antibiotics belonging to seven distinct classes. Additionally, isolates exhibiting either extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) or carbapenemase phenotypes were further analyzed for specific antimicrobial resistance genes. E. coli isolates collected from all locations exhibited resistance to at least one of the tested antibiotics; on average, isolates from the Mur and Drava rivers showed 25.85% and 23.66% resistance, respectively. The most prevalent resistance observed was to ampicillin, amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Surprisingly, there was a similar proportion of resistant bacteria observed in both open water and sediment samples. The difference in resistance levels between the samples collected upstream and downstream of the cities was minimal. Out of all 831 isolates examined, 13 were identified as carrying ESBL genes, with 1 of these isolates also containing the gene for the KPC-2 carbapenemase. There were no significant differences between the biofilm (sediment) and open water samples in the occurrence of antibiotic resistance. For the E. coli populations in the examined rivers, the different factors in water and the sediment do not appear to influence the stability of resistance. No significant differences in antimicrobial resistance were observed between the bacterial populations collected from the biofilm (sediment) and open-water samples in either river. The different factors in water and the sediment do not appear to influence the stability of resistance. The minimal differences observed upstream and downstream of the cities could indicate that the river population already exhibits generalized resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bacterial Pathogens)

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13 pages, 1291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes of Normocephalic Colombian Children with Antenatal Zika Virus Exposure at School Entry

by Sarah B. Mulkey, Elizabeth Corn, Meagan E. Williams, Colleen Peyton, Regan Andringa-Seed, Margarita Arroyave-Wessel, Gilbert Vezina, Dorothy I. Bulas, Robert H. Podolsky, Michael E. Msall and Carlos Cure

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 170; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020170 - 13 Feb 2024

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Abstract

The long-term neurodevelopmental effects of antenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure in children without congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) remain unclear, as few children have been examined to the age of school entry level. A total of 51 Colombian children with antenatal ZIKV exposure without [...] Read more.

The long-term neurodevelopmental effects of antenatal Zika virus (ZIKV) exposure in children without congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) remain unclear, as few children have been examined to the age of school entry level. A total of 51 Colombian children with antenatal ZIKV exposure without CZS and 70 unexposed controls were evaluated at 4–5 years of age using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-CAT), the Bracken School Readiness Assessment (BSRA), and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC). The mean ages at evaluation were 5.3 and 5.2 years for cases and controls, respectively. Elevated BRIEF scores in Shift and Emotional Control may suggest lower emotional regulation in cases. A greater number of cases were reported by parents to have behavior and mood problems. BSRA and PEDI-CAT activity scores were unexpectedly higher in cases, most likely related to the COVID-19 pandemic and a delayed school entry among the controls. Although PEDI-CAT mobility scores were lower in cases, there were no differences in motor scores on the MABC. Of 40 cases with neonatal neuroimaging, neurodevelopment in 17 with mild non-specific findings was no different from 23 cases with normal neuroimaging. Normocephalic children with ZIKV exposure have positive developmental trajectories at 4–5 years of age but differ from controls in measures of emotional regulation and adaptive mobility, necessitating continued follow-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Pediatric Infectious Diseases)

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14 pages, 11537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Myeloid-Specific Lack of IL-4Rα Prevents the Development of Alternatively Activated Macrophages and Enhances Immunity to Experimental Cysticercosis

by Jonadab E. Olguín, Edmundo Corano-Arredondo, Victoria Hernández-Gómez, Irma Rivera-Montoya, Mario A. Rodríguez, Itzel Medina-Andrade, Berenice Arendse, Frank Brombacher and Luis I. Terrazas

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020169 - 13 Feb 2024

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Abstract

To determine the role that the IL-4/IL13 receptor plays in the development of alternatively activated macrophages (AAM or M2) and their role in the regulation of immunity to the extraintestinal phase of the helminth parasite Taenia crassiceps, we followed the infection in [...] Read more.

