Nutrients

Research

16 pages, 312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Dietary Intake and Anthropometric Status in 1–9-Year-Old Children Living in Serbia: National Food Consumption Survey according to the EU Menu Methodology

by Milica Zeković, Jelena Milešević, Marija Takić, Marija Knez, Ivana Šarac, Agnes Kadvan, Mirjana Gurinović and Marija Glibetić

Nutrients 2022, 14(15), 3091; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14153091 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1717

Abstract

The Serbian Food Consumption Survey among 1–9-year-old-children was conceptualized and conducted in compliance with the principles, established protocols, and guidelines of the EU Menu project between 2017 and 2021. Valid data were collected for 576 individuals (290 1–3-year-old toddlers and 276 3–9-year-old children). [...] Read more.

The Serbian Food Consumption Survey among 1–9-year-old-children was conceptualized and conducted in compliance with the principles, established protocols, and guidelines of the EU Menu project between 2017 and 2021. Valid data were collected for 576 individuals (290 1–3-year-old toddlers and 276 3–9-year-old children). Regardless of age and gender category, the majority (68.80%) of children had normal weights according to the Body Mass Index-for-age classification system. The median daily energy intake was 1406.71 kcal with no differences between the settlement types. The overall median contributions of carbohydrates, protein, and fat to the total energy intake were 47.54%, 14.06%, and 37.88%, respectively. The proportions of the macronutrient intake deviated from the dietary reference values with compliance to the recommendations being particularly poor for fat and fiber. The consumption of energy-dense food groups such as meat and meat products, fat and oil, sugar, and confections was more pronounced among older children. The survey results provide a valuable insight into the nutritional status and dietary habits of toddlers and children 1–9 years old living in Serbia. They may serve as an evidence platform for public health programs, a valuable asset for decision-makers, and a reliable reference to guide nutritional policies, diet monitoring, and interventions targeting this population group in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

22 pages, 1038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disparities in Nutritional Adequacy of Diets between Different Socioeconomic Groups of Finnish Adults

by Liisa M. Valsta, Heli Tapanainen, Teea Kortetmäki, Laura Sares-Jäske, Laura Paalanen, Niina E. Kaartinen, Peppi Haario and Minna Kaljonen

Nutrients 2022, 14(7), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071347 - 23 Mar 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3836

Abstract

Information on dietary adequacy is needed to assess food and nutrition security in a modern society, especially in the transition towards climate-friendly food systems. In this study, differences in the nutritional adequacy of diets among Finnish adults were evaluated in population groups of [...] Read more.

Information on dietary adequacy is needed to assess food and nutrition security in a modern society, especially in the transition towards climate-friendly food systems. In this study, differences in the nutritional adequacy of diets among Finnish adults were evaluated in population groups of different education, income and urbanisation levels. The study used data from the FinDiet 2017 Survey (n = 1655, 18–74 years). Modelled usual intakes of foods and nutrients were evaluated relative to food-based dietary guidelines issued by the National Nutrition Council of Finland (FNNC) and with respect to nutrient adequacy following the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations and FNNC. For about half of the nutrients studied, intakes were found to be adequate. Intakes of protein, fat, saturated fatty acids and salt were estimated to be high. By contrast, inadequate intakes were seen in folate and vitamins A, D, B1, B2 and C in almost all groups studied. Groups with a higher education and income, groups that lived in urban areas and, in particular, women adhered more closely to recommended food consumption and nutrient intakes than others. However, major challenges posed by the Finnish diet are common to all groups studied, and only certain dietary features evaluated in view of nutritional adequacy are associated with socioeconomic differences. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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22 pages, 1891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake and Status of Vitamin B12 in Slovenian Population

by Živa Lavriša, Hristo Hristov, Maša Hribar, Katja Žmitek, Anita Kušar, Barbara Koroušić Seljak, Matej Gregorič, Urška Blaznik, Nadan Gregorič, Katja Zaletel, Adrijana Oblak, Joško Osredkar and Igor Pravst

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020334 - 13 Jan 2022

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3634

Abstract

Vitamin B12 deficiency poses a health concern, especially in vulnerable populations. Dietary vitamin B12 intake was obtained by two 24 h dietary recalls and food propensity questionnaires in a representative Slovenian cross-sectional food consumption survey, SI.Menu (n = 1248 subjects; 10–74 years). [...] Read more.

