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15 pages, 2087 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecophysiological Differentiation among Two Resurrection Ferns and Their Allopolyploid Derivative

by Luis G. Quintanilla, Ismael Aranda, María José Clemente-Moreno, Joan Pons-Perpinyà and Jorge Gago

Plants 2023, 12(7), 1529; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12071529 - 01 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1334

Abstract

Theoretically, the coexistence of diploids and related polyploids is constrained by reproductive and competitive mechanisms. Although niche differentiation can explain the commonly observed co-occurrence of cytotypes, the underlying ecophysiological differentiation among cytotypes has hardly been studied. We compared the leaf functional traits of [...] Read more.

Theoretically, the coexistence of diploids and related polyploids is constrained by reproductive and competitive mechanisms. Although niche differentiation can explain the commonly observed co-occurrence of cytotypes, the underlying ecophysiological differentiation among cytotypes has hardly been studied. We compared the leaf functional traits of the allotetraploid resurrection fern Oeosporangium tinaei (HHPP) and its diploid parents, O. hispanicum (HH) and O. pteridioides (PP), coexisting in the same location. Our experimental results showed that all three species can recover physiological status after severe leaf dehydration, which confirms their ‘resurrection’ ability. However, compared with PP, HH had much higher investment per unit area of light-capturing surface, lower carbon assimilation rate per unit mass for the same midday water potential, higher non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity, higher carbon content, and lower contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and other macronutrients. These traits allow HH to live in microhabitats with less availability of water and nutrients (rock crevices) and to have a greater capacity for resurrection. The higher assimilation capacity and lower antioxidant capacity of PP explain its more humid and nutrient-rich microhabitats (shallow soils). HHPP traits were mostly intermediate between those of HH and PP, and they allow the allotetraploid to occupy the free niche space left by the diploids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification in Plants through Polyploidization and Hybridization Processes)

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12 pages, 1957 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retention of Mutations in Colchicine-Induced Ornamental Succulent Echeveria ‘Peerless’

by Raisa Aone M. Cabahug, My Khanh Thi Ha Tran, Yun-Jae Ahn and Yoon-Jung Hwang

Plants 2022, 11(24), 3420; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11243420 - 07 Dec 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1727

Abstract

Mutation breeding has produced promising results, with exceptional attributes including pest/disease and environmental tolerance and desirable ornamental traits. Among the tools used in mutation breeding, chemical mutation is the most inexpensive way to develop novel plants. Succulents have gained popularity with high market [...] Read more.

Mutation breeding has produced promising results, with exceptional attributes including pest/disease and environmental tolerance and desirable ornamental traits. Among the tools used in mutation breeding, chemical mutation is the most inexpensive way to develop novel plants. Succulents have gained popularity with high market demand because they require minimal watering and have plastic-like visuals. Ornamental succulents with rare leaf morphologies are costly. An LD₅₀ study was conducted beforehand to determine the survival rates of colchicine-treated Echeveria ‘Peerless’. Mutants in the first generation (MV₁) were identified and analyzed. Determining whether mutagenic characteristics are carried to the subsequent generation (MV₂) is a key component in breeding programs. Additional investigation was performed by producing MV₂ plants through vegetative propagation to determine mutagenic retention. For MV₂, mutants exhibited shortened leaves, increased leaf width and thickness, and fewer leaves, which significantly differed from the control, indicating compactness, wider leaf apex, and varying leaf color. To confirm the mutations, stomatal analysis was conducted, wherein there was a decrease in density and an increase in stomatal size. Likewise, chromosome counting and flow cytometry analysis confirmed the induction of polyploidization. Colchicine induction to develop new cultivars with novel phenotypic and cytogenetic characters is suitable for ornamental succulents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification in Plants through Polyploidization and Hybridization Processes)

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27 pages, 3648 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phylogenomics and Systematics of Overlooked Mesoamerican and South American Polyploid Broad-Leaved Festuca Grasses Differentiate F. sects. Glabricarpae and Ruprechtia and F. subgen. Asperifolia, Erosiflorae, Mallopetalon and Coironhuecu (subgen. nov.)

by María Fernanda Moreno-Aguilar, Luís. A. Inda, Aminael Sánchez-Rodríguez, Pilar Catalán and Itziar Arnelas

Plants 2022, 11(17), 2303; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172303 - 02 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1266

Abstract

Allopolyploidy is considered a driver of diversity in subtribe Loliinae. We investigate the evolution and systematics of the poorly studied Mesoamerican and South American polyploid broad-leaved Festuca L. species of uncertain origin and unclear taxonomy. A taxonomic study of seven diagnostic morphological traits [...] Read more.

