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14 pages, 304 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inverse Correlation of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase with Type 2 Diabetes among Rural Thais

by Natnicha Promyos, Pornpimol Panprathip Phienluphon, Naruemon Wechjakwen, Jirayu Lainampetch, Pattaneeya Prangthip and Karunee Kwanbunjan

Nutrients 2023, 15(9), 2071; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092071 - 25 Apr 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1426

Abstract

Oxidative stress contributes to defective antioxidant defenses, which may lead to type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to elucidate the T2D risks and antioxidant defenses by investigating the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), vitamin A, and vitamin E status. We observed 102 [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress contributes to defective antioxidant defenses, which may lead to type 2 diabetes (T2D). This study aimed to elucidate the T2D risks and antioxidant defenses by investigating the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), vitamin A, and vitamin E status. We observed 102 participants aged 35–66 years from Sung Neon, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. The blood samples were collected to measure the SOD, CAT, vitamin A, and vitamin E concentrations. The SOD and CAT activities were inversely associated with T2D risk. When compared with participants in the highest quartile of SOD and CAT, those in the lowest quartile for T2D risk obtained multivariable-adjusted odds ratios of 4.77 (SOD: 95% confident interval CI, 1.01–22.40; p = 0.047) and 4.22 (CAT: 95% CI, 1.07–16.60; p = 0.039). The possible influencing factors (e.g., physical activity, total cholesterol, and triglyceride) might mediate the association of SOD and CAT with T2D risk. Meanwhile, the relationship between vitamin A and vitamin E concentrations and T2D risk was insignificant. In conclusion, lower concentrations of antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD and CAT) may be an additional risk factor for T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes and Endocrinology: Diet, Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance)

12 pages, 1463 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of a Low-Insulin-Stimulating Bread on Weight Development—A Real Life Randomised Controlled Trial

by Kerstin Kempf, Martin Röhling, Hubert Kolb and Stephan Martin

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051301 - 06 Mar 2023

Viewed by 19912

Abstract

The impact on body weight development is usually analysed by comparing different diet types. Our approach was to change only one component, namely bread, common to most diets. In a single-centre triple-blind randomised controlled trial the effects of two different breads on body [...] Read more.

The impact on body weight development is usually analysed by comparing different diet types. Our approach was to change only one component, namely bread, common to most diets. In a single-centre triple-blind randomised controlled trial the effects of two different breads on body weight were analyzed without further lifestyle modification. Overweight adult volunteers (n = 80) were randomised 1:1 to exchange previously consumed breads for either a rye bread from milled whole grain (control) or a medium-carbohydrate, low-insulin-stimulating bread (intervention). Pre-tests demonstrated that the two bread types strongly differed in the glucose and insulin response elicited, but had similar energy content, texture and taste. The primary endpoint was the estimated treatment difference (ETD) in change of body weight after 3 months of treatment. Whereas body weight remained unchanged in the control group (−0.1 ± 2.0 kg), significant weight reduction was observed in the intervention group (−1.8 ± 2.9 kg), with an ETD of −1.7 ± 0.2 kg (p = 0.007), that was more pronounced in participants ≥ 55 years (−2.6 ± 3.3 kg), paralleled by significant reductions in body mass index and hip circumference. Moreover, in the intervention group, the percentage of participants with significant weight loss (≥1 kg) was twice as high as in the control group (p < 0.001). No other statistically significant changes in clinical or lifestyle parameters were noted. Simply exchanging a common insulinogenic bread for a low-insulin-stimulating bread demonstrates potential to induce weight loss in overweight persons, especially those at older age. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes and Endocrinology: Diet, Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance)

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12 pages, 1201 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Eating Vegetables First Regardless of Eating Speed Has a Significant Reducing Effect on Postprandial Blood Glucose and Insulin in Young Healthy Women: Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Study

by Saeko Imai, Shizuo Kajiyama, Kaoru Kitta, Takashi Miyawaki, Shinya Matsumoto, Neiko Ozasa, Shintaro Kajiyama, Yoshitaka Hashimoto and Michiaki Fukui

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1174; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051174 - 26 Feb 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 7707

Abstract

People with fast eating habits have been reported to have an increased risk of diabetes and obesity. To explore whether the speed of eating a test meal (tomato, broccoli, fried fish, and boiled white rice) influences postprandial blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and free [...] Read more.

