Nutrients

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10 pages, 845 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Kidney Transplantation on the Serum Fatty Acid Profile in Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease

by Maciej Śledziński, Aleksandra Hliwa, Justyna Gołębiewska and Adriana Mika

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 772; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040772 - 12 Feb 2022

Viewed by 1588

Abstract

Epidemiological data indicate that metabolic disturbances and increased cardiovascular risk in renal transplant patients are a significant and common problem. Therefore, it is important to search for new solutions and, at the same time, counteract the negative effects of currently used therapies. In [...] Read more.

Epidemiological data indicate that metabolic disturbances and increased cardiovascular risk in renal transplant patients are a significant and common problem. Therefore, it is important to search for new solutions and, at the same time, counteract the negative effects of currently used therapies. In this study, we examined the effect of kidney transplantation on the serum levels of fatty acids (FAs) in order to assess the role of these compounds in the health of transplant patients. The FA profile was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the serum of 35 kidney transplant recipients, just before transplantation and 3 months later. The content of total n-3 polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs) decreased after transplantation (3.06 ± 0.13% vs. 2.66 ± 0.14%; p < 0.05). The total amount of ultra-long-chain FAs containing 26 and more carbon atoms was significantly reduced (0.08 ± 0.009% vs. 0.05 ± 0.007%; p < 0.05). The desaturation index (18:1/18:0) increased after transplantation (3.92 ± 0.11% vs. 4.36 ± 0.18%; p < 0.05). The study showed a significant reduction in n-3 PUFAs in renal transplant recipients 3 months after transplantation, which may contribute to increased cardiovascular risk in this patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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13 pages, 737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Can Overnutrition Lead to Wasting?—The Paradox of Diabetes Mellitus in End-Stage Renal Disease Treated with Maintenance Hemodialysis

by Krzysztof Hoppe, Krzysztof Schwermer, Mikołaj Dopierała, Małgorzata Kałużna, Anna Hoppe, Jadzia Tin-Tsen Chou, Andrzej Oko and Krzysztof Pawlaczyk

Nutrients 2022, 14(2), 247; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14020247 - 07 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2182

Abstract

Background: The population of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) may be at increased risk of protein energy wasting (PEW). The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of DM on selected indicators of PEW in the ESRD [...] Read more.

Background: The population of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) may be at increased risk of protein energy wasting (PEW). The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of DM on selected indicators of PEW in the ESRD population that was undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Methods: A total of 515 MHD patients were divided into two subgroups with and without DM. The evaluation of diet composition, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), SGA, and laboratory and BIS analyses were performed. All-cause and cardiovascular mortality was recorded. Results: DM patients had lower albumin (3.93 (3.61–4.20) vs. 4.10 (3.80–4.30) g/dL, p < 0.01), total cholesterol (158 (133–196) vs. 180 (148–206) mg/dL, p < 0.01), and creatinine (6.34 (5.08–7.33) vs. 7.12 (5.70–8.51) mg/dL, p < 0.05). SGA score (12.0 (10.0–15.0) vs. 11.0 (9.0–13.0) points, p < 0.001), BMI (27.9 (24.4–31.8) vs. 25.6 (22.9–28.8) kg/m², p < 0.001), fat tissue index (15.0 (11.4–19.6) vs. 12.8 (9.6–16.0) %, p < 0.001), and overhydration (2.1 (1.2–4.1) vs. 1.8 (0.7, 2.7) L, p < 0.001) were higher in the DM group. Increased morbidity, reflected in the CCI and mortality—both all-cause and cardiovascular—were observed in DM patients. Conclusions: Hemodialysis recipients with DM experience overnutrition with a paradoxically higher predisposition to PEW, expressed by a higher SGA score and lower serum markers of nutrition. This population is also more comorbid and is at higher risk of death, including from cardiovascular causes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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13 pages, 2095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Underweight and Weight Change Increases End-Stage Renal Disease Risk in Patients with Diabetes: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study

by Eun Hui Bae, Tae Ryom Oh, Sang Heon Suh, Eun Mi Yang, Hong Sang Choi, Chang Seong Kim, Seong Kwon Ma, Bongseong Kim, Kyung-Do Han and Soo Wan Kim

Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010154 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1657

Abstract

Weight variability has known as a risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, its effect on end-stage renal disease (ESRD) development remains controversial. We investigated the relationship between weight change and ESRD risk. Overall, 97,029 patients with DM aged >20 years were [...] Read more.

