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Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive...
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Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive Status in Aging

A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 August 2019) | Viewed by 53699

Special Issue Editor

Dr. David Jiménez-Pavón

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11519 Cádiz, Spain
Interests: exercise physiology; exercise interventions; physical activity; fitness; physical and mental health; aging; brain health and OMICs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The world population is experiencing significant aging which has resulted in rising proportions of older persons, estimating to reach 1.2 and 2 billion people over 60 years of age by 2025 and 2050, respectively. The aging of world population occurs at different velocities and with great variability and heterogeneity in the response, adaptation, and physiological-psychological changes throughout the life course. Therefore, aging should be understood as a process in which chronological and biological age interact but can evolve at different speeds, favoring a healthier and belated aging or, on the contrary, a premature and less healthy aging.

The multifactorial nature of biological age is initially determined by the genetic profile of each person, which will largely establish part of the molecular changes and the rate of functional decline of the organic systems throughout the aging process. However, it has been demonstrated that molecular changes and functional decline are determined not only by genetics but also by other dimensions, among which lifestyles, including nutrition and physical activity/exercise, may influence both dimensions and consequently the evolution of the biological age. Therefore, it is important to fully determine how lifestyles such as nutritional pattern and physical activity affect the principal physiological and psychological changes that occur in aging. There is increasing evidence about the effects of diet quality, adherence to Mediterranean diet, and physical activity/exercise behaviors on frailty, cognition, and aging. In this regard, frailty and cognitive decline are two of the most relevant consequences associated with the aging process affecting quality of life, functionality, and independence in older adults.

The objective of this proposed Special Issue on “Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive Status in Aging” is to publish selected papers describing how lifestyles including nutrition and physical activity influence the main health problems associated with aging. Particularly, papers (reviews and randomized control trial or experimental studies) dealing with the role of nutrition and physical activity on the prevention and treatment of frailty, cognition, and dementia, and the related molecular changes, will be included.

Dr. David Jiménez Pavón
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nutrients is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Nutrition behaviors
  • Mediterranean diet
  • Physical activity/exercise
  • Physical fitness
  • Obesity
  • Frailty
  • Cognition
  • Dementia/Alzheimer
  • Aging

