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17 pages, 1917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Serum Adipocytokines, Lipid Profile and Biochemical Markers of Inflammation in Recreational Runners

by Aleksandra Żebrowska, Barbara Hall, Anna Stolecka-Warzecha, Arkadiusz Stanula and Ewa Sadowska-Krępa

Nutrients 2021, 13(2), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020456 - 29 Jan 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4163

Abstract

Background: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3-week ω-3 PUFA supplementation on serum adipocytokines (i.e., adiponectin, leptin), neuregulin-4 (NRG4) and erythrocyte omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid content, as well as the blood antioxidant defense capacity in non-elite endurance runners. Methods: Twenty-four [...] Read more.

Background: The study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 3-week ω-3 PUFA supplementation on serum adipocytokines (i.e., adiponectin, leptin), neuregulin-4 (NRG4) and erythrocyte omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid content, as well as the blood antioxidant defense capacity in non-elite endurance runners. Methods: Twenty-four runners were randomized into two groups: the supplemented group, who received omega free fatty acids extract containing 142 mg of EPA, 267 mg of DHA, 12 mg of vitamin E and 5 µg of vitamin D, each administrated at a dose of six capsules twice a day for three weeks, or the placebo group. Venous blood samples were withdrawn at the start and at the end of the study protocols to estimate serum biochemical variables. Results: A significantly higher ω-3 index and lower AA/EPA ratio was observed after ω-3 PUFA compared to pre-supplementation levels (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). An increase in baseline adiponectin and NRG4 levels, as well as a decrease of leptin concentration and lipid profile improvement, were observed in subjects after a ω-3 PUFA diet. The increased ω-3 index had a significant effect on TNFα levels and a serum marker of antioxidant defense. Conclusions: The ω-3 PUFA extract with added vitamin E and D supplementation may have a positive effect on the function of the adipocyte tissue, as well as the ability to prevent cardiovascular complications in athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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11 pages, 1396 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Is Inversely Associated with Monocyte Percentage to HDL Cholesterol Ratio among Young Healthy Adults in Qatar

by Hanaa Mousa, Nazmul Islam, Vijay Ganji and Susu M. Zughaier

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010127 - 31 Dec 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2498

Abstract

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is linked to an altered lipid profile. Monocytes play an important role in inflammation and lipid metabolism. Recently, monocyte percentage to HDL-cholesterol ratio (MHR) has emerged as a novel marker of inflammation. We investigated the association between serum [...] Read more.

Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] is linked to an altered lipid profile. Monocytes play an important role in inflammation and lipid metabolism. Recently, monocyte percentage to HDL-cholesterol ratio (MHR) has emerged as a novel marker of inflammation. We investigated the association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and MHR and serum lipids in young healthy adults. Data from the Qatar Biobank were utilized to investigate the relation between serum 25(OH)D and inflammation and serum lipid concentrations in healthy Qatari adults using multivariate regression analysis. Prevalence of serum 25(OH)D concentrations <12 ng/mL (deficiency), 12–20 ng/mL (insufficiency), and ≥20 ng/mL (sufficiency) were 55.8%, 29.9%, and 14.3%, respectively. Serum 25(OH)D was significantly inversely associated with monocyte percentage, MHR, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triacylglycerol in multivariable adjusted analysis. MHR could be a potential biomarker to predict cardiometabolic diseases among young healthy Qataris. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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16 pages, 1161 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Long-Term Supplementation of Bovine Colostrum on the Immune System in Young Female Basketball Players. Randomized Trial

by Anna Skarpańska-Stejnborn, Mirosława Cieślicka, Hanna Dziewiecka, Sławomir Kujawski, Anita Marcinkiewicz, Jerzy Trzeciak, Piotr Basta, Dariusz Maciejewski and Ewa Latour

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010118 - 30 Dec 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3615

Abstract

An intensive physical exercise program could lead to a decrease in immune system function. Effects of long-term supplementation of bovine colostrum on the response of immune function on physical exercise test in athletes were examined. Twenty-seven elite female basketball players (age 16–19) were [...] Read more.