Vitamin B12 deficiency poses a health concern, especially in vulnerable populations. Dietary vitamin B12 intake was obtained by two 24 h dietary recalls and food propensity questionnaires in a representative Slovenian cross-sectional food consumption survey, SI.Menu (n = 1248 subjects; 10–74 years). For a subgroup of 280 participants, data on serum vitamin B12 were available through the Nutrihealth study. The estimated usual population-weighted mean daily vitamin B12 intakes were 6.2 µg (adults), 5.4 µg (adolescents), and 5.0 µg (elderly). Lower intakes were observed in females. Inadequate daily vitamin B12 intake (<4 µg) was detected in 37.3% of adolescents, 31.7% of adults, and 58.3% elderlies. The significant predictors for inadequate daily vitamin B12 intake were physical activity score in all age groups, sex in adolescents and adults, financial status and smoking in elderly, and employment in adults. Meat (products), followed by milk (products), made the highest vitamin B12 contribution in all age groups. In adolescents, another important vitamin B12 contributor was cereals. The mean population-weighted serum vitamin B12 levels were 322.1 pmol/L (adults) and 287.3 pmol/L (elderly). Low serum vitamin B12 concentration (<148 nmol/L) and high serum homocysteine (>15 µmol/L) were used as criteria for vitamin B12 deficiency. The highest deficiency prevalence was found in elderlies (7.0%), particularly in males (7.9%). Factors associated with high serum homocysteine were also investigated. In conclusion, although vitamin B12 status was generally not critical, additional attention should be focused particularly to the elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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20 pages, 16815 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Intake of Phosphorus and Nitrites through Meat Products: A Health Risk Assessment of Children Aged 1 to 9 Years Old in Serbia

by Jelena Milešević, Danijela Vranić, Mirjana Gurinović, Vladimir Korićanac, Branka Borović, Milica Zeković, Ivana Šarac, Dragan R. Milićević and Maria Glibetić

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 242; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020242 - 06 Jan 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1973

Abstract

This study provides the data on dietary exposure of Serbian children to nitrites and phosphorus from meat products by combining individual consumption data with available analytical data of meat products. A total of 2603 and 1900 commercially available meat products were categorized into [...] Read more.

This study provides the data on dietary exposure of Serbian children to nitrites and phosphorus from meat products by combining individual consumption data with available analytical data of meat products. A total of 2603 and 1900 commercially available meat products were categorized into seven groups and analysed for nitrite and phosphorous content. The highest mean levels of nitrite content, expressed as NaNO₂, were found in finely minced cooked sausages (40.25 ± 20.37 mg/kg), followed by canned meat (34.95 ± 22.12 mg/kg) and coarsely minced cooked sausages (32.85 ± 23.25 mg/kg). The EDI (estimated daily intake) of nitrites from meat products, calculated from a National Food Consumption Survey in 576 children aged 1–9 years, indicated that the Serbian children population exceeded the nitrite ADI (acceptable daily intake) proposed by EFSA (European Food Safety Authority) in 6.4% of children, with a higher proportion in 1–3-year-old participants. The mean phosphorus concentration varied from 2.71 ± 1.05 g/kg to 6.12 ± 1.33 g/kg in liver sausage and pate and smoked meat products, respectively. The EDI of phosphorus from meat products was far below the ADI proposed by EFSA, indicating that the use of phosphorus additives in Serbian meat products is generally in line with legislation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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14 pages, 730 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Exposure and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 for Children Aged 1 to 9 Years Old in Serbia

by Dragan R. Milićević, Jelena Milešević, Mirjana Gurinović, Saša Janković, Jasna Đinović-Stojanović, Milica Zeković and Maria Glibetić

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4450; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124450 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2721

Abstract

The present study was conducted to estimate the exposure and characterize the risk for the child population of Serbia to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from milk and milk-based food. A total of 3404 samples comprising milk and different milk-based food samples were collected from [...] Read more.