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 678 KiB  
Article
Effects of Leucine-Enriched Whey Protein Supplementation on Physical Function in Post-Hospitalized Older Adults Participating in 12-Weeks of Resistance Training Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Maria Amasene, Ariadna Besga, Iñaki Echeverria, Miriam Urquiza, Jonatan R. Ruiz, Ana Rodriguez-Larrad, Mikel Aldamiz, Pilar Anaut, Jon Irazusta and Idoia Labayen
Nutrients 2019, 11(10), 2337; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102337 - 01 Oct 2019
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 6443
Abstract
Age-related strength and muscle mass loss is further increased after acute periods of inactivity. To avoid this, resistance training has been proposed as an effective countermeasure, but the additional effect of a protein supplement is not so clear. The aim of this study [...] Read more.
Age-related strength and muscle mass loss is further increased after acute periods of inactivity. To avoid this, resistance training has been proposed as an effective countermeasure, but the additional effect of a protein supplement is not so clear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a whey protein supplement enriched with leucine after resistance training on muscle mass and strength gains in a post-hospitalized elderly population. A total of 28 participants were included and allocated to either protein supplementation or placebo supplementation following resistance training for 12 weeks (2 days/week). Physical function (lower and upper body strength, aerobic capacity and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) test), mini nutritional assessment (MNA) and body composition (Dual X-ray Absorptiometry) were assessed at baseline and after 12 weeks of resistance training. Both groups showed improvements in physical function after the intervention (p < 0.01), but there were no further effects for the protein group (p > 0.05). Muscle mass did not improve after resistance training in either group (p > 0.05). In conclusion, 12 weeks of resistance training are enough to improve physical function in a post-hospitalized elderly population with no further benefits for the protein-supplemented group. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive Status in Aging)
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9 pages, 569 KiB  
Article
Ultrasound Muscle Assessment and Nutritional Status in Institutionalized Older Adults: A Pilot Study
by Alvaro Mateos-Angulo, Alejandro Galán-Mercant and Antonio Ignacio Cuesta-Vargas
Nutrients 2019, 11(6), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061247 - 31 May 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4343
Abstract
Muscle thickness, measured by ultrasonography, has been investigated for nutritional assessment in older adults, however the associations between muscle ultrasound parameters in the lower limb and nutritional status have not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between [...] Read more.
Muscle thickness, measured by ultrasonography, has been investigated for nutritional assessment in older adults, however the associations between muscle ultrasound parameters in the lower limb and nutritional status have not been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between muscle thickness echo intensity (EI), and nutritional status in home care residents. A cross sectional study was conducted involving 19 older adults from a home care in Malaga (Spain). We evaluated lower leg muscles by ultrasound, anthropometric data, physical function (measured by gait speed and the Short Physical Performance Battery), strength (handgrip and knee extensors strength) and nutritional status across the Mini-Nutritional Assessment Short-Form (MNA-SF). We found that muscle thickness assessed by ultrasonography independently predicts nutritional status by MNA-SF and after adjusting for handgrip strength or age and sex. As secondary findings, we found relations between strength, functional capacity and the MNA-SF test. These results suggest that lower leg muscle ultrasound parameters could be used as a low-cost objective method for muscle evaluation in nutritional assessment in older adults. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive Status in Aging)
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13 pages, 1355 KiB  
Article
The Impact of Movement Behaviors on Bone Health in Elderly with Adequate Nutritional Status: Compositional Data Analysis Depending on the Frailty Status
by Irene Rodríguez-Gómez, Asier Mañas, José Losa-Reyna, Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas, Sebastien F.M. Chastin, Luis M. Alegre, Francisco J. García-García and Ignacio Ara
Nutrients 2019, 11(3), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030582 - 09 Mar 2019
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4047
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between bone mass (BM) and physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) according to frailty status and sex using compositional data analysis. We analyzed 871 older people with an adequate nutritional status. Fried [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between bone mass (BM) and physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) according to frailty status and sex using compositional data analysis. We analyzed 871 older people with an adequate nutritional status. Fried criteria were used to classify by frailty status. Time spent in SB, light intensity PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) was assessed from accelerometry for 7 days. BM was determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The combined effect of PA and SB was significantly associated with BM in robust men and women (p ≤ 0.05). In relation to the other behaviors, SB was negatively associated with BM in robust men while BM was positively associated with SB and negatively with LPA and MVPA in robust women. Moreover, LPA also was positively associated with arm BM (p ≤ 0.01). Finally, in pre-frail women, BM was positively associated with MVPA. In our sample, to decrease SB could be a good strategy to improve BM in robust men. In contrast, in pre-frail women, MVPA may be an important factor to consider regarding bone health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive Status in Aging)
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10 pages, 261 KiB  
Article
Impact of Nutritional Status on Caregiver Burden of Elderly Outpatients. A Cross-Sectional Study
by Claudio Tana, Fulvio Lauretani, Andrea Ticinesi, Luciano Gionti, Antonio Nouvenne, Beatrice Prati, Tiziana Meschi and Marcello Maggio
Nutrients 2019, 11(2), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020281 - 28 Jan 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 4259
Abstract
The assistance to older community-dwellers provided by family caregivers is crucial for the maintenance of an acceptable quality of life, especially when dementia is present. The caregiver burden may be extremely high, but few data are available on what patient domains mainly affect [...] Read more.
The assistance to older community-dwellers provided by family caregivers is crucial for the maintenance of an acceptable quality of life, especially when dementia is present. The caregiver burden may be extremely high, but few data are available on what patient domains mainly affect the caregiver. The aim of this cross-sectional study, performed in older outpatients, was to examine the impact of cognitive, physical and nutritional status of elderly community-dwellers on the caregiver burden, as evaluated by the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI). A group of 406 elderly outpatients (161 M, 245 F, mean age of 83.20 ± 6.40) was enrolled. A significant correlation was observed between Mini Nutritional Assessment Instrument-Short Form (MNA-SF) and CBI (r = −0.34; p < 0.001), suggesting that a poor nutritional status is significantly associated with the caregiver burden. There was also a significant correlation between CBI and Short Physical Performance Battery score (r = −0.29; p < 0.001), hand grip strength (r = −0.25; p < 0.001), Mini-Mental State Examination score (r = −0.39; p < 0.001), Geriatric Depression Scale (r = 0.23; p < 0.001), Body Mass Index (BMI) (r = 0.01; p = 0.03), Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (ADL/IADL) (r = −0.61 and −0.62, respectively; p < 0.001), and with the 4-m walking speed (r = −0.42; p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, only the relationships of the CBI (in particular the physical subcomponent) with ADL, IADL and MNA-SF remained statistically significant (β ± SE −0.89 ± 0.20, p < 0.001; −0.58 ± 0.15, p < 0.001 and −0.25 ± 0.11, p = 0.02, respectively). The relationship between CBI and BMI remained statistically significant only for the physical subcomponent (β ± SE 0.14 ± 0.05; p = 0.006). Thus, in this study, we confirmed that the impairment in the activities of daily living is associated with a significant impact on the caregiver burden, and we found also that a poor nutritional status of the older outpatient is independently more associated with the caregiver burden than cognitive and physical disability. The combined evaluation of both patients and caregivers can improve the knowledge and assistance to the elderly subjects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive Status in Aging)