An intensive physical exercise program could lead to a decrease in immune system function. Effects of long-term supplementation of bovine colostrum on the response of immune function on physical exercise test in athletes were examined. Twenty-seven elite female basketball players (age 16–19) were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. Eventually, n = 11 athletes completed intervention in the experimental group (3.2 g bovine colostrum orally twice a day for 24 weeks), while n = 9 athletes in the control group were given a placebo. Before the supplementation, after 3 and 6 months, subjects performed the physical exercise stress test. Before, just after, and 3 h after physical exercise testing, blood was drawn and immune system indicators were examined. Plasma interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-2, IL-10, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, creatine kinase (CK MM), immunoglobulin G (IgG), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), and WBC, lymphocyte (LYM), monocyte (MON), and granulocyte (GRA) were measured. A statistically significant change in IL-10 in response to the exercise program during the supplementation period in both groups was observed (p = 0.01). However, the results of the rest of the comparisons were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Contrary to our initial hypothesis, there were no significant effects of bovine supplementation on the dynamics of immune system function indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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12 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intake of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃ May Reduce the Severity of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: Post hoc Analysis of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group Comparison Study

by Yoshiki Shimizu, Yukihiko Ito, Nobuo Uotsu and Kei Yui

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3769; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123769 - 08 Dec 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3871

Abstract

To evaluate the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25OHD) on symptoms at the onset of the upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in subjects with insufficient or deficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, we conducted a post hoc analysis of data from a randomized, placebo-controlled [...] Read more.

To evaluate the effects of 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25OHD) on symptoms at the onset of the upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) in subjects with insufficient or deficient serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, we conducted a post hoc analysis of data from a randomized, placebo-controlled study; the subjects received 10 μg of 25OHD per day or a placebo for 16 weeks. The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey-21 was used to determine URTI. The study endpoints included WURSS-21 scores, number of URTI events, and proportion of medication (antibiotics, antipyretic analgesics) usage. We found that the physical symptom scores for “Runny nose,” “Sneezing,” and “Head congestion” were significantly lower in the 25OHD group than in the placebo group; for all items except “Breathe easily, “the quality of life” scores were significantly improved in the 25OHD group. There was no significant difference in the number of URTI events or the proportion of medication use between the groups. Collectively, the findings of this study indicate that a sufficient 25OHD intake can reduce physical symptoms at the onset of upper respiratory tract infection, particularly nasal symptoms, and may improve the quality of life at the time of onset. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

20 pages, 21664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Functionally Relevant Differences in Plasma Fatty Acid Composition and Expression of Cytotoxic and Inhibitory NK Cell Receptors between Healthy Young and Healthy Elder Adults

by Juan Bautista De Sanctis, Daciana Catalina Dumut, Danuta Radzioch and Marián Hajdúch

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3641; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123641 - 26 Nov 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2159

Abstract

(1) Background: In the healthy ageing, NK cell number is not modified; however, their spontaneous cytotoxicity decreases. We postulated that the age-dependent decline in metabolic activities might be responsible for this effect. (2) Methods: The fatty acid profile of 30 healthy young males [...] Read more.

