Research

24 pages, 7664 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary Patterns on Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Machine Learning Bibliometric and Visualization Analysis

by Haodong He, Chuan Liu, Meilin Chen, Xingzhou Guo, Xiangyun Li, Zixuan Xiang, Fei Liao and Weiguo Dong

Nutrients 2023, 15(15), 3442; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153442 - 03 Aug 2023

Viewed by 2470

Abstract

Aims: This study aimed to analyze the related research on the influence of dietary patterns on IBD carried out over the past 30 years to obtain the context of the research field and to provide a scientific basis and guidance for the prevention [...] Read more.

Aims: This study aimed to analyze the related research on the influence of dietary patterns on IBD carried out over the past 30 years to obtain the context of the research field and to provide a scientific basis and guidance for the prevention and treatment of IBD. Methods: The literature on the effects of dietary patterns on inflammatory bowel disease published over the past three decades was retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database. CiteSpace, VOSviewer, the R software (version 4.3.0) bibliometrix package, the OALM platform, and other tools were used for the analyses. Results: The growth of scientific papers related to this topic can be divided into two stages: before and after 2006. Overall, the growth of the relevant literature was in line with Price’s literature growth curve. Subrata Ghosh and Antonio Gasbarrini are the authors with the highest academic influence in the field, and Lee D.’s research results are widely recognized by researchers in this field. Among the 72 countries involved in the study, the United States contributed the most, while China developed rapidly with regard to research being carried out in this area. From a regional perspective, countries and institutions in North America, Europe, and East Asia have made the most significant contributions to this field and have the closest cooperation. Among the 1074 articles included in the study, the most influential ones tended to consider the mechanism of the effect of dietary patterns on IBD from the perspective of the microbiome. Multiple tools were used for keyword analysis and mutual verification. The results showed that NF-κB, the Mediterranean diet, fatty acids, fecal microbiota, etc., are the focus and trends of current research. Conclusions: A Mediterranean-like dietary pattern may be a good dietary habit for IBD patients. Carbohydrates, fatty acids, and inulin-type fructans are closely related to IBD. Fatty acid, gut microbiota, NF-κB, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum stress are the hot topics in the study of the effects of dietary patterns on IBD and will be emerging research trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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20 pages, 6929 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Supplementation of Ancientino Ameliorates Dextran Sodium Sulfate-Induced Colitis by Improving Intestinal Barrier Function and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

by Meng Liu, Yuhui Wang, Guoqiang Guan, Xi Lu, Yizhun Zhu and Xiaoqun Duan

Nutrients 2023, 15(12), 2798; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15122798 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1775

Abstract

Ancientino, a complex dietary fiber supplement mimicking the ancient diet, has improved chronic heart failure, kidney function, and constipation. However, its effect on ulcerative colitis is unknown. This study explores the impact of Ancientino on colitis caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and [...] Read more.

Ancientino, a complex dietary fiber supplement mimicking the ancient diet, has improved chronic heart failure, kidney function, and constipation. However, its effect on ulcerative colitis is unknown. This study explores the impact of Ancientino on colitis caused by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and its mechanisms. Data analyses showed that Ancientino alleviated bodyweight loss, colon shortening and injury, and disease activity index (DAI) score, regulated levels of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin 6 (IL-6)), reduced intestinal permeability (d-lactate and endotoxin), fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran (FITC-dextran), and diamine oxidase (DAO), repaired colonic function (ZO-1 and occludin), and suppressed oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA)) in vivo and in vitro. In short, this study demonstrated that Ancientino alleviates colitis and exerts an anticolitis effect by reducing inflammatory response, suppressing oxidative stress, and repairing intestinal barrier function. Thus, Ancientino may be an effective therapeutic dietary resource for ulcerative colitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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17 pages, 4346 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Mendelian Randomization Analysis Investigates Causal Associations between Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Variable Risk Factors

by Mohamed J. Saadh, Rashmi Saxena Pal, José Luis Arias-Gonzáles, Juan Carlos Orosco Gavilán, Darshan JC, Mohamed Mohany, Salim S. Al-Rejaie, Abolfazl Bahrami, Mustafa Jawad Kadham, Ali H. Amin and Hrosti Georgia

Nutrients 2023, 15(5), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15051202 - 27 Feb 2023

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4057

Abstract

The question of whether variable risk factors and various nutrients are causally related to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) has remained unanswered so far. Thus, this study investigated whether genetically predicted risk factors and nutrients play a function in the occurrence of inflammatory bowel [...] Read more.