To determine the role that the IL-4/IL13 receptor plays in the development of alternatively activated macrophages (AAM or M2) and their role in the regulation of immunity to the extraintestinal phase of the helminth parasite Taenia crassiceps, we followed the infection in a mouse strain lacking the IL-4Rα gene (IL-4Rα^−/−) and in the macrophage/neutrophil-specific IL-4Rα-deficient mouse strain (LysMcreIL-4Rα^−/lox or cre/LoxP). While 100% of T. crassiceps-infected IL-4Rα^+/+ (WT) mice harbored large parasite loads, more than 50% of th eIL-4Rα^−/− mice resolved the infection. Approximately 88% of the LysMcreIL-4Rα^−/lox mice displayed a sterilizing immunity to the infection. The remaining few infected cre/LoxP mice displayed the lowest number of larvae in their peritoneal cavity. The inability of the WT mice to control the infection was associated with antigen-specific Th2-type responses with higher levels of IgG1, IL-4, IL-13, and total IgE, reduced NO production, and increased arginase activity. In contrast, IL-4Rα^−/− semi-resistant mice showed a Th1/Th2 combined response. Furthermore, macrophages from the WT mice displayed higher transcripts for Arginase-1 and RELM-α, as well as increased expression of PD-L2 with robust suppressive activity over anti-CD3/CD28 stimulated T cells; all of these features are associated with the AAM or M2 macrophage phenotype. In contrast, both the IL-4Rα^−/− and LysMcreIL-4Rα^−/lox mice did not fully develop AAM or display suppressive activity over CD3/CD28 stimulated T cells, reducing PDL2 expression. Additionally, T-CD8⁺ but no T-CD4⁺ cells showed a suppressive phenotype with increased Tim-3 and PD1 expression in WT and IL-4Rα^−/−, which were absent in T. crassiceps-infected LysMcreIL-4Rα^−/lox mice. These findings demonstrate a critical role for the IL-4 signaling pathway in sustaining AAM and its suppressive activity during cysticercosis, suggesting a pivotal role for AAM in favoring susceptibility to T. crassiceps infection. Thus, the absence of these suppressor cells is one of the leading mechanisms to control experimental cysticercosis successfully. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Feature Papers in Infection and Immunity)

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17 pages, 2498 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparing the Fate and Transport of MS2 Bacteriophage and Sodium Fluorescein in a Karstic Chalk Aquifer

by Daniel Matthews, Simon Bottrell, Landis Jared West, Louise Maurice, Andrew Farrant, Sarah Purnell and Danny Coffey

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020168 - 13 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Groundwater flow and contaminant migration tracing is a vital method of identifying and characterising pollutant source-pathway-receptor linkages in karst aquifers. Bacteriophages are an attractive alternative tracer to non-reactive fluorescent dye tracers, as high titres (>10¹² pfu mL⁻¹) can be safely [...] Read more.

Groundwater flow and contaminant migration tracing is a vital method of identifying and characterising pollutant source-pathway-receptor linkages in karst aquifers. Bacteriophages are an attractive alternative tracer to non-reactive fluorescent dye tracers, as high titres (>10¹² pfu mL⁻¹) can be safely released into the aquifer, offering improved tracer detectability. However, the interpretation of bacteriophage tracer breakthrough curves is complicated as their fate and transport are impacted by aquifer physicochemical conditions. A comparative tracer migration experiment was conducted in a peri-urban catchment in southeast England to characterise the behaviour of MS2 bacteriophage relative to sodium fluorescein dye in a karstic chalk aquifer. Tracers were released into a stream sink and detected at two abstraction boreholes located 3 km and 10 km away. At both sites, the loss of MS2 phage greatly exceeded that of the solute tracer. In contrast, the qualitative shape of the dye and phage breakthrough curves were visually very similar, suggesting that the bacteriophage arriving at each site was governed by comparable transport parameters to the non-reactive dye tracer. The colloid filtration theory was applied to explain the apparent contradiction of comparable tracer breakthrough patterns despite massive phage losses in the subsurface. One-dimensional transport models were also fitted to each breakthrough curve to facilitate a quantitative comparison of the transport parameter values. The model results suggest that the bacteriophage migrates through the conduit system slightly faster than the fluorescent dye, but that the former is significantly less dispersed. These results suggest that whilst the bacteriophage tracer cannot be used to predict receptor concentrations from transport via karstic flow paths, it can provide estimates for groundwater flow and solute contaminant transit times. This study also provides insight into the attenuation and transport of pathogenic viruses in karstic chalk aquifers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viruses in Water)

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10 pages, 4360 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Preservation of scRNA-Seq Libraries Using Existing Inactivation Protocols

by Gail L. Sturdevant, Kimberly D. Meade-White, Sonja M. Best and Emily Speranza

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020167 - 13 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1238

Abstract

Single-cell RNA sequencing has soared in popularity in recent years. The ability to deeply profile the states of individual cells during the course of disease or infection has helped to expand our knowledge of coordinated responses. However, significant challenges arise when performing this [...] Read more.