Allopolyploidy is considered a driver of diversity in subtribe Loliinae. We investigate the evolution and systematics of the poorly studied Mesoamerican and South American polyploid broad-leaved Festuca L. species of uncertain origin and unclear taxonomy. A taxonomic study of seven diagnostic morphological traits was conducted on a representation of 22 species. Phylogenomic analyses were performed on a representation of these supraspecific taxa and all other Loliinae lineages using separate data from the entire plastome, nuclear rDNA 45S and 5S genes, and repetitive DNA elements. F. subgen. Mallopetalon falls within the fine-leaved (FL) Loliinae clade, whereas the remaining taxa are nested within the broad-leaved (BL) Loliinae clade forming two separate Mexico–Central–South American (MCSAI, MCSAII) lineages. MCSAI includes representatives of F. sect. Glabricarpae and F. subgen. Asperifolia plus F. superba, and MCSAII of F. subgen. Erosiflorae and F. sect. Ruprechtia plus F. argentina. MCSAII likely had a BL Leucopoa paternal ancestor, MCSAI and MCSAII a BL Meso-South American maternal ancestor, and Mallopetalon FL, American I–II ancestors. Plastome vs. nuclear topological discordances corroborated the hybrid allopolyploid origins of these taxa, some of which probably originated from Northern Hemisphere ancestors. The observed data indicate rapid reticulate radiations in the Central–South American subcontinent. Our systematic study supports the reclassification of some studied taxa in different supraspecific Festuca ranks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification in Plants through Polyploidization and Hybridization Processes)

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23 pages, 3101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genotyping-by-Sequencing and Morphology Revealed the Role of Polyploidization and Hybridization in the Diversification of the Centaurea aspera L. Complex of Section Seridia (Juss.) DC. (Asteraceae)

by Hugo Merle, Alfonso Garmendia and María Ferriol

Plants 2022, 11(15), 1919; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11151919 - 25 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1475

Abstract

Hybridization and polyploidy are major drivers of plant evolution. In Centaurea (Asteraceae), both mechanisms are frequent and lead to reticulate evolutions. However, in the Western Mediterranean section, Seridia studies are scarce. In this section, Centaurea aspera forms a complex including four European diploid [...] Read more.

Hybridization and polyploidy are major drivers of plant evolution. In Centaurea (Asteraceae), both mechanisms are frequent and lead to reticulate evolutions. However, in the Western Mediterranean section, Seridia studies are scarce. In this section, Centaurea aspera forms a complex including four European diploid and one Moroccan autotetraploid subspecies, an allopolyploid, and hybrids among them. Here, we aimed to delimit the different taxa, identify any introgressions, and discuss their evolutionary history. Samples of all taxa were analysed using 1688 SNPs obtained through GBS and were morphologically characterized. Three genetically well-differentiated clusters were observed, corresponding to the allopolyploid C. seridis, the diploid C. aspera and the cryptic autotetraploid C. aspera ssp. gentilii, which is proposed to be considered as a species. Centaurea seridis showed a high isolation by distance, a greater morphological variability, and a lack of interspecific gene flow. Diploid and autotetraploid C. aspera individuals were morphologically similar, and some introgressions were detected in Southern Spain, where new forms may promote diversification. This gene flow might have taken place during the Messinian and before autopolyploidization occurred in Morocco. In the C. aspera complex, current interspecific barriers are strong, while polyploidization may provide a better adaptation to drier environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification in Plants through Polyploidization and Hybridization Processes)

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21 pages, 4573 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Altered Developmental and Metabolic Gene Expression in Basil Interspecific Hybrids

by Saumya Shah, Shubhra Rastogi, Divya Vashisth, Prashant Kumar Rout, Raj Kishori Lal, Umesh Chandra Lavania and Ajit Kumar Shasany

Plants 2022, 11(14), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141873 - 18 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1895

Abstract

To understand the altered developmental changes and associated gene expression in inter-genomic combinations, a study was planned in two diverse yet closely related species of Ocimum, targeting their hybrid F1 and amphidiploids. The existing developmental variations between F1 and amphidiploids was analyzed through [...] Read more.

To understand the altered developmental changes and associated gene expression in inter-genomic combinations, a study was planned in two diverse yet closely related species of Ocimum, targeting their hybrid F1 and amphidiploids. The existing developmental variations between F1 and amphidiploids was analyzed through phenotypical and anatomical assessments. The absence of 8330 transcripts of F1 in amphidiploids and the exclusive presence of two transcripts related to WNK lysine-deficient protein kinase and geranylgeranyl transferase type-2 subunit beta 1-like proteins in amphidiploids provided a set of genes to compare the suppressed and activated functions between F1 and amphidiploids. The estimation of eugenol and methyleugenol, flavonoid, lignin and chlorophyll content was correlated with the average FPKM and differential gene expression values and further validated through qRT-PCR. Differentially expressed genes of stomatal patterning and development explained the higher density of stomata in F1 and the larger size of stomata in amphidiploids. Gene expression study of several transcription factors putatively involved in the growth and developmental processes of plants clearly amalgamates the transcriptome data linking the phenotypic differences in F1 and amphidiploids. This investigation describes the influence of interspecific hybridization on genes and transcription factors leading to developmental changes and alleviation of intergenomic instability in amphidiploids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification in Plants through Polyploidization and Hybridization Processes)

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32 pages, 4752 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Characterization of DGATs and Their Expression Diversity Analysis in Response to Abiotic Stresses in Brassica napus

by Xiangzhen Yin, Xupeng Guo, Lizong Hu, Shuangshuang Li, Yuhong Chen, Jingqiao Wang, Richard R.-C. Wang, Chengming Fan and Zanmin Hu

Plants 2022, 11(9), 1156; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091156 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2181

Abstract

Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the most important storage lipid for oil plant seeds. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) are a key group of rate-limiting enzymes in the pathway of TAG biosynthesis. In plants, there are three types of DGATs, namely, DGAT1, DGAT2 and DGAT3. Brassica napus [...] Read more.