The question of whether variable risk factors and various nutrients are causally related to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) has remained unanswered so far. Thus, this study investigated whether genetically predicted risk factors and nutrients play a function in the occurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC), non-infective colitis (NIC), and Crohn’s disease (CD), using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Utilizing the data of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) with 37 exposure factors, we ran Mendelian randomization analyses based on up to 458,109 participants. Univariable and multivariable MR analyses were conducted to determine causal risk factors for IBD diseases. Genetic predisposition to smoking and appendectomy as well as vegetable and fruit intake, breastfeeding, n-3 PUFAs, n-6 PUFAs, vitamin D, total cholesterol, whole-body fat mass, and physical activity were related to the risk of UC (p < 0.05). The effect of lifestyle behaviors on UC was attenuated after correcting for appendectomy. Genetically driven smoking, alcohol consumption, appendectomy, tonsillectomy, blood calcium, tea intake, autoimmune diseases, type 2 diabetes, cesarean delivery, vitamin D deficiency, and antibiotic exposure increased the risk of CD (p < 0.05), while vegetable and fruit intake, breastfeeding, physical activity, blood zinc, and n-3 PUFAs decreased the risk of CD (p < 0.05). Appendectomy, antibiotics, physical activity, blood zinc, n-3 PUFAs, and vegetable fruit intake remained significant predictors in multivariable MR (p < 0.05). Besides smoking, breastfeeding, alcoholic drinks, vegetable and fruit intake, vitamin D, appendectomy, and n-3 PUFAs were associated with NIC (p < 0.05). Smoking, alcoholic drinks, vegetable and fruit intake, vitamin D, appendectomy, and n-3 PUFAs remained significant predictors in multivariable MR (p < 0.05). Our results provide new and comprehensive evidence demonstrating that there are approving causal effects of various risk factors on IBDs. These findings also supply some suggestions for the treatment and prevention of these diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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12 pages, 1061 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Preoperative Immunonutrition on Oxidative Stress and Gut Barrier Function in Surgical Patients with Crohn’s Disease

by Elisabetta Bigagli, Mario D’Ambrosio, Lorenzo Cinci, Camilla Fiorindi, Sara Agostiniani, Elisa Bruscoli, Anita Nannoni, Maura Lodovici, Stefano Scaringi, Francesco Giudici and Cristina Luceri

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040882 - 09 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1780

Abstract

Several international guidelines recommend a peri-operative immunonutrition (IN) support for patients care in elective colorectal surgery, to reduce postoperative complications, particularly infections. In Crohn’s patients, is also used to mitigate the severity of the disease. We performed a pilot study on 16 Crohn’s [...] Read more.

Several international guidelines recommend a peri-operative immunonutrition (IN) support for patients care in elective colorectal surgery, to reduce postoperative complications, particularly infections. In Crohn’s patients, is also used to mitigate the severity of the disease. We performed a pilot study on 16 Crohn’s patients undergoing intestinal surgery for active disease, not responsive to pharmacological treatment; half of them received an oral nutritional supplement enriched with immunonutrients (IN patients) for 7 days prior to surgery, in addition to normal food intake. Markers of oxidative stress (Advanced Glycated End-products (AGEs) and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPPs) were measured both in plasma and tissue samples wherein the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) and Tight Junction Protein 1 (TJP1) gene expression were also determined. Plasma AGEs were significantly and positively correlated with tissue levels of AGEs (p = 0.0354) and AOPPs (p = 0.0043) while they were negatively correlated with TJP1 expression (p = 0.0159). The expression of RAGE was also negatively correlated with that of TJP1 gene (p = 0.0146). IN patients exhibited significantly lower AGEs plasma levels (p = 0.0321) and a higher mucosal TJP1 expression (p = 0.0182). No patient had postoperative complications and the length of hospital stay was similar in the two groups, but IN patients, showed a significantly shorter time to resume fluid and solid diet. These preliminary data suggest that IN might support patient’s recovery by improving intestinal mucosa barrier function through the regulation of AGEs/RAGE signaling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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16 pages, 321 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Nutritional Value of Diets and Food Choices in Polish Female Ulcerative Colitis Individuals Compared with a Pair-Matched Control Sample

by Dominika Głąbska, Dominika Guzek and Gustaw Lech

Nutrients 2023, 15(4), 857; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040857 - 08 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1571

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis patients often attribute their symptoms to specific dietary products. Therefore, even though there are no specific dietary recommendations, these patients commonly have dietary restrictions, often with no consultation from their physician or dietitian, as they believe that they may be beneficial [...] Read more.