(1) Background: In the healthy ageing, NK cell number is not modified; however, their spontaneous cytotoxicity decreases. We postulated that the age-dependent decline in metabolic activities might be responsible for this effect. (2) Methods: The fatty acid profile of 30 healthy young males (23 ± 4 years old, BMI 22.1 ± 1.3) and 30 older males (63 ± 5 years old, BMI 22.9 ± 2.5) donors were evaluated along with the expression of killing (KR) and inhibitory NK receptors (KIR) at basal level and after cultivation with fatty acids for 24 h. (3) Results: Significantly higher levels of oleic (p < 0.01), arachidonic (p < 0.001), lignoceric (p < 0.001), and nervonic acids (p < 0.0001) and significantly lower levels of docosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (p < 0.01) were found in elders as compared to young adults. At basal levels, significant (p < 0.005) differences in KR and KIR expression were encountered; 12/16 antigens. Treatment of cells with saturated fatty acids or arachidonic acid (AA) significantly enhanced KR expressions (p < 0.001). AA treatment decreased inhibitory KIR expression while docosahexaenoic, and eicosapentaenoic acid increased them. (4) Conclusions: Changes in fatty acids blood levels, and KR and KIR expression in NK cell, are age-dependent. Supplementation of NK cells with eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acid enhanced inhibitory KIR receptors’ expression which may improve their cell function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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16 pages, 4521 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Edible Oxya chinensis sinuosa—Derived Protein as a Potential Nutraceutical for Anticancer Immunity Improvement

by Woo Sik Kim, Jeong Moo Han, Ha-Yeon Song, Eui-Hong Byun, Ho Seong Seo and Eui-Baek Byun

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3236; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113236 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2762

Abstract

Oxya chinensis sinuosa (Ocs) is consumed as representative edible insects in Asia, but its function in various immune systems remains unclear. This study aimed to demonstrate the immunomodulatory effect, particularly on the innate and adaptive immune response, of Ocs protein (Ocs-P) and to [...] Read more.

Oxya chinensis sinuosa (Ocs) is consumed as representative edible insects in Asia, but its function in various immune systems remains unclear. This study aimed to demonstrate the immunomodulatory effect, particularly on the innate and adaptive immune response, of Ocs protein (Ocs-P) and to investigate its function as a potent anticancer immunostimulant when administered during the progression stage of colon carcinoma in tumor-bearing mice. Our in vitro results demonstrated that Ocs-P treatment induces phenotypic alteration (increased expression of surface molecules and production of T Helper type I-polarizing (Th1-polarizing) cytokines and decreased antigen uptake ability) of dendritic cells (DCs) through the activation of Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor kappa B-dependent (NF-κB-dependent) signaling pathways. Additionally, Ocs-P-stimulated DCs initiated differentiation of naive T cells into IFN-γ-producing Th1-type T cells effectively and activated cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cell response. In colon carcinoma-bearing mouse models, oral administration of Ocs-P inhibited tumor growth and restored the expression of decreased surface molecules in lineage^-CD11c⁺MHC-II⁺ splenic DCs. Furthermore, Ocs-P administration enhanced the generation of multifunctional CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells expressing Th1-type cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) and the degranulation marker (CD107a). Collectively, these results suggest that Ocs-P demonstrates an immunostimulatory effect and may induce powerful anticancer immunity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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9 pages, 311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Reactive Oxygen Species Production of Neutrophils in the General Population

by Nobuaki Suzuki, Kaori Sawada, Ippei Takahashi, Motoko Matsuda, Shinji Fukui, Hidemasa Tokuyasu, Hiroyasu Shimizu, Junichi Yokoyama, Arata Akaike and Shigeyuki Nakaji

Nutrients 2020, 12(11), 3222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113222 - 22 Oct 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2747

Abstract

Little is known about the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the general population. Therefore this study aimed to describe the association of PUFAs with ROS according to age and sex in the general population and to [...] Read more.

Little is known about the relationship between polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the general population. Therefore this study aimed to describe the association of PUFAs with ROS according to age and sex in the general population and to determine whether PUFA levels are indicators of ROS. This cross-sectional study included 895 participants recruited from a 2015 community health project. Participants were divided into 6 groups based on sex and age (less than 45 years old (young), aged 45–64 years (middle-aged), and 65 years or older (old)) as follows: male, young (n = 136); middle-aged (n = 133); old (n = 82); female, young (n = 159); middle-aged (n = 228); and old (n = 157). The PUFAs measured were arachidonic acid (AA), dihomo gamma linolenic acid (DGLA), AA/DGLA ratio, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ROS considered in the analysis were basal ROS and stimulated ROS levels. Multiple linear analyses showed: (1) significant correlations between PUFA levels, especially DGLA and AA/DGLA ratio, and neutrophil function in the young and middle-aged groups; (2) no significant correlations in old age groups for either sex. Because PUFAs have associated with the ROS production, recommendation for controlled PUFA intake from a young age should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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15 pages, 1026 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of a Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement on Immune Function in Healthy Older Adults: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial

by Mary L. Fantacone, Malcolm B. Lowry, Sandra L. Uesugi, Alexander J. Michels, Jaewoo Choi, Scott W. Leonard, Sean K. Gombart, Jeffrey S. Gombart, Gerd Bobe and Adrian F. Gombart

Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2447; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082447 - 14 Aug 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 35129

Abstract

Older adults are at increased risk for vitamin and mineral deficiencies that contribute to age-related immune system decline. Several lines of evidence suggest that taking a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement (MVM) could improve immune function in individuals 55 and older. To test this [...] Read more.

Older adults are at increased risk for vitamin and mineral deficiencies that contribute to age-related immune system decline. Several lines of evidence suggest that taking a multi-vitamin and mineral supplement (MVM) could improve immune function in individuals 55 and older. To test this hypothesis, we provided healthy older adults with either an MVM supplement formulated to improve immune function (Redoxon^® VI, Singapore) or an identical, inactive placebo control to take daily for 12 weeks. Prior to and after treatment, we measured (1) their blood mineral and vitamin status (i.e., vitamin C, zinc and vitamin D); (2) immune function (i.e., whole blood bacterial killing activity, neutrophil phagocytic activity, and reactive oxygen species production); (3) immune status (salivary IgA and plasma cytokine/chemokine levels); and (4) self-reported health status. MVM supplementation improved vitamin C and zinc status in blood and self-reported health-status without altering measures of immune function or status or vitamin D levels, suggesting that healthy older adults may benefit from MVM supplementation. Further development of functional assays and larger study populations should improve detection of specific changes in immune function after supplementation in healthy older adults. Clinical Trials Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02876315. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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12 pages, 2851 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Extracts of Phellinus linteus, Bamboo (Sasa senanensis) Leaf and Chaga Mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) Exhibit Antitumor Activity through Activating Innate Immunity

by Jun Fang, Shanghui Gao, Rayhanul Islam, Yuji Teramoto and Hiroshi Maeda

Nutrients 2020, 12(8), 2279; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082279 - 29 Jul 2020

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4822

Abstract

Natural products have attracted great interest for some time as alternative methods against cancers by fulfilling immunomodulating properties. In this study, we investigated the activity of hot water extracts (120 °C, >30 min) of Phellinus linteus, fresh leaves of Kumaizasa bamboo and Chaga [...] Read more.

Natural products have attracted great interest for some time as alternative methods against cancers by fulfilling immunomodulating properties. In this study, we investigated the activity of hot water extracts (120 °C, >30 min) of Phellinus linteus, fresh leaves of Kumaizasa bamboo and Chaga mushroom which we called MeshimaMax, for cancer prevention and treatment by using different solid tumor models. In the implanted mouse sarcoma S180 tumor, MeshimaMax treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth when it was applied at the early stage of tumor inoculation. The effect was further confirmed by using carcinogen induced tumors, i.e., azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) induced mouse colon cancer and 7,12-dimethylbenz anthracene (DMBA) induced rat breast cancer. In both cases the occurrences of tumors were remarkably suppressed by administration of MeshimaMax which consists of three components above. More importantly, when MeshimaMax was combined with an anticancer chemotherapeutic drug, the therapeutic effect was remarkably improved. In vitro studies showed that when MeshimaMax was applied to mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells the phagocytosis of macrophages was significantly activated, which was evaluated by using living yeast cells as well as synthetic nanoparticles. A cytotoxicity assay showed the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) was higher than 1 mg/mL and normal cells were 2–3 times more tolerant to MeshimaMax than cancer cells. These findings suggest the potential application of MeshimaMax for cancer prevention and as supplement regimen for anticancer chemotherapy, probably functioning through activation of innate immunity, which may benefit cancer patients as an alternative supplement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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16 pages, 2785 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Binding and Neutralizing Capacity of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)-Specific Recombinant IgG Against RSV in Human Milk, Gastric and Intestinal Fluids from Infants