Single-cell RNA sequencing has soared in popularity in recent years. The ability to deeply profile the states of individual cells during the course of disease or infection has helped to expand our knowledge of coordinated responses. However, significant challenges arise when performing this analysis in high containment settings such as biosafety level 3 (BSL-3), BSL-3+ and BSL-4. Working in containment is necessary for many important pathogens, such as Ebola virus, Marburg virus, Lassa virus, Nipah and Hendra viruses. Since standard operating procedures (SOPs) for inactivation are extensive and may compromise sample integrity, we tested whether the removal of single-cell sequencing libraries from containment laboratories using existing inactivation protocols for nucleic acid extraction (Trizol, RLT buffer, or AVL buffer) was feasible. We have demonstrated that the inactivation does not affect sample quality and can work with existing methods for inactivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Molecular Epidemiology, Diagnostics and Management of Viral Pathogens)

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11 pages, 1086 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Epidemiology of Ocular Thelaziosis in Domestic Dogs in Beijing

by Zichen Liu, Chang Yu, Xiaoli Tan, Ni Chen and Yipeng Jin

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020166 - 12 Feb 2024

Viewed by 858

Abstract

Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic parasitic nematode that lives in the ocular conjunctival sac of domestic and wild carnivores, lagomorphs, and humans, with Phortica spp. as its intermediate host. At present, the important role that domestic dogs play in thelaziosis has been studied [...] Read more.

Thelazia callipaeda is a zoonotic parasitic nematode that lives in the ocular conjunctival sac of domestic and wild carnivores, lagomorphs, and humans, with Phortica spp. as its intermediate host. At present, the important role that domestic dogs play in thelaziosis has been studied in many countries. However, Beijing, which is the first city in China to experience human thelaziosis, has not yet conducted a comprehensive epidemiological analysis of the disease. In this study, we analyzed risk factors (region, season, age, sex, breed, size, living environment, diet, country park travel history, immunization history, anthelmintic treatment history, and ocular clinical symptoms) associated with the prevalence of thelaziosis in domestic dogs in Beijing. The overall prevalence of T. callipaeda in the study area was 3.17% (102/3215 domestic dogs; 95% CI 2.57–3.78%). The results of the risk factor analysis showed that thelaziosis in domestic dogs from Beijing was significantly correlated with regional distribution, seasonal distribution, country park travel history, and anthelmintic treatment history (p < 0.05). In summer and autumn, domestic dogs living in mountainous areas, with a history of country park travel and without deworming were 4.164, 2.382, and 1.438 times more infected with T. callipaeda than those living in plain areas without a history of country park travel and with a history of deworming (OR = 4.164, OR = 2.382, OR = 1.438, respectively). T. callipaeda-infected domestic dogs did not always show any ocular clinical symptoms, while symptomatic domestic dogs were mainly characterized by moderate symptoms. The results indicate that in summer and autumn, preventive anthelmintic treatment should be strengthened for domestic dogs with a country park travel history or those living in mountain areas. At the same time, we should be vigilant about taking domestic dogs to play in country parks or mountainous areas during summer and autumn because this may pose a potential risk of the owner being infected with T. callipaeda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Parasites: Epidemiology, Treatment and Control: 2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 2668 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pseudopropionibacterium propionicum as a Cause of Empyema; A Diagnosis with Next-Generation Sequencing

by Sumbal Babar, Emily Liu, Savreet Kaur, Juzar Hussain, Patrick J. Danaher and Gregory M. Anstead

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020165 - 12 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1021

Abstract

Pseudopropionibacterium propionicum (P.p.) is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, branching beaded rod that is a component of the human microbiome. An infection of the thoracic cavity with P.p. can mimic tuberculosis (TB), nocardiosis, and malignancy. We present a case of a 77-year-old male [...] Read more.

Pseudopropionibacterium propionicum (P.p.) is an anaerobic, Gram-positive, branching beaded rod that is a component of the human microbiome. An infection of the thoracic cavity with P.p. can mimic tuberculosis (TB), nocardiosis, and malignancy. We present a case of a 77-year-old male who presented with dyspnea and a productive cough who was initially misdiagnosed with TB based on positive acid-fast staining of a pleural biopsy specimen and an elevated adenosine deaminase level of the pleural fluid. He was then diagnosed with nocardiosis based on the Gram stain of his pleural fluid that showed a Gram-positive beaded and branching rod. The pleural fluid specimen was culture-negative, but the diagnosis of thoracic P.p. infection was determined with next-generation sequencing (NGS). The patient was initially treated with imipenem and minocycline, then ceftriaxone and minocycline, and later changed to minocycline only. This report shows the utility of NGS in making a microbiological diagnosis when other techniques either failed to provide a result (culture) or gave misleading information (histopathologic exam, pleural fluid adenosine deaminase determination, and organism morphology on Gram stain). Full article