Weight variability has known as a risk factor for cardiovascular events and mortality. However, its effect on end-stage renal disease (ESRD) development remains controversial. We investigated the relationship between weight change and ESRD risk. Overall, 97,029 patients with DM aged >20 years were selected from the Korean National Health Screening Program 2009–2012. Weight change was defined as differences in body weight from the index year to 2 years later. Newly diagnosed ESRD was observed until 2017 end. Over a 5.1-year median follow-up period, ESRD was newly diagnosed in 7932 (4.81%) DM patients. BMI < 18.5 kg/m² and waist circumferences <85/80 and >100/95 cm were ESRD risk factors. ESRD risk increased with increasing weight change; ≥10% weight loss (hazard ratio [HR], 1.247) followed by ≥10% weight gain (1.247) was associated with a higher HR than ≤5% weight change after adjusting for several confounding factors. The association between weight change and ESRD risk in a subgroup analysis was significantly stronger in patients aged <65 years, without proteinuria, with BMI ≥ 25, with DM duration <5 years, and prescribed less than 3 classes of DM medication. Underweight patients showed higher ESRD risks than overweight patients. Weight loss >10% was associated with the fastest decline in renal function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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10 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Higher Serum Total Cholesterol to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio Is Associated with Increased Mortality among Incident Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

by Hee-Won Noh, Yena Jeon, Ji-Hye Kim, Ga-Young Lee, Soo-Jee Jeon, Kyu-Yeun Kim, Jeong-Hoon Lim, Hee-Yeon Jung, Ji-Young Choi, Sun-Hee Park, Chan-Duck Kim, Yong-Lim Kim and Jang-Hee Cho

Nutrients 2022, 14(1), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010144 - 29 Dec 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1838

Abstract

This study evaluated the association of the serum total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-C) with mortality in incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We performed a multi-center, prospective cohort study of 630 incident PD patients from 2008 to 2015 in Korea. Participants [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the association of the serum total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC/HDL-C) with mortality in incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. We performed a multi-center, prospective cohort study of 630 incident PD patients from 2008 to 2015 in Korea. Participants were stratified into quintiles according to baseline TC, HDL-C, LDL-C and TC/HDL-C. The association between mortality and each lipid profile was evaluated using multivariate Cox regression analysis. During a median follow-up period of 70.3 ± 25.2 months, 185 deaths were recorded. The highest TC/HDL-C group had the highest body mass index, percentage of diabetes and serum albumin level. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the highest quintile of TC/HDL-C was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% confidence interval 1.04–2.76; p = 0.036), whereas TC, HDL-C and LDL-C were not associated with mortality. Linear regression analysis showed a positive correlation between TC/HDL-C and body mass index. Increased serum TC/HDL-C was an independent risk factor for mortality in the subgroup of old age, female, cardiovascular disease and low HDL-C. The single lipid marker of TC or HDL-C was not able to predict mortality in PD patients. However, increased serum TC/HDL-C was independently associated with all-cause mortality in PD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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12 pages, 1289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations between Depression, Nutritional Status and Mediterranean Diet in Dalmatian Kidney Transplant Recipients

by Marijana Vučković, Josipa Radić, Andrea Gelemanović, Dora Bučan Nenadić, Ela Kolak and Mislav Radić

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4479; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124479 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2683

Abstract

Depression has been addressed as a predictor of worse outcomes in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Nutritional status plays a great role in treatment of this population. The Mediterranean diet (MeDi) has been associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. The aim of this [...] Read more.

