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A special issue of Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643). This special issue belongs to the section "Nutrition Methodology & Assessment".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 October 2023) | Viewed by 12786

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Prof. Dr. Triantafyllos Didangelos

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Guest Editor

Diabetes Center, 1st Propaedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Interests: diabetic neuropathy; new technologies in diabetes; diabetes mellitus type 1; diabetes mellitus type 2; insulin treatment; nutritional supplements in DM
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Konstantinos Kantartzis

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Guest Editor

1. Department of Internal Medicine IV, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
2. Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Centre Munich, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Interests: prevention and therapy of type 2 diabetes; role of adiposity and body fat distribution; fat accumulation in the liver (fatty liver, NAFLD) in the pathogenesis of diabetes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Diabetes mellitus is a well-known, major global health issue, affecting up to 500 million people, or approximately 9%, of the adult population worldwide. Nutrition holds a central position in diabetes management strategies, constituting perhaps the most relevant part of diabetes prevention programs and being a continuously integrated part of diabetes therapy. Dietary assessments and the information provided can act as the main adjuncts to newer emerging technologies, such as continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pumps, but can also aid towards achieving a better management of diabetes complications, such as nephropathy and cardiovascular disease. Dietary assessments also play a major role in micronutrient intake, which is crucial to diabetes mellitus type 2, as certain micronutrient deficiencies (even by malabsorption from medication) can result in complications. Therefore, nowadays, nutrition is the key to the better management of diabetes because nutrition is involved in the pathophysiology of diabetes by affecting insulin sensitivity and secretion. Some of the mechanisms by which nutrition exerts the latter effects are obvious: quantitatively, a high-calorie intake leads to obesity, and the latter, in most cases, to insulin resistance. However, the quality of nutrition most probably plays a critical role, although its relevance is less established and its exact mechanisms remain largely unknown. Several other issues still remain unsolved, such as the right amount of carbohydrate intake, how food affects insulin dosing, whether the combination of nutrients, i.e., specific “diets,” is more relevant than the individual nutrients. All these topics are potential objectives of our Special Issue, “Dietary Assessment and Diabetes,” to which we cordially invite all clinicians and researchers to submit their scientific works, either original or in review form. We look forward to your active participation.

Prof. Dr. Triantafyllos Didangelos
Dr. Konstantinos Kantartzis
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

diabetes mellitus
continuous glucose monitoring
dietary assessment
nutrient intake
vitamins
micronutrients
new technologies in diabetes mellitus

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 2862 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of USDA Food Classification System and Food Composition Database for Image-Based Dietary Assessment among Individuals Using Insulin

by Luotao Lin, Jiangpeng He, Fengqing Zhu, Edward J. Delp and Heather A. Eicher-Miller

Nutrients 2023, 15(14), 3183; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15143183 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1384

Abstract

New imaging technologies to identify food can reduce the reporting burden of participants but heavily rely on the quality of the food image databases to which they are linked to accurately identify food images. The objective of this study was to develop methods to create a food image database based on the most commonly consumed U.S. foods and those contributing the most to energy. The objective included using a systematic classification structure for foods based on the standardized United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) What We Eat in America (WWEIA) food classification system that can ultimately be used to link food images to a nutrition composition database, the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS). The food image database was built using images mined from the web that were fitted with bounding boxes, identified, annotated, and then organized according to classifications aligning with USDA WWEIA. The images were classified by food category and subcategory and then assigned a corresponding USDA food code within the USDA’s FNDDS in order to systematically organize the food images and facilitate a linkage to nutrient composition. The resulting food image database can be used in food identification and dietary assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Assessment in Diabetes)

13 pages, 761 KiB

Open AccessArticle

GLIM Criteria for Assessment of Malnutrition in Saudi Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

by Sondos Albukhari, Mahmoud M. A. Abulmeaty, Abdullah M. Alguwaihes, Mustafa Shoqeair, Dara Aldisi and Adel Alhamdan

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040897 - 10 Feb 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4079

Abstract

The Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) is a new approach established for the assessment of malnutrition. This study aimed to validate the GLIM for the diagnosis of malnutrition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Saudi Arabia, using the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) as a reference. In addition, the association between the GLIM criteria and vascular complications in those patients was examined. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 101 patients with T2DM. The level of agreement between the GLIM and SGA tools was calculated using the kappa coefficient (κ). A receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the GLIM. In addition, binary logistic regression was performed to investigate the association between each GLIM criterion and T2DM vascular complications. According to both the GLIM and the SGA, malnutrition was found in 15.8% and 17.8% of patients, respectively. The GLIM criteria achieved a very good level of accuracy (AUC = 0.877). The agreement between the tools was substantial (κ = 0.778). The ‘disease/inflammation’ criterion of the GLIM was significantly associated with macrovascular complications. To conclude, the GLIM criteria for diagnosis of malnutrition presented satisfactory levels of validity, and as such are acceptable for assessing the nutritional status of patients with T2DM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Assessment in Diabetes)