The present study was conducted to estimate the exposure and characterize the risk for the child population of Serbia to Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) from milk and milk-based food. A total of 3404 samples comprising milk and different milk-based food samples were collected from various regions of Serbia from 2017 to 2019. Evaluation of AFM1 exposure was carried out using the deterministic method, whereas risk characterization was evaluated using the margin of exposure (MOE) and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Detection rates for AFM1 in milk and milk-based food samples ranged between 2% and 79%, with the highest incidence (79%) and mean level (22.34 ± 0.018 ng kg⁻¹) of AFM1 being detected in pasteurized and UHT milk. According to the three consumption estimates, the values of estimated daily intake (EDI) were higher for toddlers as compared with children aged 3–9 years. Children aged 1–3 years had the highest risk of exposure to AFM1 in milk, with an estimated daily intake of 0.164 and 0.193 ng kg⁻¹ bw day⁻¹ using lower bound (LB) and upper bound (UB) exposure scenarios, respectively. Such difference could result from the higher consumption to weight in younger children. Based on the estimated daily intake (EDI) found in this study, the risk of AFM1 exposure due to consumption of milk and milk-based food was low since the MOE values obtained were >10,000. In addition, the risk of HCC cases/year/10⁵ individuals of different age groups showed that the value of HCC, using potency estimates of 0.0017 (mean), was maximum (0.00034) in the age group 1–3 years, which indicates no health risk for the evaluated groups. The present study revealed the importance of controlling and preventing AFM1 contamination in milk through continuous monitoring and regular inspection to reduce the risk of AFM1 exposure, especially in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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18 pages, 1203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake of Adult Residents in Luxembourg Taking Part in Two Cross-Sectional Studies—ORISCAV-LUX (2007–2008) and ORISCAV-LUX 2 (2016–2017)

by Farhad Vahid, Alex Brito, Gwenaëlle Le Coroller, Michel Vaillant, Hanen Samouda, Torsten Bohn and on behalf of ORISCAV Working Group

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124382 - 07 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3363

Abstract

Background: A balanced diet is an important lifestyle component and has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. Objectives: To assess dietary intake of adult residents in Luxembourg taking part in two population-based cross-sectional studies (ORISCAV-LUX, 2007–2008 and ORISCAV-LUX 2, 2016–2017). [...] Read more.

Background: A balanced diet is an important lifestyle component and has been associated with a reduced risk of chronic diseases. Objectives: To assess dietary intake of adult residents in Luxembourg taking part in two population-based cross-sectional studies (ORISCAV-LUX, 2007–2008 and ORISCAV-LUX 2, 2016–2017). Methods: Dietary intake of the study participants (1242 in 2007/08 and 1326 in 2016/17), 25–69 years old, were evaluated using food-frequency questionnaires (134 items in 2007/2008 and 174 items in 2016/2017) according to the French ANSES-CIQUAL food composition database. Both food-group- and nutrient-based analyses were conducted. Results: Dietary patterns in ORISCAV-LUX 2, 2016–2017, were characterized by an increase in the estimated marginal means (EMM) of the intake of energy, total fat, saturated fatty acids, alcohol, and decreased EMM of total carbohydrates, magnesium, and calcium compared to 2007/08. We also observed an increased EMM of the intake of protein-rich food items and ready-to-eat foods/fast foods, together with a decreased intake of grains, dairy products, and vegetables (all p-values <0.05, linear mixed models). The intake of most micronutrients was stable or slightly increased in ORISCAV-LUX 2 vs. ORISCAV-LUX, except for the drop in magnesium and calcium, and generally met recommendations, in particular, EFSA population reference intakes (PRI), except for vitamin D. Conclusions: Though most micronutrient recommendations were met, nutrient consumption in terms of high energy, total fat, and sodium, as well as low carbohydrates, were not aligned with recommendations for balanced eating. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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21 pages, 1429 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake of Folate and Assessment of the Folate Deficiency Prevalence in Slovenia Using Serum Biomarkers

by Igor Pravst, Živa Lavriša, Maša Hribar, Hristo Hristov, Naska Kvarantan, Barbara Koroušić Seljak, Matej Gregorič, Urška Blaznik, Nadan Gregorič, Katja Zaletel, Adrijana Oblak, Joško Osredkar, Katja Žmitek and Anita Kušar

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3860; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113860 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3502

Abstract

Folate deficiency is associated with various health issues, including anemia, cardiovascular disease, and birth defects. Low folate intake and suboptimal folate status were found in several countries; however, this topic has not yet been investigated in Slovenia. Dietary folate intake and serum folate [...] Read more.