Ulcerative colitis patients often attribute their symptoms to specific dietary products. Therefore, even though there are no specific dietary recommendations, these patients commonly have dietary restrictions, often with no consultation from their physician or dietitian, as they believe that they may be beneficial for them. The aim of the study was to analyze the nutritional value of diets and food choices in Polish female ulcerative colitis individuals, in comparison with a pair-matched control sample. The study was conducted on a group of 44 Polish female ulcerative colitis individuals being in remission and 44 individuals within a pair-matched control sample, matched by their age and concurrent diseases, excluding those resulting from ulcerative colitis. The analysis of the diet was based on the self-reported data, including 3-day dietary records (to assess the intake of nutrients and food products), as well as the simple open-ended question about food products excluded from their diet. It was stated that Polish female ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by a lower energy value of diet (p = 0.0043), accompanied by the higher proportion of total protein (p = 0.0128) than the pair-matched control sample. As a result of a lower energy value for ulcerative colitis individuals, the intake of numerous nutrients was also lower (p < 0.05); however, after recalculation per 1000 kcal, ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by higher total protein (p = 0.0121), starch (p = 0.0009), and vitamin B₆ intake (p = 0.0319), as well as lower alcohol intake (p = 0.0464). Similarly, as a result of a lower energy value for ulcerative colitis individuals, the intake of numerous foods was also lower (p < 0.05); however, after recalculation per 1000 kcal, ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by higher meat (p = 0.0058) and potatoes intake (p = 0.0052), as well as lower legumes (p = 0.0301), chocolate sweets (p = 0.0165), and alcoholic beverages intake (p = 0.0062). For chocolate sweets (p = 0.0134) and alcoholic beverages (p = 0.0091), ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by a higher frequency of declaration of dietary exclusion. At the same time, ulcerative colitis individuals were characterized by a lower frequency of meeting the recommended intake for magnesium (p = 0.0005), iron (p = 0.0189), vitamin E (p = 0.0389), and vitamin B₁ (p = 0.0032). It was concluded that even in remission, there is a risk of inadequate consumption, not meeting the recommended intake, and nutritional deficiencies in the population of female ulcerative colitis patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

13 pages, 2144 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Folate and Vitamin B₁₂ Deficiency Exacerbate Inflammation during Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP) Infection

by Joseph A. Vaccaro, Ahmad Qasem and Saleh A. Naser

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020261 - 04 Jan 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2778

Abstract

Folate and vitamin B₁₂ deficiency is highly prevalent among Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. Furthermore, CD pathology can be mediated by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. However, the direct effect of folate (B₉) and cobalamin (B₁₂) deficiency during [...] Read more.

Folate and vitamin B₁₂ deficiency is highly prevalent among Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. Furthermore, CD pathology can be mediated by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. However, the direct effect of folate (B₉) and cobalamin (B₁₂) deficiency during MAP infection remains uncharacterized. This study investigates how folate and B₁₂ deficiency impedes macrophage apoptosis and exacerbates the inflammation in macrophages infected with MAP isolated from CD patients. Accordingly, we measured folate and B₁₂ in ex vivo plasma samples collected from CD patients with or without MAP infection (N = 35 per group). We also measured the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, cellular apoptosis and viability markers, and bacterial viability in MAP-infected macrophages cultured in folate and B₁₂ deficient media. We determined that MAP-positive CD patients have significantly lower plasma folate and B₁₂ in comparison to MAP-negative CD patients [414.48 ± 94.60 pg/mL vs. 512.86 ± 129.12 pg/mL, respectively]. We further show that pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α are significantly upregulated during folate and vitamin B₁₂ deprivation following MAP infection by several folds, while supplementation significantly reduces their expression by several folds. Additionally, depletion of folate, B₁₂, and folate/B₁₂ following MAP infection, led to decreased macrophage apoptosis from 1.83 ± 0.40-fold to 1.04 ± 0.08, 0.64 ± 0.12, and 0.45 ± 0.07 in folate-low, B₁₂-low, and folate/B₁₂-low cells, respectively. By contrast, folate and folate/B₁₂ supplementation resulted in 3.38 ± 0.70 and 2.58 ± 0.14-fold increases in infected macrophages. Interestingly, changes in overall macrophage viability were only observed in folate-high, folate/B₁₂-high, and folate/B₁₂-low media, with 0.80 ± 0.05, 0.82 ± 0.02, and 0.91 ± 0.04-fold changes, respectively. Incubation of Caco-2 intestinal epithelial monolayers with supernatant from infected macrophages revealed that folate/B₁₂ deficiency led to increased LDH release independent of oxidative stress. Overall, our results indicate that folate and B₁₂ are key vitamins affecting cell survival and inflammation during MAP infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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15 pages, 1306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enteral Nutrition Prescription in Children and Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Gaps in Current Gastroenterology Practice in Saudi Arabia

by Sarah M. Ajabnoor, Atheer Attar, Noof BinJahlan, Nawal Almutairi, Shimaa Bashmail, Almoutaz Hashim, Alastair Forbes and Hani Jawa

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010232 - 02 Jan 2023

Viewed by 2242

Abstract

Background: Evidence for the effectiveness of enteral nutrition (EN) for the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well-established. However, there is considerable global variation in EN practices. This study aimed to characterize the practices and perceptions of gastroenterologists regarding the [...] Read more.