by Veronique Demers-Mathieu, Jiraporn Lueangsakulthai, Yunyao Qu, Brian P. Scottoline and David C. Dallas

Nutrients 2020, 12(7), 1904; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12071904 - 27 Jun 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3832

Abstract

Oral administration of pathogen-specific recombinant antibodies may help to prevent infant gastrointestinal (GI) pathogen infection; however, to neutralize an infectious agent, these antibodies must resist degradation in the GI tract. Palivizumab, a recombinant antibody specific for the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), was used [...] Read more.

Oral administration of pathogen-specific recombinant antibodies may help to prevent infant gastrointestinal (GI) pathogen infection; however, to neutralize an infectious agent, these antibodies must resist degradation in the GI tract. Palivizumab, a recombinant antibody specific for the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), was used as a model for pathogen-specific IgG in human milk. The aim was to compare the remaining binding capacity of palivizumab in milk between three mothers after exposure to an in vitro model of infant gastrointestinal digestion (gastric and duodenal fluids) using ELISA. The neutralizing capacity of palivizumab in pooled human milk, gastric contents, and stools from preterm infants was also evaluated for blocking RSV with green fluorescent protein (RSV-GFP) infection in Hep-2 cells using confocal and inverted microscopy and flow cytometry. The reduction of palivizumab binding capacity in human milk and digested samples was slightly different between mothers. Overall, palivizumab decreased 50% after simulated gastric digestion with pepsin and 62% after simulated intestinal digestion with pancreatin. Palivizumab (2–8 μg/mL) in human milk or stool samples blocked RSV (3.4 × 10⁴ FFU/mL) infection (no syncytia formation on Hep-2 cells) by microscopy. Syncytia formation was detected on Hep-2 cells when RSV was incubated in gastric contents or virus medium with 2–4 μg/mL of palivizumab, but no infection was observed at 8 μg/mL. No fluorescence (absence of infected cells) was detected when palivizumab (100 μg/mL) was incubated in human milk or medium with RSV-GFP (1.1 × 10⁵ FFU/mL), whereas fluorescence increased with the reduced concentration of palivizumab using flow cytometry. These results suggest that undigested and digested matrices could change the binding and neutralizing capacity of viral pathogen-specific antibodies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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16 pages, 1047 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of the Systemic Immune Response in Suckling Rats by Breast Milk TGF-β2, EGF and FGF21 Supplementation

by Paulina Torres-Castro, Blanca Grases-Pintó, Mar Abril-Gil, Margarida Castell, María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas, Francisco J. Pérez-Cano and Àngels Franch

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1888; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061888 - 24 Jun 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3020

Abstract

Breast milk is a rich fluid containing bioactive compounds such as specific growth factors (GF) that contribute to maturation of the immune system in early life. The aim of this study was to determine whether transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) [...] Read more.

Breast milk is a rich fluid containing bioactive compounds such as specific growth factors (GF) that contribute to maturation of the immune system in early life. The aim of this study was to determine whether transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), compounds present in breast milk, could promote systemic immune maturation. For this purpose, newborn Wistar rats were daily supplemented with these GF by oral gavage during the suckling period (21 days of life). At day 14 and 21 of life, plasma for immunoglobulin (Ig) quantification was obtained and spleen lymphocytes were isolated, immunophenotyped and cultured to evaluate their ability to proliferate and release cytokines. The main result was obtained at day 14, when supplementation with EGF increased B cell proportion to reach levels observed at day 21. At the end of the suckling period, all GF increased the plasma levels of IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, FGF21 balanced the Th1/Th2 cytokine response and both EGF and FGF21 modified splenic lymphocyte composition. These results suggested that the studied milk bioactive factors, mainly EGF and FGF21, may have modulatory roles in the systemic immune responses in early life, although their physiological roles remain to be established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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18 pages, 2488 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Black Raspberries and Protocatechuic Acid Mitigate DNFB-Induced Contact Hypersensitivity by Down-Regulating Dendritic Cell Activation and Inhibiting Mediators of Effector Responses

