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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2019) | Viewed by 45383

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Prof. Dr. M. Luisa Bonet

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Guest Editor

Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Biotechnology (Nutrigenomics, Biomarkers, and Risk Evaluation Research Group), University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), 07122 Palma, Spain
Interests: obesity; molecular nutrition; nutrigenomics; vitamin A; food bioactives
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Juana Sánchez

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Guest Editor

Nutrigenomic and Obesity Research Group, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology (LBNB), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
Interests: obesity; leptin; perinatal nutrition, metabolic programming; transcriptome-based biomarkers

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

After the sequencing of the human genome and that of model organisms, nutritional genomics is becoming an essential part of modern nutrition science. Nutritional genomics applies non-hypothesis-driven, high-throughput methodologies and systems biology approaches to study the relationship between the genome, nutrition, and health. It seeks to define biomarkers, biological targets and the mechanisms of action of dietary factors, both in health and disease states, particularly diet-related complex diseases such as obesity. Its scope is extending as this young science develops, from single dietary chemicals/foods to complete diets; from a focus on genetic traits, to the consideration of additional individual’s traits affecting responses to diet, such as epigenetics and microbiota profiles; from a focus on protein coding genes, to the consideration of non-coding RNAs as well, in view of their role in the control of metabolism and evidence for their dietary regulation. Besides classical nutriomics (e.g. genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics), the influence of nutrition and dietary factors on transcription factor occupancy and chromatin structure can now be studied at a genome-wide level. The development of nutritional genomics is extending our understanding of biology and allowing the definition of personalized dietary recommendations for health preservation. We expect these different aspects to be covered in this special issue of Nutrients on “Nutritional genomics”.

Prof. Dr. M. Luisa Bonet
Dr. Juana Sánchez
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Nutriomics
Nutrigenomics
Nutriepigenomics
Nutrigenetics
Nutrition and miRNAs
Personalised nutrition
Biomarkers and nutrition

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 979 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Interplay of an Obesity-Based Genetic Risk Score with Dietary and Endocrine Factors on Insulin Resistance

by Omar Ramos-Lopez, José Ignacio Riezu-Boj, Fermin I. Milagro, Marta Cuervo, Leticia Goni and J. Alfredo Martinez

Nutrients 2020, 12(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010033 - 21 Dec 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3417

Abstract

This study aimed to nutrigenetically screen gene-diet and gene-metabolic interactions influencing insulin resistance (IR) phenotypes. A total of 232 obese or overweight adults were categorized by IR status: non-IR (HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment - insulin resistance) index ≤ 2.5) and IR (HOMA-IR index > 2.5). A weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) was constructed using 95 single nucleotide polymorphisms related to energy homeostasis, which were genotyped by a next generation sequencing system. Body composition, the metabolic profile and lifestyle variables were evaluated, where individuals with IR showed worse metabolic outcomes. Overall, 16 obesity-predisposing genetic variants were associated with IR (p < 0.10 in the multivariate model). The wGRS strongly associated with the HOMA-IR index (adj. R squared = 0.2705, p < 0.0001). Moreover, the wGRS positively interacted with dietary intake of cholesterol (P int. = 0.002), and with serum concentrations of C-reactive protein (P int. = 0.008) regarding IR status, whereas a negative interaction was found regarding adiponectin blood levels (P int. = 0.006). In conclusion, this study suggests that interactions between an adiposity-based wGRS with nutritional and metabolic/endocrine features influence IR phenotypes, which could facilitate the prescription of personalized nutrition recommendations for precision prevention and management of IR and diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Genomics)

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24 pages, 2328 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Candidate Gene and Genome-Wide Association Studies for Circulating Leptin Levels Reveal Population and Sex-Specific Associations in High Cardiovascular Risk Mediterranean Subjects

by Carolina Ortega-Azorín, Oscar Coltell, Eva M. Asensio, Jose V. Sorlí, José I. González, Olga Portolés, Carmen Saiz, Ramon Estruch, Judith B Ramírez-Sabio, Alejandro Pérez-Fidalgo, Jose M Ordovas and Dolores Corella

Nutrients 2019, 11(11), 2751; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112751 - 13 Nov 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4637