Folate deficiency is associated with various health issues, including anemia, cardiovascular disease, and birth defects. Low folate intake and suboptimal folate status were found in several countries; however, this topic has not yet been investigated in Slovenia. Dietary folate intake and serum folate status were investigated through the nationally representative food consumption study SI.Menu/Nutrihealth. Folate intake was estimated using a sample of N = 1248 subjects aged 10–74 years, stratified in three age groups (adolescents, adults, elderly population), through two 24 h-dietary recalls and food propensity questionnaire. Data on serum folate and homocysteine was available for 280 participants. Very low folate intake (<300 µg/day) was observed in 59% of adolescents, 58% of adults and 68% of elderlies, and only about 12% achieved the WHO recommended level of 400 µg/day. Major dietary contributors were vegetables and fruit, and cereal products. Living environment, education, employment status and BMI were linked with low folate intake in adults; BMI, and sex in adolescents; and sex in elderlies. Considering low serum folate (<7 nmol/L) and high serum homocysteine (>15 nmol/L), folate deficiency was found in 7.6 and 10.5% in adults and elderlies, respectively. Additional public health strategies should be employed to promote the consumption of folate-rich foods. With current folate intakes, supplementation with folic acid is relevant especially in specific vulnerable populations, particularly in women planning and during pregnancy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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16 pages, 582 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inadequate Intake of Dietary Fibre in Adolescents, Adults, and Elderlies: Results of Slovenian Representative SI. Menu Study

by Barbara Koroušić Seljak, Eva Valenčič, Hristo Hristov, Maša Hribar, Živa Lavriša, Anita Kušar, Katja Žmitek, Sanja Krušič, Matej Gregorič, Urška Blaznik, Blaž Ferjančič, Jasna Bertoncelj, Mojca Korošec and Igor Pravst

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3826; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113826 - 27 Oct 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4556

Abstract

Dietary fibre has proven to promote healthy body mass and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. To date, in Slovenia, there were only a few outdated studies of dietary fibre intake; therefore, we explored the dietary fibre intake using food consumption data collected [...] Read more.

Dietary fibre has proven to promote healthy body mass and reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases. To date, in Slovenia, there were only a few outdated studies of dietary fibre intake; therefore, we explored the dietary fibre intake using food consumption data collected in the SI.Menu project. Following the EU Menu methodology, data were collected on representative samples of adolescents, adults, and elderlies using a general questionnaire, a food propensity questionnaire, and two 24 h recalls. The results indicate that the intake of dietary fibre in Slovenia is lower than recommended. The proportion of the population with inadequate fibre intakes (<30 g/day) was 90.6% in adolescents, 89.6% in adults, and 83.9% in elderlies, while mean daily fibre intakes were 19.5, 20.9, and 22.4 g, respectively. Significant determinants for inadequate dietary fibre intake were sex in adolescents and adults, and body mass index in adults. The main food groups contributing to dietary fibre intake were bread and other grain products, vegetables and fruits, with significant differences between population groups. Contribution of fruits and vegetables to mean daily dietary fibre intake was highest in elderlies (11.6 g), followed by adults (10.6 g) and adolescents (8.5 g). Public health strategies, such as food reformulation, promoting whole-meal alternatives, consuming whole foods of plant origin, and careful planning of school meals could beneficially contribute to the overall dietary fibre intake in the population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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18 pages, 1133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D Intake in Slovenian Adolescents, Adults, and the Elderly Population

by Maša Hribar, Hristo Hristov, Živa Lavriša, Barbara Koroušić Seljak, Matej Gregorič, Urška Blaznik, Katja Žmitek and Igor Pravst

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3528; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103528 - 08 Oct 2021

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3263

Abstract

Vitamin D is involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and is vital for numerous bodily functions. In the absence of sufficient UV-B light-induced skin biosynthesis, dietary intake becomes the most important source of vitamin D. In the absence of biosynthesis, the recommended dietary [...] Read more.