by Kelvin Anderson, Nathan Ryan, Arham Siddiqui, Travis Pero, Greta Volpedo, Jessica L. Cooperstone and Steve Oghumu

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1701; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061701 - 06 Jun 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 12226

Abstract

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is the most common occupational dermatological disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) mediate the sensitization stage of CHS, while T-cells facilitate the effector mechanisms that drive CHS. Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis, BRB) and BRB phytochemicals possess immunomodulatory properties, but their [...] Read more.

Contact hypersensitivity (CHS) is the most common occupational dermatological disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) mediate the sensitization stage of CHS, while T-cells facilitate the effector mechanisms that drive CHS. Black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis, BRB) and BRB phytochemicals possess immunomodulatory properties, but their dietary effects on CHS are unknown. We examined the effects of diets containing BRB and protocatechuic acid (PCA, a constituent of BRB and an anthocyanin metabolite produced largely by gut microbes), on CHS, using a model induced by 2,4-dinitrofluorobenze (DNFB). Mice were fed control diet or diets supplemented with BRB or PCA. In vitro bone-marrow derived DCs and RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with BRB extract and PCA. Mice fed BRB or PCA supplemented diets displayed decreased DNFB-induced ear swelling, marked by decreased splenic DC accumulation. BRB extract diminished DC maturation associated with reduced Cd80 expression and Interleukin (IL)-12 secretion, and PCA reduced IL-12. Dietary supplementation with BRB and PCA induced differential decreases in IL-12-driven CHS mediators, including Interferon (IFN)-γ and IL-17 production by T-cells. BRB extracts and PCA directly attenuated CHS-promoting macrophage activity mediated by nitric oxide and IL-12. Our results demonstrate that BRB and PCA mitigate CHS pathology, providing a rationale for CHS alleviation via dietary supplementation with BRB or BRB derived anthocyanins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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16 pages, 4372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Annona muricata L.-Derived Polysaccharides as a Potential Adjuvant to a Dendritic Cell-Based Vaccine in a Thymoma-Bearing Model

by Woo Sik Kim, Jeong Moo Han, Ha-Yeon Song, Eui-Hong Byun, Seung-Taik Lim and Eui-Baek Byun

Nutrients 2020, 12(6), 1602; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061602 - 29 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2704

Abstract

Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful antigen-presenting cells that are often used to evaluate adjuvants, particularly for adjuvant selection for various vaccines. Here, polysaccharides (named ALP) isolated from leaves of Annona muricata L., which are used in traditional medicine such as for bacterial infections [...] Read more.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are powerful antigen-presenting cells that are often used to evaluate adjuvants, particularly for adjuvant selection for various vaccines. Here, polysaccharides (named ALP) isolated from leaves of Annona muricata L., which are used in traditional medicine such as for bacterial infections and inflammatory diseases, were evaluated as an adjuvant candidate that can induce anti-tumor activity. We first confirmed the phenotypic (surface molecules, cytokines, antigen uptake, and antigen-presenting ability) and functional alterations (T cell proliferation/activation) of DCs in vitro. We also confirmed the adjuvant effect by evaluating anti-tumor activity and immunity using an ALP-treated DC-immunized mouse model. ALP functionally induced DC maturation by up-regulating the secretion of Th1-polarizing pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of surface molecules, and antigen-presenting ability. ALP triggered DC maturation, which is dependent on the activation of the MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. ALP-activated DCs showed an ample capacity to differentiate naive T cells to Th1 and activated CD8⁺ T cells effectively. The systemic administration of DCs that pulse ALP and ovalbumin peptides strongly increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity (by 9.5% compared to that in the control vaccine groups), the generation of CD107a-producing multifunctional T cells, and Th1-mediated humoral immunity, and caused a significant reduction (increased protection by 29% over that in control vaccine groups) in tumor growth. ALP, which triggers the Th1 and CTL response, provides a basis for a new adjuvant for various vaccines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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18 pages, 4405 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Influence of Hesperidin on Systemic Immunity of Rats Following an Intensive Training and Exhausting Exercise