Depression has been addressed as a predictor of worse outcomes in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). Nutritional status plays a great role in treatment of this population. The Mediterranean diet (MeDi) has been associated with lower levels of depressive symptoms. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the rate of depression and its correlations to nutritional status and dietary habits according to the MeDi in Dalmatian KTRs. We included 115 KTRs, and data about body composition and anthropometric, laboratory and clinical parameters were obtained for each study participant. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) questionnaire was used to assess depressive symptoms and the Mediterranean Diet Serving Score (MDSS) was used to assess adherence to the MeDi. We found the presence of depressive symptoms in 21.73% of the Dalmatian KTRs. BDI-II score was reciprocally associated with fat mass, trunk visceral fat, anthropometric parameters of obesity, triglyceride levels and olive oil consumption. Inverse associations were found between BDI-II score and skeletal muscle mass, handgrip strength, MCV, hemoglobin levels and consumption of fish and white meat, as suggested by the MeDi. Our results showed the interconnections between nutritional status, dietary habits and depression in Dalmatian KTRs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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13 pages, 1006 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Urinary Potassium Excretion with Blood Pressure Variability and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease

by Sang Heon Suh, Su Hyun Song, Tae Ryom Oh, Hong Sang Choi, Chang Seong Kim, Eun Hui Bae, Kook-Hwan Oh, Joongyub Lee, Seung Hyeok Han, Yeong Hoon Kim, Dong-Wan Chae, Seong Kwon Ma, Soo Wan Kim and on behalf of the Korean Cohort Study for Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) Investigators

Nutrients 2021, 13(12), 4443; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124443 - 13 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2999

Abstract

Dietary potassium intake is a dilemma in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the association of urine potassium excretion, a surrogate for dietary potassium intake, with blood pressure variability (BPV) and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. A total [...] Read more.

Dietary potassium intake is a dilemma in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We investigated the association of urine potassium excretion, a surrogate for dietary potassium intake, with blood pressure variability (BPV) and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. A total of 1860 participants from a cohort of pre-dialysis CKD (KNOW-CKD) patients were divided into the quartiles by spot urine potassium-to-creatinine ratio. The first quartile (26.423 ± 5.731 mmol/gCr) was defined as low urine potassium excretion. Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed an independent association of low urine potassium excretion with high BPV (adjusted β coefficient 1.163, 95% confidence interval 0.424 to 1.901). Cox regression analyses demonstrated that, compared to high urine potassium excretion, low urine potassium excretion is associated with increased risk of CV events (adjusted hazard ratio 2.502, 95% confidence interval 1.162 to 5.387) but not with all-cause mortality. In conclusion, low urine potassium excretion is associated with high BPV and increased risk of CV events in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. The restriction of dietary potassium intake should be individualized in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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10 pages, 502 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma Vitamin B₁₂ and Folate Alter the Association of Blood Lead and Cadmium and Total Urinary Arsenic Levels with Chronic Kidney Disease in a Taiwanese Population

by Yu-Mei Hsueh, Ya-Li Huang, Yuh-Feng Lin, Horng-Sheng Shiue, Ying-Chin Lin and Hsi-Hsien Chen

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3841; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113841 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2375

Abstract

Heavy metals causing chronic nephrotoxicity may play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study hypothesized that plasma folate and vitamin B₁₂ would modify the association of CKD with total urinary arsenic and blood lead and cadmium [...] Read more.

Heavy metals causing chronic nephrotoxicity may play a key role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This study hypothesized that plasma folate and vitamin B₁₂ would modify the association of CKD with total urinary arsenic and blood lead and cadmium levels. We recruited 220 patients with CKD who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min/1.73 m² for ≥3 consecutive months and 438 sex- and age-matched controls. We performed inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to measure blood cadmium and lead levels. The urinary arsenic level was determined using a high-performance liquid chromatography–hydride generator–atomic absorption spectrometry. Plasma vitamin B₁₂ and folate levels were measured through the SimulTRAC-SNB radioassay. Compared with patients with plasma vitamin B₁₂ ≤ 6.27 pg/mL, the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval of CKD for patients with plasma vitamin B₁₂ > 9.54 pg/mL was 2.02 (1.15–3.55). However, no association was observed between plasma folate concentration and CKD. A high level of plasma vitamin B₁₂ combined with high levels of blood lead and cadmium level and total urinary arsenic tended to increase the OR of CKD in a dose-response manner, but the interactions were nonsignificant. This is the first study to demonstrate that patients with high plasma vitamin B₁₂ level exhibit increased OR of CKD related to high levels of blood cadmium and lead and total urinary arsenic. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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14 pages, 1157 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Relative Validity of the Chronic Kidney Disease Short Food Frequency Questionnaire (CKD SFFQ) to Determine Diet Quality and Dietary Habits among Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease

by Aljazi Bin Zarah, Mary Carissa Feraudo and Jeanette Mary Andrade

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3610; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103610 - 15 Oct 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2887

Abstract

Limited instruments are available to determine diet quality among US adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to develop a food frequency questionnaire, CKD SFFQ, for adults with CKD and (2) to validate the CKD SFFQ [...] Read more.

Limited instruments are available to determine diet quality among US adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The purpose of this study was two-fold: (1) to develop a food frequency questionnaire, CKD SFFQ, for adults with CKD and (2) to validate the CKD SFFQ against two 24-h recalls in determining diet quality (DQ). A 57-item CKD SFFQ was developed through a content validation method. Adults with CKD (n = 46) completed the CKD SFFQ and 2–24-h recalls. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, frequencies, t-tests, Pearson correlations, and Bland–Altman plots. All data were analyzed using JMP SAS v15 with statistical significance detected at p < 0.05. Results showed no differences for the overall DQ (p = 0.11) and the nine whole-food components (p = 0.07 to p = 0.44) when comparing the CKD SFFQ to the 2–24-h recalls. Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from −0.39 (refined grains) to 0.60 (greens and beans). Bland–Altman plots showed overall good agreement and there was a systematic trend towards higher estimates with the CKD SFFQ, particularly for overall DQ, total proteins, and dairy. The majority of participants rarely or never consumed grains, fruits, vegetables, seafood, and plant proteins. The CKD SFFQ was demonstrated to be an acceptable method to determine DQ for adults with CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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12 pages, 988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Body Weight Variability with Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease

by Sang Heon Suh, Tae Ryom Oh, Hong Sang Choi, Chang Seong Kim, Eun Hui Bae, Sue K. Park, Yong-Soo Kim, Yeong Hoon Kim, Kyu Hun Choi, Kook-Hwan Oh, Seong Kwon Ma, Soo Wan Kim and on behalf of the KoreaN Cohort Study for Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) Investigators

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3381; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103381 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1817

Abstract

To investigate the association of body weight variability (BWV) with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patient with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD), a total of 1867 participants with pre-dialysis CKD from Korean Cohort Study for Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) [...] Read more.

To investigate the association of body weight variability (BWV) with adverse cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in patient with pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD), a total of 1867 participants with pre-dialysis CKD from Korean Cohort Study for Outcomes in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) were analyzed. BWV was defined as the average absolute difference between successive values. The primary outcome was a composite of non-fatal CV events and all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes were fatal and non-fatal CV events and all-cause mortality. High BWV was associated with increased risk of the composite outcome (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.745, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.065 to 2.847) as well as fatal and non-fatal CV events (adjusted HR 1.845, 95% CI 1.136 to 2.996) and all-cause mortality (adjusted HR 1.861, 95% CI 1.101 to 3.145). High BWV was associated with increased risk of fatal and non-fatal CV events, even in subjects without significant body weight gain or loss during follow-up periods (adjusted HR 2.755, 95% CI 1.114 to 6.813). In conclusion, high BWV is associated with adverse CV outcomes in patients with pre-dialysis CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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10 pages, 401 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Independent Determinants of Appetite Impairment among Patients with Stage 3 or Higher Chronic Kidney Disease: A Prospective Study

by Chih-Chien Sung, Min-Tser Liao and Chia-Ter Chao

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2863; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082863 - 20 Aug 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2964

Abstract

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is an important complication resulting from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Appetite impairment contributes significantly to PEW in these patients, but risk factors associated with having appetite impairment in patients with CKD remain elusive. Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate [...] Read more.