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20 pages, 568 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Differences in Dietary Intake Exist among U.S. Adults by Diabetic Status Using NHANES 2009–2016

by Luotao Lin, Fengqing Zhu, Edward J. Delp and Heather A. Eicher-Miller

Nutrients 2022, 14(16), 3284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14163284 - 11 Aug 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1626

Abstract

The objective was to determine the most frequently consumed food items, food subcategories, and food categories, and those that contributed most to total energy intake for the group of U.S. adults reporting taking insulin, those with type 2 diabetes (T2D) not taking insulin, and those without diabetes. Laboratory tests and questionnaires of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2016 classified 774 participants reporting taking insulin, 2758 participants reporting T2D not taking insulin, and 17,796 participants without diabetes. Raw and weighted frequency and energy contributions of each food item, food subcategory, and food category were calculated and ranked. Comparisons among groups by broad food category used the Rao–Scott modified chi-square test. Soft drinks ranked as the 8th and 6th most consumed food subcategory of participants with T2D not taking insulin and those without diabetes, and contributed 5th and 2nd most to energy, respectively. The group reporting taking insulin is likely to consume more protein foods and less soft drink compared to the other two groups. Lists of the most frequently reported foods and foods contributing most to energy may be helpful for nutrition education, prescribing diets, and digital-based dietary assessment for the group reporting taking insulin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Assessment in Diabetes)

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18 pages, 1073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Relation to Cardiovascular Biomarkers and Dietary Factors among Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

by Monika Grabia, Renata Markiewicz-Żukowska, Katarzyna Socha, Agnieszka Polkowska, Aneta Zasim, Karolina Boruch and Artur Bossowski

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2435; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122435 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2657

Abstract

The occurrence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) significantly affects the course of diabetes mellitus (DM), resulting in deterioration of insulin sensitivity and metabolic control, as well as many cardiometabolic complications. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationships between cardiovascular biomarkers, nutritional status, dietary factors and the occurrence of MetS among 120 participants from northeast Poland (adolescents with type 1 DM and healthy peers). MetS was assessed using several criteria: nutritional status by anthropometric measurements, body composition analysis by bioelectrical impedance, and diet using a food diary and questionnaire. MetS was diagnosed in every third diabetic. Compared to healthy peers, MetS patients had higher total body fat (26% vs. 14%, p < 0.001) and visceral fat (77 cm² vs. 35 cm², p < 0.001), and lower total antioxidant status (1.249 mmol/L vs. 1.579 mmol/L, p < 0.001). Additionally, their diet was rich in saturated fatty acids, but low in dietary fiber as well as mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The group of diabetics reported many inappropriate eating behaviors. The combination of those with the presence of an excessive content of visceral fat tissue and abnormal values of MetS components may negatively affect metabolic control, thus accelerating the development of cardiometabolic complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Assessment in Diabetes)

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Review

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18 pages, 1902 KiB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Pathobiochemistry of Vitamin B₁₂ Deficiency: Improving Our Understanding by Exploring Novel Mechanisms with a Focus on Diabetic Neuropathy

by Erwin Schleicher, Triantafyllos Didangelos, Evangelia Kotzakioulafi, Alexander Cegan, Andreas Peter and Konstantinos Kantartzis

Nutrients 2023, 15(11), 2597; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112597 - 01 Jun 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2238

Abstract

Vitamin B₁₂ (B₁₂) is an essential cofactor of two important biochemical pathways, the degradation of methylmalonic acid and the synthesis of methionine from homocysteine. Methionine is an important donor of methyl groups for numerous biochemical reactions, including DNA synthesis and gene regulation. Besides hematological abnormalities (megaloblastic anemia or even pancytopenia), a deficiency in B₁₂ may cause neurological symptoms, including symptoms resembling diabetic neuropathy. Although extensively studied, the underlining molecular mechanism for the development of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is still unclear. Most studies have found a contribution of oxidative stress in the development of DPN. Detailed immunohistochemical investigations in sural nerve biopsies obtained from diabetic patients with DPN point to an activation of inflammatory pathways induced via elevated advanced glycation end products (AGE), ultimately resulting in increased oxidative stress. Similar results have been found in patients with B₁₂ deficiency, indicating that the observed neural changes in patients with DPN might be caused by cellular B₁₂ deficiency. Since novel results show that B₁₂ exerts intrinsic antioxidative activity in vitro and in vivo, B₁₂ may act as an intracellular, particularly as an intramitochondrial, antioxidant, independent from its classical, well-known cofactor function. These novel findings may provide a rationale for the use of B₁₂ for the treatment of DPN, even in subclinical early states. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Assessment in Diabetes)

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