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25 pages, 2696 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Role of the Nuclear Factor-Kappa B (NF-κB) Pathway in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

by Periyanaina Kesika, Subramanian Thangaleela, Natarajan Sisubalan, Arumugam Radha, Bhagavathi Sundaram Sivamaruthi and Chaiyavat Chaiyasut

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 164; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020164 - 12 Feb 2024

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Abstract

COVID-19 is a global health threat caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. The present review discusses nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and its potential therapeutical role in treating COVID-19. [...] Read more.

COVID-19 is a global health threat caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and is associated with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. The present review discusses nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and its potential therapeutical role in treating COVID-19. COVID-19 pathogenesis, the major NF-κB pathways, and the involvement of NF-κB in SARS-CoV-2 have been detailed. Specifically, NF-κB activation and its impact on managing COVID-19 has been discussed. As a central player in the immune and inflammatory responses, modulating NF-κB activation could offer a strategic avenue for managing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Understanding the NF-κB pathway’s role could aid in developing treatments against SARS-CoV-2. Further investigations into the intricacies of NF-κB activation are required to reveal effective therapeutic strategies for managing and combating the SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reviews of Infectious Diseases)

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12 pages, 837 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Epidemiology of Anal Human Papillomavirus (HPV) in HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Women and Men: A Ten-Year Retrospective Observational Study in Rome (Italy)

by Matteo Fracella, Giuseppe Oliveto, Piergiorgio Roberto, Lilia Cinti, Massimo Gentile, Eleonora Coratti, Gabriella D’Ettorre, Eugenio Nelson Cavallari, Francesco Romano, Letizia Santinelli, Luca Maddaloni, Federica Frasca, Carolina Scagnolari, Guido Antonelli and Alessandra Pierangeli

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020163 - 11 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1304

Abstract

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) commonly infect the anogenital mucosa; most infections are transient, but a fraction of those caused by high-risk (HR) types persist and may lead to anogenital cancer. The epidemiology of HPV genotypes in anal infections in groups at different risk for [...] Read more.

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) commonly infect the anogenital mucosa; most infections are transient, but a fraction of those caused by high-risk (HR) types persist and may lead to anogenital cancer. The epidemiology of HPV genotypes in anal infections in groups at different risk for anal cancer has not been well described in Italy. This retrospective study reports the results of HPV DNA testing and complete genotyping performed on anal swabs from 691 female and male patients attending proctology clinics in Rome during 2012–2021; one-third had repeated testing. Cumulative HPV positivity in 1212 anal swabs was approximately 60%, was not age related, and showed an increasing trend over the study period. HPV rates differed significantly by sex and HIV status: HIV-negative women had the lowest (43.6%) and HIV-positive men the highest (83.5%) HPV prevalence. HIV-positive men had more oncogenic HPV genotypes detected, more multiple infections, and the highest frequency of persistent infections. Two-thirds of all infections were vaccine-preventable. This study found that anal HPV infection rates are still elevated and even increasing in groups at low and high risk of developing anal cancer. Prevention programs need to be improved to reduce rates of anal infection in young women and men. Full article

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11 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Serological Evidence for Circulation of Influenza D Virus in the Ovine Population in Italy

by Gianvito Lanave, Michele Camero, Chiara Coppola, Serena Marchi, Giuseppe Cascone, Felice Salina, Miriana Coltraro, Amienwanlen E. Odigie, Emanuele Montomoli, Chiara Chiapponi, Vincenzo Cicirelli, Vito Martella and Claudia M. Trombetta

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020162 - 11 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1259

Abstract

Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel orthomyxovirus initially isolated from pigs exhibiting influenza-like disease in the USA. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in several host species, including livestock animals, whilst specific antibodies have been identified in humans, raising concerns about [...] Read more.

Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel orthomyxovirus initially isolated from pigs exhibiting influenza-like disease in the USA. Since then, IDV has been detected worldwide in several host species, including livestock animals, whilst specific antibodies have been identified in humans, raising concerns about interspecies transmission and zoonotic risks. Few data regarding the seroprevalence of IDV in small ruminants have been available to date. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of antibodies against IDV in ovine serum samples in Sicily, Southern Italy. Six hundred serum samples, collected from dairy sheep herds located in Sicily in 2022, were tested by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (VN) assays using reference strains, D/660 and D/OK, representative of two distinct IDV lineages circulating in Italy. Out of 600 tested samples, 168 (28.0%) tested positive to either IDV strain D/660 or D/OK or to both by HI whilst 378 (63.0%) tested positive to either IDV strain D/660 or D/OK or to both by VN. Overall, our findings demonstrate that IDV circulates in ovine dairy herds in Sicily. Since IDV seems to have a broad host range and it has zoonotic potential, it is important to collect epidemiological information on susceptible species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

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16 pages, 1600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Completing the Puzzle: A Cluster of Hunting Dogs with Tick-Borne Illness from a Fishing Community in Tobago, West Indies

by Roxanne A. Charles, Patricia Pow-Brown, Annika Gordon-Dillon, Lemar Blake, Soren Nicholls, Arianne Brown-Jordan, Joanne Caruth, Candice Sant, Indira Pargass, Asoke Basu, Emmanuel Albina, Christopher Oura and Karla Georges

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020161 - 10 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1076

Abstract

Eight hunting dogs were visited by a state veterinarian on the island of Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, as owners reported anorexia and paralysis in five of their dogs. The veterinarian observed a combination of clinical signs consistent with tick-borne illness, including [...] Read more.

Eight hunting dogs were visited by a state veterinarian on the island of Tobago, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies, as owners reported anorexia and paralysis in five of their dogs. The veterinarian observed a combination of clinical signs consistent with tick-borne illness, including fever, anorexia, anaemia, lethargy and paralysis. Blood and ticks were collected from each dog and submitted to a diagnostic laboratory for analysis. Microscopic analysis revealed a mixed infection of intracytoplasmic organisms consistent with Babesia spp. (erythrocyte) and Ehrlichia spp. (monocyte), respectively, from one dog, while a complete blood count indicated a regenerative anaemia (n = 1; 12.5%), non-regenerative anaemia (n = 4; 50%), neutrophilia (n = 3; 37.5%), lymphocytosis (n = 2; 25%), thrombocytopaenia (n = 3; 37.5%) and pancytopaenia (n = 1; 12.5%). DNA isolated from the eight blood samples and 20 ticks (16 Rhipicephalus sanguineus and 4 Amblyomma ovale) were subjected to conventional PCR and next-generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA gene for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia and Babesia/Theileria/Hepatozoon, respectively. The DNA of Ehrlichia spp., closely related to Ehrlichia canis, was detected in the blood of three dogs (37.5%), Anaplasma spp., closely related to Anaplasma marginale, in two (25%), Babesia vogeli in one dog (12.5%) and seven ticks (35%) and Hepatozoon canis and Anaplasma spp., in one tick (5%), respectively. These findings highlight the need to test both the vector and host for the presence of tick-borne pathogens when undertaking diagnostic investigations. Further studies are also warranted to elucidate the susceptibility of canids to Anaplasma marginale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ticks)

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14 pages, 2255 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Sensitivity Test of Fusarium Species from Weeds and Non-Gramineous Plants to Triazole Fungicides

by Neringa Matelionienė, Renata Žvirdauskienė, Gražina Kadžienė, Evelina Zavtrikovienė and Skaidrė Supronienė

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 160; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020160 - 10 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Fusarium species are common plant pathogens that cause serious crop losses worldwide. Fusarium spp. colonize not only the main host plants, crops, but also alternative hosts. The effectiveness of fungicide use in disease management ranges from very successful to possibly promoting the growth [...] Read more.

Fusarium species are common plant pathogens that cause serious crop losses worldwide. Fusarium spp. colonize not only the main host plants, crops, but also alternative hosts. The effectiveness of fungicide use in disease management ranges from very successful to possibly promoting the growth of the pathogen. Triazole fungicides are widely used to control these pathogens due to their broad-spectrum activity and systemic nature. This paper reviews the sensitivity of 40 Fusarium strains isolated from weeds, non-gramineous plants, and spring wheat to metconazole, prothioconazole, and tebuconazole. The effect of fungicides was determined by the percentage inhibition of F. graminearum, F. culmorum, F. sporotrichioides, and F. avenaceum fungal mycelial growth. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values of all isolates on metconazole were lower than 2.9 mg L⁻¹, prothioconazole EC50 ranged from 0.12 to 23.6 mg L⁻¹, and tebuconazole ranged from 0.09 to 15.6 mg L⁻¹. At 0.00025–0.025 mg L⁻¹, the fungicides were ineffective, except for the growth of the F. avenaceum species. It was observed that isolates from weeds were more sensitive to low concentrations of fungicide than isolates from crop plants. In general, information is scarce regarding the comparison of fungicide resistance in Fusarium isolates from weed and crop plants, making this study an additional contribution to the existing knowledge base. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Fusarium: 2nd Edition)