Background: Evidence for the effectiveness of enteral nutrition (EN) for the management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is well-established. However, there is considerable global variation in EN practices. This study aimed to characterize the practices and perceptions of gastroenterologists regarding the use of EN in patients with IBD in one of the largest countries in the Gulf region. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on pediatric and adult gastroenterologists working in Saudi Arabia who are involved in IBD management. A self-administered web-based survey was distributed via social media platforms and mailing lists of national gastroenterology societies. Results: A total of 80 gastroenterologists completed the survey. However, only 55 reported that they were currently practicing EN in any form. EN was mostly indicated by gastroenterologists who “sometimes” recommend EN for: the prevention and correction of undernutrition (50.9%), preoperative optimization (50.9%), and the induction of remission in patients with active and long-standing CD (36.4%), at initial diagnosis (34.5%), during the management of complications (61.8%), and after failing to respond to pharmacological therapy (58.2%). Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is regularly recommended by 14.5% of gastroenterologists. The prescription of EEN was significantly associated with the pediatric profession (p < 0.01), IBD specialty (p < 0.05), level of nutrition education during training (p < 0.01), and previous training in a unit with regular EN use (p < 0.01). The most reported barriers to using EN were patients’ lack of acceptance (73.8%) and poor adherence (65%). A lack of dietitian support and a lack of standardized protocols were also reported as barriers by many physicians. Pediatric gastroenterologists were more likely to use at least one assessment method to evaluate EN success. Conclusion: EN practices differ between gastroenterologists working in Saudi Arabia. Future EN protocols should be optimized to support both children and adults with IBD. Gastroenterology training programs should offer nutrition support-focused training to help physicians better utilize EN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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12 pages, 903 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Greater Adherence to Cardioprotective Diet Can Reduce Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk: A Longitudinal Cohort Study

by Tian Fu, Shuyu Ye, Yuhao Sun, Lintao Dan, Xiaoyan Wang and Jie Chen

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4058; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194058 - 29 Sep 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2162

Abstract

Background: The cardioprotective diet was reported to be associated with several chronic cardiometabolic diseases through an anti-inflammation effect. However, the association between the cardioprotective diet and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was unclear and deserved to be further explored. Methods: We [...] Read more.

Background: The cardioprotective diet was reported to be associated with several chronic cardiometabolic diseases through an anti-inflammation effect. However, the association between the cardioprotective diet and the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was unclear and deserved to be further explored. Methods: We calculated the cardioprotective diet score based on the consumptions of seven common food groups using the validated food frequency questionnaire data in the UK Biobank. Incident IBD was ascertained from primary care data, inpatient data, and the death registry. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between the cardioprotective diet score and the risk of IBD. Results: During a mean follow-up of 12.1 years, we documented 2717 incident IBD cases, including 851 cases of Crohn’s disease and 1866 cases of ulcerative colitis. Compared to participants with a cardioprotective diet score of 0–1, we observed a decreased risk of IBD among participants with cardioprotective diet scores of 3 (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.73–0.99), 4 (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72–0.98), and 5–7 (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.66–0.89) (p-trend < 0.001). Conclusions: A greater adherence to the cardioprotective diet was associated with a lower risk of IBD. Our finding highlighted the importance of focusing on the cardioprotective diet to prevent IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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18 pages, 1538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lupin Protein Concentrate as a Novel Functional Food Additive That Can Reduce Colitis-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

by Joana Mota, Sandra Casimiro, João Fernandes, Renata M. Hartmann, Elizângela Schemitt, Jaqueline Picada, Luís Costa, Norma Marroni, Anabela Raymundo, Ana Lima and Ricardo Boavida Ferreira

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2102; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102102 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2435

Abstract

Food fortification with bioactive compounds may constitute a way to ameliorate inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Lupin seeds contain an oligomer named deflamin that can reduce IBD’s symptoms via MMP-9 inhibition. Here, our goal was to develop a lupin protein concentrate (LPC) enriched in [...] Read more.

Food fortification with bioactive compounds may constitute a way to ameliorate inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Lupin seeds contain an oligomer named deflamin that can reduce IBD’s symptoms via MMP-9 inhibition. Here, our goal was to develop a lupin protein concentrate (LPC) enriched in deflamin and to test its application as a food additive to be used as a functional food against colitis. The nutritional profile of the LPC was evaluated, and its efficacy in vivo was tested, either alone or as added to wheat cookies. The LPC presented high protein and carbohydrate contents (20.09 g/100 g and 62.05/100 g, respectively), as well as antioxidant activity (FRAP: 351.19 mg AAE/10 mg and DPPH: 273.9 mg AAE/10 mg). It was also effective against TNBS-induced colitis in a dose dependent-manner, reducing DAI scores by more than 50% and concomitantly inhibiting MMP-9 activity. When added to cookies, the LPC activities were maintained after baking, and a 4-day diet with LPC cookies induced a significant protective effect against acetic acid-induced colitis, overall bringing lesions, oxidative stress and DNA damage levels to values significantly similar to controls (p < 0.001). The results show that the LPC is an efficient way to deliver deflamin in IBD-targeted diets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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12 pages, 538 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Sarcopenia in Crohn’s Disease Patients

by Dongsheng Bian, Xutong Liu, Cenyu Wang, Yongmei Jiang, Yubei Gu, Jie Zhong and Yongmei Shi

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 901; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040901 - 21 Feb 2022