Abstract

Leptin is a hormone crucial in the regulation of food intake and body-weight maintenance. However, the genes and gene variants that influence its plasma levels are still not well known. Results of studies investigating polymorphisms in candidate genes have been inconsistent, and, in addition, very few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been undertaken. Our aim was to investigate the genes and gene variants most associated with plasma leptin concentrations in a high-cardiovascular-risk Mediterranean population. We measured plasma leptin in 1011 men and women, and analyzed the genetic factors associated using three approaches: (1) Analyzing the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reported in a GWAS meta-analysis in other populations (including an SNP in/near each of these LEP, SLC32A1, GCKR, CCNL, COBLL1, and FTO genes); (2) Investigating additional SNPs in/near those genes, also including the RLEP gene; and (3) Undertaking a GWAS to discover new genes. We did not find any statistically significant associations between the previously published SNPs and plasma leptin (Ln) in the whole population adjusting for sex and age. However, on undertaking an extensive screening of other gene variants in those genes to capture a more complete set of SNPs, we found more associations. Outstanding among the findings was the heterogeneity per sex. We detected several statistically significant interaction terms with sex for these SNPs in the candidate genes. The gene most associated with plasma leptin levels was the FTO gene in men (specifically the rs1075440 SNP) and the LEPR in women (specifically the rs12145690 SNP). In the GWAS on the whole population, we found several new associations at the p < 1 × 10⁻⁵ level, among them with the rs245908-CHN2 SNP (p = 1.6 × 10⁻⁶). We also detected a SNP*sex interaction at the GWAS significance level (p < 5 × 10⁻⁸), involving the SLIT3 gene, a gene regulated by estrogens. In conclusion, our study shows that the SNPs selected as relevant for plasma leptin levels in other populations, are not good markers for this Mediterranean population, so supporting those studies claiming a bias when generalizing GWAS results to different populations. These population-specific differences may include not only genetic characteristics, but also age, health status, and the influence of other environmental variables. In addition, we have detected several sex-specific effects. These results suggest that genomic analyses, involving leptin, should be estimated by sex and consider population-specificity for more precise estimations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Genomics)

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13 pages, 1479 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Lowly Digestible-Starch Diet after Weaning Enhances Exogenous Glucose Oxidation Rate in Female, but Not in Male, Mice

by José M. S. Fernández-Calleja, Lianne M. S. Bouwman, Hans J. M. Swarts, Nils Billecke, Annemarie Oosting, Jaap Keijer and Evert M. van Schothorst

Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2242; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092242 - 18 Sep 2019

Viewed by 3948

Abstract

Starches of low digestibility are associated with improved glucose metabolism. We hypothesise that a lowly digestible-starch diet (LDD) versus a highly digestible-starch diet (HDD) improves the capacity to oxidise starch, and that this is sex-dependent. Mice were fed a LDD or a HDD for 3 weeks directly after weaning. Body weight (BW), body composition (BC), and digestible energy intake (dEI) were determined weekly. At the end of the intervention period, whole-body energy expenditure (EE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), hydrogen production, and the oxidation of an oral ¹³C-labelled starch bolus were measured by extended indirect calorimetry. Pancreatic amylase activity and total ¹³C hepatic enrichment were determined in females immediately before and 4 h after administration of the starch bolus. For both sexes, BW, BC, and basal EE and RER were not affected by the type of starch, but dEI and hydrogen production were increased by the LDD. Only in females, total carbohydrate oxidation and starch-derived glucose oxidation in response to the starch bolus were higher in LDD versus HDD mice; this was not accompanied by differences in amylase activity or hepatic partitioning of the ¹³C label. These results show that starch digestibility impacts glucose metabolism differently in females versus males. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Genomics)

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19 pages, 930 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Vitamin D Receptor Genetic Variation and Cancer Biomarkers among Breast Cancer Patients Supplemented with Vitamin D3: A Single-Arm Non-Randomized Before and After Trial

by Elham Kazemian, Mohammad Esmaeil Akbari, Nariman Moradi, Safoora Gharibzadeh, Alison M. Mondul, Yasaman Jamshidi-Naeini, Maryam Khademolmele, Katie R. Zarins, Nasim Ghodoosi, Atieh Amouzegar, Sayed Hossein Davoodi and Laura S. Rozek

Nutrients 2019, 11(6), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061264 - 04 Jun 2019

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4946

Abstract

We investigated whether vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms were associated with cancer biomarkers, i.e., E-cadherin, matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9), interferon β (IFNβ), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (s-VCAM-1), tumor necrosis factorα (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1), and human high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), among breast cancer survivors who received vitamin D3 supplementation. In a single-arm non-randomized pre- and post trial, 176 breast cancer survivors who had completed treatment protocol including surgery, radio and chemotherapy were enrolled in the study and received 4000 IU of vitamin D3 daily for 12 weeks. The association between the VDR SNPs (ApaI, TaqI, FokI, BsmI and Cdx2) and response variable changes was assessed using linear regression, utilizing the “association” function in the R package “SNPassoc”. We observed that women with AA and GA [codominant model (AA compared to GG) and (GA compared to GG); dominant model (AA & GA compared to GG)] genotypes of Cdx2 showed higher increase in plasma MMP9 levels compared to the GG category. In addition, carriers of BsmI bb showed greater decrease in circulating TNFα levels after vitamin D3 supplementation [recessive model (bb compared to BB & Bb]. Likewise, significant associations were identified between haplotypes of VDR polymorphisms and on-study plasma MMP9 changes. However, our results indicate that VDR genetic polymorphisms were not associated with longitudinal changes in the remaining cancer biomarkers. Overall, our findings suggest that changes in certain inflammatory biomarkers in breast cancer survivors with low plasma 25(OH)D levels, supplemented with vitamin D3, may depend on VDR SNPs and haplotypes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Genomics)