by Patricia Ruiz-Iglesias, Sheila Estruel-Amades, Mariona Camps-Bossacoma, Malén Massot-Cladera, Àngels Franch, Francisco J. Pérez-Cano and Margarida Castell

Nutrients 2020, 12(5), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051291 - 01 May 2020

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3748

Abstract

Intensive training and exhausting exercise can disrupt innate and acquired immunity. The flavanone hesperidin has shown immunomodulatory properties in physiological and some pathological conditions, and positive effects on exercise-induced oxidative stress. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether it also prevents exhausting exercise-induced immune alterations. [...] Read more.

Intensive training and exhausting exercise can disrupt innate and acquired immunity. The flavanone hesperidin has shown immunomodulatory properties in physiological and some pathological conditions, and positive effects on exercise-induced oxidative stress. Nevertheless, it remains uncertain whether it also prevents exhausting exercise-induced immune alterations. The aim of this study was to establish the effect of oral hesperidin supplementation on the systemic immune system in rats following an intensive training and exhausting exercise. For this purpose, female Wistar rats were randomized into an intensive training group or a sedentary group. Intensive training was induced by running in a treadmill 5 days per week (including two exhausting tests) for five weeks. Throughout the training period, 200 mg/kg of hesperidin or vehicle was administered by oral gavage three times per week. At the end, blood, thymus, spleen and macrophages were collected before, immediately after and 24 h after an additional final exhaustion test. Hesperidin supplementation enhanced natural killer cell cytotoxicity and the proportion of phagocytic monocytes, attenuated the secretion of cytokines by stimulated macrophages, prevented the leukocytosis induced by exhaustion and increased the proportion of T helper cells in the thymus, blood and spleen. These results suggest that hesperidin can prevent exhausting exercise-induced immune alterations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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Review

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20 pages, 1450 KiB

Open AccessReview

Immunomodulating Effects of Fungal Beta-Glucans: From Traditional Use to Medicine

by Hidde P. van Steenwijk, Aalt Bast and Alie de Boer

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041333 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 10184

Abstract

The importance of a well-functioning and balanced immune system has become more apparent in recent decades. Various elements have however not yet been uncovered as shown, for example, in the uncertainty on immune system responses to COVID-19. Fungal beta-glucans are bioactive molecules with [...] Read more.

The importance of a well-functioning and balanced immune system has become more apparent in recent decades. Various elements have however not yet been uncovered as shown, for example, in the uncertainty on immune system responses to COVID-19. Fungal beta-glucans are bioactive molecules with immunomodulating properties. Insights into the effects and function of beta-glucans, which have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for centuries, advances with the help of modern immunological and biotechnological methods. However, it is still unclear into which area beta-glucans fit best: supplements or medicine? This review has highlighted the potential application of fungal beta-glucans in nutrition and medicine, reviewing their formulation, efficacy, safety profile, and immunomodulating effects. The current status of dietary fungal glucans with respect to the European scientific requirements for health claims related to the immune system and defense against pathogens has been reviewed. Comparing the evidence base of the putative health effects of fungal beta-glucan supplements with the published guidance documents by EFSA on substantiating immune stimulation and pathogen defense by food products shows that fungal beta-glucans could play a role in supporting and maintaining health and, thus, can be seen as a good health-promoting substance from food, which could mean that this effect may also be claimed if approved. In addition to these developments related to food uses of beta-glucan-containing supplements, beta-glucans could also hold a novel position in Western medicine as the concept of trained immunity is relatively new and has not been investigated to a large extent. These innovative concepts, together with the emerging success of modern immunological and biotechnological methods, suggest that fungal glucans may play a promising role in both perspectives, and that there are possibilities for traditional medicine to provide an immunological application in both medicine and nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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22 pages, 1591 KiB