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 3753

Abstract

Background: Chronic inflammation is a pathophysiological cause of sarcopenia in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. However, the potential impact of diet-related inflammation on sarcopenia has not yet been adequately investigated. We examined the associations between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and sarcopenia in CD patients. [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic inflammation is a pathophysiological cause of sarcopenia in Crohn’s disease (CD) patients. However, the potential impact of diet-related inflammation on sarcopenia has not yet been adequately investigated. We examined the associations between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and sarcopenia in CD patients. Methods: A total of 140 CD patients from Ruijin Hospital in Shanghai were included in this cross-sectional study. DII scores were calculated from the dietary data collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Sarcopenia was determined according to the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the association between DII and sarcopenia. Results: The mean DII score was 0.81 ± 2.13, ranging from −3.24 to 4.89. The overall prevalence of sarcopenia was 26.4%. The higher DII score significantly increased the risk of sarcopenia in CD patients (OR_Quartile4vs1: 9.59, 95% CI: 1.69, 54.42, p_trend = 0.031) in the multivariable model after adjusting for more potential confounders. Moreover, CD patients with a lower DII had a significantly higher appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI, OR_Quartile4vs1: 5.48, 95% CI: 1.51, 19.87, p_trend = 0.018) after adjusting for age, gender, BMI, smoking status and drinking status model. Yet, there were no significant differences between DII and ASMI after adjusting for more potential confounders. Additionally, no significant association was observed between DII and handgrip strength in the multivariable-adjusted models. Conclusions: Pro-inflammatory diet was associated with increased risk of sarcopenia in CD patients. CD patients should have a proper intake of energy and protein. These patients could also benefit from supplementation with enteral nutrition due to its anti-inflammatory potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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13 pages, 1005 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Relationship between Nutritional Screening Tools and GLIM in Complicated IBD Requiring Surgery

by Camilla Fiorindi, Gabriele Dragoni, Stefano Scaringi, Fabio Staderini, Anita Nannoni, Ferdinando Ficari and Francesco Giudici

Nutrients 2021, 13(11), 3899; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13113899 - 30 Oct 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2388

Abstract

Background: Accurate identification of malnutrition and preoperative nutritional care in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) surgery is mandatory. There is no validated nutritional screening tool for IBD patients. We developed a novel nutritional screening tool for IBD patients requiring surgery and compared it with [...] Read more.

Background: Accurate identification of malnutrition and preoperative nutritional care in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) surgery is mandatory. There is no validated nutritional screening tool for IBD patients. We developed a novel nutritional screening tool for IBD patients requiring surgery and compared it with other tools. Methods: we included 62 consecutive patients scheduled for elective surgery. The IBD Nutritional Screening tool (NS-IBD) was developed to screen patients for further comprehensive assessment. NRS-2002, MUST, MST, MIRT, SaskIBD-NR are compared with the new test. All screening tests were subsequently related to new GLIM criteria. Results: according to GLIM criteria, 25 (40%) IBD patients were malnourished (15 CD and 10 UC, 33% vs. 63%, p = 0.036). Stage 1 malnutrition was reported in ten patients, while stage 2 was detected in 15 patients. The comparison of each nutritional risk tool with GLIM criteria showed sensitivity of 0.52, 0.6, 0.6, 0.84, 0.84 and 0.92 for SASKIBD-NR, MUST, MST, NRS-2002, MIRT, and the new NS-IBD, respectively. Conclusions: in IBD, currently adopted nutritional screening tools are characterized by a low sensitivity when malnutrition diagnosis is performed with recent GLIM criteria. Our proposed tool to detect malnutrition performed the best in detecting patients that may require nutritional assessment and preoperative intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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13 pages, 2319 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oral Ferric Maltol Does Not Adversely Affect the Intestinal Microbiome of Patients or Mice, but Ferrous Sulphate Does

by Awad Mahalhal, Alessandra Frau, Michael D. Burkitt, Umer Z. Ijaz, Christopher A. Lamb, John C. Mansfield, Stephen Lewis, D. Mark Pritchard and Chris S. Probert

Nutrients 2021, 13(7), 2269; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13072269 - 30 Jun 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3483

Abstract

Background and Aims: Altering dietary ferrous sulphate (FS) consumption exacerbates a murine model of colitis and alters the intestinal microbiome. We investigated the impact of oral ferric maltol (FM) and FS on mice with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) induced colitis, and the microbiome [...] Read more.