Vitamin D is involved in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and is vital for numerous bodily functions. In the absence of sufficient UV-B light-induced skin biosynthesis, dietary intake becomes the most important source of vitamin D. In the absence of biosynthesis, the recommended dietary vitamin D intake is 10–20 µg/day. Major contributors to dietary vitamin D intake are the few foods naturally containing vitamin D (i.e., fish), enriched foods, and supplements. The present study aimed to estimate the vitamin D intake in Slovenia, to identify food groups that notably contribute to vitamin D intake, and to predict the effects of hypothetical mandatory milk fortification. This study was conducted using data collected by the national cross-sectional food consumption survey (SI.Menu) in adolescents (n = 468; 10–17 years), adults (n = 364; 18–64 years), and the elderly (n = 416; 65–74 years). Data collection was carried out between March 2017 and April 2018 using the EU Menu Methodology, which included two 24-h recalls, and a food propensity questionnaire. Very low vitamin D intakes were found; many did not even meet the threshold for very low vitamin D intake (2.5 µg/day). Mean daily vitamin D intake was 2.7, 2.9, and 2.5 µg in adolescents, adults, and the elderly, respectively. Daily energy intake was found to be a significant predictor of vitamin D intake in all population groups. In adolescents and adults, sex was also found to be a significant predictor, with higher vitamin D intake in males. The study results explained the previously reported high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Slovenia. An efficient policy approach is required to address the risk of vitamin D deficiency, particularly in vulnerable populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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14 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Nutrient Intake and Food Consumption among Dutch Toddlers

by Elly Steenbergen, Anne Krijger, Janneke Verkaik-Kloosterman, Liset E. M. Elstgeest, Sovianne ter Borg, Koen F. M. Joosten and Caroline T. M. van Rossum

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051531 - 01 May 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3309

Abstract

Improving dietary habits at a young age could prevent adverse health outcomes. The aim was to gain insight into the adequacy of the dietary intake of Dutch toddlers, which may provide valuable information for preventive measures. Data obtained from the Dutch National Food [...] Read more.

Improving dietary habits at a young age could prevent adverse health outcomes. The aim was to gain insight into the adequacy of the dietary intake of Dutch toddlers, which may provide valuable information for preventive measures. Data obtained from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012–2016 were used, which included 672 children aged one to three years. Habitual intakes of nutrients were evaluated according to recommendations set by the Dutch Health Council. Specific food groups were evaluated according to the Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. For most nutrients, intakes were estimated to be adequate. High intakes were found for saturated fatty acids, retinol, iodine, copper, zinc, and sodium. No statement could be provided on the adequacy of intakes of alpha-linoleic acids, N-3 fish fatty acids, fiber, and iron. 74% of the toddlers used dietary supplements, and 59% used vitamin D supplements specifically. Total median intakes of vegetables, bread, and milk products were sufficient. Consumption of bread, potatoes and cereals, milk products, fats, and drinks consisted largely of unhealthy products. Consumption of unfavorable products may have been the cause of the observed high and low intakes of several nutrients. Shifting towards a healthier diet that is more in line with the guidelines may positively affect the dietary intake of Dutch toddlers and prevent negative health impacts, also later in life. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

15 pages, 311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Changes among Adults in The Netherlands in the Period 2007–2010 and 2012–2016. Results from Two Cross-Sectional National Food Consumption Surveys

by Ceciel S. Dinnissen, Marga C. Ocké, Elly J. M. Buurma-Rethans and Caroline T. M. van Rossum

Nutrients 2021, 13(5), 1520; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051520 - 30 Apr 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3478

Abstract

Insight into dietary trends is important for the development and evaluation of dietary policies. The aim of this study is to describe changes in dietary intakes of Dutch adults and to evaluate these changes by age, gender, and education. In 2007–2010 and 2012–2016, [...] Read more.