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9 pages, 583 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Evaluation of Inactivation Methods for Rift Valley Fever Virus in Mouse Microglia

by Margarita V. Rangel, Feliza A. Bourguet, Carolyn I. Hall and Dina R. Weilhammer

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 159; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020159 - 10 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1121

Abstract

Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne virus with bioweapon potential due to its ability to be spread by aerosol transmission. Neurological symptoms are among the worst outcomes of infection, and understanding of pathogenesis mechanisms within the brain is limited. [...] Read more.

Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) is a highly pathogenic mosquito-borne virus with bioweapon potential due to its ability to be spread by aerosol transmission. Neurological symptoms are among the worst outcomes of infection, and understanding of pathogenesis mechanisms within the brain is limited. RVFV is classified as an overlap select agent by the CDC and USDA; therefore, experiments involving fully virulent strains of virus are tightly regulated. Here, we present two methods for inactivation of live virus within samples derived from mouse microglia cells using commercially available kits for the preparation of cells for flow cytometry and RNA extraction. Using the flow cytometry protocol, we demonstrate key differences in the response of primary murine microglia to infection with fully virulent versus attenuated RVFV. Full article

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18 pages, 12208 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Human Adenovirus Entry and Early Events during Infection of Primary Murine Neurons: Immunofluorescence Studies In Vitro

by Anna Słońska, Aleksandra Miedzińska, Marcin Chodkowski, Piotr Bąska, Aleksandra Mielnikow, Michalina Bartak, Marcin W. Bańbura and Joanna Cymerys

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 158; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020158 - 9 Feb 2024

Viewed by 926

Abstract

Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a common pathogen, which can lead to various clinical symptoms and—in some cases—central nervous system (CNS) dysfunctions, such as encephalitis and meningitis. Although the initial events of virus entry have already been identified in various cell types, the mechanism [...] Read more.

Human adenovirus (HAdV) is a common pathogen, which can lead to various clinical symptoms and—in some cases—central nervous system (CNS) dysfunctions, such as encephalitis and meningitis. Although the initial events of virus entry have already been identified in various cell types, the mechanism of neuronal uptake of adenoviruses is relatively little understood. The aim of this study was to investigate early events during adenoviral infection, in particular to determine the connection between cellular coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), clathrin, caveolin, and early endosomal proteins (EEA1 and Rab5) with the entry of HAdVs into primary murine neurons in vitro. An immunofluorescence assay and confocal microscopy analysis were carried out to determine HAdV4, 5, and 7 correlation with CAR, clathrin, caveolin, and early endosomal proteins in neurons. The quantification of Pearson’s coefficient between CAR and HAdVs indicated that the HAdV4 and HAdV5 types correlated with CAR and that the correlation was more substantial for HAdV5. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis using chlorpromazine limited the infection with HAdV, whereas inhibition of caveolin-mediated endocytosis did not affect virus entry. Thus, the entry of tested HAdV types into neurons was most likely associated with clathrin but not caveolin. It was also demonstrated that HAdVs correlate with the Rab proteins (EEA1, Rab5) present in early vesicles, and the observed differences in the manner of correlation depended on the serotype of the virus. With our research, we strove to expand knowledge regarding the mechanism of HAdV entry into neurons, which may be beneficial for developing potential therapeutics in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host–Virus Interactions in the Nervous System)

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16 pages, 1540 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

West Nile Virus Infection in Occupational Settings—A Systematic Review

by Amienwanlen E. Odigie, Angela Stufano, Valentina Schino, Aya Attia Koraney Zarea, Linda A. Ndiana, Daniela Mrenoshki, Iniobong C. I. Ugochukwu, Piero Lovreglio, Grazia Greco, Annamaria Pratelli, Michele Camero and Maria Tempesta

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020157 - 9 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1125

Abstract

Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne neurotropic virus, belonging to the Flaviviridae family and the Orthoflavivirus genus. The effective control of WNV requires a targeted preventive strategy that also needs the identification of the higher-risk populations. Hence, this study focused [...] Read more.