Open AccessReview

Regulation of Gastrointestinal Immunity by Metabolites

by Bon-Hee Gu, Myunghoo Kim and Cheol-Heui Yun

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 167; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010167 - 07 Jan 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5689

Abstract

The gastrointestinal tract contains multiple types of immune cells that maintain the balance between tolerance and activation at the first line of host defense facing non-self antigens, including dietary antigens, commensal bacteria, and sometimes unexpected pathogens. The maintenance of homeostasis at the gastrointestinal [...] Read more.

The gastrointestinal tract contains multiple types of immune cells that maintain the balance between tolerance and activation at the first line of host defense facing non-self antigens, including dietary antigens, commensal bacteria, and sometimes unexpected pathogens. The maintenance of homeostasis at the gastrointestinal tract requires stringent regulation of immune responses against various environmental conditions. Dietary components can be converted into gut metabolites with unique functional activities through host as well as microbial enzymatic activities. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that gastrointestinal metabolites have significant impacts on the regulation of intestinal immunity and are further integrated into the immune response of distal mucosal tissue. Metabolites, especially those derived from the microbiota, regulate immune cell functions in various ways, including the recognition and activation of cell surface receptors, the control of gene expression by epigenetic regulation, and the integration of cellular metabolism. These mucosal immune regulations are key to understanding the mechanisms underlying the development of gastrointestinal disorders. Here, we review recent advancements in our understanding of the role of gut metabolites in the regulation of gastrointestinal immunity, highlighting the cellular and molecular regulatory mechanisms by macronutrient-derived metabolites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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24 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nutritional Interventions to Improve Asthma-Related Outcomes through Immunomodulation: A Systematic Review

by Lieve van Brakel, Ronald P. Mensink, Geertjan Wesseling and Jogchum Plat

Nutrients 2020, 12(12), 3839; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12123839 - 16 Dec 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4488

Abstract

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, characterized by T-helper (Th) 2 inflammation. Current lifestyle recommendations for asthma patients are to consume a diet high in fruits and vegetables and to maintain a healthy weight. This raises the question of whether [...] Read more.

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways, characterized by T-helper (Th) 2 inflammation. Current lifestyle recommendations for asthma patients are to consume a diet high in fruits and vegetables and to maintain a healthy weight. This raises the question of whether other nutritional interventions may also improve asthma-related outcomes and whether these changes occur via immunomodulation. Therefore, we systematically reviewed studies that reported both asthma-related outcomes as well as immunological parameters and searched for relations between these two domains. A systematic search identified 808 studies, of which 28 studies met the inclusion criteria. These studies were divided over six nutritional clusters: herbs, herbal mixtures and extracts (N = 6); supplements (N = 4); weight loss (N = 3); vitamin D3 (N = 5); omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) (N = 5); and whole-food approaches (N = 5). Fifteen studies reported improvements in either asthma-related outcomes or immunological parameters, of which eight studies reported simultaneous improvements in both domains. Two studies reported worsening in either asthma-related outcomes or immunological parameters, of which one study reported a worsening in both domains. Promising interventions used herbs, herbal mixtures or extracts, and omega-3 LCPUFAs, although limited interventions resulted in clinically relevant results. Future studies should focus on further optimizing the beneficial effects of nutritional interventions in asthma patients, e.g., by considering the phenotypes and endotypes of asthma. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Function and Nutrient Supplementation)

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