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is an important complication resulting from chronic kidney disease (CKD). Appetite impairment contributes significantly to PEW in these patients, but risk factors associated with having appetite impairment in patients with CKD remain elusive. Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m² for ≥2 times at least three months apart were prospectively enrolled during 2017, with their demographic features, comorbidities, anthropometric parameters, physical and performance indices, functional status, frailty, sensory organ integrity, and laboratory data collected. Their appetite status was measured using the Council on Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ). We examined independent determinants of appetite impairment in these CKD patients using multiple regression analyses. Among 78 patients with CKD, 42.3% had CNAQ-identified impaired appetite. Those with an impaired appetite also had poorer physical performance, a higher degree of functional impairment, higher frail severities, lower serum sodium levels, less intact oral cavity, and a trend toward having less intact nasal structures than those without. Multiple regression analyses revealed that a higher frail severity, in the forms of increasing Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) scores (odds ratio (OR), 2.74; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–6.57) and a less intact nasal structure (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92–0.995) were associated with a higher probability of having an impaired appetite, while higher serum sodium (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.6–0.97) correlated with a lower probability. Based on our findings, in patients with CKD, the severity of frailty, serum sodium, and nasal structural integrity might modify appetite status. Therapies targeting these factors might be beneficial for appetite restoration in patients with CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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Review

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14 pages, 565 KiB

Open AccessReview

Plant-Based Diets and Peritoneal Dialysis: A Review

by Scott E. Liebman and Shivam Joshi

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061304 - 19 Mar 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3486

Abstract

Whole food plant-based diets are gaining popularity as a preventative and therapeutic modality for numerous chronic health conditions, including chronic kidney disease, but their role and safety in end-stage kidney disease patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) is unclear. Given the general public’s increased [...] Read more.

Whole food plant-based diets are gaining popularity as a preventative and therapeutic modality for numerous chronic health conditions, including chronic kidney disease, but their role and safety in end-stage kidney disease patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) is unclear. Given the general public’s increased interest in this dietary pattern, it is likely that clinicians will encounter individuals on PD who are either consuming, considering, or interested in learning more about a diet with more plants. This review explores how increasing plant consumption might affect those on PD, encompassing potential benefits, including some specific to the PD population, and potential concerns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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10 pages, 949 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unraveling the Metabolic Hallmarks for the Optimization of Protein Intake in Pre-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

by Patricia Gonzalez, Pedro Lozano and Francisco Solano

Nutrients 2022, 14(6), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061182 - 11 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2782

Abstract

The daily amount and quality of protein that should be administered by enteral nutrition in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is a widely studied but still controversial issue. This is due to a compromise between the protein necessary to maintain muscular proteostasis [...] Read more.

The daily amount and quality of protein that should be administered by enteral nutrition in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is a widely studied but still controversial issue. This is due to a compromise between the protein necessary to maintain muscular proteostasis avoiding sarcopenia, and the minimal amount required to prevent uremia and the accumulation of nitrogenous toxic substances in blood because of the renal function limitations. This review underlines some intracellular and extracellular features that should be considered to reconcile those two opposite factors. On one hand, the physiological conditions and usual side effects associated with CKD, mTOR and other proteins and nutrients involved in the regulation of protein synthesis in the muscular tissue are discussed. On the other hand, the main digestive features of the most common proteins used for enteral nutrition formulation (i.e., whey, casein and soy protein) are highlighted, due to the importance of supplying key amino acids to serum and tissues to maintain their concentration above the anabolic threshold needed for active protein synthesis, thereby minimizing the catabolic pathways leading to urea formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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33 pages, 3819 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential of Polyphenols to Restore SIRT1 and NAD+ Metabolism in Renal Disease

by Claudia Tovar-Palacio, Lilia G. Noriega and Adriana Mercado

Nutrients 2022, 14(3), 653; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14030653 - 03 Feb 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5408

Abstract

SIRT1 is an NAD⁺-dependent class III histone deacetylase that is abundantly expressed in the kidney, where it modulates gene expression, apoptosis, energy homeostasis, autophagy, acute stress responses, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Alterations in SIRT1 activity and NAD⁺ metabolism are frequently observed [...] Read more.