Background: West Nile virus (WNV) is an emerging mosquito-borne neurotropic virus, belonging to the Flaviviridae family and the Orthoflavivirus genus. The effective control of WNV requires a targeted preventive strategy that also needs the identification of the higher-risk populations. Hence, this study focused on a systematic literature review of WNV-acquired infection in work-related settings and the assessment of the exposure risks among different occupational categories. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted to identify studies until September 2023 in multiple databases such as PubMed/MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Web of Science, according to the PRISMA 2020 statement. Risk of bias of collected papers was assessed by the ROB tool of the National Toxicology Program’s Office of Health Assessment and Translation handbook. Results: A total of 21 studies were included in the systematic review, out of which seventeen were observational studies and four were case reports. Workers identified as at higher risk for WNV infection were military workers, veterinarians, agricultural workers, farmers, and laboratory workers with contact with infected fluids or aerosols. Conclusions: The identification of higher-risk workers could facilitate active surveillance by occupational physicians, which could improve our understanding of the epidemiology of WNV and, in addition, could help tailor appropriate preventive recommendations, reducing the overall burden of disease in high-risk areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue West Nile Virus and Other Zoonotic Infections)

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14 pages, 959 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Antibacterial Potential of Essential Oils and Silver Nanoparticles against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates

by Gabriele Meroni, Giulia Laterza, Alexios Tsikopoulos, Konstantinos Tsikopoulos, Sara Vitalini, Barbara Scaglia, Marcello Iriti, Luigi Bonizzi, Piera Anna Martino and Alessio Soggiu

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020156 - 9 Feb 2024

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Abstract

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an emergent zoonotic agent associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). This work aimed to describe the antibacterial activity of four essential oils (EOs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against 15 S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from pyoderma. The four EOs, namely Rosmarinus officinalis [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is an emergent zoonotic agent associated with multidrug resistance (MDR). This work aimed to describe the antibacterial activity of four essential oils (EOs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) against 15 S. pseudintermedius strains isolated from pyoderma. The four EOs, namely Rosmarinus officinalis (RO), Juniperus communis (GI), Citrus sinensis (AR), and Abies alba (AB), and AgNPs were used alone and in combination to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). All strains were MDR and methicillin-resistant. Among the antibiotic cohort, only rifampicin, doxycycline, and amikacin were effective. EOs’ chemical analysis revealed 124 compounds belonging to various chemical classes. Of them, 35 were found in AR, 75 in AB, 77 in GI, and 57 in RO. The monoterpenic fraction prevailed over the sesquiterpenic in all EOs. When EOs were tested alone, AB showed the lowest MIC followed by GI, AR, and RO (with values ranging from 1:128 to 1:2048). MBC increased in the following order: AB, AR, GI, and RO (with values ranging from 1:512 to 1:2048). MIC and MBC values for AgNPs were 10.74 mg/L ± 4.23 and 261.05 mg/L ± 172.74. In conclusion, EOs and AgNPs could limit the use of antibiotics or improve the efficacy of conventional therapies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Epidemiology, Pathogenicity, and Therapeutic Options of Staphylococcus spp.)

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19 pages, 1966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans Cytolethal Distending Toxin Induces Cellugyrin-(Synaptogyrin 2) Dependent Cellular Senescence in Oral Keratinocytes

by Bruce J. Shenker, Jonathan Korostoff, Lisa P. Walker, Ali Zekavat, Anuradha Dhingra, Taewan J. Kim and Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020155 - 8 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 932

Abstract

Recently, we reported that oral-epithelial cells (OE) are unique in their response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) in that cell cycle arrest (G2/M) occurs without leading to apoptosis. We now demonstrate that Cdt-induced cell cycle arrest in OE has a duration [...] Read more.

Recently, we reported that oral-epithelial cells (OE) are unique in their response to Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) in that cell cycle arrest (G2/M) occurs without leading to apoptosis. We now demonstrate that Cdt-induced cell cycle arrest in OE has a duration of at least 7 days with no change in viability. Moreover, toxin-treated OE develops a new phenotype consistent with cellular senescence; this includes increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity and accumulation of the lipopigment, lipofuscin. Moreover, the cells exhibit a secretory profile associated with cellular senescence known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which includes IL-6, IL-8 and RANKL. Another unique feature of Cdt-induced OE senescence is disruption of barrier function, as shown by loss of transepithelial electrical resistance and confocal microscopic assessment of primary gingival keratinocyte structure. Finally, we demonstrate that Cdt-induced senescence is dependent upon the host cell protein cellugyrin, a homologue of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptogyrin. Collectively, these observations point to a novel pathogenic outcome in oral epithelium that we propose contributes to both A. actinomycetemcomitans infection and periodontal disease progression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans)

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19 pages, 2526 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Deep Sequencing Strategy for Investigation of Virus Variants within African Swine Fever Virus-Infected Pigs

by Camille Melissa Johnston, Ann Sofie Olesen, Louise Lohse, Agnete le Maire Madsen, Anette Bøtner, Graham J. Belsham and Thomas Bruun Rasmussen

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020154 - 8 Feb 2024

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Abstract

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever, an economically important disease of pigs, often with a high case fatality rate. ASFV has demonstrated low genetic diversity among isolates collected within Eurasia. To explore the influence of viral [...] Read more.