Insight into dietary trends is important for the development and evaluation of dietary policies. The aim of this study is to describe changes in dietary intakes of Dutch adults and to evaluate these changes by age, gender, and education. In 2007–2010 and 2012–2016, two national food consumption surveys were conducted including 2106 and 1540 adults, respectively. Data collection included two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls. Mean habitual intakes of foods and nutrients relevant for a healthy diet of both surveys were estimated. Between the two periods the mean consumption of red or processed meat, dairy, sodium and alcohol and the ratio of whole-grain to cereal products decreased by 4–30% and the consumption of fibre and unsaturated fatty acids increased by about 3% and 6%, respectively. For most food groups, changes in consumption were comparable for both sexes and in all age groups. A healthier consumption pattern and several favorable changes were observed among higher-educated people. Most, but not all, changes in food consumption are favorable from a public health point of view. However, there is still a large potential for further improvements. A healthier consumption pattern was observed in adults with a higher educational level which calls for attention to social disparities when developing dietary policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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15 pages, 571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Healthy and Sustainable Dietary Patterns That Fit within Current Dutch Food Habits Be Identified?

by Samantha N. Heerschop, Sander Biesbroek, Elisabeth H. M. Temme and Marga C. Ocké

Nutrients 2021, 13(4), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041176 - 02 Apr 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 4069

Abstract

This study investigated major healthy and sustainable dietary patterns in the Dutch population. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were collected in 2078 participants aged 19–79 years in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012–2016. Dietary patterns were identified using reduced rank regression. Predictor variables [...] Read more.

This study investigated major healthy and sustainable dietary patterns in the Dutch population. Two 24-hour dietary recalls were collected in 2078 participants aged 19–79 years in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012–2016. Dietary patterns were identified using reduced rank regression. Predictor variables were food groups and response variables were Dutch Healthy Diet index 2015 (DHD15-index) score, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), and blue water use. Three patterns were discovered, including a “high fruit and vegetable dietary pattern”, a “low meat dietary pattern”, and a “high dairy, low fruit juices dietary pattern”. Diets in the highest quartile of these patterns had higher DHD15-index score than the average population. However, diets of the “high fruit and vegetable dietary pattern” were associated with higher dietary GHGE (14%) and blue water use (69.2%) compared to the average population. Diets of the “low meat dietary pattern” were associated with lower GHGE (19.6%) and higher blue water use (7.7%). Concluding, the “low meat dietary pattern” was the most healthy and sustainable dietary pattern in this population. The addition of blue water use as an environmental impact indicator shows the difficulty of finding existing dietary patterns that have low environmental impact in all determinants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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13 pages, 1064 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Intake of trans Fatty Acids in the Slovenian Population

by Nina Zupanič, Maša Hribar, Hristo Hristov, Živa Lavriša, Anita Kušar, Matej Gregorič, Urška Blaznik, Barbara Koroušić Seljak, Petra Golja, Rajko Vidrih, Katja Žmitek and Igor Pravst

Nutrients 2021, 13(1), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010207 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 3344

Abstract

Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs) has been unequivocally linked to several adverse health effects, with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease being one of the most well understood. To reduce TFA-related morbidity and mortality, several countries have imposed voluntary or mandatory measures [...] Read more.

Consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs) has been unequivocally linked to several adverse health effects, with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease being one of the most well understood. To reduce TFA-related morbidity and mortality, several countries have imposed voluntary or mandatory measures to minimize the content of industrial TFAs (iTFAs) in the food supply. In 2018, Slovenia introduced a ban on iTFAs on top of preceding voluntary calls to industry to reduce its use of partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) as the main source of iTFAs. To investigate the consumption of TFAs, data available from the nationally representative dietary survey SI.Menu were analyzed. The survey consisted of two 24-h non-consecutive day recalls from 1248 study participants from three age groups (10–17, 18–64, 65–74 years old), combined with socio-demographic, socio-economic, and lifestyle parameters. The analyses demonstrated that, on average, TFAs accounted for 0.38–0.50% of total energy intake (TEI). However, 13% of adolescents, 29.4% of adults, and 41.8% of the elderly population still consumed more than 0.50% TEI with TFAs. The main sources of TFAs in the diet were naturally present TFAs from butter, meat dishes, and meat products, regardless of the age group. Results indicate that following the reformulation activities, the major sources of TFAs in the diets of the Slovenian population now represent foods which are natural sources of TFAs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue European Dietary Surveys: What's on the Menu?)

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