Background and Aims: Altering dietary ferrous sulphate (FS) consumption exacerbates a murine model of colitis and alters the intestinal microbiome. We investigated the impact of oral ferric maltol (FM) and FS on mice with dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) induced colitis, and the microbiome of patients with iron deficiency. Methods: Mice had acute colitis induced, with 2% DSS for 5 days, followed by water. During this period, groups of mice were fed standard chow (200 ppm iron, SC, n = 8), or SC with 200ppm FS supplementation (n = 16, FSS), or SC with 200 ppm FM supplementation (n = 16, FMS). Clinical, pathological and microbiome assessments were compared at days 1 and 10. Fecal bacterial gDNA was extracted and the microbiome assessed by sequencing. Statistical inferences were made using MacQIIME. Principal Coordinates Analysis were used to visualize beta-diversity cluster analysis. Ten patients with IDA were treated with FS, and six with inactive inflammatory bowel disease received FM, supplements for four weeks: pre- and mid-treatment fecal samples were collected: the microbiome was assessed (see above). Results: In mice, after DSS treatment, there was a decrease in many genera in the SC and FSS groups: Lactobacillales increased in mice that received FMS. In humans, FS treatment led to an increase in five genera, but FM was not associated with any measurable change. The severity of DSS-induced colitis was greater with FSS than FMS. Conclusions: This study demonstrates differential and unique influences of ferric maltol and ferrous sulphate supplements on intestinal microbiota. These differences might contribute to the different side effects associated with these preparations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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10 pages, 1183 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Associations of Lifestyle Factors with Osteopenia and Osteoporosis in Polish Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Anna Maria Rychter, Alicja Ewa Ratajczak, Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak, Michał Michalak, Piotr Eder, Agnieszka Dobrowolska and Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak

Nutrients 2021, 13(6), 1863; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061863 - 30 May 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6168

Abstract

Reduced physical activity (PA), smoking, and coffee and alcohol drinking constitute risk factors of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the study was to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) and frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients [...] Read more.

Reduced physical activity (PA), smoking, and coffee and alcohol drinking constitute risk factors of osteoporosis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of the study was to measure the bone mineral density (BMD) and frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with IBD and their correlation with PA, smoking, coffee, and alcohol. The study group consisted of 208 patients with IBD-103 with Crohn’s disease (CD), 105 suffering from ulcerative colitis (UC). Densitometric measurements were performed using the DXA. All patients completed a questionnaire concerning PA, smoking, and coffee and alcohol consumption. The prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis (L2–L4) in the IBD group was 48.1%; in the CD group, it amounted to 48.6%, and in the UC group, the prevalence was equal to 33.3%. Patients with CD who were diagnosed with osteopenia and osteoporosis demonstrated reduced PA compared to patients with a normal BMD who exercised regularly (p = 0.0335). A similar observation was made in the group of women with IBD. Women with a normal BMD exercised significantly more often than women suffering from osteopenia and osteoporosis (p = 0.0146). However, no differences in BMD were observed with regard to coffee use, alcohol consumption, or smoking. Thus, since the incidence of osteoporosis in IBD patients is high, it may be dependent on PA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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Review

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11 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Current Nutritional Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Improving Clinical Remission Rates and Sustainability of Long-Term Dietary Therapies

by Elizabeth A. Reznikov and David L. Suskind

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030668 - 28 Jan 2023

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4487

Abstract

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) includes a spectrum of chronic immune-mediated intestinal diseases thought to be related to the complex interaction between the host immune system and the intestinal microbiome. Research supports the use of nutritional therapy in IBD; however, it is not routinely [...] Read more.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) includes a spectrum of chronic immune-mediated intestinal diseases thought to be related to the complex interaction between the host immune system and the intestinal microbiome. Research supports the use of nutritional therapy in IBD; however, it is not routinely used in clinical practice. This literature review seeks to advance the understanding of diet and its effect in IBD with a focus on both Crohn’s Disease (CD) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC). The contribution of diet to the development and treatment of IBD cannot be overstated. In both pediatric as well as adult IBD, nutritional interventions have been shown to improve clinical symptoms as well as inflammatory burden. The impact of dietary intervention is best exemplified through the use of Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) in CD. EEN and clinical research on exclusionary whole food diets—Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet (CDED), Specific Carbohydrate Diet (SCD), low fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) diet, and Mediterranean Diet—are discussed within this review. Current clinical literature supports the elimination of detrimental components and the incorporation of low processed whole foods in the diet. Additional prospective and longitudinal dietary studies on sustainable and long-term dietary options, along with a deeper understanding of the mechanism, are needed to further advance the role of nutritional interventions in IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

24 pages, 1815 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Exposures and Interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Current Evidence and Emerging Concepts

by John Gubatan, Chiraag V. Kulkarni, Sarah Melissa Talamantes, Michelle Temby, Touran Fardeen and Sidhartha R. Sinha

Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030579 - 22 Jan 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 7426

Abstract

Diet is intimately linked to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and has potent effects on intestinal immune homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. The therapeutic implications of diet in patients with IBD have received significant attention [...] Read more.