African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of African swine fever, an economically important disease of pigs, often with a high case fatality rate. ASFV has demonstrated low genetic diversity among isolates collected within Eurasia. To explore the influence of viral variants on clinical outcomes and infection dynamics in pigs experimentally infected with ASFV, we have designed a deep sequencing strategy. The variant analysis revealed unique SNPs at <10% frequency in several infected pigs as well as some SNPs that were found in more than one pig. In addition, a deletion of 10,487 bp (resulting in the complete loss of 21 genes) was present at a nearly 100% frequency in the ASFV DNA from one pig at position 6362-16849. This deletion was also found to be present at low levels in the virus inoculum and in two other infected pigs. The current methodology can be used for the currently circulating Eurasian ASFVs and also adapted to other ASFV strains and genotypes. Comprehensive deep sequencing is critical for following ASFV molecular evolution, especially for the identification of modifications that affect virus virulence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

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9 pages, 784 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in Wild American Mink (Neogale vison): The First Serological Study in Germany and Poland

by Mike Heddergott, Jutta Pikalo, Franz Müller, Natalia Osten-Sacken and Peter Steinbach

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020153 - 7 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1166

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis in warm-blooded animals. Although most infections in humans and animals are subclinical, an infection can nevertheless be fatal. One of the important characteristics in the epidemiology of this parasite is waterborne transmission. The [...] Read more.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis in warm-blooded animals. Although most infections in humans and animals are subclinical, an infection can nevertheless be fatal. One of the important characteristics in the epidemiology of this parasite is waterborne transmission. The American mink (Neogale vison), a mammal closely adapted to freshwater ecosystems, is a potential sentinel for T. gondii. We analysed meat juice from the heart of 194 wild minks collected between 2019 and 2022 in five study areas from Germany and Poland and tested for the presence of antibodies against T. gondii. The analysis was performed using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test (ELISA). Antibodies were detected in 45.36% (88/194, 95% confidence interval (CI): 38.39–52.41%) of the analysed animals. While the prevalence values ranged from 37.50% to 49.30%, there was no significant difference in seroprevalence between the study areas. Juveniles were less likely to carry T. gondii antibodies than adults (odds ratio: 0.216), whereas there was no significant difference in prevalence between the sexes (odds ratio: 0.933). The results of our study show that contact with T. gondii is widespread in minks, and the parasite is common in inland freshwater ecosystems in Germany and Poland. This indicates that watercourses play an important role in the spread of T. gondii oocysts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Parasitic Diseases—Second Edition)

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19 pages, 1037 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bacteriophage Challenges in Industrial Processes: A Historical Unveiling and Future Outlook

by Bartosz Kamiński and Jan Paczesny

Pathogens 2024, 13(2), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13020152 - 7 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1352

Abstract

Humans have used fermentation processes since the Neolithic period, mainly to produce beverages. The turning point occurred in the 1850s, when Louis Pasteur discovered that fermentation resulted from the metabolism of living microorganisms. This discovery led to the fast development of fermented food [...] Read more.

Humans have used fermentation processes since the Neolithic period, mainly to produce beverages. The turning point occurred in the 1850s, when Louis Pasteur discovered that fermentation resulted from the metabolism of living microorganisms. This discovery led to the fast development of fermented food production. The importance of industrial processes based on fermentation significantly increased. Many branches of industry rely on the metabolisms of bacteria, for example, the dairy industry (cheese, milk, yogurts), pharmaceutical processes (insulin, vaccines, antibiotics), or the production of chemicals (acetone, butanol, acetic acid). These are the mass production processes involving a large financial outlay. That is why it is essential to minimize threats to production. One major threat affecting bacteria-based processes is bacteriophage infections, causing substantial economic losses. The first reported phage infections appeared in the 1930s, and companies still struggle to fight against phages. This review shows the cases of phage infections in industry and the most common methods used to prevent phage infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Viral Pathogens)

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