SIRT1 is an NAD⁺-dependent class III histone deacetylase that is abundantly expressed in the kidney, where it modulates gene expression, apoptosis, energy homeostasis, autophagy, acute stress responses, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Alterations in SIRT1 activity and NAD⁺ metabolism are frequently observed in acute and chronic kidney diseases of diverse origins, including obesity and diabetes. Nevertheless, in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials with humans show that the SIRT1-activating compounds derived from natural sources, such as polyphenols found in fruits, vegetables, and plants, including resveratrol, quercetin, and isoflavones, can prevent disease and be part of treatments for a wide variety of diseases. Here, we summarize the roles of SIRT1 and NAD⁺ metabolism in renal pathophysiology and provide an overview of polyphenols that have the potential to restore SIRT1 and NAD⁺ metabolism in renal diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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23 pages, 17445 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Link between Chronic Kidney Disease and Gut Microbiota in Immunological and Nutritional Aspects

by Paulina Mertowska, Sebastian Mertowski, Julia Wojnicka, Izabela Korona-Głowniak, Ewelina Grywalska, Anna Błażewicz and Wojciech Załuska

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3637; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103637 - 17 Oct 2021

Cited by 26 | Viewed by 5756

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is generally progressive and irreversible, structural or functional renal impairment for 3 or more months affecting multiple metabolic pathways. Recently, the composition, dynamics, and stability of a patient’s microbiota has been noted to play a significant role during disease [...] Read more.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is generally progressive and irreversible, structural or functional renal impairment for 3 or more months affecting multiple metabolic pathways. Recently, the composition, dynamics, and stability of a patient’s microbiota has been noted to play a significant role during disease onset or progression. Increasing urea concentration during CKD can lead to an acceleration of the process of kidney injury leading to alterations in the intestinal microbiota that can increase the production of gut-derived toxins and alter the intestinal epithelial barrier. A detailed analysis of the relationship between the role of intestinal microbiota and the development of inflammation within the symbiotic and dysbiotic intestinal microbiota showed significant changes in kidney dysfunction. Several recent studies have determined that dietary factors can significantly influence the activation of immune cells and their mediators. Moreover, dietary changes can profoundly affect the balance of gut microbiota. The aim of this review is to present the importance and factors influencing the differentiation of the human microbiota in the progression of kidney diseases, such as CKD, IgA nephropathy, idiopatic nephropathy, and diabetic kidney disease, with particular emphasis on the role of the immune system. Moreover, the effects of nutrients, bioactive compounds on the immune system in development of chronic kidney disease were reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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18 pages, 654 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Lipids and Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Zdzislaw Kochan, Natalia Szupryczynska, Sylwia Malgorzewicz and Joanna Karbowska

Nutrients 2021, 13(9), 3138; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093138 - 09 Sep 2021

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 5961

Abstract

The progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to altered lipid metabolism. CKD patients exhibit high blood triglyceride (TG) levels, reduced concentrations and functionality of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and elevated levels of atherogenic small, dense, low-density lipoproteins (sdLDL). Disorders of lipid metabolism and [...] Read more.

The progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to altered lipid metabolism. CKD patients exhibit high blood triglyceride (TG) levels, reduced concentrations and functionality of high-density lipoproteins (HDL), and elevated levels of atherogenic small, dense, low-density lipoproteins (sdLDL). Disorders of lipid metabolism and other metabolic disturbances place CKD patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Extensive evidence supports the cardioprotective effects of unsaturated fatty acids, including their beneficial effect on serum cholesterol and TG levels. Dietary lipids might therefore be especially important in the nutritional management of CKD. We review current dietary recommendations for fat intake by CKD patients and suggest potential nutritional interventions by emphasizing dietary lipids that might improve the blood lipid profile and reduce cardiovascular risk in CKD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eating Habits, Nutrition and Chronic Kidney Disease)

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