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Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Their Impact on Type 2 Diabetes and...
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Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Their Impact on Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Risk

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition and Diabetes".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 November 2023) | Viewed by 6253

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Katie E. Lane

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
Interests: nutrition; diet; omega-3 fatty acids; low carbohydrate diets; vegetarian; cardiometabolic risk; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Dr. Ian Davies

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
Interests: cardiometabolic risk markers; lipid; lipoprotein; lipidomic; metabolomic outcomes; mechanisms; diet; lifestyle
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Mohsen Mazidi

E-Mail Website1 Website2
Guest Editor
Oxford Big Data Institute, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Interests: microbiome; metabolites; proteomics; personalized medicine

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Cardiometabolic disease encompasses cardiovascular and metabolic disorders and is characterised by a clustering of abnormalities such as dyslipidaemia, elevated blood glucose, hypertension, insulin resistance and visceral adipose tissue. The prevalence of cardiometabolic disease is ever increasing, ultimately, elevating the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) which are among the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide. These non-communicable diseases (NCDs) intensify the burden on healthcare systems with global costs of CVD alone projected to reach 1044 billion USD by 2030, an approximate 200 billion USD increase from 2010. Current global dietary guidelines suggest a diet relatively high in carbohydrates (although low in sugar) and low/moderate in fat (particularly saturated fat) to combat NCDs. Conversely, low carbohydrate (<26% of energy intake) high fat diets have shown to at least perform as well as high carbohydrate diets in improving body composition and markers of cardiometabolic disease even with an increase in saturated fat intake. However, intense debate remains in certain areas such as the effect on low density lipoproteins. Individuals with T2D may also report greater benefits following a low carbohydrate diet due to their inability to metabolise carbohydrates effectively; however, higher quality long-term trials are still needed. The mechanisms behind the beneficial effects of following a low carbohydrate diet are yet to be fully examined. The measurement of novel biomarkers and the use of novel “omics” technologies may elucidate potential mechanisms describing how dietary carbohydrate and fat manipulation may impact cardiometabolic disease and subsequent T2D and CVD risk.

Therefore this Special Issue welcomes papers within the following research areas:

  • Effect of low carbohydrate diets on low density lipoproteins
  • Long term trials evaluating the benefits of low carbohydrate diets for T2D
  • The mechanisms behind the effects of low carbohydrate diets
  • The measurement of novel biomarkers and the use of novel “omics” technologies to elucidate mechanisms of how dietary carbohydrate and fat manipulation may impact cardiometabolic risk

Dr. Katie E. Lane
Dr. Ian Davies
Dr. Mohsen Mazidi
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • low-carbohydrate diet
  • high-fat diet
  • type 2 diabetes
  • cardiovascular disease
  • metabolic syndrome
  • metabolic risk
  • novel biomarkers
  • omics

Published Papers (2 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 1452 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Carbohydrate Restriction on Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Based Metabolites: CALIBER, a Randomised Parallel Trial
by D. McCullough, T. Harrison, K. J. Enright, F. Amirabdollahian, M. Mazidi, K. E. Lane, C. E. Stewart and I. G. Davies
Nutrients 2023, 15(13), 3002; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15133002 - 30 Jun 2023
Viewed by 1868
Abstract
Low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diets can be just as effective as high-carbohydrate, lower-fat (HCLF) diets for improving cardiovascular disease risk markers. Few studies have compared the effects of the UK HCLF dietary guidelines with an LCHF diet on lipids and lipoprotein metabolism using high-throughput [...] Read more.
Low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diets can be just as effective as high-carbohydrate, lower-fat (HCLF) diets for improving cardiovascular disease risk markers. Few studies have compared the effects of the UK HCLF dietary guidelines with an LCHF diet on lipids and lipoprotein metabolism using high-throughput NMR spectroscopy. This study aimed to explore the effect of an ad libitum 8-week LCHF diet compared to an HCLF diet on lipids and lipoprotein metabolism and CVD risk factors. For 8 weeks, n = 16 adults were randomly assigned to follow either an LCHF (n = 8, <50 g CHO p/day) or an HCLF diet (n = 8). Fasted blood samples at weeks 0, 4, and 8 were collected and analysed for lipids, lipoprotein subclasses, and energy-related metabolism markers via NMR spectroscopy. The LCHF diet increased (p < 0.05) very small VLDL, IDL, and large HDL cholesterol levels, whereas the HCLF diet increased (p < 0.05) IDL and large LDL cholesterol levels. Following the LCHF diet alone, triglycerides in VLDL and HDL lipoproteins significantly (p < 0.05) decreased, and HDL phospholipids significantly (p < 0.05) increased. Furthermore, the LCHF diet significantly (p < 0.05) increased the large and small HDL particle concentrations compared to the HCLF diet. In conclusion, the LCHF diet may reduce CVD risk factors by reducing triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and improving HDL functionality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Their Impact on Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Risk)
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9 pages, 621 KiB  
Article
Alternate-Day Fasting Combined with Exercise: Effect on Sleep in Adults with Obesity and NAFLD
by Mark Ezpeleta, Kelsey Gabel, Sofia Cienfuegos, Faiza Kalam, Shuhao Lin, Vasiliki Pavlou and Krista A. Varady
Nutrients 2023, 15(6), 1398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061398 - 14 Mar 2023
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3501
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated how alternate-day fasting (ADF) combined with aerobic exercise impacts body weight and sleep in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: Adults with obesity and NAFLD (n = 80) were randomized into one of four groups [...] Read more.
Objective: This study investigated how alternate-day fasting (ADF) combined with aerobic exercise impacts body weight and sleep in adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: Adults with obesity and NAFLD (n = 80) were randomized into one of four groups for 3 months: combination of ADF (600 kcal “fast day,” alternated with an ad libitum intake “feast day”) and moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (five sessions per week, 60 min/session); ADF alone; exercise alone; or a no-intervention control group. Results: By month 3, body weight and intrahepatic triglyceride content decreased (p < 0.001, group × time interaction) in the combination group versus the exercise group and control group, but not versus the ADF group. Sleep quality, measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory (PSQI), did not change in the combination group (baseline: 6.0 ± 0.7; month 3: 5.6 ± 0.7), ADF group (baseline: 8.9 ± 1.0; month 3: 7.5 ± 0.8), or exercise group (baseline: 6.4 ± 0.6; month 3: 6.7 ± 0.6), versus controls (baseline: 5.5 ± 0.7; month 3: 4.6 ± 0.5). Wake time, bedtime, sleep duration, and insomnia severity did not change (no group x time interaction) over the course of the study in any group. Risk for obstructive sleep apnea was present in 30% of combination subjects, 75% of ADF subjects, 40% of exercise subjects, and 75% of controls, and did not change in the intervention groups, versus controls, by month 3. No associations were observed between changes in body weight, intrahepatic triglyceride content, and any sleep outcome. Conclusions: The weight loss induced by ADF combined with exercise does not improve sleep quality, duration, insomnia severity, or risk of obstructive sleep apnea in individuals with NAFLD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbohydrate Diets and Their Impact on Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiometabolic Risk)
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