People with fast eating habits have been reported to have an increased risk of diabetes and obesity. To explore whether the speed of eating a test meal (tomato, broccoli, fried fish, and boiled white rice) influences postprandial blood glucose, insulin, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels, 18 young, healthy women consumed a 671 kcal breakfast at fast speed (10 min) and slow speed (20 min) with vegetables first and slow speed (20 min) with carbohydrate first on three separate days. This study was conducted using a within-participants cross-over design in which all participants consumed identical meals of three different eating speeds and food orders. Significant ameliorations of both fast and slow eating with vegetables first regimen on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels at 30 and 60 min were observed compared with those of slow eating with carbohydrates first. In addition, the standard deviation, large amplitude of excursion, and incremental area under the curve for blood glucose and insulin in both fast and slow eating with vegetables first were all significantly lower than those of slow eating with carbohydrate first. Interestingly, there was no significant difference between fast and slow eating on postprandial blood glucose and insulin levels as long as vegetables were consumed first, although postprandial blood glucose at 30 min was significantly lower in slow eating with vegetables first than that of fast eating with the same food order. These results suggest that food order with vegetables first and carbohydrate last ameliorates postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations even if the meal was consumed at fast speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes and Endocrinology: Diet, Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance)

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13 pages, 612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Positive Additive and Multiplicative Interactions among Clustered Components of Metabolic Syndrome with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus among Brazilian Adolescent Students

by Rodolfo Deusdará, Amanda de Moura Souza and Moyses Szklo

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4640; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214640 - 03 Nov 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1666

Abstract

Background: It is still controversial whether the joint effect of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) components is greater than that expected based on their independent effects, regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents. We evaluated additive and multiplicative interactions between pair-wise combinations of metabolic syndrome [...] Read more.

Background: It is still controversial whether the joint effect of Metabolic syndrome (MetS) components is greater than that expected based on their independent effects, regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents. We evaluated additive and multiplicative interactions between pair-wise combinations of metabolic syndrome components regarding type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: We studied 37,815 Brazilian adolescents from a national school-based survey, The Study of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Adolescents (Portuguese acronym, ERICA). A Poisson regression model was used to calculate sex-, age-, obesity-, smoking status-, sedentary behavior-, physical inactivity-, alcoholic consumption- and socioeconomic status-adjusted prevalence ratios to evaluate both additive and multiplicative interactions. Results: In the comparison of observed and expected joint effects, relative excess risk due to additive interaction (RERI) for high triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high triglycerides and elevated waist circumference, elevated waist circumference and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and elevated waist circumference and high blood pressure were 2.53 (−0.41, 5.46), 2.86 (−2.89, 8.61), 1.71 (−1.05, 4.46) and 0.97 (0.15, 1.79), respectively, thus suggesting additive interactions. Multiplicative interactions for those pairs of components were also observed, as expressed by interaction ratios > 1.0. Conclusions: The joint presence of some of the components of MetS showed a greater association with the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in adolescents than expected from the sum of their isolated effects. From a public health perspective, preventing one of the components of the pairs that interact may result in a greater reduction in the prevalence of T2DM than focusing on an individual component that does not interact with another component. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes and Endocrinology: Diet, Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance)

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15 pages, 562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Higher Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet Is Associated with Improved Insulin Sensitivity and Selected Markers of Inflammation in Individuals Who Are Overweight and Obese without Diabetes

by Surbhi Sood, Jack Feehan, Catherine Itsiopoulos, Kirsty Wilson, Magdalena Plebanski, David Scott, James R. Hebert, Nitin Shivappa, Aya Mousa, Elena S. George and Barbora de Courten

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204437 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4720

Abstract

Insulin resistance (IR) and chronic low-grade inflammation are risk factors for chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate two dietary indices: Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII^®), and their associations [...] Read more.

Insulin resistance (IR) and chronic low-grade inflammation are risk factors for chronic diseases including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease. This study aimed to investigate two dietary indices: Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) and Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII^®), and their associations with direct measures of glucose metabolism and adiposity, and biochemical measures including lipids, cytokines and adipokines in overweight/obese adults. This cross-sectional study included 65 participants (males = 63%; age 31.3 ± 8.5 years). Dietary intake via 3-day food diaries was used to measure adherence to MDS (0–45 points); higher scores indicating adherence. Energy-adjusted DII (E-DII) scores were calculated with higher scores indicating a pro-inflammatory diet. IR was assessed using hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamps, insulin secretion by intravenous glucose tolerance test, adiposity by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and circulating cytokine and adipokine concentrations by multiplex assays. Higher MDS was associated with greater insulin sensitivity (β = 0.179; 95%CI: 0.39, 0.318) after adjusting for age, sex and % body fat, and lower NF-κB, higher adiponectin and adipsin in unadjusted and adjusted models. Higher E-DII score was associated with increased total cholesterol (β = 0.364; 95%CI: 0.066, 0.390) and LDL-cholesterol (β = 0.305; 95%CI: 0.019, 0.287) but not with adiposity, glucose metabolism, cytokines or adipokines. Greater MDS appears to be associated with decreased IR and inflammatory markers in overweight/obese adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes and Endocrinology: Diet, Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance)

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11 pages, 1676 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pterostilbene Fails to Rescue Insulin Secretion and Sensitivity in Multiple Murine Models of Diabetes

by Mads V. Damgaard, Sara L. Jepsen, Stephen P. Ashcroft, Jens J. Holst and Jonas T. Treebak

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3741; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183741 - 10 Sep 2022

Viewed by 1948

Abstract

Diabetes incidence is rising globally at an accelerating rate causing issues at both the individual and societal levels. However, partly inspired by Ayurvedic medicine, a naturally occurring compound called pterostilbene has been demonstrated to protect against diabetes symptoms, though mainly in rats. The [...] Read more.