Diet is intimately linked to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and has potent effects on intestinal immune homeostasis. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. The therapeutic implications of diet in patients with IBD have received significant attention in recent years. In this review, we provide a contemporary and comprehensive overview of dietary exposures and interventions in IBD. Epidemiological studies suggest that ultra-processed foods, food additives, and emulsifiers are associated with a higher incidence of IBD. Exclusion and elimination diets are associated with improved symptoms in patients with IBD, but no effects on objective markers of inflammation. Specific dietary interventions (e.g., Mediterranean, specific carbohydrate, high fiber, ketogenic, anti-inflammatory diets) have been shown to reduce symptoms, improve inflammatory biomarkers, and quality of life metrics to varying degrees, but these studies are limited by study design, underpowering, heterogeneity, and confounding. To date, there is no robust evidence that any dietary intervention alone may replace standard therapies in patients with IBD. However, diet may play an adjunct role to induce or maintain clinical remission with standard IBD therapies. The results of novel dietary trials in IBD such as personalized fiber, intermittent fasting, and time-restricted diets are eagerly awaited. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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10 pages, 280 KiB

Open AccessReview

Old but Fancy: Curcumin in Ulcerative Colitis—Current Overview

by Aleksandra Pituch-Zdanowska, Łukasz Dembiński and Aleksandra Banaszkiewicz

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5249; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245249 - 09 Dec 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3536

Abstract

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It is a chronic autoimmune inflammation of unclear etiology affecting the colon and rectum, characterized by unpredictable exacerbation and remission phases. Conventional treatment options for UC include mesalamine, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biologics. [...] Read more.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). It is a chronic autoimmune inflammation of unclear etiology affecting the colon and rectum, characterized by unpredictable exacerbation and remission phases. Conventional treatment options for UC include mesalamine, glucocorticoids, immunosuppressants, and biologics. The management of UC is challenging, and other therapeutic options are constantly being sought. In recent years more attention is being paid to curcumin, a main active polyphenol found in the turmeric root, which has numerous beneficial effects in the human body, including anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and antioxidative properties targeting several cellular pathways and making an impact on intestinal microbiota. This review will summarize the current knowledge on the role of curcumin in the UC therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

21 pages, 393 KiB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Interventions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Małgorzata Godala, Ewelina Gaszyńska, Hubert Zatorski and Ewa Małecka-Wojciesko

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4261; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204261 - 12 Oct 2022

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4604

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease, which primarily includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is a group of chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Mainly affecting young people, it is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission. In recent years, there has been an increase in [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease, which primarily includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, is a group of chronic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Mainly affecting young people, it is characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission. In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease worldwide, including Poland. The potential impact of nutrition and selected dietary components that are directly or indirectly involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal lesions in IBD is not fully clear. Evaluating the impact of diet on the course of IBD is very complex due to the fact that regardless of a dietary model adopted, each one is based on consumption of many different food groups which affect one another. However, the growing need to produce dietary recommendations for these patients has prompted the International Organization for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IOIBD) to develop nutrition guidelines for the patients. The present paper characterizes the dietary models most commonly discussed in research studies and their potential impact on IBD activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

21 pages, 1454 KiB

Open AccessReview

Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Customized Nutritional Intervention Focusing on Gut Microbiome Balance

by Camilla Fiorindi, Edda Russo, Lucrezia Balocchini, Amedeo Amedei and Francesco Giudici

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4117; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194117 - 03 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3219

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a chronic relapsing–remitting condition affecting the gastrointestinal system. The specific triggering IBD elements remain unknown: genetic variability, environmental factors, and alterations in the host immune system seem to be involved. An unbalanced diet and subsequent gut dysbiosis are [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a chronic relapsing–remitting condition affecting the gastrointestinal system. The specific triggering IBD elements remain unknown: genetic variability, environmental factors, and alterations in the host immune system seem to be involved. An unbalanced diet and subsequent gut dysbiosis are risk factors, too. This review focuses on the description of the impact of pro- and anti-inflammatory food components on IBD, the role of different selected regimes (such as Crohn’s Disease Exclusion Diet, Immunoglobulin Exclusion Diet, Specific Carbohydrate Diet, LOFFLEX Diet, Low FODMAPs Diet, Mediterranean Diet) in the IBD management, and their effects on the gut microbiota (GM) composition and balance. The purpose is to investigate the potential positive action on IBD inflammation, which is associated with the exclusion or addition of certain foods or nutrients, to more consciously customize the nutritional intervention, taking also into account GM fluctuations during both disease flare-up and remission. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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14 pages, 588 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effects of Olive Oil and Its Components on Intestinal Inflammation and Inflammatory Bowel Disease

by Josip Vrdoljak, Marko Kumric, Marino Vilovic, Dinko Martinovic, Iris Jeroncic Tomic, Mladen Krnic, Tina Ticinovic Kurir and Josko Bozic

Nutrients 2022, 14(4), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040757 - 11 Feb 2022

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 10387

Abstract

With the rising global burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the rising costs of novel biological drugs, there is an increasing need for dietary approaches and functional foods that could modulate the course of IBD. The Mediterranean diet has proven to be [...] Read more.