Review

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26 pages, 673 KiB  
Review
Face-to-Face and Digital Multidomain Lifestyle Interventions to Enhance Cognitive Reserve and Reduce Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias: A Review of Completed and Prospective Studies
by Nicholas T. Bott, Aidan Hall, Erica N. Madero, Jordan M. Glenn, Nami Fuseya, Joshua L. Gills and Michelle Gray
Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2258; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092258 - 19 Sep 2019
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7927
Abstract
Background: Currently, there is no pharmaceutical intervention to treat or delay pathological cognitive decline or Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Multidomain lifestyle interventions are increasingly being studied as a non-pharmacological solution to enhance cognitive reserve, maintain cognition, and reduce the risk of [...] Read more.
Background: Currently, there is no pharmaceutical intervention to treat or delay pathological cognitive decline or Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD). Multidomain lifestyle interventions are increasingly being studied as a non-pharmacological solution to enhance cognitive reserve, maintain cognition, and reduce the risk of or delay ADRD. Review of completed and prospective face-to-face (FTF) and digital multidomain interventions provides an opportunity to compare studies and informs future interventions and study design. Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, clinicaltrials.gov and NIH RePORTER) were searched for multidomain lifestyle programs. Studies were included if the program (1) included a control group, (2) included at least 3 interventions, (3) were at least 6 months in duration, and (4) included measurement of cognitive performance as an outcome. Results: In total, 17 multidomain lifestyle programs aimed at enhancing cognitive reserve and reducing risk of ADRD were found. Thirteen programs are FTF in intervention delivery, with 3 FTF programs replicating the FINGER protocol as part of the World Wide Fingers Consortium. Four programs are delivered digitally (website, Web application, or mobile app). Program characteristics (e.g., target population, duration, frequency, outcomes, and availability) and results of completed and prospective studies are reviewed and discussed. Conclusion: This review updates and discusses completed and current multidomain lifestyle interventions aimed at enhancing cognitive reserve and reducing risk of ADRD. A growing number of international studies are investigating the efficacy and utility of these programs in both FTF and digital contexts. While a diversity of study designs and interventions exist, FTF and digital programs that build upon the foundational work of the FINGER protocol have significant potential to enhance cognitive reserve and reduce risk of ADRD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive Status in Aging)
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19 pages, 2542 KiB  
Review
Health Benefits of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) Supplementation in Addition to Physical Exercise in Older Adults: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
by Javier Courel-Ibáñez, Tomas Vetrovsky, Klara Dadova, Jesús G. Pallarés and Michal Steffl
Nutrients 2019, 11(9), 2082; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092082 - 03 Sep 2019
Cited by 29 | Viewed by 14265
Abstract
Both regular exercise training and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation are shown as effective treatments to delay or reverse frailty and reduce cognitive impairment in older people. However, there is very little evidence on the true benefits of combining both strategies. The aim of this [...] Read more.
Both regular exercise training and beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation are shown as effective treatments to delay or reverse frailty and reduce cognitive impairment in older people. However, there is very little evidence on the true benefits of combining both strategies. The aim of this meta-analysis was to quantify the effects of exercise in addition to HMB supplementation, on physical and cognitive health in older adults. Data from 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of HMB supplementation and physical function in adults aged 50 years or older were analyzed, involving 384 participants. Results showed that HMB supplementation in addition to physical exercise has no or fairly low impact in improving body composition, muscle strength, or physical performance in adults aged 50 to 80 years, compared to exercise alone. There is a gap of knowledge on the beneficial effects of HMB combined with exercise to preserve cognitive functions in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Future RCTs are needed to refine treatment choices combining HMB and exercises for older people in particular populations, ages, and health status. Specifically, interventions in older adults aged 80 years or older, with cognitive impairment, frailty, or limited mobility are required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive Status in Aging)
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15 pages, 738 KiB  
Review
The Role of Water Homeostasis in Muscle Function and Frailty: A Review
by Isabel Lorenzo, Mateu Serra-Prat and Juan Carlos Yébenes
Nutrients 2019, 11(8), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11081857 - 09 Aug 2019
Cited by 86 | Viewed by 11657
Abstract
Water, the main component of the body, is distributed in the extracellular and intracellular compartments. Water exchange between these compartments is mainly governed by osmotic pressure. Extracellular water osmolarity must remain within very narrow limits to be compatible with life. Older adults lose [...] Read more.
Water, the main component of the body, is distributed in the extracellular and intracellular compartments. Water exchange between these compartments is mainly governed by osmotic pressure. Extracellular water osmolarity must remain within very narrow limits to be compatible with life. Older adults lose the thirst sensation and the ability to concentrate urine, and this favours increased extracellular osmolarity (hyperosmotic stress). This situation, in turn, leads to cell dehydration, which has severe consequences for the intracellular protein structure and function and, ultimately, results in cell damage. Moreover, the fact that water determines cell volume may act as a metabolic signal, with cell swelling acting as an anabolic signal and cell shrinkage acting as a catabolic signal. Ageing also leads to a progressive loss in muscle mass and strength. Muscle strength is the main determinant of functional capacity, and, in elderly people, depends more on muscle quality than on muscle quantity (or muscle mass). Intracellular water content in lean mass has been related to muscle strength, functional capacity, and frailty risk, and has been proposed as an indicator of muscle quality and cell hydration. This review aims to assess the role of hyperosmotic stress and cell dehydration on muscle function and frailty. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Nutrition and Physical Activity on Frailty and Cognitive Status in Aging)
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