Diabetes incidence is rising globally at an accelerating rate causing issues at both the individual and societal levels. However, partly inspired by Ayurvedic medicine, a naturally occurring compound called pterostilbene has been demonstrated to protect against diabetes symptoms, though mainly in rats. The purpose of this study was to investigate the putative protective effect of pterostilbene on the two main aspects of diabetes, namely insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion, in mice. To accomplish this, we employed diet-induced obese as well as streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6NTac mice for fasting glucose homeostasis assessment, tolerance tests and pancreas perfusions. In addition, we used the polygenic model of diabetes TALLYHO/JngJ to assess for prevention of β-cell burnout. We found that the diet-induced obese C57BL/6NTac mice were insulin resistant, but that pterostilbene had no impact on this or on overall glucose regulation. We further found that the reported protective effect of pterostilbene against streptozotocin-induced diabetes was absent in C57BL/6NTac mice, despite a promising pilot experiment. Lastly, we observed that pterostilbene does not prevent or delay onset of β-cell burnout in TALLYHO/JngJ mice. In conjunction with the literature, our findings suggest variations in the response to pterostilbene between species or between strains of species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes and Endocrinology: Diet, Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance)

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Review

Jump to: Research

24 pages, 836 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Glimpse into Milestones of Insulin Resistance and an Updated Review of Its Management

by Abdullah I. Aedh, Majed S. Alshahrani, Mohammed A. Huneif, Ian F. Pryme and Ramadhan Oruch

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 921; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040921 - 12 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3952

Abstract

Insulin is the main metabolic regulator of fuel molecules in the diet, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It does so by facilitating glucose influx from the circulation into the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal myocytes. The outcome of which is subjected to [...] Read more.

Insulin is the main metabolic regulator of fuel molecules in the diet, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It does so by facilitating glucose influx from the circulation into the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal myocytes. The outcome of which is subjected to glycogenesis in skeletal muscle and lipogenesis in adipose tissue, as well as in the liver. Therefore, insulin has an anabolic action while, on the contrary, hypoinsulinemia promotes the reverse process. Protein breakdown in myocytes is also encountered during the late stages of diabetes mellitus. The balance of the blood glucose level in physiological conditions is maintained by virtue of the interactive functions of insulin and glucagon. In insulin resistance (IR), the balance is disturbed because glucose transporters (GLUTs) of cell membranes fail to respond to this peptide hormone, meaning that glucose molecules cannot be internalized into the cells, the consequence of which is hyperglycemia. To develop the full state of diabetes mellitus, IR should be associated with the impairment of insulin release from beta-cells of the pancreas. Periodic screening of individuals of high risk, such as those with obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and pregnant nulliparous women in antenatal control, is vital, as these are important checkpoints to detect cases of insulin resistance. This is pivotal as IR can be reversed, provided it is detected in its early stages, through healthy dietary habits, regular exercise, and the use of hypoglycemic agents. In this review, we discuss the pathophysiology, etiology, diagnosis, preventive methods, and management of IR in brief. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes and Endocrinology: Diet, Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance)

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21 pages, 2772 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comparison of the Effectiveness of Low Carbohydrate Versus Low Fat Diets, in Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Tanefa A. Apekey, Maria J. Maynard, Monia Kittana and Setor K. Kunutsor

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204391 - 19 Oct 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7634

Abstract

The clinical benefit of low carbohydrate (LC) diets compared with low fat (LF) diets for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains uncertain. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare their efficacy and safety in people with T2D. RCTs [...] Read more.

The clinical benefit of low carbohydrate (LC) diets compared with low fat (LF) diets for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains uncertain. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to compare their efficacy and safety in people with T2D. RCTs comparing both diets in participants with T2D were identified from MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and manual search of bibliographies. Mean differences and relative risks with 95% CIs were pooled for measures of glycaemia, cardiometabolic parameters, and adverse events using the following time points: short-term (3 months), intermediate term (6 and 12 months) and long-term (24 months). Twenty-two RCTs comprising 1391 mostly obese participants with T2D were included. At 3 months, a LC vs. LF diet significantly reduced HbA1c levels, mean difference (95% CI) of −0.41% (−0.62, −0.20). LC diet significantly reduced body weight, BMI, fasting insulin and triglycerides and increased total cholesterol and HDL-C levels at the short-to-intermediate term, with a decrease in the requirement for antiglycaemic medications at intermediate-to-long term. There were no significant differences in other parameters and adverse events. Except for reducing HbA1c levels and adiposity parameters at short-to-intermediate terms, a LC diet appears to be equally effective as a LF diet in terms of control of cardiometabolic markers and the risk of adverse events in obese patients with T2D. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diabetes and Endocrinology: Diet, Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Resistance)

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