With the rising global burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and the rising costs of novel biological drugs, there is an increasing need for dietary approaches and functional foods that could modulate the course of IBD. The Mediterranean diet has proven to be efficacious in managing chronic inflammatory diseases, and recent studies have also shown its benefits in the setting of IBD. Since olive oil and its compounds have been shown to provide a considerable anti-inflammatory effect, in this review, we aim to discuss the latest evidence concerning the impact of olive oil and its bioactive compounds on IBD. Numerous preclinical studies have exhibited solid evidence on the mechanisms by which polyphenol-rich extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) or specific polyphenols like hydroxytyrosol (HT) provide their anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumour, and microbiota-modulation effects. Accordingly, several human studies that explored the effects of olive oil on patients with IBD further confirmed the evidence brought forward by preclinical studies. Nevertheless, there is a need for larger-scale, multicentric, randomized control trials that would finally elucidate olive oil’s level of efficacy in modulating the course of IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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17 pages, 4180 KiB

Open AccessReview

What Links an Increased Cardiovascular Risk and Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A Narrative Review

by Liliana Łykowska-Szuber, Anna Maria Rychter, Magdalena Dudek, Alicja Ewa Ratajczak, Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak, Agnieszka Zawada, Piotr Eder, Maciej Lesiak, Agnieszka Dobrowolska and Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak

Nutrients 2021, 13(8), 2661; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082661 - 30 Jul 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4254

Abstract

Several studies have shown increased rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in cases of early atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. IBD most frequently begins at an early age, patients usually present normal weight and remain under [...] Read more.

Several studies have shown increased rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in cases of early atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction. IBD most frequently begins at an early age, patients usually present normal weight and remain under constant care of a physician, as well as of a nutritionist. Therefore, the classical risk factors of CVD are not reflected in the higher prevalence of CVD in the IBD population. Still, both groups are characterised by chronic inflammation and display similar physiopathological mechanisms. In the course of IBD, increased concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and homocysteine, may lead to endothelial dysfunctions and the development of CVD. Furthermore, gut microbiota dysbiosis in patients with IBD also constitutes a risk factor for an increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Additionally, diet is an essential factor affecting both positively and negatively the course of the aforementioned diseases, whereas several dietary patterns may also influence the association between IBD and CVD. Thus, it is essential to investigate the factors responsible for the increased cardiovascular (CV) risk in this group of patients. Our paper attempts to review the role of potential inflammatory and nutritional factors, as well as intestinal dysbiosis and pharmacotherapy, in the increased risk of CVD in IBD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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Other

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15 pages, 704 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Vitamin D Supplementation and Mental Health in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Patients: A Systematic Review

by Dominika Głąbska, Aleksandra Kołota, Katarzyna Lachowicz, Dominika Skolmowska, Małgorzata Stachoń and Dominika Guzek

Nutrients 2021, 13(10), 3662; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103662 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4944

Abstract

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are associated with decreased quality of life and mental health problems. Among various approaches to supportive therapy that aims to improve mental health in affected individuals, vitamin D supplementation is considered to be an [...] Read more.

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are associated with decreased quality of life and mental health problems. Among various approaches to supportive therapy that aims to improve mental health in affected individuals, vitamin D supplementation is considered to be an effective method which may also be beneficial in alleviating the symptoms during the course of IBDs and IBS. The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of the literature presenting the data regarding the influence of vitamin D supplementation on mental health in adults with inflammatory and functional bowel diseases, including IBDs and IBS. This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) database (Registration number CRD42020155779). A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed, and the intervention studies published until September 2021 were included. The human studies eligible to be included in the review should have described any intervention involving vitamin D as a supplement in a group of adult patients suffering from IBDs and/or IBS and should have assessed any component of mental health, but studies presenting the effects of combined supplementation of multiple nutrients were excluded. After eliminating the duplicates, a total of 8514 records were screened and assessed independently by two researchers. Further evaluation was carried out on the basis of title, abstract, and full text. Finally, 10 studies (four for IBDs and six for IBS) were selected for the current systematic review, and their quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS). The studies analyzed the influence of various doses of vitamin D on bowel diseases, compared the results of vitamin D supplementation with placebo, or administered specific doses of vitamin D to obtain the required level in the blood. Supplementation was performed for at least 6 weeks. The analyzed mental health outcomes mainly included disease-specific quality of life/quality of life, anxiety, and depression. The majority of studies (including high-quality ones) confirmed the positive effect of vitamin D supplementation on the mental health of IBD and IBS patients, which was proven by all research works evaluating anxiety and depression and by the majority of research works evaluating quality of life. Although the studies followed different dosage regimens and supplementation protocols, the positive influence of vitamin D on mental health was found to be consistent. The number of studies on patients suffering from ulcerative colitis and the availability of trials randomized against the placebo group was low in the current review, which is considered to be a limitation of the present study and could also reflect the final outcome of the analysis. The conducted systematic review established the positive effect of vitamin D supplementation on the mental health of IBD and IBS patients, but this result requires further investigation, particularly in relation to other mental health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) and Diet: New Highlights and Triggers)

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