Triacylglycerol (TAG) is the most important storage lipid for oil plant seeds. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) are a key group of rate-limiting enzymes in the pathway of TAG biosynthesis. In plants, there are three types of DGATs, namely, DGAT1, DGAT2 and DGAT3. Brassica napus, an allotetraploid plant, is one of the most important oil plants in the world. Previous studies of Brassica napus DGATs (BnaDGATs) have mainly focused on BnaDGAT1s. In this study, four DGAT1s, four DGAT2s and two DGAT3s were identified and cloned from B. napus ZS11. The analyses of sequence identity, chromosomal location and collinearity, phylogenetic tree, exon/intron gene structures, conserved domains and motifs, and transmembrane domain (TMD) revealed that BnaDGAT1, BnaDGAT2 and BnaDGAT3 were derived from three different ancestors and shared little similarity in gene and protein structures. Overexpressing BnaDGATs showed that only four BnaDGAT1s can restore TAG synthesis in yeast H1246 and promote the accumulation of fatty acids in yeast H1246 and INVSc1, suggesting that the three BnaDGAT subfamilies had greater differentiation in function. Transcriptional analysis showed that the expression levels of BnaDGAT1s, BnaDGAT2s and BnaDGAT3s were different during plant development and under different stresses. In addition, analysis of fatty acid contents in roots, stems and leaves under abiotic stresses revealed that P starvation can promote the accumulation of fatty acids, but no obvious relationship was shown between the accumulation of fatty acids with the expression of BnaDGATs under P starvation. This study provides an extensive evaluation of BnaDGATs and a useful foundation for dissecting the functions of BnaDGATs in biochemical and physiological processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification in Plants through Polyploidization and Hybridization Processes)

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Review

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23 pages, 1706 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Syngameon Enigma

by Ryan Buck and Lluvia Flores-Rentería

Plants 2022, 11(7), 895; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11070895 - 28 Mar 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2563

Abstract

Despite their evolutionary relevance, multispecies networks or syngameons are rarely reported in the literature. Discovering how syngameons form and how they are maintained can give insight into processes such as adaptive radiations, island colonizations, and the creation of new hybrid lineages. Understanding these [...] Read more.

Despite their evolutionary relevance, multispecies networks or syngameons are rarely reported in the literature. Discovering how syngameons form and how they are maintained can give insight into processes such as adaptive radiations, island colonizations, and the creation of new hybrid lineages. Understanding these complex hybridization networks is even more pressing with anthropogenic climate change, as syngameons may have unique synergistic properties that will allow participating species to persist. The formation of a syngameon is not insurmountable, as several ways for a syngameon to form have been proposed, depending mostly on the magnitude and frequency of gene flow events, as well as the relatedness of its participants. Episodic hybridization with small amounts of introgression may keep syngameons stable and protect their participants from any detrimental effects of gene flow. As genomic sequencing becomes cheaper and more species are included in studies, the number of known syngameons is expected to increase. Syngameons must be considered in conservation efforts as the extinction of one participating species may have detrimental effects on the survival of all other species in the network. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification in Plants through Polyploidization and Hybridization Processes)

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25 pages, 718 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Novel Approaches for Species Concepts and Delimitation in Polyploids and Hybrids

by Elvira Hörandl

Plants 2022, 11(2), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11020204 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4164

Abstract

Hybridization and polyploidization are important processes for plant evolution. However, classification of hybrid or polyploid species has been notoriously difficult because of the complexity of processes and different evolutionary scenarios that do not fit with classical species concepts. Polyploid complexes are formed via [...] Read more.

Hybridization and polyploidization are important processes for plant evolution. However, classification of hybrid or polyploid species has been notoriously difficult because of the complexity of processes and different evolutionary scenarios that do not fit with classical species concepts. Polyploid complexes are formed via combinations of allopolyploidy, autopolyploidy and homoploid hybridization with persisting sexual reproduction, resulting in many discrete lineages that have been classified as species. Polyploid complexes with facultative apomixis result in complicated net-work like clusters, or rarely in agamospecies. Various case studies illustrate the problems that apply to traditional species concepts to hybrids and polyploids. Conceptual progress can be made if lineage formation is accepted as an inevitable consequence of meiotic sex, which is established already in the first eukaryotes as a DNA restoration tool. The turnaround of the viewpoint that sex forms species as lineages helps to overcome traditional thinking of species as “units”. Lineage formation and self-sustainability is the prerequisite for speciation and can also be applied to hybrids and polyploids. Species delimitation is aided by the improved recognition of lineages via various novel -omics methods, by understanding meiosis functions, and by recognizing functional phenotypes by considering morphological-physiological-ecological adaptations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diversification in Plants through Polyploidization and Hybridization Processes)

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