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12 pages, 572 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Risk Score Predictive of the Plasma Triglyceride Response to an Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in a Mexican Population

by Bastien Vallée Marcotte, Frédéric Guénard, Julien Marquis, Aline Charpagne, Felipe Vadillo-Ortega, Maria Elizabeth Tejero, Aristea Binia and Marie-Claude Vohl

Nutrients 2019, 11(4), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11040737 - 29 Mar 2019

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3849

Abstract

Our group built a genetic risk score (GRS) of the plasma triglyceride (TG) response to an omega-3 (n-3) fatty acid (FA) supplementation in Caucasian Canadians that explained 21.53% of the TG variance. The objective was to refine the GRS by fine mapping and to test its association with the TG response in young Mexican adults. A total of 191 participants underwent a 6-week n-3 FA supplementation providing 2.7g/day of docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 103 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. A stepwise regression adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) was used to select the strongest SNPs to include in the genetic risk model. A GRS was calculated from the sum of at-risk alleles. The contribution of the GRS to the TG response was assessed by ANCOVA with age, sex, and BMI included in the model. Several differences in allele frequency were observed between Canadians and Mexicans. Five lead SNPs were included in the genetic risk model, in which the GRS accounted for 11.01% of the variance of the TG response (p < 0.0001). These findings highlight the important contribution of genetic factors to the heterogeneity of the TG response to an n-3 FA supplementation among Mexicans. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Genomics)

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15 pages, 2035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Transcriptional Responses in Weaned Piglets Fed Diets with Varying Phosphorus and Calcium Levels

by Christian Gerlinger, Michael Oster, Luisa Borgelt, Henry Reyer, Eduard Muráni, Siriluck Ponsuksili, Christian Polley, Brigitte Vollmar, Martin Reichel, Petra Wolf and Klaus Wimmers

Nutrients 2019, 11(2), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020436 - 20 Feb 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3614

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is an important element of various metabolic and signalling processes, including bone metabolism and immune function. To elucidate the routes of P homeostasis and utilization, a five-week feeding study was conducted with weaned piglets receiving a diet with recommended amounts of P and Ca (M), or a diet with lower (L) or higher (H) P values and a constant Ca:P ratio. Routes of P utilization were deduced via bone characteristics (MicroCT), genome-wide transcriptomic profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and serum mineral levels. MicroCT revealed significantly lower bone mineral density, trabecular number, and mechanical fracture load in (L). Gene expression analyses showed transcripts of 276 and 115 annotated genes with higher or lower abundance in (H) than (L) that were related to basic cellular and metabolic processes as well as response to stimuli, developmental processes and immune system processes. This study shows the many molecular routes involved in P homeostasis that should be considered to improve endogenous mechanisms of P utilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Genomics)

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30 pages, 746 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Biomarkers of Nutrition and Health: New Tools for New Approaches

by Catalina Picó, Francisca Serra, Ana María Rodríguez, Jaap Keijer and Andreu Palou

Nutrients 2019, 11(5), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051092 - 16 May 2019

Cited by 135 | Viewed by 19962

Abstract

A main challenge in nutritional studies is the valid and reliable assessment of food intake, as well as its effects on the body. Generally, food intake measurement is based on self-reported dietary intake questionnaires, which have inherent limitations. They can be overcome by the use of biomarkers, capable of objectively assessing food consumption without the bias of self-reported dietary assessment. Another major goal is to determine the biological effects of foods and their impact on health. Systems analysis of dynamic responses may help to identify biomarkers indicative of intake and effects on the body at the same time, possibly in relation to individuals’ health/disease states. Such biomarkers could be used to quantify intake and validate intake questionnaires, analyse physiological or pathological responses to certain food components or diets, identify persons with specific dietary deficiency, provide information on inter-individual variations or help to formulate personalized dietary recommendations to achieve optimal health for particular phenotypes, currently referred as “precision nutrition.” In this regard, holistic approaches using global analysis methods (omics approaches), capable of gathering high amounts of data, appear to be very useful to identify new biomarkers and to enhance our understanding of the role of food in health and disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Genomics)

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